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Technical and Institutional Evaluation of Geray Irrigation Scheme in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region

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Technical and Institutional Evaluation of Geray Irrigation Scheme in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region Technical and Institutional Evaluation of Geray Irrigation Scheme in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region Gashaye Checkol and Tena Alamirew Haramaya University [email protected] Abstract while there is no change in the water supply indicating that the sustainability of the The technical and institutional performance scheme is in doubt. The cooperative support evaluation of Geray Irrigation Scheme was made in order to identify management services that had been rendered to the practices for implementation to improve the beneficiaries in the past four years were system operation and the general health of found to be minimal. Moreover, there were the irrigation system. The evaluation was few indicators that show the production was made by looking into the selected market oriented. The evaluation clearly performance indicators such as conveyance revealed the fact that conflict resolution efficiency, application efficiency, water remains to be the duty of the Kebele delivery performance, and maintenance authorities and WUA has no legal right to indicators. The availability of institutional enforce its bylaws. In conclusion, the overall and support services were also investigated technical adequacy of the scheme is rated through a questionnaire administered to beneficiary farmers and other stakeholders. very poor requiring tremendous mobilization The results obtained showed that the main of the community to sustainably manage it. and tertiary canal conveyance efficiencies Proper institutional setup needs to be in were 92 and 82 percents respectively. Many place, and WUA needs to be empowered of the secondary and tertiary canals are more in order to enforce its by-laws. poorly maintained and many of the structures are dysfunctional. Application 1. Introduction efficiency monitored on three farmers’ plot located at different ends of a given Ethiopia is labeled as the ‘water tower of secondary canal ranges from 44 to 57 Africa’. Its geographical location and percent. Water delivery performance was endowment with favorable climate provide a only 71 percent showing a very substantial relatively higher amount of rainfall in the reduction from the design of the canal continent. Preliminary studies and capacity. Maintenance indicator evaluated in professional estimates put the nation’s terms of water level change (31.9%) and annual surface runoff to 122 billion m3, effectiveness of the infrastructures showed groundwater potential to 2.6 billion m3 and that the scheme management was in a very the average rainfall of 1090 mm (Daniel, poor shape. Dependability of the scheme 2007). However, the annual amount of evaluated in terms of duration and irrigation water resources in Ethiopia gives the wrong interval showed that the scheme is impression that ‘rainfall is adequate for crop performing below the intended level. The 47 production’. Rainfall distribution is percent of the land initially planned for extremely uneven both spatially and development is currently under irrigation temporally. As the capacity of the country to store the excess water is in excess is very poor, most 342 of the water flows out carried by harvesting pond construction that has been transboundary rivers to neighboring aggressively pursued all over the country are countries. Consequently, the country suffers evidences for the government’s part and from water scarcity triggered hazards, such commitment to irrigation development. as repeated crop failure, food insecurity, However, given the dismal and undesirable drought and famine with increased experience on the performance of the frequency. About 52 percent of the irrigation schemes developed earlier, there is population or 214 districts of the country are no guarantee that the new schemes will known to be food insecure. The population deliver the anticipated benefits. requiring food assistance is increasing in absolute terms. In 2006, for instance, about Given the anticipated importance of 15 million people were food insecure mainly irrigation in food security and poverty because of rainfall variation (Daniel, 2007). reduction and the huge investments committed on irrigation infrastructure, it is To address the challenges of food insecurity imperative that the irrigation sector is and associated poverty, improving efficient and effective in yielding desired agricultural productivity occupies a central socioeconomic returns. However, the place in the ‘Agricultural Development Lead performances of many of the existing Industrialization (ADLI) strategy of the irrigation schemes have been far from present Ethiopian government. Fighting satisfactory. Several of the previously poverty and reducing food deficiency are at constructed irrigation projects are totally or the heart of ADLI. The government has partially abandoned. Most have not reached committed itself to the reduction of poverty their planned levels of productivities and by half, through the endorsement of the many are not financially or technically Millennium Development Goals (MDG). sustainable in their present forms. Irrigation development is one of the pursued strategic interventions in this regard. The For irrigation schemes to be sustainable, government now recognizes that it is mutual supportiveness of irrigation hardware implausible to expect any great degree of (irrigation infrastructure) and software agricultural production intensification under (institutions) are vital. Mutual rainfed dryland farming system. Hence, supportiveness is ensured when the tremendous efforts are underway to promote hardware is cost and labor efficient, easy to large, medium and small scale irrigations operate and robust, and yielding predictable through huge financial and labor results. The software is characterized by investments. individual/collective interest and management skill embodied in a lean Despite the endowment of Ethiopia with organization of water users besides adequate huge (3.5 million ha) irrigable land, the area support services. under irrigation development is only five percent (195 thousand ha). This shows that The paradox of big expectation from water resources have made little irrigation development to alleviate food contribution towards the development of insecurity and rural poverty versus inability agricultural sector in particular and the to sustainably utilize developed schemes community in general to date. calls for detail scrutiny of the relative contribution of prevailing technical and In the last few years, heavy investments institutional problems of failed schemes. have been made to harness the water One such failed scheme selected for this resources of the country towards irrigation study is Geray Irrigation Scheme. This development. The ongoing Tendaho, scheme, with its source of irrigation is of Kessem, Gode, Koga irrigation projects over excellent quality spring water with virtually and above huge work on rainwater zero silt, was expected to operate with 343 minimum technical problem. However the were chosen among those that served on the scheme has not been able to live up to the same secondary canal at the head, middle expectations. Hence, this study was made to and tail reaches with the presumption that evaluate the contribution of the institution there will be differences in the availability related problems for its technical of water among these categories of underperformance. irrigators. 2. Data and Methodology Application efficiency (Ea) 2.1. Location of the Study Site Depth of water added to the root zone = Depth of water applied to the field Geray irrigation scheme is located 10’ 60’’ 2.2 latitude and 37’26’’ longitude in The water delivery performance Arbaetuensisa Keble located 5 km from indicator: This was calculated by Finoteselam in West Gojam zone. measuring the actually delivered volume of Finoteselam is located 380 km from Addis water to the intended (design) volume water Ababa on the main road to Bahir Dar. to be delivered. Construction of the solid masonry diversion started in 1971 and was completed in 1972. Construction of canals and other structures Water Delivery Performance continued slowly and reports indicate that Actually delivered volume of water the scheme was commissioned in 1984. = Intended volume of water to be delivered 2.2. Technical Performance Evaluation 2.3 Technical performance indicators monitored 2.3. Maintenance Indicators in this study included the measurement of Proper maintenance enables the keeping of conveyance efficiency of the main canal and water control infrastructure in good working tertiary canals, application efficiency and condition so that the design water level is water delivery performance. maintained. The change in head (level) Conveyance efficiency – This was over structures in irrigation canals is the estimated by measuring inflowing and out single most important factor disrupting the flowing water along the selected canal intended delivery of irrigation water. The lengths (Boss, 1997) maintenance indicators are evaluated by the following hydraulic performance indicators (Boss, 1997). Conveyance efficiency a. The relative change of water level water flowing in the canal (RCWL) - this was computed by = taking the actual water level depth water flowing out of the canal from the canal and comparing it with 2.1 design value at the same position in the main canal, i.e. changes of level to Application efficiency: The ratio of the the intended level. depth of water added to the root zone to the depth of water applied to the field was measured from three farmer fields that were Re lative
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