Mouse Cox6b2 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mouse Cox6b2 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) http://www.alphaknockout.com/ Mouse Cox6b2 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) Objective: To create a Cox6b2 knockout Mouse model (C57BL/6J) by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Strategy summary: The Cox6b2 gene (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_183405 ; Ensembl: ENSMUSG00000051811 ) is located on Mouse chromosome 7. 4 exons are identified, with the ATG start codon in exon 2 and the TGA stop codon in exon 4 (Transcript: ENSMUST00000063324). Exon 3 will be selected as target site. Cas9 and gRNA will be co-injected into fertilized eggs for KO Mouse production. The pups will be genotyped by PCR followed by sequencing analysis. Note: Exon 3 starts from about 42.8% of the coding region. Exon 3 covers 38.26% of the coding region. The size of effective KO region: ~101 bp. The KO region does not have any other known gene. Page 1 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ Overview of the Targeting Strategy Wildtype allele 5' gRNA region gRNA region 3' 1 3 4 Legends Exon of mouse Cox6b2 Knockout region Page 2 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ Overview of the Dot Plot (up) Window size: 15 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The 562 bp section upstream of Exon 3 is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. No significant tandem repeat is found in the dot plot matrix. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Overview of the Dot Plot (down) Window size: 15 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The 85 bp section downstream of Exon 3 is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. No significant tandem repeat is found in the dot plot matrix. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Page 3 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ Overview of the GC Content Distribution (up) Window size: 300 bp Sequence 12 Summary: Full Length(562bp) | A(23.31% 131) | C(18.68% 105) | G(41.81% 235) | T(16.19% 91) Note: The 562 bp section upstream of Exon 3 is analyzed to determine the GC content. No significant high GC-content region is found. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Overview of the GC Content Distribution (down) Window size: 300 bp Sequence 12 Summary: Full Length(85bp) | A(17.65% 15) | C(21.18% 18) | G(43.53% 37) | T(17.65% 15) Note: The 85 bp section downstream of Exon 3 is analyzed to determine the GC content. No significant high GC-content region is found. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Page 4 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ BLAT Search Results (up) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 562 1 562 562 100.0% chr7 - 4752162 4752723 562 browser details YourSeq 25 311 342 562 96.3% chr12 + 86859881 86859915 35 browser details YourSeq 24 84 123 562 65.4% chr17 - 83547545 83547571 27 browser details YourSeq 23 284 310 562 79.2% chr14 - 43917810 43917833 24 browser details YourSeq 23 455 478 562 100.0% chr10 - 128770134 128770159 26 browser details YourSeq 22 130 155 562 92.4% chr8 - 15135416 15135441 26 browser details YourSeq 21 223 243 562 100.0% chr1 + 158258843 158258863 21 browser details YourSeq 21 149 169 562 100.0% chr1 + 125341103 125341123 21 browser details YourSeq 20 313 332 562 100.0% chr11 - 96049565 96049584 20 Note: The 562 bp section upstream of Exon 3 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. BLAT Search Results (down) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 85 1 85 85 100.0% chr7 - 4751976 4752060 85 browser details YourSeq 20 21 40 85 100.0% chr4 + 45736981 45737000 20 Note: The 85 bp section downstream of Exon 3 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. Page 5 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ Gene and protein information: Cox6b2 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ] Gene ID: 333182, updated on 12-Aug-2019 Gene summary Official Symbol Cox6b2 provided by MGI Official Full Name cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 provided by MGI Primary source MGI:MGI:3044182 See related Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000051811 Gene type protein coding RefSeq status VALIDATED Organism Mus musculus Lineage Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus Also known as COXVIB2; BC048670; 1700067P11Rik Expression Biased expression in testis adult (RPKM 381.6), liver E14.5 (RPKM 28.1) and 1 other tissueS ee more Orthologs human all Genomic context Location: 7; 7 A1 See Cox6b2 in Genome Data Viewer Exon count: 4 Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location 108 current GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 7 NC_000073.6 (4751792..4753094, complement) Build 37.2 previous assembly MGSCv37 (GCF_000001635.18) 7 NC_000073.5 (4703396..4704696, complement) Chromosome 7 - NC_000073.6 Page 6 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ Transcript information: This gene has 9 transcripts Gene: Cox6b2 ENSMUSG00000051811 Description cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [Source:MGI Symbol;Acc:MGI:3044182] Gene Synonyms 1700067P11Rik, COXVIB2 Location Chromosome 7: 4,751,792-4,753,094 reverse strand. GRCm38:CM001000.2 About this gene This gene has 9 transcripts (splice variants), 242 orthologues, 1 paralogue and is a member of 1 Ensembl protein family. Transcripts Name Transcript ID bp Protein Translation ID Biotype CCDS UniProt Flags Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000182111.7 585 88aa ENSMUSP00000138709.1 Protein coding CCDS39738 Q059Q8 TSL:1 203 Q80ZN9 GENCODE basic APPRIS P1 Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000063324.13 553 88aa ENSMUSP00000064988.6 Protein coding CCDS39738 Q059Q8 TSL:1 201 Q80ZN9 GENCODE basic APPRIS P1 Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000182048.1 465 88aa ENSMUSP00000138765.1 Protein coding CCDS39738 Q059Q8 TSL:1 202 Q80ZN9 GENCODE basic APPRIS P1 Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000184143.7 435 60aa ENSMUSP00000139239.1 Protein coding CCDS80658 V9GXN3 TSL:2 209 GENCODE basic Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000182738.7 423 88aa ENSMUSP00000138744.1 Protein coding CCDS80657 S4R2Q6 TSL:2 206 GENCODE basic Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000183971.7 401 78aa ENSMUSP00000138911.1 Protein coding - V9GWZ7 TSL:5 208 GENCODE basic Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000182173.1 391 104aa ENSMUSP00000138288.1 Protein coding - S4R1N0 TSL:2 204 GENCODE basic Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000183334.7 490 46aa ENSMUSP00000138708.1 Nonsense mediated - S4R2M9 TSL:3 207 decay Cox6b2- ENSMUST00000182272.1 519 No - Retained intron - - TSL:2 205 protein Page 7 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ 21.30 kb Forward strand 4.745Mb 4.750Mb 4.755Mb 4.760Mb Genes Kmt5c-201 >protein coding (Comprehensive set... Kmt5c-208 >retained intron Kmt5c-204 >protein coding Kmt5c-207 >protein coding Kmt5c-202 >protein coding Kmt5c-203 >protein coding Kmt5c-205 >retained intron Kmt5c-212 >nonsense mediated decay Kmt5c-209 >retained intron Kmt5c-211 >retained intron Kmt5c-206 >retained intron Kmt5c-210 >retained intron Contigs < AC161197.9 Genes < Cox6b2-201protein coding (Comprehensive set... < Cox6b2-209protein coding < Cox6b2-203protein coding < Cox6b2-208protein coding < Cox6b2-206protein coding < Cox6b2-207nonsense mediated decay < Cox6b2-202protein coding < Cox6b2-205retained intron < Cox6b2-204protein coding < Fam71e2-201nonsense mediated decay < Fam71e2-202protein coding Regulatory Build 4.745Mb 4.750Mb 4.755Mb 4.760Mb Reverse strand 21.30 kb Regulation Legend CTCF Enhancer Open Chromatin Promoter Promoter Flank Transcription Factor Binding Site Gene Legend Protein Coding merged Ensembl/Havana Ensembl protein coding Non-Protein Coding processed transcript Page 8 of 9 http://www.alphaknockout.com/ Transcript: ENSMUST00000063324 < Cox6b2-201protein coding Reverse strand 1.30 kb ENSMUSP00000064... MobiDB lite Superfamily Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIb superfamily Pfam Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIb PROSITE profiles PS51808 PIRSF Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIb PANTHER Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIb PTHR11387:SF12 Gene3D Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIb superfamily CDD Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIb All sequence SNPs/i... Sequence variants (dbSNP and all other sources) Y Variant Legend missense variant Scale bar 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 We wish to acknowledge the following valuable scientific information resources: Ensembl, MGI, NCBI, UCSC, VectorBuilder. Page 9 of 9.
Recommended publications
  • Characterization of the Small RNA Transcriptomes of Cell Protrusions and Cell Bodies of Highly Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Via RNA Sequencing
    ONCOLOGY LETTERS 22: 568, 2021 Characterization of the small RNA transcriptomes of cell protrusions and cell bodies of highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells via RNA sequencing WENPIN CAI1*, JINGZHANG JI2*, BITING WU2*, KAIXUAN HAO2, PING REN2, YU JIN2, LIHONG YANG2, QINGCHAO TONG2 and ZHIFA SHEN2 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wen Zhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; 2Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China Received July 11, 2020; Accepted February 23, 2021 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12829 Abstract. Increasing evidence suggest that hepatocellular differentially expressed miRNAs and circRNAs. The interac‑ carcinoma (HCC) HCCLM3 cells initially develop pseudo‑ tion maps between miRNAs and circRNAs were constructed, podia when they metastasize, and microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and signaling pathway maps were analyzed to determine the and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been demonstrated to molecular mechanism and regulation of the differentially serve important roles in the development, progression and expressed miRNAs and circRNAs. Taken together, the results metastasis of cancer. The present study aimed to isolate the of the present study suggest that the Boyden chamber assay cell bodies (CBs) and cell protrusions (CPs) from HCCLM3 can be used to effectively isolate the somatic CBs and CPs of cells, and screen the miRNAs and circRNAs associated with HCC, which can be used to screen the miRNAs and circRNAs HCC infiltration and metastasis in CBs and CPs. The Boyden associated with invasion and metastasis of HCC. chamber assay has been confirmed to effectively isolate the CBs and CPs from HCCLM3 cells via observation of microtu‑ Introduction bule immunofluorescence, DAPI staining and nuclear protein H3 western blotting.
    [Show full text]
  • Sperm-Specific COX6B2 Enhances Oxidative Phosphorylation, Proliferation, and Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.030403; this version posted April 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Sperm-specific COX6B2 Enhances Oxidative Phosphorylation, Proliferation, and Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma Chun-Chun Cheng1, Joshua Wooten2, Kathleen McGlynn1, Prashant Mishra3, Angelique W. Whitehurst1* 1Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, USA. 2Nuventra, 3217 Appling Way, Durham, NC 27703 3Children’s Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. *Correspondence: [email protected], 214-645-6066 (p), 214-645- 6347 (f) Running Title: COX6B2 promotes oxidative phosphorylation and survival in NSCLC. Keywords: COX6B2, oxidative phosphorylation, cancer testis antigen, cytochrome c oxidase, hypoxia Significance: COX6B2 a protein normally only expressed in testes is overexpressed in lung cancer and correlates with poor outcome in lung adenocarcinoma. Expression of COX6B2 enhances oxidative phosphorylation, proliferation, survival and growth of tumors in hypoxia. Funding sources: AWW, CC, and KM were supported by NIH (R01CA196905). AWW and JW were supported by SU2C (SU2C-AACR-IRG1211). The UTSW shared tissue resource was supported by the Simmons Cancer Center Core grant from National Cancer Institute (P30CA142543). The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.030403; this version posted April 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Hippo and Sonic Hedgehog Signalling Pathway Modulation of Human Urothelial Tissue Homeostasis
    Hippo and Sonic Hedgehog signalling pathway modulation of human urothelial tissue homeostasis Thomas Crighton PhD University of York Department of Biology November 2020 Abstract The urinary tract is lined by a barrier-forming, mitotically-quiescent urothelium, which retains the ability to regenerate following injury. Regulation of tissue homeostasis by Hippo and Sonic Hedgehog signalling has previously been implicated in various mammalian epithelia, but limited evidence exists as to their role in adult human urothelial physiology. Focussing on the Hippo pathway, the aims of this thesis were to characterise expression of said pathways in urothelium, determine what role the pathways have in regulating urothelial phenotype, and investigate whether the pathways are implicated in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). These aims were assessed using a cell culture paradigm of Normal Human Urothelial (NHU) cells that can be manipulated in vitro to represent different differentiated phenotypes, alongside MIBC cell lines and The Cancer Genome Atlas resource. Transcriptomic analysis of NHU cells identified a significant induction of VGLL1, a poorly understood regulator of Hippo signalling, in differentiated cells. Activation of upstream transcription factors PPARγ and GATA3 and/or blockade of active EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signalling were identified as mechanisms which induce VGLL1 expression in NHU cells. Ectopic overexpression of VGLL1 in undifferentiated NHU cells and MIBC cell line T24 resulted in significantly reduced proliferation. Conversely, knockdown of VGLL1 in differentiated NHU cells significantly reduced barrier tightness in an unwounded state, while inhibiting regeneration and increasing cell cycle activation in scratch-wounded cultures. A signalling pathway previously observed to be inhibited by VGLL1 function, YAP/TAZ, was unaffected by VGLL1 manipulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Information of Parkinson's Disease Associated Genes Selected From
    Table S1: Information of Parkinson‘s Disease associated genes selected from KEGG pathway database and literature resources S.NO GENE ACCESSION GENE CDS CHROMOSOME FUNCTION OF GENES* SYMBOL NO. POSITION POSITION NO. AND LOCATION OF GENES 1. CASP3 NM_032991 1-2522 97-930 chromosome: 4; This gene encodes a protein which is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid Location: 4q34 protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein cleaves and activates caspases 6, 7 and 9, and the protein itself is processed by caspases 8, 9 and 10. It is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein. 2. CASP9 NM_032996 1-1584 96-896 chromosome: 1; This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) Location: 1p36.3- family. Sequential activation of caspases p36.1 plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein is processed by caspase APAF1; this step is thought to be one of the earliest in the caspase activation cascade. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants which encode different isoforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of COX Assembly and Function by Twin CX9C Proteins—Implications for Human Disease
    cells Review Regulation of COX Assembly and Function by Twin CX9C Proteins—Implications for Human Disease Stephanie Gladyck 1, Siddhesh Aras 1,2, Maik Hüttemann 1 and Lawrence I. Grossman 1,2,* 1 Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (M.H.) 2 Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, MI 48201, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Oxidative phosphorylation is a tightly regulated process in mammals that takes place in and across the inner mitochondrial membrane and consists of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Complex IV, or cytochrome c oxidase (COX), is the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, responsible for accepting electrons from cytochrome c, pumping protons to contribute to the gradient utilized by ATP synthase to produce ATP, and reducing oxygen to water. As such, COX is tightly regulated through numerous mechanisms including protein–protein interactions. The twin CX9C family of proteins has recently been shown to be involved in COX regulation by assisting with complex assembly, biogenesis, and activity. The twin CX9C motif allows for the import of these proteins into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria using the redox import machinery of Mia40/CHCHD4. Studies have shown that knockdown of the proteins discussed in this review results in decreased or completely deficient aerobic respiration in experimental models ranging from yeast to human cells, as the proteins are conserved across species.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Cytochrome C Oxidase Nuclear-Encoded Subunits in Health and Disease
    Physiol. Res. 69: 947-965, 2020 https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934446 REVIEW Role of Cytochrome c Oxidase Nuclear-Encoded Subunits in Health and Disease Kristýna ČUNÁTOVÁ1, David PAJUELO REGUERA1, Josef HOUŠTĚK1, Tomáš MRÁČEK1, Petr PECINA1 1Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Received February 2, 2020 Accepted September 13, 2020 Epub Ahead of Print November 2, 2020 Summary [email protected] and Tomáš Mráček, Department of Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 mitochondrial electron transport chain, couples electron transport 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] to oxygen with generation of proton gradient indispensable for the production of vast majority of ATP molecules in mammalian Cytochrome c oxidase cells. The review summarizes current knowledge of COX structure and function of nuclear-encoded COX subunits, which may Energy demands of mammalian cells are mainly modulate enzyme activity according to various conditions. covered by ATP synthesis carried out by oxidative Moreover, some nuclear-encoded subunits possess tissue-specific phosphorylation apparatus (OXPHOS) located in the and development-specific isoforms, possibly enabling fine-tuning central bioenergetic organelle, mitochondria. OXPHOS is of COX function in individual tissues. The importance of nuclear- composed of five multi-subunit complexes embedded in encoded subunits is emphasized by recently discovered the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Electron pathogenic mutations in patients with severe mitopathies. In transport from reduced substrates of complexes I and II to addition, proteins substoichiometrically associated with COX were cytochrome c oxidase (COX, complex IV, CIV) is found to contribute to COX activity regulation and stabilization of achieved by increasing redox potential of individual the respiratory supercomplexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sperm-Specific COX6B2 Enhances Oxidative Phosphorylation, 2 Proliferation, and Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma 3
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.030403; this version posted August 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Sperm-specific COX6B2 enhances oxidative phosphorylation, 2 proliferation, and survival in lung adenocarcinoma 3 4 Chun-Chun Cheng1, Joshua Wooten2, Zane Gibbs1, Kathleen McGlynn1, Prashant 5 Mishra3, Angelique W. Whitehurst1* 6 7 1Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT 8 Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, USA. 9 2Nuventra, 3217 Appling Way, Durham, NC 27703, USA 10 3Children’s Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, 11 USA. 12 13 *Correspondence: [email protected], 214-645-6066 (p), 14 214-645-6347 (f) 15 16 17 ABSTRACT 18 Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are genes whose expression is normally restricted to the 19 testis but anomalously activated in cancer. In sperm, a number of CTAs promote energy 20 generation, however whether these proteins contribute to tumor cell metabolism is not 21 understood. Here we describe COX6B2, a sperm-specific component of cytochrome c 22 oxidase (complex IV). COX6B2 is frequently expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma 23 (LUAD) and expression correlates with reduced survival time in patients. COX6B2, but 24 not its somatic isoform COX6B1, enhances activity of complex IV, increasing 25 mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and NAD+ generation. 26 Consequently, COX6B2-expressing cells display a proliferative advantage, particularly 27 in low oxygen conditions. Conversely, depletion of COX6B2 attenuates OXPHOS and 28 collapses mitochondrial membrane potential leading to cell death or senescence.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Primitive Brain Displays Negative Mitochondrial-Nuclear Expression Correlation of Respiratory Genes
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on October 7, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Research Human primitive brain displays negative mitochondrial-nuclear expression correlation of respiratory genes Gilad Barshad, Amit Blumberg, Tal Cohen, and Dan Mishmar Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a fundamental energy source in all human tissues, requires interactions between mitochondrial (mtDNA)- and nuclear (nDNA)-encoded protein subunits. Although such interactions are fundamental to OXPHOS, bi-genomic coregulation is poorly understood. To address this question, we analyzed ∼8500 RNA-seq exper- iments from 48 human body sites. Despite well-known variation in mitochondrial activity, quantity, and morphology, we found overall positive mtDNA-nDNA OXPHOS genes’ co-expression across human tissues. Nevertheless, negative mtDNA- nDNA gene expression correlation was identified in the hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and amygdala (subcortical brain re- gions, collectively termed the “primitive” brain). Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of mouse and human brains revealed that this phenomenon is evolutionarily conserved, and both are influenced by brain cell types (involving excitatory/inhibitory neu- rons and nonneuronal cells) and by their spatial brain location. As the “primitive” brain is highly oxidative, we hypothesized that such negative mtDNA-nDNA co-expression likely controls for the high mtDNA transcript levels, which enforce tight OXPHOS regulation, rather than rewiring toward glycolysis. Accordingly, we found “primitive” brain-specific up-regula- tion of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), which associates with high OXPHOS activity, at the expense of LDHA, which pro- motes glycolysis. Analyses of co-expression, DNase-seq, and ChIP-seq experiments revealed candidate RNA-binding proteins and CEBPB as the best regulatory candidates to explain these phenomena.
    [Show full text]
  • Testis Antigens Defines Obligate Participation in Multiple
    ARTICLE Received 11 May 2015 | Accepted 8 Oct 2015 | Published 16 Nov 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9840 OPEN Comprehensive functional characterization of cancer–testis antigens defines obligate participation in multiple hallmarks of cancer Kimberly E. Maxfield1,*, Patrick J. Taus1,2,*, Kathleen Corcoran3, Joshua Wooten2, Jennifer Macion1, Yunyun Zhou4, Mark Borromeo5, Rahul K. Kollipara6, Jingsheng Yan1, Yang Xie1,4, Xian-Jin Xie1,4 & Angelique W. Whitehurst1 Tumours frequently activate genes whose expression is otherwise biased to the testis, collectively known as cancer–testis antigens (CTAs). The extent to which CTA expression represents epiphenomena or confers tumorigenic traits is unknown. In this study, to address this, we implemented a multidimensional functional genomics approach that incorporates 7 different phenotypic assays in 11 distinct disease settings. We identify 26 CTAs that are essential for tumor cell viability and/or are pathological drivers of HIF, WNT or TGFb signalling. In particular, we discover that Foetal and Adult Testis Expressed 1 (FATE1) is a key survival factor in multiple oncogenic backgrounds. FATE1 prevents the accumulation of the stress-sensing BH3-only protein, BCL-2-Interacting Killer (BIK), thereby permitting viability in the presence of toxic stimuli. Furthermore, ZNF165 promotes TGFb signalling by directly suppressing the expression of negative feedback regulatory pathways. This action is essential for the survival of triple negative breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, CTAs make significant direct contributions to tumour biology. 1 Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Sperm-Specific COX6B2 Enhances Oxidative Phosphorylation
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Sperm-specific COX6B2 enhances oxidative phosphorylation, proliferation, and survival in human lung adenocarcinoma Chun-Chun Cheng1, Joshua Wooten2, Zane A Gibbs1, Kathleen McGlynn1, Prashant Mishra3, Angelique W Whitehurst1* 1Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States; 2Nuventra, Durham, United States; 3Children’s Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States Abstract Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are proteins whose expression is normally restricted to the testis but anomalously activated in human cancer. In sperm, a number of CTAs support energy generation, however, whether they contribute to tumor metabolism is not understood. We describe human COX6B2, a component of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV). COX6B2 is expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and expression correlates with reduced survival time. COX6B2, but not its somatic isoform COX6B1, enhances activity of complex IV, increasing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and NAD+ generation. Consequently, COX6B2-expressing cancer cells display a proliferative advantage, particularly in low oxygen. Conversely, depletion of COX6B2 attenuates OXPHOS and collapses mitochondrial membrane potential leading to cell death or senescence. COX6B2 is both necessary and sufficient for growth of human tumor xenografts in mice. Our findings reveal a previously unappreciated, tumor-specific metabolic pathway hijacked from one of the most ATP-intensive processes in the animal
    [Show full text]
  • Human Primitive Brain Displays Negative Mitochondrial-Nuclear
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on October 6, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Human primitive brain displays negative mitochondrial-nuclear expression correlation of respiratory genes Gilad Barshad1, Amit Blumberg1, Tal Cohen1 and Dan Mishmar1* 1 Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel *Corresponding author Address: Dan Mishmar, PhD Department of Life Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel Tel: +972-86461355 FAX: 972-86461356 Email: [email protected] 1 Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on October 6, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Abstract Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a fundamental energy source in all human tissues, requires interactions between mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nDNA)-encoded protein subunits. Although such interactions are fundamental to OXPHOS, bi-genomic co-regulation is poorly understood. To address this question, we analyzed ~8,500 RNA-seq experiments from 48 human body sites. Despite well-known variation in mitochondrial activity, quantity and morphology, we found overall positive mtDNA-nDNA OXPHOS genes' co-expression across human tissues. Nevertheless, negative mtDNA-nDNA gene expression was identified in the hypothalamus, basal ganglia and amygdala (sub-cortical brain regions, collectively termed the 'primitive' brain). Single cell RNA-seq analysis of mouse and human brains, revealed that this phenomenon is evolutionarily conserved, and both associate with brain cell types (involving excitatory/inhibitory neurons and non-neuronal cells) and by their spatial brain location. As the 'primitive' brain is highly oxidative, we hypothesized that such negative mtDNA-nDNA co- expression likely controls for the high mtDNA transcript levels, which enforce tight OXPHOS regulation, rather than rewiring towards glycolysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials
    Supplementary Materials 1 Supplementary Figure S1. Expression of BPIFB4 in murine hearts. Representative immunohistochemistry images showing the expression of BPIFB4 in the left ventricle of non-diabetic mice (ND) and diabetic mice (Diab) given vehicle or LAV-BPIFB4. BPIFB4 is shown in green, nuclei are identified by the blue fluorescence of DAPI. Scale bars: 1 mm and 100 μm. 2 Supplementary Table S1 – List of PCR primers. Target gene Primer Sequence NCBI Accession number / Reference Forward AAGTCCCTCACCCTCCCAA Actb [1] Reverse AAGCAATGCTGTCACCTTC Forward TCTAGGCAATGCCGTTCAC Cpt1b [2] Reverse GAGCACATGGGCACCATAC Forward GGAAATGATCAACAAAAAAAGAAGTATTT Acadm (Mcad) [2] Reverse GCCGCCACATCAGA Forward TGATGGTTTGGAGGTTGGGG Acot1 NM_012006.2 Reverse TGAAACTCCATTCCCAGCCC Forward GGTGTCCCGTCTAATGGAGA Hmgcs2 NM_008256.4 Reverse ACACCCAGGATTCACAGAGG Forward CAAGCAGCAACATGGGAAGA Cs [2] Reverse GTCAGGATCAAGAACCGAAGTCT Forward GCCATTGTCAACTGTGCTGA Ucp3 NM_009464.3 Reverse TCCTGAGCCACCATCTTCAG Forward CGTGAGGGCAATGATTTATACCAT Atp5b [2] Reverse TCCTGGTCTCTGAAGTATTCAGCAA Pdk4 Forward CCGCTGTCCATGAAGCA [2] 3 Reverse GCAGAAAAGCAAAGGACGTT Forward AGAGTCCTATGCAGCCCAGA Tomm20 NM_024214.2 Reverse CAAAGCCCCACATCTGTCCT Forward GCCTCAGATCGTCGTAGTGG Drp1 NM_152816.3 Reverse TTCCATGTGGCAGGGTCATT Forward GGGAAGGTGAAGAAGCTTGGA Mfn2 NM_001285920.1 Reverse ACAACTGGAACAGAGGAGAAGTT Forward CGGAAATCATATCCAACCAG [2] Ppargc1a (Pgc1α) Reverse TGAGAACCGCTAGCAAGTTTG Forward AGGCTTGGAAAAATCTGTCTC [2] Tfam Reverse TGCTCTTCCCAAGACTTCATT Forward TGCCCCAGAGCTGTTAATGA Bcl2l1 NM_001289716.1
    [Show full text]