UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD IZTAPALAPA Casa Abierta Al Tiempo

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD IZTAPALAPA Casa Abierta Al Tiempo UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD IZTAPALAPA Casa abierta al tiempo DIVISION DE CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS Y DE LA SALUD DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIINFLAMATORIA DE DOS MUESTRAS DE SPHAERALCEA ANGUSTIFOLIA Y LA INTERACCIÓN DEL EXTRACTO ACTIVO CON FÁRMACOS DE USO CLÍNICO PROYECTO DOCENTE DE INVESTIGACION (PDI) que presenta Berenice Guadarrama Flores para obtener el titulo de Licenciada en Biología Experimental Directora de PDI: Dra. Mariana Meckes Fischer Codirector de PDI: Dr. Rubén Román Ramos MÉXICO DICIEMBRE, 2006 Hemos de recorrer el tiempo con sus segundos extendidos como alas buscando, buscando, buscando siguiendo ideas, persiguiendo sueños….. América Silenciosa* El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en la Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología de Productos Naturales, de la Coordinación de Investigación en Salud del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. El estudio es parte del proyecto “Estudio químico-biológico de Sphaeralcea angustifolia y desarrollo de procedimientos biotecnológicos y análisis metrológico para la obtención de un potencial fármaco antirreumático de aplicación tópica apoyado por CONACYT (SALUD- 2004-CO1-50). ASESORES DE PDI: Dra. Mariana Meckes Fischer Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Dr. Rubén Román Ramos Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa AGRADECIMIENTOS Hace poco más de cuatro años que mi vida cambió por completo. Jamás había tenido la sensación de vivir fuera de casa, ni tener que encarar al tiempo con la certeza de quien se sabe valiente entre caminos. No obstante, con el paso del tiempo, las casualidades y los distintos espejos del mundo te muestran que la felicidad es una fuerza maravillosa que se encuentra dentro de nosotros mismos para creer firmemente en el futuro. Deseo agradecer profundamente a la vida. A mi madre quien me ha enseñado a contemplar el silencio. A mi padre quien siempre ha sido un poeta inquieto. Al apoyo en todo sentido a mis hermanos Ana y Héctor, gracias por darme aliento para transitar por la vida. A mis abuelos por compartir parte de su existencia conmigo. A mi tío Beto por inyectarme alegría. A Don Gus y Doña Coty por abrirme un espacio en su corazón. Quiero agradecer muy especialmente a Mauricio, quien durante bastante tiempo ha tenido la paciencia suficiente para apoyarme profundamente, para darme su comprensión, su cariño y su amor. Gracias por hacer de cada momento una aventura llena de color y paisaje. A la Dra. Mariana Meckes Fischer directora de PDI, por su asesoramiento científico y estímulo para seguir creciendo intelectualmente, pero sobre todo por las lecciones de vida que me obsequio a lo largo de aproximadamente un año de formación no solamente académica sino también personal. De igual forma al Dr. Rubén Román Ramos co- director de PDI por su disposición permanente por aclarar mis dudas, así como por sus formidables clases. A la Dra. Adelina Jiménez Arellanes por cada una de sus sugerencias, las cuales fueron sumamente valiosas para la realización de este trabajo. Al Herbario del IMSS por su ayuda en la identificación taxonómica de las dos variedades de Sphaeralcea angustifolia. Al Bioterio del IMSS. Al Dr. Ricardo Vargas Orozco encargado del Bioterio de la Facturad de Medicina de la UNAM con sede en el Hospital General, por su disposición de contribuir en el trabajo científico de los estudiantes. Quiero enfatizar mi agradecimiento hacia cada uno de mis compañeros de laboratorio por tener la paciencia ante mis dudas de novata y por escuchar atentamente los problemas que a lo largo de este trabajo surgieron. Gracias Rosa Virginia García Rodríguez, Omar Olivares Estrada, Daniel Díaz Flores, Martha Juárez Ciriaco, Raúl Cervantes, Jorge Cornejo, Rosalba León Díaz, Arlene Calderón Corona, Sandra Romero Valdez, Edgar López Fonseca, Angélica Solís Cruz. Sin lugar a duda este trabajo no pudo haberse realizado sin la formación que recibí durante mi estancia en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I). Gracias a todos los maestros que contribuyeron realmente en mi formación, en especial a la M. en C. Ma. de los Angeles Aguilar Santamaría por todos sus consejos, su paciencia y su amistad como persona. Será difícil olvidar los maravillosos momentos de aquellas charlas nocturnas en la Biblioteca de la Universidad con Mau, Juan Navarrete, David Alejo, “el Joven”, David Trejo, “el Físico”, Lalo, Aldo, Elena, Columba, a Jacqueline; gracias por su sincera amistad y por compartir conmigo muy agradables instantes, así como a todos aquellos que aparecían de manera espontánea y me obsequiaron formidables momentos. Por último quiero agradecer a todos aquellos que me han devuelto una sonrisa, en aquellas ocasiones cuando no encontraba la llave mágica que abre las puertas hacia el camino de las soluciones. .ABREVIATURAS AA Acido Araquidónico AIES Antiinflamatorios Esteroideos AINES Antiinflamatorios No Esteroideos CAM Complejo de Ataque a la Membrana CCDA Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente del Anticuerpo COX Enzima Ciclooxigenasa CSF Factor Estimulador de las Colonias Dex Dexametasona Ex Extracto activo de Sphaeralcea angustifolia FAP Factor Activador de Plaquetas FCNK Factor citotóxico Fc XII Factor Hageman HHT Acido Hidroxiheptadecatrienóico HLA Antígeno Leucocitario Humano Ig Inmunoglobulinas IFN o INF Interferones IL Interleucinas LB Linfocitos B 5-LOX Enzima 5-lipooxigenasa LT Leucotrienos LT Linfocitos T MAC Medicina Alternativa Complementaria MDA Acido Malondialdehído MFP Moléculas Formadores de Poros MHC Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad MHC-I Genes de clase I MHC-II Genes de clase II MHC-III Genes de clase III MIF Factor de Migración de los Macrófagos NK Células Asesinas Naturales PA Proteasas Acidas PC Proteínas Catiónicas PGl Prostaciclina PGs Prostaglandinas PN Proteasas Neutras SC Sistema del Complemento TC Linfocitos T citotóxicos TH Linfocitos T cooperadores TNFα Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa TNFβ Factor β de transformación del crecimiento TPA 12-O-tetradecanoílforbol-13-acetato TXA Tromboxanos INDICE Resumen 1 Introducción 3 Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don Constituyentes químicos de Sphaeralcea angustifola 7 Actividad biológica de Sphaeralcea angustifolia 10 Inflamación 11 Inflamación aguda 12 Inflamación crónica 13 Mediadores que intervienen en la inflamación Mediadores celulares 14 Mediadores químicos 20 Mediadores de la inflamación en el plasma 22 Mediadores de la inflamación en tejidos 27 Fármacos antiinflamatorios 32 Vía de administración intranasal de fármacos 33 Interacción de agentes antiinflamatorios 37 Modelo de inflamación aguda inducida con carragenina 39 Objetivo General Objetivos particulares 43 Hipótesis 44 Metodología Material vegetal 45 Preparación de los extractos 45 Análisis de los constituyentes de los extractos Perfil cromatográfico en capa fina (TLC) 45 Análisis por cromatografía líquida de alta presión (HPLC) 46 Modelos Biológicos Edema plantar inducido con carragenina en el ratón 47 Interacción del extracto (Ex) con dexametasona 48 Resultados Selección de la planta y del extracto CH2Cl2 a evaluar 50 Estudio comparativo sobre el efecto antiedematoso de Ex administrado por vía intranasal e intraperitoneal 52 Curva dosis respuesta del extracto (Ex) administrado vía intranasal 56 Curva dosis respuesta de la dexametasona (Dex) aplicada vía intranasal 58 Interacción de la dexametasona y el extracto CH2Cl2 en el modelo del edema Plantar inducido con carragenina en el ratón 59 Anexo 63 Discusión 66 Conclusiones 70 Referencias Bibliográficas 72 RESUMEN El proceso inflamatorio se presenta en numerosos padecimientos, entre ellos la artritis reumatoide y otras enfermedades autoinmunes para las cuales es necesario encontrar agentes terapéuticos que permitan un mejor control del paciente. En la búsqueda de estos agentes antiinflamatorios, las plantas medicinales son un recurso natural que es necesario explorar. El presente trabajo trata sobre Sphaeralcea angustifolia, planta de la herbolaria medicinal mexicana a la que se le atribuyen propiedades antiinflamatorias. Los estudios abordados se relacionan con la optimización de un proceso para la obtención de los extractos de diclorometano obtenidos de dos muestras de Sphaeralcea angustifolia que fueron colectadas en una misma localidad del Edo. de Hidalgo (Sph1 y Sph2) y la evaluación de la actividad antiedematosa del extracto aplicado vía nasal. Estudios químicos previos realizados señalan la presencia de β-sitosterol, α y β-amirinas, las cumarinas esculetina, esculina y escopoletina en el extracto de diclorometano. El ensayo biológico utilizado en el presente trabajo fue el modelo del edema plantar inducido en el ratón con carragenina (inflamación aguda). De los resultados obtenidos se desprende que las dos muestras estudiadas corresponden a la misma especie botánica (Sphaeralcea angustifolia, Cav. G. Don) y que la maceración exhaustiva de la planta manteniendo el vegetal en el disolvente orgánico a temperatura ambiente y por espacio de 1-2 semanas cada vez, es el procedimiento que permite obtener un extracto con mayor rendimiento (1.5 % para Sph1 y 1.12 para Sph2). La vía de administración del extracto fue otro de los temas abordados en este estudio y se demostró que el extracto aplicado por vía nasal en una dosis de 0.50 [mg/fosa] produce en la fase temprana del desarrollo del edema plantar (0-3 hrs), un efecto antiedematoso de menor intensidad que el administrado en una dosis de 100 [mg/fosa] por vía intraperitoneal; por el contrario, en la fase tardía (3-7
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