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Morelos 1 Fuente: NASA ÍNDICE I. Justificación 1 II. Objetivo general 5 2.1 Objetivos específicos 6 2.2 Alcance 6 III. Satélites geoestacionarios 7 3.1 Antecedentes 8 3.2 Situación actual 13 3.2.1 Contexto internacional y la UIT 13 3.2.2 Contexto nacional y el IFT 15 A. La concesión 19 B. Análisis comparativo de otros procesos de concesión 21 C. Tendencias en materia de regulación satelital 24 3.3 Nuevas tecnologías 33 3.3.1 High-Throughput Satellite (HTS) 34 A. Perspectivas de crecimiento 34 B. Very High Throughput Satellites (VHTS) 36 C. Efectos del uso de tecnologías HTS y VHTS 41 3.3.2 Small Geostationary Satellites (S-GEO) 42 3.3.3 Equipo terrestre 43 3.3.4 Prospectiva y tendencias tecnológicas 44 IV. Constelaciones de órbita baja de telecomunicaciones 50 4.1 Antecedentes 52 4.2 Situación actual 54 4.2.1 Proyección de la demanda 72 4.3 Nuevas tecnologías 80 4.4 Equipo terrestre 84 V. Constelaciones de órbita baja en observación de la Tierra 86 5.1. Antecedentes 87 5.1.1. Antecedentes en México 90 5.2. Situación actual 91 5.2.1. Proyección de la demanda 97 5.3. Nuevas Tecnologías 99 5.3.1. Tecnologías y tendencias futuras 102 5.4. Equipo Terrestre 107 5.4.1. Estaciones Terrenas bajo demanda 108 5.5. Procesamiento de Datos 110 VI. Estadísticas de la adquisición de imágenes satelitales en México 113 6.1. Estaciones de recepción y procesamiento en México 116 6.2. Histórico de adquisición y distribución de imágenes satelitales 120 6.3. Inventario nacional de imágenes satelitales 124 VII. Estadísticas de comunicaciones 125 VIII. Conclusiones 132 Abreviaturas 137 Anexos 144 Referencias 145 Satélites en línea de ensamble de la constelación OneWeb. Fuente: Airbus Estudio para analizar el desarrollo de los satélites mexicanos y constelaciones de órbita baja El presente documento busca guiar al lector en el entendimiento del estado actual de los satélites geoestacionarios y de las constelaciones de órbita baja desde el punto de vista de los antecedentes, proyección del uso en los próximos años con perspectiva de crecimiento del mercado y los posibles nichos de oportunidad para México en el sector de observación de la Tierra y su industria de comunicaciones satelitales. Aztechsat Fuente: NASA Justificación I. JUSTIFICACIÓN El presente documento constituye un estudio que busca atender aspectos prioritarios para el sector espacial nacional1. Entre ellos, destaca el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones y radiodifusión de redes críticas y de alto desempeño para el desarrollo de México; aportar elementos para el fortalecimiento de la política satelital, la optimización de recursos orbitales y espectro radioeléctrico2. De acuerdo con el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019-2024 (PND), el Gobierno de México, estableció tres ejes de trabajo con los cuales se trazaron los objetivos de las políticas públicas y se establecieron las acciones específicas para alcanzarlos: política y gobierno, política social y economía.[1] Por su parte la Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM) como organismo descentralizado de la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT), tiene como Misión: “Utilizar la ciencia y la tecnología espacial para atender las necesidades de la población mexicana y generar empleos de alto valor agregado, impulsando la innovación y el desarrollo del sector espacial, contribuyendo a la competitividad y al posicionamiento de México en la comunidad internacional, en el uso pacífico, eficaz y responsable del espacio.” [2] Por Visión: “Contar con una infraestructura espacial soberana y sustentable de observación de la Tierra, navegación y comunicaciones satelitales de banda ancha, que contribuya a mejorar la calidad de vida de la población y al crecimiento económico de México.” [2] La conjunción y relación entre el PND y la AEM se da a través de un flujo de información planificada y estratégica que se detalla en el Programa Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (PNAE) perteneciente a la propia AEM, que establece y es acorde con los lineamientos de política, objetivos, estrategias y líneas de acción que contribuirán a que México llegue a su máximo potencial. Actualmente este documento se encuentra en proceso de oficialización, se espera que a principios del año 2021 se tenga la nueva versión. Es por ello que el presente documento se elabora con la versión vigente, y corresponde en alineación con el Programa Sectorial de la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. [3] Así pues, la AEM dentro del PNAE, plasma en el objetivo 1, Impulsar el desarrollo de una infraestructura espacial que atienda las necesidades sociales de seguridad, protección de la población, atención a desastres, banda ancha, y cuidado del medio ambiente. Las actividades en este objetivo se orientan al desarrollo y puesta en operación de vehículos espaciales y del desarrollo del segmento terrestre para la generación de los servicios, aplicaciones y productos necesarios para atender las demandas nacionales en la materia. Tratándose de proyectos que requieren una cantidad importante de recursos en las líneas de acción correspondientes, se iniciarán algunas de ellas con estudios de viabilidad técnico económicos y con pruebas de concepto. [2] 2 Justificación Es así como la AEM ha venido realizando un trabajo de recopilación de información para integrar un estudio para analizar las constelaciones de órbita baja. Con esta idea en mente, se plantea conocer el estado actual que guardan el desarrollo de estas constelaciones a nivel global tanto para el rubro de comunicaciones, así como para el de observación terrestre. Este trabajo a su vez busca conocer las oportunidades donde México podría desarrollarse en dicho segmento y detonar así las capacidades para la soberanía de acceso al espacio desde territorio nacional. A continuación, se muestra en la tabla 1 de manera esquemática, la alineación del objetivo específico, estrategias y líneas de acción de la AEM en cuanto a la planeación de desarrollo de infraestructura espacial en términos de constelaciones satelitales, así como Centros de Innovación y Desarrollo Espacial con los Objetivos, Estrategias y líneas de acción del Programa Sectorial de la SCT. [2], [3] 1 1 Ley que crea la Agencia Espacial Mexicana. Artículo 4. Para el cumplimiento de su objeto, la Agencia tendrá las siguientes funciones: I. Impulsar estudios y desarrollo de investigaciones científicas y tecnológicas en la materia y en las áreas prioritarias de atención definidas en el Programa Nacional de Actividades Espaciales; 2 Ejes y estrategias del Programa Sectorial de Comunicaciones y Transportes 2020. 1.- Impulsar el despliegue de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones y radiodifusión de redes críticas y de alto desempeño para el desarrollo de México. · 1.3.- Fortalecer la Política Satelital del país, la planificación de recursos orbitales y el espectro radioeléctrico, y promover el uso del Sistema Satelital Mexicano, para contar con comunicaciones satelitales seguras y de alta disponibilidad que aporten a la cobertura social y a la seguridad nacional. 2.- Promover la cobertura social, el acceso a Internet y a la banda ancha, a la radiodifusión y el correo, como servicios fundamentales para el bienestar y la inclusión social, así como fomentar el aprovechamiento pacífico del espacio. · 2.1.- Diseñar estrategias de aumento de la cobertura, a través de mecanismos de coordinación con actores públicos y privados, que permitan lograr condiciones de conectividad a Internet a través de servicios de banda ancha en el territorio nacional 3.- Desarrollar habilidades y modelos para la transformación digital de los individuos y las instituciones, incluyendo a los grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad. · 3.2.- Identificar modelos, herramientas y mejores prácticas para la transformación digital y el desarrollo sostenible. · 3.3.- Fomentar el uso de diversos canales de promoción, diseminación y adopción de herramientas para la formación de capacidades y habilidades digitales. 5.- Coordinar el proceso de elaboración y evaluación de Políticas Públicas para la transformación e inclusión digital de México, de manera participativa e impulsando la coordinación Interinstitucional. · 5.1.- Identificar y coordinar la participación de actores clave para el desarrollo de un marco de política pública que permita satisfacer las necesidades de la población en materia de telecomunicaciones y radiodifusión, así como promover el desarrollo del sector. · 5.2.- Coordinar la elaboración y dar seguimiento a las políticas, programas y proyectos en materia postal, de telecomunicaciones y radiodifusión, así como proponer mejoras a los procesos de su operación. 3 Justificación Tabla 1. Alineación de Objetivos, Estrategias y Líneas de acción del Programa Sectorial de la SCT & Objetivos, Estrategias y Líneas de acción en materia de desarrollo de infraestructura espacial en términos de desarrollo de satélites y constelaciones de órbita baja, así como Centros de Innovación y Desarrollo Espacial en el PNAE. Programa sectorial de la SCT Programa nacional de actividades espaciales Objetivo del Estrategia Acción Objetivo Estrategia del Líneas de Programa Sectorial del puntual del Programa Programa acción del Sectorial de la Programa Programa Nacional de Nacional de Programa SCT Sectorial de la Sectorial de la Actividades Actividades Nacional de SCT SCT Espaciales Espaciales Actividades Espaciales Objetivo 3 Estrategia 3.1 Línea 3.1.3 Objetivo 1. Estrategia 1.1 Línea de acción Promover la Impulsar el Fortalecer la Impulsar el Impulsar el 1.1.2 Propiciar el cobertura, el despliegue de Política
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