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Information of Parkinson's Disease Associated Genes Selected From

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Information of Parkinson's Disease Associated Genes Selected From Table S1: Information of Parkinson‘s Disease associated genes selected from KEGG pathway database and literature resources S.NO GENE ACCESSION GENE CDS CHROMOSOME FUNCTION OF GENES* SYMBOL NO. POSITION POSITION NO. AND LOCATION OF GENES 1. CASP3 NM_032991 1-2522 97-930 chromosome: 4; This gene encodes a protein which is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid Location: 4q34 protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein cleaves and activates caspases 6, 7 and 9, and the protein itself is processed by caspases 8, 9 and 10. It is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein. 2. CASP9 NM_032996 1-1584 96-896 chromosome: 1; This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) Location: 1p36.3- family. Sequential activation of caspases p36.1 plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein is processed by caspase APAF1; this step is thought to be one of the earliest in the caspase activation cascade. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants which encode different isoforms. 3. COX6B2 NM_144613 1-1679 184-450 chromosome: 19; Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb Location: polypeptide 2 (testis) 19q13.42 4. CYCS NM_018947 1-5518 146-463 chromosome: 7; This gene encodes cytochrome c, a Location: 7p15.2 component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. The heme group of cytochrome c accepts electrons from the b-c1 complex and transfers electrons to the cytochrome oxidase complex. Cytochrome c is also involved in initiation of apoptosis. Upon release of cytochrome c to the cytoplasm, the protein binds apoptotic protease activating factor which activates the apoptotic initiator procaspase 9. Many cytochrome c pseudogenes exist, scattered throughout the human genome. 5. GPR37 NM_005302 1-3058 652-2493 chromosome: 7; GPR37 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor expressed in mammalian brain, Location: 7q31 and its insoluble aggregates are found in the brain samples of juvenile Parkinson's disease patients 6. HTRA2 NM_013247 1-2550 603-1979 chromosome: 2; This gene encodes a serine protease. The protein has been localized in the Location: 2p12 endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with an alternatively spliced form of mitogen- activated protein kinase 14. The protein has also been localized to the mitochondria with release to the cytosol following apoptotic stimulus. The protein is thought to induce apoptosis by binding the apoptosis inhibitory protein baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 4. Nuclear localization of this protein has also been observed. Alternate splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length sequences have not been determined. 7. APAF1 NM_181861 1-7204 578-4324 chromosome: 12; This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that initiates apoptosis. This protein Location: 12q23 contains several copies of the WD-40 domain, a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and an ATPase domain (NB- ARC). Upon binding cytochrome c and dATP, this protein forms an oligomeric apoptosome. The apoptosome binds and cleaves caspase 9 preproprotein, releasing its mature, activated form. Activated caspase 9 stimulates the subsequent caspase cascade that commits the cell to apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants encoding different isoforms. 8. LOC1001285 XM_001716642 1-1070 1-789 chromosome: 22; 25 Location: 22q13.1 (UQCRFSL1) 9. LOC1001337 XM_001722336 1-435 1-435 chromosome: 9 37 (similar to hCG1809973) 10. LRRK2 NM_198578 1-9234 121-7704 chromosome: 12; This gene is a member of the leucine-rich repeat kinase family and encodes a protein Location: 12q12 with an ankryin repeat region, a leucine- rich repeat (LRR) domain, a kinase domain, a DFG-like motif, a RAS domain, a GTPase domain, a MLK-like domain, and a WD40 domain. The protein is present largely in the cytoplasm but also associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Parkinson disease-8. 11. NDUFS7 NM_024407 1-787 21-662 chromosome: 19; This gene encodes a protein that is a subunit of one of the complexes that Location: 19p13.3 forms the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This protein is one of over 40 subunits found in complex I, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH):ubiquinone oxidoreductase. This complex functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain, and ubiquinone is believed to be the immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme. Mutations in this gene cause Leigh syndrome due to mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a severe neurological disorder that results in bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions in subcortical brain regions. 12. PARK2 NM_013988 1-2513 102-1052 chromosome: 6; The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is Location: 6q25.2- a component of a multiprotein E3 q27 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. 13. PARK7 NM_007262 1-906 85-654 chromosome: 1; The product of this gene belongs to the peptidase C56 family of proteins. It acts Location: 1p36.23 as a positive regulator of androgen receptor-dependent transcription. It may also function as a redox-sensitive chaperone, as a sensor for oxidative stress, and it apparently protects neurons against oxidative stress and cell death. Defects in this gene are the cause of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 7. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified for this gene. 14. PINK1 NM_032409 1-5828 1021-4749 chromosome: 1; This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that localizes to Location: 1p36 mitochondria. It is thought to protect cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mutations in this gene cause one form of autosomal recessive early- onset Parkinson disease. 15. SDHA NM_004168 1-2405 116-2110 chromosome: 5; This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone Location: 5p15 oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear- encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. 16. SEPT5 NM_002688 1-3525 126-1235 chromosome: 22; This gene is a member of the septin gene Location: family of nucleotide binding proteins, 22q11.21 originally described in yeast as cell division cycle regulatory proteins. Septins are highly conserved in yeast, Drosophila, and mouse and appear to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of septin function disturbs cytokinesis and results in large multinucleate or polyploid cells. This gene is mapped to 22q11, the region frequently deleted in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. A translocation involving the MLL gene and this gene has also been reported in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Two transcripts of this gene, a major one of 2.2 kb and a minor one of 3.5 kb, have been observed. The 2.2 kb form results from the utilization of a non-consensus polyA signal (AACAAT). In the absence of polyadenylation from this imperfect site, the consensus polyA signal of the downstream neighboring gene (GP1BB; platelet glycoprotein Ib) is used, resulting in the 3.5 kb transcript. An alternatively spliced transcript variant with a different 5' end has also been identified, but its full- length nature has not been completely determined. 17. SLC6A3 NM_001044 1-3925 122-1984 chromosome: 5; The dopamine transporter (DAT1) mediates the active reuptake of dopamine Location: 5p15.3 from the synapse and is a principal regulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission. The DAT1 gene has been implicated in human disorders such as parkinsonism, Tourette syndrome, and substance abuse 18. SLC18A1 NM_003053 1-2749 268-1845 chromosome: 8; The vesicular monoamine transporter acts to accumulate cytosolic monoamines into Location: 8p21.3 vesicles, using the proton gradient maintained across the vesicular membrane. Its proper function is essential to the correct activity of the monoaminergic systems that have been implicated in several human neuropsychiatric disorders. The transporter is a site of action of important drugs, including reserpine and tetrabenazine. 19. SLC25A4 NM_001151 1-1340 130-1026 chromosome: 4; Solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), Location: 4q35 member 4 20. SNCA NM_000345 1-1543 47-469 chromosome:
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