Attachment 2

THE PORIRUAHARBOURAND ITS CATCHMENT: LITERATURE REVIEW - Appendix 2 AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council

Paul Blaschke Josephine Woods Frances Forsyth

Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants

February 2010

LSBN 978-I-877548-26-0 (print) IsBN 978-I-877548-27-7 (online) .

Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Literature Review - Appendix 2 Annotated bibliography of research on Porirua Harbour and catchment

Table of contents

Introduction...... 2 Key references covering a range of topics ...... Geology, geography and soils ...... Terrestrial biodiversity and catchment land use ...... 9 Stream geomorphology and hydrology, including flood assessment ...... I I Annual water quality survey reports ...... Stream ecology, water and sediment pollution ...... 19 Beach erosion and coastal change...... Estuarine biota ...... 23 BSIuarine water quality ...... 28 Harbour sediment contamination...... 33 Estuary hydrodynamics and sedimentation ...... 38 Planning, roading, development and environmental assessment of effects. ... . 40 Environmental management and restoration plans. ... Social and historical sources ...... 7

introduction This bibliography presents brief summaries of the principal references used in the main literature review document - Ponyua Harbour tilld iis calchmeni. ' A literalMre 3/11/1111aJy und review (2010) The summaries were made by the present authors, and are not published abstracts. The items summarised are sorted by broad topic as shown in the table of contents above. Most references are only in one section, with a few key multi-disciplinary references covering a range of topics are grouped in the first list. Several references are to reports dealing with whole Wellington region (mainly Greater Welling10n Regional Council reports); in these cases usually only the material relating 10 Portrua Harbour or catchmentis presented

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Keyreferences covering a range of topics

Bellingham, N. (1998). Pawamhanui I'llei - a living resource. Wellington, Guardians of Pauatahanuilnlet Multi-disciplinary education resource kit covering land use and ecology of Pauatahanui Inlet. Includes activities for a wide range of age levels

BML (2000). T/Ie Puuumhaiiwi EsiwaJy tind i!s calchnteit!. a 117erniure sumiiiuiy and review Boffa Miskell Ltd. Report for Wellington Regional Council and Portrua City Council Comprehensive review of all available environmental information on Pauatahanui Inlet and its catchment. Highlights what is known and unknown about the estuary and its unique and determining features. Includes annotated bibliography

Cameron, D. (2001). rangered lilyesiigaiion of Ponyuu Stream warer und sediiiieni quality Montgomery Watson New Zealand Ltd. for Wellington Regional Council. An in depth assessment of sediment and water quality, in order to understand the disparity between the high water quality and low Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI) Scores consistently found in the annual freshwater reports. Water from streams and stormwater outlets were analysed for pH, EC, TSS and acid soluble cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc. Samples were also analysed for organic compounds (poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenols). Water samples were also collected post rainfall events and compared with American EPA standards. Wet weather events resulted in high concentrations of metals in the water column. Appendix of graphs. Sediments from 3 stream locations were also analysed for metals and organics. Three sites exceeded the ANZECC (2000) interim sediment quality guideline (IsQG) 'low' for zinc, and one for lead. DDT concentrations for all sites (composed mainly DDD, with smaller amounts of DDT and DDE) exceeded the low' IsQG value. Concentrations of metals increased downstream untilthe estuarine reach, where flushing probably resulted in a lower concentration. DDT was highest at Takapu. Macroinvertebrates in POTirua Stream are being adversely affected by poor water quality, especially as rainfall delivers a pollution pulse. The DDT found in the sediment as yet appears to have no affect on macroinvertebrates. The highest DDT concentration occurs at Takapu Stream site which has the best MCI value of 106. POTirua Stream has a MCI value of 90, has a lower concentration of DDT but poorer water quality.

Healy, B. (1975). PEP Newsletter. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hull, held at GWRC library Series of Newsletters set up as a forum to communicate interesting results from PEP scientists, and also to update and inform the public. Lists projects and authors

Healy, W. B. (1980). Pawu!ahdnui linei. o11 enviroiinienial SIMdy. DSU^. Information Series 141 Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Most detailed and integrated study of Pauatahanuilnlet and its catchment. Covers early history, landscape and geology, the catchment, the inlet and inlet processes, impacts of the catchment on the inlet, planning implications of the Pauatahanui Environment Programme and an overview. Study arose from community concern over sill deposition in Browns Bay after developing of sections. The Portrua City Corporation requested the Minister of Science to authorise detailed investigation. The DSU< coordinated the 3 year study over 1975-77 with over 30 scientists contributing.

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Kerinedy, P. (1980)."Pauatahanuilnlet, a closer look. " Soiland Wafer 16(5): 7-10. Summary of the main findings of the Pauatahanui Environment Programme study from Healy (1980). Milne, J. R. and L. Watts (2008). Stormwater contaminants in urban streams in the Wellington region (draft), Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Welling10n Regional Council, Report N'GW/EMI-T-08182 Results of two investigations: I) a screening exercise to assess the level of contamination in stream sediments and 2) assessment of metal contamination in wet weather now events, in order to determine if stormwater discharges are causing significant contamination of water and sediments within urban streams and assess if the degree of contamination poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Over all sites the ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low' was exceeded for one or more metal contaminants at 52% of the sites in 2005 and 50% of sites in 2006. POTirua Stream was one of the four sites in the greater Wellington Region to exceed the ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'high' for zinc. Zinc and lead over the whole region were most commonly above guideline 'low'. 86% of sites in 2005 and 92% in 2006 exceeded the ANZECC guidelines for I or more organochlorine compounds. Duck Creek, POTirua and Keriepuru Stream above IsQG 'low' for DDT, and were the only locations in the regions to do so. Sediments in those streams sampled were generally sandy to graveny and had little mud component. Very few wet weather nows were sampled, so this limited data set cannot be used to give the usual stormwater pollutantload of streams. The data highlights that the events sampled had concentrations of zinc and copper above ANZECC guideline values, and are at concentrations likely 10 affect biola. Most of the metal contaminants are associated with suspended sediment, and since little of this fine sediment is deposited in stream beds, it is most probably being deposited in the Harbour

Robertson, B. and L. SIGvens (2008). Pontua Harbour; Fine Scale Monitoring 2007/08. W. C Management. prepared for: Greater Wellington Regional Council and POTirua City Council Detailed information on chemical and biological indicators of estuarine condition. Data applied to authors' model of estuarine health 10 assess the overall condition of the estuary in relation to sedimentation, eutrophication, toxicity and ITabitat loss. Collected data on grain size, visual assessment of depth to redox potential discontinuity (RPD), benthic community, and analysis of surficial sediments for organic content, nutrients and metal concentrations. Installed sedimentation plates. Concentration of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc are all below ANZECC (2000) IsGQ, 'low' value Macroinvertebrate community classified as 'unbalanced' as the community present has an elevated number of organisms that tolerate mud and organic enrichment levels. Whole harbour classed as 'moderately eutrophic' inferred from shallow RPD, tinbalanced' macroinvertebrate community and low to moderate nutrient conditions. Classes toxicity of environment as 'low' for Pauatahanuilnlei and 'low-moderate' for the Onepoto Arm

Sievens, L. and B. Robertson (2008). Ponyim Harbour. B, .odd scale nabitu! niuppii?g. Nelson, Wriggle Coastal management for Greater Wellington Regional Council and POTirua City Council. Report done alongside fine scale monitoring' (Robertson and SIGvens 2008) to apply a 'rating' to estuary health. Maps in GIS of interndal sediment types (grain size), macroalgal beds, seagrass beds, sanmarsh vegetation and 200m of terrestrial margin. This information can be used to monitor habitat loss and identify areas important for protection. Sanmarsh absent in the Onepoto Arm, but extensive in PanatahanuiInlet. Interndal area dominated by poorly sorted firm muddy sands, and 70% of the interndal area had significant macroalgal cover. Report classes both arms as moderately eutrophic;

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

however nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were not measured, and the flushing influence of the large tidal wedge was not considered. POTirua Harbour is mainly sub- tidal, making it unique compared with other New Zealand estuaries which empty almost completely at low tide. Classes estuarine areas for habitatloss however data across years is not compared so classification is fairly unfounded. Seagrass beds extensive and healthy, whilst terrestrial buffer is rarely natural, and often separated physically from estuary. This separation may contribute to 'coastal squeeze' as saltmarsh species respond to sea levelrise. Large amount of litter noted in Onepoto Arm. List of all saltmarsh species

Swales, A. , S. I. Bentley, M. S. MCGlone, R. Ovenden, N. Hermanspahn, R. Budd, A. Hill, S Pickmere, R. Huskew and M. Okey (2005). Pulloitthunui Infoi. ' ayecis of historicol calchnien! landcover chuitges on nileisedrinenin!ion. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. , Prepared for Greater Wellington Regional Council and POTirua City Council, NIWA Client Report: HAM2004-149. Sedimentation history of Pauaiahanui Inlet based on radioisotopes and pollen analysis of sediment cores. These methods are used to calculate sediment accumulation rates (SARS). Nine cores were taken, five near sub-catchment outlets and four in the central basin. Detailed description and interpretation of each core. Determines spatial variations in SARS, grain size and metal concentration and relates them to changes in catchment use. Averaged across all sites, SARS have been increasing since European arrival and subsequent deforestation and urbanisation. "C dating shows a SAR of ~0.7mnVyr for the last 2,000 years' ' Pb dating shows a SAR at 2.4mm/yr for the last 150 years '''cs shows a SAR of 3.4mnVyr from 1950 onwards, whilst pollen analysis shows that SARS from the 1980's onwards are at 4.6mnVyr. This last average is particularly influenced by the core taken at the HOTokiri catchment outlet: in the last 20 years this area has received double the sediment than locations elsewhere (loinnVyr). The high yield of sandy sediment is most likely sourced from the HOTokiri catchment, which is large and steep and has a large area of pine plantations. Browns Bay also has a high SAR: this area appears to act as a sink for sediment derived elsewhere. Sites located at sub-catchmeni outlets have higher SARS than those of the central mud basin, indicating that the source of sediment is eroded soils, and that the supply rate exceeds ability of estuarine processes to redistribute sediment. Browns Bay site has a SAR higher for the last 50 years than the last 20 years, reflecting the influence of 1970s urban developments, and the stabilising of those developments in the last 20 years. Future SARS are likely to equal and exceed 2.4mnVyr. Pollen profiles are characterised by a loss of native species, rise in exotic grass and weed species and a huge increase in pine pollen in the late 1970s. Waves appear to erode, redistribute, winnow and mix sediment to a depth of ~5cm Concentration of zinc, lead and copper were below ANZECC (2000) IsQG for allsites

WRC (1989a). Eiivironnien!all, lipact reporifuiwre Sidle Highway I Foule. Wellington Regional Council. Extensive investigation and assessment of coastal and land resources, water resources, and landscape characteristics in the whole Porirua Basin and Pauatahanui catchment, in relation to potential impacts of State Highway I route options. Accompanied by 10 technical reports, of which the most relevant are Landscape Assessment (V01. 6), Land and Coastal assessment(V01. 7) and Water Resources Impact Assessment(V01. 8)

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Geology, geographyandsoils

Adkin, G. L. (1921). POTirua Harbour: a study of its shoreline and physiographic features Transactions undProceediitgs of Ihe New Zealandlitstii"re 53: 144-156 Discussion and description of geomorphology of the area. First known publication to suggest that the 1855 earthquake caused uplift, which was estimated at 3ft, causing shallowing of Pauaiahanuilnlet and evidenced by an uplifted platform near the entrance of Taupo Stream

Begg, J. and C. Mazengarb (1996). Geology o11he Well^Jig!o11 Area. Lower Hull, New Zealand, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. 1:50,000. Geological map 22. I sheet + 128 p Very detailed geological description of the Wellington Area. Detailed description of rock types and a geological map. (Map covers most of Onepoto Arm catchment and the southern half of Pauatalianui Inlet). Maps in some detailthe main nthologies of the POTirua Harbour catchment which is comprised of the Rakaia Terrane (Triassic-Jurassic grey sandstone and mudstones) and loose Qualernary deposits (including loess, alluvial and coastal deposits). Maps the three fault lines passing thorough the POTirua Harbour catchment, the Ohariu fault, the Pukera fault and the Moonshine fault. Gives some discussion on the geographical and geological features of Onepoto Arm and Panatahanui Inlet, including some cores collected from the estuary. From the nihiled data, the infill of Onepoto Arm and Panatahanuilnleiis suggested as postglacial river, lake and estuary or lagoon deposits

Begg, J. G. and M. Johnston (2000). G, o108y o11he Wellingion Area. Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. 1:250,000 geological map 10. I sheet + 64 p Geological description of the Wellington Area. Detailed description of rock types and a geological map. Maps the main 11tho10gies of the POTirua Harbour catchment which is comprised of the Rakaia Terrane (Triassic-Jurassic grey sandstone and mudstones) and loose Quaternary deposits (including loess, alluvial and coastal deposits). Maps the three faultlines passing thorough the POTirua Harbour catchment, the Ohariu fault, the Pukerua fault and the Moonshine fault.

Bruce, J. (2000). Tile Soils of Wellingtoil, in: Dynamic Well^71g!on, a con!einpoinry synthesis und explunaiioi? of Well^^810n. I. MCConchie, R. Willis and D. Winchester, eds. Wellington, Institute of Geography, Victoria University of Wellington. Includes description of soils in the POTirua area

Cochran, U. (2000). Poleoeiivironinenml analysis o111plofted cousinllttke & wetland sequences ill the Welling10n Region. Wellington, New Zealand, School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, report to the Earthquake Commission Research Foundation. Project N' 991324. Uses fossil diatoms (single celled algae) from sediment cores in three lakes (including Taupo Swamp north of PIimmerton), to reconstruct the lakes' development over lime The species of diatom change upwards along the core, indicating a change in environment (from saline 10 fresh). The suddenness, amount, and direction of change suggest large seismic uplift. The data collected suggests that the Ohariu Fault slipped between 800- 380 BC. Taupo Swamp history interpreted from a detailed description of cores collected, as: 3,900- 580 BC predominantly open lagoon; 580 - 380 BC fresh brackish pond with no sea connection; 380- present, wetland

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Eiby, G. (1990). "Changes 10 Porirua Harbour in about 1855 : historical tradition and geological evidence. " four"u! o11he Royalsocieiy of New Zealand 20(2): 233-248 CriticalIy reviews Quenne11(1988), Learny (1958) and Healy (1980), their interpretation of geological uplift and the conclusion that Pauatahanui Inlet was uplifted in the 1855 earthquake. Examines historical documents (navigation charts, letters, and sketches) and finds no evidence that the inlet became shallower at the time of the quake. Discusses how the belief in uplift first occurred. Concludes that rocky platforms within the harbour are not uplifted. Attributes uplifted platforms between PIimmerton and Karehara Bay and the northern foreshore of Whitireia to uplift movements of the Ohariu fault. Also attributes a notch or sea cut cliff Im above high water level on the southern end of the Paremata bridge to uplift. However, presents no data, such as the height of the uplifted platforms, to correlate coastal features to inland measures of the fault movement

Gibb, J. G. (1986). A New Zealand regional Holocene Gustatic curve and its application to determination of vertical Iectonic movements. A contribution to IGCP-Project 200. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements from the Pacific Region, Wellington, New Zealand. Royal Society o1New ZealandBwlletin 24: 377-395 Presents a Holocene Gustatic sea-level curve for New Zealand using ''C dates from around the country. Dales taken from Pauatahanuilnlet are used. Interprets this data under the assumption that uplift of ~0.9m occurred in 1855.

Grant-Taylor, T. , L. Northey and R. Adams (1970). MIC"ozoning for earthquake ayecis in 1/1e POWttmhunui Area. New Zealand, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bunetin N' 213 Detailed description of local soils and geology. Describes geomorphology of area and influence of fault movement on geography. 3 maps. Properties of localsoils and geology used to create a microzone map to identify areas of similar seismic response of buildings as a guide for planning. Areas most susceptible to shaking: swamp land (unconsolidated alluvium, water saturated) at Pauatahanui Stream and west of Ration Point, also behind PIimmerton Beach

Hancox, G. , G. D. Dellow, N. D. Fernn and M. I. MCSaveney (2005). Westent Con. idor Truitsporioiioit SIMdy. Review of geological lidznrds tiffeciiitg Ihe proposed Cousinl Highway Upgrade und Trailsiiiission Gully Motorway 1.0uie. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. for Porirua City Council, Client Report 2005/161 Geological hazards reviewed include mainly those related to earthquakes: ground shaking, fault rupture, liquefaction, tsunamis, and earthquake-induced landslides Rainfall-induced landslides (including debris floods and debris flows) are also reviewed These are specific to the proposed SHI routes. The reportis in two parts: (1) a review of existing reports and documents used for the WCTS and earlier studies of the TGM route; and (2) a review of currentinformation on geological hazards that affectthe two routes.

Heron, D. , R. Van Dissen and M. Sawa (1998). Late Qualernary movement on the Ohariu Fault, Tongue Point to MOOKays Crossing, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand JOHNtul of Geology und Geop/Iysics 41. 4/9-440. Description of Ohariu fault, including early literature and prominent features (such as stream offsets) at different locations. Maps fault traces. The fault last ruptures 1070- 1/30 years ago with a horizontal displacement of 3.7m, with an earthquake estimated at 7.1 -7.5.

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Kingsbury, P. G. (1990). Ponyun Calch"teni Landslip Hazard Assessi, lent. Porirwo Piloi SIMdy. Technical Report LR1990/3. Land Resources Department, Wellington Regional Council Describes and maps landslip hazard for the POTirua catchmentlandforms including field mapping of currentlandslips and seepage. Indicates potential problems in the catchment if future urban development occurs within a high landslip hazard class

Learny, M. L. (1958). PIGistocene shorelines at Portrua Harbour, near Wellington, New Zealand. New ZealandJournalofGeology und Geop/?ysics I: 95-102 A basic description of some of the Qualernary terraces at POTirua. Interprets terraces as marine interglacial deposits, and attempts to correlate them with terraces described globalIy. Refutes Adkins (1921) evidence of a coseismic uplift in POTirua caused by the 1855 earthquake

MCFadgen, B. G. (1980). Maori PIaggen Soils in New Zealand; their origin and properties. Journal o11he Royalsocieiy QINew Zealand 70: 3-9 Describes the prehistoric cultivated soils (Maori PIaggen soils) containing sand/gravel transported by inari for agriculture. Describes a PIaggen soil at Pauatahanui from ~440 BP at Police Point

Mildenhall, D. C. (1993). Last glacialion/postglacial pollen record for POTirua, near Wellington, New Zealand. runmra 32: 22-27 Pollen record taken from exposed diggings at present site of K-Mart in POTirua. Pollen diagram gives indication of vegetation species assemblages from 21,000 BP to present In the glacial period the area was a swamp with moving fresh water, gradually silling and drying, until around 9,500BP when pollen assemblages changed indicating a climatic change to moister, warmer conditions

Northey, R. (1974). Soils o1 Ihe PawuiahunuiArea, Welling10n, New Zealand. New Zealand Soil Bureau, DSU^., Scientific Report 13. Report was part of a 1970 study on microzoning for earthquake effects in Panatahanui area. Report on soils updated to assist in town planning of area considered for urban development.

Pillans, B. , M. MCGlone, A. Palmer, D. Mildenhall, B. Alloway and G. Berger (1993). The last glacial maximum in central and southern North Island, New Zealand: a paleoenvironmental reconstruction using the Kawakawa Tephra Formation as a chronostratigraphic marker. Palueogeography, Primeoc!linetology, Po!aeoec0!o8y 101(3-4): 283-304 Study of Kawakawa tephra, its distribution and occurrence in depositional sediments Pollen analysis at sites which contain this tophra, which occurred ~22.6 thousand years ago, are used to interpret climate and vegetation distributions. A site at POTirua is included.

Quennell, A. (1938). PITysiography und Laie SII'MCIwrul/n^lory o11he urea drained by Ihe Ponyuu Sired1713/10wing 11/10 Porii'uu Horbo!, r near Well^^g!on, New Zeniund. , Unpublished Msc thesis, Victoria University of Wellington A geographical and nthological description of POTirua, summarising early geological studies and interpreting the landscape using brosion cycle' explanations for geography (a school of thought which has since been abandoned). Large collection of original photos from the period. Black and white shots of PIimmerton, Pauatahanui, Judgeford, Maria, Whineria, Tawa and POTirua Valley. Shots of inlet and of catchments. All photos show a

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completely denuded landscape, only trees obvious are lone conifers. Evidence of bank erosion and creep erosion

Suneson, N. H. (1993). The geology of the Torlesse Complex along the Wellington area coast, North Island, New Zealand. New Z, atolld Journal of Geology and Geophysics 36(3): 369-384 Describes the geology between Paekakariki and Pencarrow Head focusing on the late Triassic Torlesse Terrane strata. This basement rock of greywacke and argillite were deposited as turbidites, strike NNE and dip steeply and face west. Maps major folds, faults and characteristics. Reconstructs deposition and folding and faulting events based on described characteristics

Webby, B. D. (1958). The geology of Poriru" districi. Unpublished Msc. thesis, Geology Department. Wellington, Victoria University. Very detailed geological description of the POTirua area. Includes rock types and features, discussion of how the greywacke (turbidites) formed as deep sea deposits Detailed description of folding and faulting. Described the PIGistocene and Holocene deposits and terraces

Williams, D. N. (1975). 0hariu fault zone at POTirua Harbour, Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand JournnlofGeology und Geop/?ysics 18. . 659- 665 Geological description of the Ohariu fault zone. At Porirua, the Ohariu fault splits into a wide fault zone (~ 500 in wide) that passes through POTirua and aligns with each side of the Orionoto Arm

Terrestrial biodiversity and catchmentland use

Bagnall. R. G. (1979). A study of human impact on an urban forest remnant: Redwood Bush, Tawa, near Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand lorryridl of Boloiiy 17. . 1/7-26 Study of the impact of human activity on a 9.3 ha stand of kohekohe-lawa forest at Tawa (Redwood Bush). Documents rapid rate of loss of forest area and shift from kohekohe- tawa co-dominance to kohekohe dominance, resulting from fragmentation and edge effects associated with residential development, and damage associated with uncontrolled recreational use

BML (2001). 111venioiy of ecological sires ill Folly!Ia City. Boffa Miskell Ltd, prepared for POTirua City Council Extensive ecological survey of whole of POTirua City (extends beyond the catchment of Porirua Harbour). Surveys and assesses ecological areas in terms of species rarity and representation in the Forirua area. Flora and fauna of each site is documented. Classifies the region into four ecodomains, which are mapped and the climate, soils vegetation and canopy structure of each domain described. Outlines threats and obstacles to retaining and enhancing vegetation in each domain, and ranks each ecological area in terms of management priority. Appendix of flora and fauna species

BML and WRC (1999) Welling10/1 Regional Norive PIuni Guide. Boffa Miskell and Wellington Regional Council. Wellington, Wellington Regional Council. ECodomain framework and recommended native plantlisls for the Welling10n Region.

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Doc (2001). Projection and reco, e, y o111, , pyg, I, y hullo" daisy. 2001- 2011. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 34. Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Conservation Long term goals and actions for the protection and recovery of the threatened pygmy button daisy- Lepii, lend nana. Species is known to occur at 3 locations in New Zealand, including Whitireia Park

ClGIIand, D. (1984). Unpioiec!ed natural areas o1/11e Welling!on Region. A survey of eleven areas of biological significance. Report for the Wellington District Office of the Department of Lands and Survey Presents the status of some of Wellington's most important biological features. Describes each area, maps it and the biological coriumunity types, justifies its reserve status Also describes the biological communities present, and and rare/uncommon plants and animals. Discusses modifications to each area and any trends, threats, and improvements needed. Lists common vascular plants found. Two sites in Forirua catchmentincluded, Taupo Swamp and Papakowhai Bush in POTirua East

GWRC (2003). Wiltii}ein Park poss, !171 errrdrcutioii report. Key Native Ecosystem management report, Biosecurity Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council. Report on the pest control of Whitirea Park. Details methods of possum eradication from the headland and identifies bait stations left to prevent re-invasion. Also presents a Key Native Ecosystem survey of flora and fauna

Miskelly, C. , R. Empson and K. Wright (2005). Forest birds recolonising Wellington. Notornis 52. 21-26. Documenting the increase in native bird numbers (both seen and heard) in the Greater Welling10n area. Increase mainly due to predator control programs. Lists species and their known habitatlocations, including those found at POTirua

Moylan, S. and M. Hudson (2007). Nullve bird 1110niioi'ing regional report. Report to Greater Wellington Regional Council. Report on the bird species and habitat in the Greater Wellington area. Lists locations where predator controlis undertaken and what pests are targeted. Native bird abundance correlates with 'woody habitat' size and riotthe size of a reserve.

OSNZ (no date). Pu"urnhuitui Bird Survey 1982-84, Pawumhonui bi^. d s"ryey 1992-94 Omithological Society of New Zealand Data from the Wellington Regional branch of the OmithologicalSocieiy of New Zealand

Page, M. (1995). Land use capability classification of the Wellington Region: a report to accompany the second edition New Zealand Land Resource Inventory. Luridcnre Research Science Series No. 6. Lincoln, Mariaaki Whenua Press Describes land use capability units for the Wellington Region. Provides overview of physical land resource parameters for region

Page, M. , D. Heron and N. Trustrum (2004). PanutahaiiuiInlet- Analysis of his!o1'1col calch, ,leiti lurid LISe change. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd, for POTirua City Council, Client Report 2004/169 Historical land use and land use change in Pauatahanui catchment in last 150 years, determined using historical data and aerial photographs. Pre-European arrival the catchment was wholly forested, Maori only cleared small areas adjacent 10 the coast for cultivation, access and habitation. Major forest clearance occurred 1850-1900. Earliest

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

aerial photo from 1941-42 shows 82.9% of the catchmentis grassland. This area appears to be similar to historical map from 19/4. Since 1941-42 grassland has decreased with a minor Increase in urban areas and a 25% increase in woodland (native and exotic species). Maps land use for the periods 1941- 42, 1973-74, 1985 and 2000. A feature of urban development is its proximity to the Inlet.

Park, G. (1999). Alt Inventory of the Surviving Traces of Prii?jury Forest of Welling10/1 C!fy. Report prepared for Wellington City Council Survey of surviving traces of primary (old growth) forest in Wellington City, covering northern part of POTirua catchment. All discernable forest remnants identified and species noted. Categorised forest as 'primary forest' or 'secondary forest with primary elements present'

Robertson C. J. , P. Hyvonen, M. I. Fraser, and C. R. Pickard 2007. Bird disiributioit ill New Zealand 1999-2004 (2nd edition). Wellington, N. Z. Omithological Society of New Zealand Systematic distribution records for all native bird species throughout New Zealand.

Sawyer, I. W. D. (2001). Bibliog, .uphy of pioni checkfisis und vegeiuiioii survey data for Welling10n Co, Iservancy (excluding Chathain Islands). Wellington, Department of Conservation, Second edition. Lists references of vegetation surveys (mostly unpublished) done for specific areas. Organised by ecological district and locations, including several in POTirua Harbour catchment

WRC (1998b). Ponyua Scenic Reserve. Key Native ECosysiein Managei, lent Area (KNEMA) Possuni conirol. Pest Animals Section, Biosecurity Department, Wellington Regional Council, Operational Report 9814. Report on the success of the possum control program for Elsdon Bush and POTirua Scenic Reserve, including specific baits used and recommendations for eradication success. List of invasive and native species present in the reserve. Also presents results of Key Native Ecosystem Survey, the areas is of significance as it is an example of an ecological or allitudinal sequence across a district and riot better represented elsewhere in the ecological district.

Stream geomorphology and hydrology, including flood assessment

Anon (1987). Ponyutt Sirenn? flooding contours under ex!'sling levels o1 wi. bunisa!ion (unpublished), held at GWRC library. Aerial photos with 10, 20, 50 and 100 year flood heights estimated on them. Heights estimated for both the present urbanised catchment and a fully urbanised catchment

Anon (1989). Ponyuu Sired111 flood Inni^ajioit schei?Ie EL4. Supplementary reports (unpublished), held at GWRC library Collection of technical reports from various contracted companies relating 10 the hydrology and proposed flood protection of POTirua Stream. Includes technical details (construction materials, costs, designs etc. )

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Anon (no date-b). Ponyua Sired11/1/00d Initi^ajio, I proposals. Pubfic submissions received on environmenioli!lipact assessiiieni, unpublished documents. (Folder of collected submissions, held at GWRC library). Ninety two public submissions received during the Environmental Impact Assessment process (Anon 1989) of the proposed flood mitigation proposals

Beca (1993). Ponyuu Styeqni channeliniprovei?tents. Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. for Wellington Regional Council Design of proposed flood projections. Economic and environmental aspects discussed Considerations off100d velocities, hydraulics and scour. Design plans as appendix.

Beca (2003). Duck Creek SIorinwoter Modelling. Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. prepared for POTirua City Council. Survey of bed, banks and potentially flood prone land of Duck Creek, through Whitby Golf Course. Hydraulic modelling of Duck Creek catchment for I year, mean annual, 10 year and 50 year flood events. These return floods estimated under different urbanisation scenarios.

Connell Wagner (no date). Pawaiohun!It Siren, ,I Modelling Repori. Aimchi, teni I. Report 06.257 for POTirua City Council A hydrological and hydraulic model of Pauatahanui Stream in relation to flooding potential. Report was initiated after floods and public complaints. 5.5km of stream were modelled and 10 and 100 year flooding contours were estimated and mapped. Recent developments that have affected the capacity and risk of flooding include: SH58 realignment works in 1994 and 2002; deposition of gravels in the upper catchment; stop back at the sawmill(which have decreased cross sectional area) and uncontrolled growth of vegetation along the stream. Gravels are sourced from earthworks upstream at Moonshine Rd where forestry work and track cutting have led to deposits of gravel accumulating in the stream and raising the bed level. To lessen flood risk, the report recommends: removal or pruning of vegetation especially between Flightys Rd bridge and Belmont Rd bridge; remove gravel in upper reaches and provide detention areas. These options may possibly increase downstream flooding so options need to be assessed

Curry, R. (1981). Hydrology o1/11e calch}?leitis draining to Ihe POWatuhunwi Inlet. Water and Soil Technical Publication 23. Ministry of Works Development Freshwater inflows and sediment yields evaluated for 6 main sub-catchments. Floods confirmed as major contributor of sediment variation in annualsedimeni yields. Lowest concentration recorded in Ration Stream (5 - 520mg/L) and highest in Browns Stream (25 - 1500mg/L) downstream of sill pond. Suspended material in Browns catchment fine (>75% clay) settled before tidal flushing could remove suspended particles because of low energy now from Browns Stream. Sediment rating changed since study with more surfaces sealed or in vegetation

CWRH (1991). Ponyuu food Initigoiion SIMdy. Cosi beHelli analysis oldeveloping SIebbiiigs dalli. Connell, Wagner, Rahine and Hill, report for Wellington Regional Council N' WRC/Rl-T- 92138 Compares cost of development versus cost of payouts for flood events. No environmental assessment.

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

CWRH (1992). Ponyua SiredinI. Cosi bend'i! analysis of upginding sirenin reaches. Firsi revision. Connell, Wagner, Rahine and Hill, report for Wellington Regional Council N' WRCR. I- T-92139. Cost benefit analysis of channel upgrades in discreet sections, in regards to construction and damages cost

Eyles, I. (2006). Pulla!ahonui Sirednt flood lidzord invesiigaiion. Greater Welling10n Regional Council, Report 06.257 Briefing on the findings of the Pauatahanui Stream flood hazard investigation (Anon, no date). Flooding of the sawmill property will occur in 100 year event, SH58 will be overtopped in two places in a 10 year event, and flooding will impact Judgeford Golf Course. Outlines factors influencing increased flooding risk.

GWRC (2004a, 9/2/2009). Horokiri Sired1,101Sitodgruss. Greater Wellington Regional Council environmental monitoring report 10nlinGl Retrieved 10/02/2009, from hitp://WWW. gw. govt. nz/story24643. cfm? Website showing flow rate (in'/s) of HOTokiri Stream. Data available from 2002 to present date (updated daily). Site has been monitored since 2002. Annualstatisiics (2002 10 present) on maximum, minimum and mean flow rates

GWRC. (2004b, 9/2/2009). Porirttu Sired111 o1 Town Cenire" Greater Wellington Regional Council environmental monitoring report [online]. Reineved: 10/02/2009, from http://WWW. gw. govt. nz/story902. cfm? Website showing flow rate (in'/s) of POTirua Stream. Data available from 2000 to present date (updated daily). Site has been monitored since 1965. Statistics on low now return periods and flood return periods. Annual statistics (2000 to present) on maximum, minimum and mean now rates

GWRC. (2004c, 9/2/2009). Tulipo Siredni at Flux Swanip. Greater Wellington Regional Council environmental monitoring report 10nlinel. Retrieved 10/02/2009, from: http://WWW. gw. govt. nz/story904. cfm? Website showing now rate (in'/s) of Taupo Stream. Data available from 2000 to present date (updated daily). Site has been monitored since 1976. Statistics on low flow return periods.

Jowett, I. G. and M. I. Duncan (1990). Flow vanability in New Zealand rivers and its relationship to in-steam habitat and biola. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwuier Reseurc/? 24: 305- 317. 130 New Zealand rivers were analysed for flow vanability indices. Catchmeni characteristics (such as percentage forest, slope, permeability) that contributed 10 now vanability were determined and quantified. Water velocity was linked to changes in water temperature, benthic invertebrate and penphyton community structure and trout distribution and abundance. Pauatahanui Stream has greater now vanability than POTirua Stream.

Martell, C. (1996). TITe ayeci o110/1d-use change o111he exient o1/100ding ill Ihe Ponyuu Basin Unpublished Msc thesis, Victoria University, Wellington. The deforestation and subsequent urbanisation of a catchment has dramatic impacts on its hydrological response to storm events. Analysis of the hydrometric records for the Porirua Stream catchment indicated that urban growth was impacting on catchment

Report for Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 13 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

discharge with an increase in overall volume of discharge and an increase in the frequency of storm events.

MCConchie, I. (2000). From floods to forescasts: the hydrology of Wellington. Pp 35-74 in MCConchie, I. , Winchester, D. and R. Willis (eds) Dynamic Welling10n. ' a conieniporu, y synthesis und explanuiion of Wellingtoll. Institute of Geography, Victoria University of Wellington Synthesis of hydrology and flood management in Wellington City, Hutt Valley and parts of POTirua City. Includes discussion of flooding issues in Porirua Stream and catchment History of flooding and flood control. Management response limited because of the existing land use and tenure along the valley floor and stream edges, so mainly engineering solutions used. Draws on analysis of Wellington Regional Council(1989c)

NIWA. (2009). Pauatahanui at Gorge unvalidated data. Environmental Data Explorer New Zealand 10nlinel Retrieved: 10/2/2009, from hit ://edenz. niwa. conz/ina IPIot?name=Pauatahanui+at+Gorge+(River+Flow). Website showing data from river gauge at Pauatahanui Stream. River now (in'/s) and river stage (min) data available from April 2007 to present date. Statistics on minimum, maximum and mean now rate and minimum and maximum stage level. Archived data available for download

Roper-Lindsay, I. (1990). Ponyuo Siredni - ecological repori. Boffa Miskell Partners Ltd, Unpublished report, held at GWRC Outlines important factors that must be considered in floodworks design for a healthy ecological environment. Including stream geomorphology, tributary access, and bank trees. Lists streams and flora and fauna flanking the streams. Discussion predates flood works

TCB (1965). Rayon oit. /100d controliit Ihe Ponyuo SII'eoni calchme, 11. Wellington, New Zealand, Truebridge, Canender, Beach and Co , Unpublished report, held at GWRC library. Report detailing the breakdown of various smaller catchments and runoff and channel capacities for POTirua Stream. Calculates levels for the 100, 50 and 25 year floods. Outlines a proposed flood protection scheme (many of which are currently in place such as the retention basins). Gives cost estimates and design specifications

TCB (1970). Second yepori o11 flood coltirol in Ihe Portri!a Basin. Well^^gion. Truebridge, Canender, Beach and Co, for the POTirua Basin Catchment Committee Outline of flood controls for POTirua Stream with description along each reach. Economic analyses including cost of potential flood damage at each area and cost of flood protection work. Includes plan of flooding limits at city centre and technical plans for flood works.

Watts, L. and M. GOTdon (2008). Annwu!/Iydro!ogy 1110ni!onrig yep0, '110r 1/1e Welling10n region, 2007/08, Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N'GW/EMI-G-08/159. Hydrology report covering July 2007 to June 2008. Describes overalltrends in rainfall, river flows and lake levels as well as notable hydrological events. Deals with surface water only. Monitors Forirua Stream at town centre, HOTokiri at SnOdgrass, Taupo at Flax Swamp. Average flows for these streams was 4.8, 15 and 35 in Is, respectively. Drought conditions prevailed in Nov 2007 with particularly low rainfall resulting in lower river flows, especially in December.

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WRC (1989c). Porirutt Sirennt food millguiioii PI'oposals. Review of Environnienml InIPuc! Assessii?eni. Wellington Regional Council, Report N" 89. Covers the recommendations suggested in EIA and adopted by Wellington Regional Council for flood mitigation, including a flood water detention area in Belmont Gully and Seton Nossiter Park. Includes maps and technical drawings

WRC (1998a). Ponyua flood Inni^ajioit scheiiie. Findluy SII'eel 1/1vesiigoiion. Flood protection (strategy and assets), Landcare Division, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRC/FPSA- T-98114 Report considering options for houses on Finchay St, Tawa. Houses purchased by council for significant channel upgrade and house relocation which never eventualed Report considers councils options for these properties. Contains technical drawings of location

WRC (2001). Ponyun Sired171 city cenire redc/I gravel analysis 1996 to 2000. Wellington Regional Council Assesses quantity of gravel aggradation and the potential effects of aggradation (considering context of historical channel work and extraction). From 1996 to 2000, 2000m of gravel has accumulated. Provides cross sectional survey streams and maps.

Annual water quality surveyreports

Berry, A. (1995). Baseline worer quality of I'ivers und siredIris ill 1/1e Well^}^8101i Region 1994/1995. Consents and Investigations Department, Hydrological Studies Group, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/Cl-T-95150 Annual baseline water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region initiated by Cameron (1988); similar to Cameron (1994). In Horokiri Stream 2 downstream sites drop to 'doubtful' (classification as per Cameron (1988); 2 upstream sites remain 'suitable'. Pauatahanui Stream 3 sites 'doubtful', I 'suitable'. All POTirua Stream sites 'doubtful'. POTirua Stream still has high concentrations of nutrients, as do Pauatahanui Stream to a lesser extent

Berry, A. (1996a). Buseliiie warer quality of rivers und SII'erriiis tit the WeSIer, I Welling10n Region. 1995/96. Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/RINV-T-96132 Baseline water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region initiated with Cameron (1988) and is similar to Berry (1995) except data is also compared with the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council(ANZECC 1994) Water Quality Standards. In addition, measurements of nitrate, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and ammonia were collected. HOTokiri Stream all4 sites 'suitable'. Pauatahanui Stream 3 sites doubtful', I 'suitable'. POTirua Stream all sites doubtful'

Berry, A. (1997b). Annual freshwuier quu!11y I'epoi'I. ' WeSIe, ', I Welling10/1 Region. ' 1996/97 Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/RINV- G-97143 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Berry (1996a). Horokiri Stream all 2 sites 'suitable', 2 sites dropped 10 'doubtful'. Pauatahanui Stream 2 downstream sites 'doubtful',

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

2 upstream 'suitable'. POTirua Stream all sites 'doubtful', except Takapu Stream site 'suitable'. Fancal conforms are high at all'doubtful' sites.

Berry, A. (1998b). Annuallyeshwoier qwufity I'epori. WeSIern Wellingtoll Region. 1997/98 Resource Investigations Department, Welling10n Regional Council, Publication N" WRC/RINV- G-98115. Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Berry (1996a) exceptthe Water Quality Index is dropped and water quality is no longer mapped. Measured 2 sites along the POTirua Stream and I each along HOTokiri and Pauatahanui Streams. Faecal conforms still high, but worse in Forirua Stream.

Cameron, D. (1988). Baseline worer quufrty of rivers und SII'eoins 11/1he Welling ton Region 1987- 88. Wellington Regional Council and Regional Water Board, Water Resources Technical Report 88-I Baseline water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region The parameters measured were temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, pH, faecal conforms and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand. Data obtained is used to calculate and map a Water Quality Index, based on the "New Zealand Water Quality 'General Use' Index" (Smith 1987) which ranks sites in reference 10 general use as "eminently suitable"; "suitable"; "doubtful"; "unsuitable" and "totally unsuitable". Data presented on the Macroinvertebrate Community Index (Starck 1985), which ranks sites according to fauna diversity and taxa susceptibility to pollution. Presents rankings as maps and gives appendix of raw data. Mapsinclude general maps of land use. Measured 8 sites along the HOTokiri Stream, 6 along the Pauatahanui Stream and 8 along POTirua Stream. HOTokiri Stream 'suitable' along whole length, Pauatahanui Stream 'totally unsuitable' upstream gradually improving to 'suitable' downstream, but becoming 'doubtful' at the mouth. POTirua Stream doubtful' at upper and lower sites and 'suitable' at middle sites. High faecal conform counts appear to cause the low rankings of these streams.

Cameron, D. (1991). Baseline warer quality of rivers und sirednis ill 1/1e Well^}1810/1 Region 1990 -91. Consents and Investigations, Wellington Regional Council, Technical Report 91-2 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron and Sand0 (1990) but also measures nitrate and dissolved reactive phosphorus. Also identifies problem areas in the Wellington area. HOTokiri Stream last six months of study, deterioration of upstream sites, 5 'doubtful'. Panatahanui Stream improved water quality due to closure of piggery on the Haywards Hillbranch, 4 upstream sites have improved from 'doubtful' to 'suitable' POTirua Stream improvement 2 sites now 'suitable', occasional industrial spills recorded. Compared with 87188 data, faecal conform counts have dropped on allstreams

Cameron, D. (1993). Basel^^e water quality offlyei's and siredIlls in Ihe Wellingtoll Region 1992/93. Consents and Investigations, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N"' WRC/CUT- 93134 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron and Wall(1992). HOTokiri Stream 3 sites dropped from 'suitable' to 'doubtful'. Pauatahanui Stream 4 sites dropped to doubtful'; rest are 'suitable'. POTirua Stream ranked in the bottom 10 streams for the Wellington area, with allsites 'doubtful'. Takapu Stream and POTirua Stream identified as areas with high concentrations of nutrients, likely to cause nuisance algal growths.

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Nutrients in Takapu Stream sourced from farm runoff, in Porirua Stream from urban stormwater or possibly sewer leaks. Macroinvertebrate Community Index in decline since 1987

Cameron, D. (1994). Baseline warer qwal^b, of Rivers and siredIlls ill Ihe Well^^8101? Region - 1993/1994. Consents and Investigations, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/Cl- 1-94124 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated with Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron and Wall(1992). Measured 4 sites along the HOTokiri Stream, 4 along the Pauatahanui Stream and 5 along POTirua Stream. HOTokiri Stream allsites 'suitable'. Pauatahanui Stream 3 sites 'doubtful', I 'suitable' Porirua Stream 4 sites doubtful' and the Takapu Stream site improved to suitable. Porirua Stream identified as an area with high concentrations of phosphorus, sourced from urban stormwater. Lists macroinvertebrates found

Cameron, D. and Sand0 (1990). Boseliite water quality of rivers rind sirenins in Ihe Well^I^gion Region 1988-89. Water Resources Department, Wellington Regional Council, Technical Report 90-I. Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated with Cameron (1988), and is a similar study except with no map of general land use Site locations changed since Cameron (1988) study. Measured 8 sites along the HOTokiri Stream, 6 along the Pauatahanui Stream and 7 along POTirua Stream. Horokiri Stream occasional unsightly brown coating of diatoms and filamentous algae, 'suitable' along length except one site which is 'doubtful'. Change probably due to increased BOD caused by algae. Pauatahanui Stream high faecal conforms due to disposal of piggery effluent on the Haywards Hill branch, a recently completed oxidation pond system should remedy this, all sites doubtful'. POTirua Stream all sites 'doubtful', occasional industrial spills recorded. Compared with 87188 data, faecal conform counts have significantly increased on all streams

Cameron, D. and R. Wall(1992). Basel^Ile woier quality of rivers und sireniiis ill Ihe Well^I^8101i Region 1991 -92. Consents and Investigations, Welling10n Regional Council, WRC/Cl-T-92122 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated in Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron (1991) but compares data from previous years and presents analysis and discussion of dissolved reactive phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen. Horokiri Stream all sites returned to 'suitable'. Pauatahanui Stream improved, all but I site ('doubtful') are 'suitable'. POTirua Stream improvement 5 upstream sites 'suitable and 2 downstream doubtful'. Takapu Stream identified as an area with high concentrations of nutrients from farm runoff, likely to cause nuisance algal growths. Compared with 90191 data, faecal conform counts have dropped on Pauatahanui and Horokiri Streams. pH in POTirua has dropped from the basic to normal range.

Kerinedy, P. and I. Gadd (2006). Urban stormwaier quality in the Greater Wellington Region:is it the same as elsewhere? Kingett Mitchell Ltd. prepared for the Greater Wellington Regional Council Elevated concentrations of metals (copper, lead and zinc) near Semple St drain, draining into the Onepoto arm of POTirua Harbour.

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Perrie, A. (2007). Annual/reshwnter qualify ntonitoring yepo, '! for Ihe Wellingtoll Region, 2006/07. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Welling10n Regional Council, Publication N" GW/EMI-T-07/223 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers in the Wellington Region as initiated with Carrieron (1988). Similar to SIansfield (1999) but does not compare previous year's data, and ranks sites according to a water quality index (not original index). Faecal conforms, nutrients and penphyton cover still an Issue Macroinvertebrate community reflected severe pollution at Pauatahanui and POTirua Streams

Perrie, A. (2008). Aimwul/reshwu!er qwu!ity 1110niio^ing repor! for Ihe Welling1011 Region, 2007/08. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Welling10n Regional Council, Publication N" GW/EMI-G-08/161 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers as initiated with Cameron (1988). Follows Feine (2007)

SIansfield, B. (1999). Welling10/1 Regional Council annual/reshwuter quality yepor! 1998/99. Resource Investigations Section, Planning and Resources Department, Wadrarapa Division, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/R. INV-G-99120 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers as initiated with Cameron (1988). Similar to Berry (1998b). POTirua Stream had poor pH, and high perlphyton cover (algae) and nutrient concentration. HOTokiri and Pauatahanui Streams had perlphyton cover present and high nutrients. Macro-invertebrate community reflected severe pollution. Long term trend for Portrua Stream showed that there was no significant change in faecal conform counts, the concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonia or turbidity. In Horokiri Stream, no improvements overall, but a deterioration in DRP concentration. Pauatahanui Stream site identified as having poor water quality but riotincluded in proposed WRC Freshwater Plan as a water body which requires enhancement. Authors recommends inclusion of Pauatahanui Stream enhancement.

SIansfield, B. (2000). Welling!o11 Regional Council unnuuljreshwoier quality I'eport 1999 -2000 Resource Investigations Section, Planning and Resources Department, Wadrarapa Division, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N"' WRC/R. INV-T-01/03 Annual water quality survey results of streams and rivers as initiated with Cameron (1988). Similar to Cameron (1999) but only a brief outline of water quality not an identification of problem areas or a catchment summary. Nor does it compare previous years' data. POTirua Stream still poor in faecal contamination, but improved ammonia and perlphyton cover. Pauatahanui Stream some perlphyton cover. Macroinvertebrate community reflected severe pollution.

Warr, S. (2001). Annual fleshwoter quality repori 2000-2001. Resource Investigations Section, Wairarapa Division, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N" WRC\R. INV-G 01134 Annual water quality survey initiated with CameTon (1988). Similar to SIansfield (2000) and gives record of the number of pollution incidents per catchment. POTirua Stream still poor in faecal contamination, issues in all streams with nutrients and penphyton cover Macroinvertebraie community reflected severe pollution at Pauaiahanui and Porirua Streams.

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Stream ecology, water and sediment pollution

BML (2004a). Nori/Tern growlh Indringe, lienijrumework - Belnioiii Sirenni. Boffa Miskell Ltd, prepared for Wellington City Council, Ref. W04094 (SF) Ecological assessment of Belmont Stream. Assesses existing health and values of the stream as a baseline, against which future changes can be measured. Includes: habitat assessment, macroinvertebraie community assessment, fish survey, assessment of substrate contaminants and vegetation survey and mapping. Outlines which protected natural areas the stream falls under, as well as relevant plans and policies. Describes the terrestrial environment, (geology and topography), vegetation and fauna. Physical habitat is very good upstream, with the downstream sites are good. Some lack of riparian vegetation and channel shading can cause degradation of habitat quality. Water quality is fair, with nutrient levels elevated, reflecting the rural nature of the catchment. Metal concentrations in the sediment are below ANZECC (2000) IsQG limits, with a slight elevation at one site that receives a stormwater input. PAHs below detection limit. Lists invertebrates and fish species found.

BML (2004b). Noriher, I grownt Inariagemenifruntework - SIebbings Sired171. Boffa Miskell Ltd, prepared for Wellington City Council, Ref. W04076 (SF) Ecological assessment of Stebbings Stream, including the existing health and values of the stream. Described as a highly modified stream, impacted by farming with few sites of remnant vegetation. and relatively little undisturbed stream habitat. Assesses habitat, macroinvertebrates, fish, and substrate contaminants loading, in order to identify water quality issues and identify sites and habitats of value to be protected. Discusses overriding plans of the Wellington District Plan and the WCC restoration strategy Outlines local geology, topography, vegetation, (pre- European to present day) and fauna Indicates that the condition of the stream is on the cusp of a tip into a dramatic decline withoutintervention. Recommends riparian buffers and stormwater treatment as part of an urban design process to prevent decline. Also recommends a review of floodway management in the lower catchment. Appendix of data

BML (2009). Cannons Creek Lakes Reserve. Ecological und landscape issues and opiioiis (draft). Report for POTirua City Council Baseline survey and report on the Cannons Creek Lakes Reserve. Identifies Keriepuru Stream as being of "sufficient ecological value to deem the catchment regionalIy significant". Has high aquatic invertebrate health; a high percentage of indigenous vegetation cover, is habitat for threatened indigenous fish species including giant kokopu and long-finned eel; and provides manga spawning habitat. Describes high macroinvertebrate biodiversity and MCI scores from all samples from upper Cannons Creek sites, indicating that ecological health and water quality was excellent across the upper Cannons Creek catchment

Close, M. E. and R. I. Davies-Colley (1990). Basenow water chemistry in New Zealand rivers. I Characteris atton. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Reseorc/I 24: 319-341 Water quality (chemical parameters) characteristics of New Zealand Rivers in basenow (< median now) conditions. Three sites each in POTirua Stream and Pauatahanui Stream are monitored

Croucher, B. and J. Milne (2005). Urban siredIn sediiiieni quality illvesiiguiioii. Report to Greater Wellington Regional CouncilEnvironment Committee (Report N' 05.380).

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Analysis of sediments in urban streams. Mitchell, Keriepuru and POTirua Streams above ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low' for DDT. At Keriepuru Stream concentrations of PAH also above ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low', whilst POTirua Stream exceeds the 'high' concentration for 11ndane.

Davies-Coney, R. I. (1990). Frequency distributions of visual water clarity in 12 New Zealand rivers. New ZealandJournu! of Marine undFreshwaierResearch 24(4): 453-460 Assessment of visual water clarity in twelve New Zealand rivers, including Pauatahanui Stream.

KM (2003). Aquaiic ecology of Ihe Poriruu Sireniii ai Findltty Sireei, rawu. Kingett Mitchell Ltd. for Wellington Regional Council Describes the natural aquatic and riparian vegetation character and assesses the biological diversity and habitat health of four sites at POTirua Stream to determine the potential impact of stream alignment of two proposed flood protection options. Habitat was good, with suitable riparian vegetation and a lack of channelisation and siltation. Temperature approached the upper tolerance limit for some species. List of macroinvertebrates found, five fish taxa, eels, common bullies and manga found. Area has good aquatic fish values Measures to retain inariga habitat are proposed.

KM (2005). Assessiiieni of urban SIoi\?warer quality ill Ihe Greater Well^}1810/1 Region. Kingeii Mitchell Ltd. for Greater Welling10n Regional Council, Report N0. 106620/WRC Focused on identifying contaminants of concern and the sources of those contaminants Presents results of stormwater sampling of 11 sites between June 2002 and September 2004. Samples were analysed for a suite of pollutants including metals, PAHs organochlorides and nutrients. Sites were sampled only once within the first hour of rainfall event and every hour for six hours afterwards. Sites sampled include Duck Creek, Browns Stream and Semple St drain. Describes the overallstormwater quality in the region, not individual results from each site. Discusses each parameter measured in relation to other New Zealand data, compares the mean result with ANZECC and USEPA guidelines and statisticalIy compares rural vs. industrial/commercial catchments Parameters were generally coinparable with other New Zealand data. Concentration of metals was higher in industrial/commercial than in residential areas. Dissolved metals were below guidelines with the exception of zinc. Concentrations of copper, zinc and lead were elevated in particulates, hence particulates have the potential to increase the concentration of these metals in the receiving environment. Urban stormwater will contribute to sediment contamination through deposition of suspended sediments in stormwater. Appendix of data

Milne, J. and B. Croucher (2005). Urban sired111 sedii, Ieni quoli!y invesiigaiioit. Report to Environment Committee, Greater Wellington Regional Council. Investigation to determine whether the discharge of storm water is causing significant contamination of the sediments within urban streams, in particular, whether the degree of contamination poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Stormwater from various urban streams and the coastal environment contains a wide range of contaminants, including poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, (PAHs) and organo-chlorine pesticides (OCPs). Marine sediments from POTirua harbour (monitored in 2004), indicated elevated concentrations of heavy metals in some harbour sediments, particularly those located in close proximity to stream confluences and stormwater outfalls. Sediments exceeded the ANZECC (2000) IsQG for: DDT in Duck Creek, Panatahanui, Browns, POTiTua, Mitchell, and Keriepuru Stream; zinc in Browns Stream; and LMW and HMW PAHs in Keriepuru. Sediments in

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 20 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

POTirua stream exceeded the IsQG 'high' trigger value for Lindane. Only Duck Creek and Tikotu Stream of allstream monitored were free of PAHs. Recommends a review of GWRC's permitted activity standards for stormwater discharges

Milne, I. and A. Perrie (2005). Freshwater quality 1710/7itoring rechnical report. Resource Investigations, Environment Division and Planning and Resources Wairarapa Division. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Publication N" GW/R. INV-T-05187 Assesses water quality for 51 sites from 1997 - 2003 based on monthly physico- chemical and microbiological records and annual macro-invertebrate and perlphyton records, as initiated by Cameron (1988). Summarises monitoring history. Describes pressures on water quality and details landcover areas, water discharges (landfill and agricultural). Lists parameters measured and discusses sites that experience excursions outside ANZECC (2000) recommendations. Assesses temporal trends in water quality broken down by catchment

Sherriff, I. (1997). Baseline Ei?vironiiieii!ttl Moniioring Progruninies 1997 - 2000. Wellington Regional Council Proposals for revised baseline monitoring of air quality, groundwater, hydrology, surface water quality and land. List of freshwater sites monitored by WRC includes chemical and macroinvertebrate sampling of HOTokiri Stream and a new upstream site on Pauatahanui Stream. Annual hydrologicalreports released each year

Sherriff, I. (1998). Alt myesiigtttioit in!o wuter quality effects of Ironspori, Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRCR. INV-T-98125 Analyses the water quality of a stormwater outletthat drains SHI at Tawa. Water quality data collected by council could riot be used as its objective was to establish a baseline, and could not be used to target a specific activity such as transport. Of the few studies of stormwater, none are specifically focused on the effects caused by transport activities This report showed that compared with road run-off data, the metals and suspended sediments here were generally at low levels, and PAHs were well below normal run-off values. Contaminants from road run-off fall within ANZECC (2000) guideline criteria and are probably not resulting in an adverse impact on the ecosystem. However, both metals and PAH showed a propensity to attach to suspended sediment which suggests that stormwater may be a source of polluted sediment that could accumulate in depositional environments. Extensive appendix of data

Taylor, M. I. and G. R. Keny (2001). jiltinga spawning nabiiuis in Ihe Well^7^g!o12 Region National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. , Prepared for Wellington Regional Council, Report N" CHC01/67 A survey of whitebait (inariga, Galaxius niuculaius) spawning habitat on 21 rivers in the Wellington Region. Maps and describes these potential spawning habitats. Description of manga lifecycle and ideal spawning habitat. POTirua Stream (and its tributary Keriepuru stream), Duck Creek, Pauatahanui, Kakaho and Taupo Streams are all surveyed. All but POTirua and Kakaho Streams had suitable spawning habitat. Kakaho ranked as possessing the best potential for restoration

Report for Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 20.0 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 21 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Beach erosion andcoastalchange

Beca and CCNZ (2003). Erosion Assessnient und Managei7teiii 0,110ns at Selecied Sires in Portruu City. Unpublished report for POTirua City Council. Beca Carter Honings & Ferner Ltd & Coastal Consultants NZ Ltd Makes recommendations for the management of erosion at two sites. The first of these is along the eastern edge of the main channelinto POTirua Harbour, on the seaward edge of Ngati Toa Domain, and the second, within the study area, is along the Dolly Varden Beach shoreline. This report picks up on proposals for dune reconstruction, re- vegetation, and the stabilisation of the dune toes arthe high tide mark with rock works

Gibb, I. (1993). A siruiegic plait 10 solve Ihe problei?Is of cousinl erosion at Nguiiiou dollioii? und deposition of sand near Maria Morntu. Report prepared for POTirua City Council Ngatitoa Domain currently experience -0.5 to -loin/yr of sea erosion, and is likely to accelerate in response to a dwindling supply of sand, the focus of wave and wave reflection off the railway reclamation to the north and the accelerated rate of sea level rise Sand eroded from the domain is lost into POTirua Harbour and is accumulating at 1,000-5,000m'/yr as sand banks along the western breakwater of Maria Marina and around its entrance. Puts forward a plan to solve the erosion problem involving the emplacement of groynes and beach renourishment. Describes the evolution of Maria spit since ~10,000 years ago 10 present. Supports idea of 1855 uplift. Quantities erosion rates of Ngatitoa domain. System of sand movement is a one way valve with sand being lost from Ngaiitoa Domain into POTirua Harbour

SIGvens, L. and B. Robertson (2006). Broad scale nabitot 1110ppiitg of sandy beaches und river esiunries on Ihe WeSIern Well^^g!o11 codsi. Nelson, Cawthron Institute, for Greater Wellington Regional Council, Cawthron Report N" 1035 Maps into a GIS database the substrate characteristics of beaches and river estuaries along the Kapiti coastline as well as Karehana Bay, PIimmerton, Titahi Bay and Makara. Also maps flora, fauna and features. Assessed environmental pressures (such as erosion, nutrient enrichment, stormwater etc. ) and concluded that residential development poses the most significantimpactto the coastal areas.

Stovens, L. and B. Robertson (2008). Porirua Harbour. Broad scale habitat mapping 2007/8. Nelson, Wriggle Coastal management for Greater Wellington Regional Council and POTirua City Council Continuation of mapping and analysis presented in SIGvens and Robertson (2006) Estuary issues discussed include sedimentation (moderate ranking over whole Harbour), eutrophication (moderate ranking over whole Harbour), continuing habitatloss (moderate ranking for Pauatahanui Inlet, very high for Onepoio Arm), poor vegetated terrestrial buffer for whole harbour and very low sanmarsh cover in Onepoto Arm

TT (2005). Coastal process review of!he Western Corridor Cousinl Rowie Upgrade. Tonkin and Taylor Ltd. for POTirua City Council, Job n0: 22992. Assessment of coastal hazards and processes relevant to the proposed Paremata Bridge, the reclamation at Ngatitioa Domain and the Centennial Highway upgrade. Information presented is mainly from review of literature

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Estuarine Blota

Bell, B. , R. Dell, C. FIGrntng, J. Gibb, B. Hamlin, D. Hurley, R. Little, I. Miles and G. Williams (1969). Conse, Tnnon of biological values of Porirua Harbowr. Unpublished report, held at GWRC library Outlines importance of estuary with a view to preventing development that could ITreparably damage the estuary, and encourage planned and thoughtful development Describes the vegetation and estuarine species found in the Harbour. Record of fish and bird species found in the area. Describes the estuary as scientifically important and also of unique biological significance south of the 38th parallel. Calls for no further encroachments on shoreline or restriction of tidal fiats

Bell, S. S. and G. R. F. Hicks (1991). Marine landscapes and faunal recruitment: a field test with seagrasses and copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 73: 61-68 Study at Pauatahanui Inlet on how seagrass structure influences the movement of copepods.

Bell, S. S. , G. R. F. Hicks and K. Waners (1988). Active swimming in melobenthic copepods of seagrass beds: geographic comparisons of abundances and reproductive characteristics. Marine Biology 98(3): 351-358 Study of movement patterns of copepods at Pauatahanuilnlet

Coull, B. C. and J. B. J. Wells (1981). Density of mud-dwelling melobenthos from three sites in the Wellington Region. New Zealond Journal of Marine und Freshwoier Resenrc/I 15(4): 4/1- 4/5 Study of small benthic (bottom dwelling) fauna from three sites in Wellington. Ration Point, Pauatahanui Inlet had the highest density and diversity of fauna, coinparable to other muddy estuarine sediments in other parts of the world, indicating a healthy estuarine system. Lists species found in Pauatahanuilnlet

Curtis, T. D. and J. S. Shima (2005). Geographic and sex-specific variation in growth of yellow- eyed mullet, Aidricheiiu forSIeri, from estuaries around New Zealand. New Zealand Journal o Marine und Freshwater Reseurc/? 39. . 1277-1285. Measures the growth rate of male and female yellow-eyed mullet in 14 estuaries across New Zealand. Porirua Harbour was included as a sample site. Females generally grew faster than males at the lower latitudes and then the relative growth rate of females declined progressiveIy with increasing latitude. POTirua male/female size distribution and ratio similar to species taken from Golden Bay and Whanganui

Davis, S. (1987). Wellunds o1 national jinporinnce 10 fisheries. Christchurch, Freshwater Fisheries Centre MAFFish, NZ Freshwater Fisheries Report N" 90 Identification of wetlands with significant fisheries values, to assist in the processes of selecting wetlands for protection under the Water and Soil Conservation Act (1967). Selection criteria include wetlands which are habitat to rare species or a diverse assemblage of fish species. Wellington Region has 6 qualifying wetlands including Taupo Swamp and Pauatahanuilnlet

Dickson, M. (1992). Parnsienhelitt at Pauatahanui. re^ro Nova. February 1992: 20-21. Outline of Hick's (1985) study on meiofauna. Pauatahanuilnlet has the highest copepod density of anywhere in the world. Significant management implications.

Report for Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 20.0 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 23 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Doc (1995). Wellunds of Ecological und Represeniuiive 11/1porinnce (WERl), Unpublished list, Department of Conservation, Wellington. National inventory maintained by the Department of Conservation. Includes Taupo Swamp and Pauatahanuilnlei.

Forch, E. C. (1983). Silldies o11 Ihe zooploiikion o1Pa!, oldhonui liner. Well^7/8/01i, New Zealand Unpublished thesis (PhD), Victoria University of Wellington Temporal and spatial variation in the distribution of copepod species in Pauatahanuilnlet Proposes that the species distribution of copepods is based on a sannity tolerance Dominant copepod was ACUriin lineni, except in winter when EMIerpino tict!{ifrons exceeded it in abundance. Study was part of the PEP and part of this study is briefly summarised in Healy (1980). Presents results on zooplankton abundance, sannity, temperature, and turbidity for the period Sept 1975 to Oct 1976. Number of freshwater and benthic phytoplankton genre increased with progression up the inlet, with the dominant phytoplankton being centric diatoms (2-10 prn).

Francis, M. P. & R. IC. C Francis 1992. Growth rate estimates for New Zealand rig (Miis!e/Ms lenticulttt!{s). Australian lowrnalof Marine & Freshwuier Researc/I 43: 1157-1176. Re-analysis of growth data in iones and Hadfield 1985, combined with data from other areas, to improve growth rate estimates for the species

Fuller, S. (1993). Welltinds in Ihe Well^^8101t Region. Report for the Policy and Planning Department, Welling10n Regional Council This report describes the importance of wetlands and the extent and quality of wetlands in the region currently and historically. Of the 120 wetlands listed in WERl, only a handful have been studied or described and even fewer protected. Pauatahanui Inlet is used as a case study showing threats and the degree of change. A map shows extent of urban encroachment around the inlet over the last 30 years

GOP1(2009). Cockle Survey. Guardians ofPauatahanuilnlet. [online]. Retrieved: February 2009, htt WWWw. o i. wellin ton. net. nz/cockle/coc-surve .him Summary of cockle survey results from 1975 2004. Information on juvenile recruitment, 1992 -2994

Grange, K. R. (1993). Dis!ribu!jolt, abundance, undpopulu!ion slyuciure of cockles (AUStrovenus slutchburyi) in Pawatttho, Iui Inlet. Wellington, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research, Oceanographic (NZOl). Report prepared for Guardians of the Inlet, N" 1993/11. Study to ascertain the number, distribution and size of cockles and compare to determine any change with the previous study in 1976 (Richardson at a1. 1979). Study encompasses all major beaches and cockle habitats, but excludes offshore sand banks. Generally there is an increase in abundance from high to low tide. Low abundances were found at Duck Creek, Ration Point, Kakaho and Cainborne. Numbers were high at Browns Bay, BTOmley and Pauatahanui. Compared with previous study, cockle numbers have decreased by around 50%. Maximum and mean number per quadrat down from 1976 Very few juvenile recruits throughout the inlet (lower but not statisticalIy significant), thoughjuvenile numbers are higher arthe low tide elevations

Grange, K. R. , R. Cole and N. Parker (1996). Disiribuiion, abundance rind populuiioit, size siruci!Ire, of cockles in Pullutahuitwi Inlet. Nelson. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Report prepared for Guardians of Inlet

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Research paper compares 1995 study with earlier ones. Total population estimated 10 have declined from 438-608 million individuals in 1976, to 187-257 million in 1992 and to 146-214 million in 1995, representing slightly more than one third of the 1976 population. The 1995 survey recorded a slightly greater abundance of juveniles compared with the 1992 survey possibly indicating a recovery

Grange, K. R. and T. Crocker (1999). Cockles ill Pondidhoitui' I'llei. results off/Ie 1998 millpli7ig progranti, Ie. Nelson, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Report prepared for Guardians of Inlet. Fourth cockle survey showing similar pattern of distribution as found previously with greater densities along the southern shores and increasing densities down the shore. A significant difference in the numbers of juvenile cockles at almost all sites with increases from 1992 and 1995 surveys. The increase in juveniles boosted the estimated total population to around 257 million (up from 180 million in 1995). Note slightly different sampling method used. Warm winter may have influenced number of young Monitoring young cockle recruitment is suggested to ascertain whether population is recovering from decline of past 20 years

Grange, K. and Tovey, A. (2002). Cockles in Pullamhuiiui litrei. yesulis o1 Ihe 2001 millpli7tg progroninte. NIWA Client Report NEL02401/2. NUNA, Nelson Summarises results of fifth cockle survey

Haddon, M. and R. G. Wear (1987). Biology offeeding in the New Zealand paddle crab Oval^es CUIha, 'us (Crustacea, Portunidae). New Zealand Jollylidl of Marine und Fitshwttier Reseorch 21(I): 55-64. Starvation, satiation and temperature experiments to determine the influences on the appetite of the crab Ovulipes cathayws. Crabs collected from PIimmerion Beach

Hayward, B. W. , H. R. Grenfell and D. B. Scott (1999). Tidal range of marsh foraminifera for determining former sea-level heights in New Zealand. New Zealand lowlyIul of Geology and Geop/Iysics 42: 395-4/3. Present day distribution of forams from marsh environments in the Kaipara, Miranda and Pauatahanui estuaries. Describes species assemblages at each tidal level and relative abundance

Hicks, G. RF. 1984 Spatio-temporal dynamics of a mejobenthic copepod and the impact of predation disturbance. Journal o1ExperiiiienmlMorine Biology und Ecology 81: pp 47-72 Establishes the importance of copepod Painstenhelia litegnrosiruni as a principal prey item for young postmetamorphic flatfish during their first half year of life. Based on sampling on MariaBank

Hicks, G. (1985). Biomass and production estimates for an estuarine mejobenthic copepod, with an instantaneous assessment of exploitation by flatfish predators. New Zealand Jouriiul of Ecology 8: 125-127 Assessment of biomass and secondary production of copepod (Painsienhefia 111egurosirunt) populations in Pauatahanui Inlet and evaluates consequences of fish predation. Up to generations of young may be produced annually. Predation has little overallimpact on abundance of copepod, despite large numbers found in fish guts

Report for Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 25 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Hicks, G. (1986a). Estuaries, extraordinary ecosystems. Forest undBird 17(3) Reports on study of copepods

Hicks, G. R. F. (1986b). Distribution and behaviour of melofaunal copepods inside and outside seagrass beds. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 31. 159-170. Compares abundance and species composition of mejobenthic copepods between vegetated and unvegetated areas. Study undertaken at Pauatahanuilnlet. Seagrass beds had an increase in copepod density. List of species found

Hicks, G. R. F. (1988). Sediment rafting: a novel mechanism for the small-scale dispersal of interndal estuarine meiofauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 48. 69-80 Description of meiofauna (especially copepods) being passively conveyed by 'sediment rafts'. Rafts form as algal mats dry out and cement sediment together (forming a skin on the surface) at low tide. At high tide the skin is peeled off and rafted away. Discusses importance of rafting to the distribution and movement of copepods. This phenomena described at Pauatahanuilnlet

Hicks, G. R. F. (1989). Does GPibenthic structure negatively affect meiofauna? Journal of ExperiiiienmlMurine Biology und Ecology 133(I): 39-55. Study of GPibenthic copepods at Pauaiahanuilnlet and how copepod densities change in response to changes in the sediment surface and overhead cover (eelgrass).

Hicks, G. R. F. (1992). Tidal and diel fluctuations in abundance of melobenthic copepods on an interndal estuarine sandbank. Marine Ecology- Progress Series 87. 15-15 Study on the changes in copepod densities at Pauatahanuilnlet in response to changes in sunlight intensity (day/night) and tidal fluxes.

Hine, P. (no date). A 11istopuihologicnl survey o11he parosiies rind diseases o10 line, '/eeding hivulve, AUStrovenus slutchburyi (Veneridue), and a deposiijeeding bivalve, Macomona Iiliana (Tell^^idue) orcleui? und conmininaied SIIes. NIWA, unpublished Ms Comparison of parasites and lesions in two common interndal bivalve species from 2 'uricontaminated' and 2 'contaminated' sites. The Onepoto Arm is considered 'contaminated' whilst Pauatahanui Inlet is considered 'uricontaminated'. All bivalves taken from all sites show moderate infections, none of which affected host health. The most severe pathology of massive systemic congestion of mantle, gills and gut occurring in 20% of cockles from Pauatahanui Inlet. The cause of this is unknown; however, the fact that the surfaces that are inflamed are those exposed to the environmentsuggesis an environmental cause. Hence this site cannot be considered 'clean'. The pollutant cannot be DDT as this pollutant would be higher in the inner part of the estuary closer to its source. It is possible that PAH's sourced from roading are the cause (especially as SHI passes over this site) but there is not a conclusive link of PAHs with inflammation of cockles. Renal deposits are the most important deloxification for marine bivalve, and although Onepoto has elevated concentrations of metals, no cockles had renal deposits. Renal brown cells can also precipitate brown cells, but were found in Pauatahanui Inlet, notthe Onepoto Arm. Hence Pauatahanuilnletis not a 'clean' site

Iwasaki, N. (1993). Distribution of melobenthic copepods from various habitats in Pauatahanui Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine und FreshwaierReseurc/I 27(4): 399-405 Examines variations in density and diversity of melobenthic copepod species caused by changes in location, and hence environmental conditions (tidal exposure, vegetation and substrate). Sampled at Maria Bank, Ration Point and Ration Creek. Highest diversity at

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Maria bank which supports a variety of species assemblages. Higher densities found in subtidal compared with interndallocations. Gives table of species and their abundance.

lones, I. B. and J. D. Hadfield (1985). Fishes from POTirua and Pauatahanuilnlets, occurrence in gill nets. New Zealand Jountnl ofMuriite und Freshwa!er Reseurc/I 19(4): 477-484. Gill nets used to survey species of fish in Pauatahanuilnlet and the Onepoto Arm. 24 species were identified, bringing the total known number of species to 43, a relatively high number compared with other estuaries. Lists species found in each inlet. As gill nets were used, it was not possible to assess relative abundance. Information provided on seasonal occurrence of fish in the estuary and on growth of4 species

Kudenov, I. D. and G. B. Read (1977). Axionie!IQ sei. ruin n. sp. , a inaldanid polychaete from POTirua Harbour, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal o1Muriiie and Freshwater Researc/I 11(4) 697-702. Description of a new species of polychaete (worm) found at POTirua Harbour

Moore, P. I. (1984). Foraging and social behaviour of the white-faced heron at Pauaiahanuilnlet Noiornis 31. . 285-299. Description of the foraging and social behaviour of the white faced heron (Ardea novaehollundioe) including methods of hunting and of intimidation. Maps the heronry in Pauatahanuilnlet. In the summer of 1982 at low tide between 13 and 42 herons were on the mudnais. Increased numbers occurred in calm conditions on the lower tides.

Nelson, W. A. (1999). A revised checklist of marine algae naturalised in New Zealand. New Zenlund lorryHUIojBomity 37. 355-360 Twenty new introduced marine algal species are listed, their habitat, distribution and origin described. The alga Chondria I'd ryeyana has been introduced to Portrua Harbour from Australia. This species has no other known location in New Zealand

Ponder, W. F. (1972). Review of the Genus Xyi?telle ITedale of New Zealand (Mollusca: Muricidae). Journal of the Royalsocieiy of New Zealand 2. . 471-499. Description of mollusc species of the family Xyiiiene found in New Zealand. Two species, Xyi, Tene PIehiws PIehius and XyiiTei?e Iruversifound in Portrua

Read, G. B. (1984a). Persistence of in faunal polychaete zonalion patterns on a sheltered, interndal sand nat. New Zealand Journal of Marine und FreshwoierReseorcli18(4): 399-4/6 Describes zonalion of polychaete species assemblages on Panatahanuilnlet mudnais and relates zonalion to environmental conditions (including cross sectional surveys and grain size)

Read, G. B. (1984b). Recruitment and population dynamics of Axioihellu serrata (Polycheata Malanidae) on an interndalsand nat. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 11. 399-4/1. Population dynamics of this deposit feeder, studied at POTirua

Rohde, K. (1987). Different populations of SCOiiiber uusir"msicus in New Zealand and south- eastern Australia, demonstrated by a simple method using monogenean sclerites. Journal of Fish ^o108y 30(6): 651-657 Demonstrates that the use of the sex sclerites of parasites (worms) in mackerel can be used to distinguish between fish populations from New Zealand and south eastern Australia. Mackerelsampled from POTirua and two other New Zealand sites

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 27 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Richardson, J. R. , A. A1dridge and W. d. L. Main (1979). Disi"ibuii0, I o11he New Zeulo, ,d cockle Chione stutchburyi ulpuuoinhonuilnlet. Oceanographic Institute, DSIR, Field Report N' 14 The NZ cockle dominates the mudflats of Pauatahanui Inlet and as part of the PEP, a census survey was carried out on November 30 1976. Baseline cockle survey (later surveys described by Grange and others 1993, 1996, 1999)

Slidolph, S. R. (1980). A record of some coastal marine diatoms from Porirua Harbour, North Island, New Zealand. New ZealandJournulofBomi?y 18. 379-403. Comprehensive list of diatom (algae) flora of POTirua Harbour area, including species size, description and occurrence. Samples were collected over 3 years. Illustrations of algae species found

Slidolph, S. R. (1981). Gyrusigmu bullicwi, I var. Iurgidum, a new diatom variety from POTirua Harbour, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Borony 19. 405. Describes in Latin a new diatom species that occurs in POTirua Harbour

Wear, R. and M. Haddon (1987). Natural diet of the crab Ovalipes calhttrws (Crustacea, Portunidae) around central and northern New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 35. . 39- 49 Examines the gut content of crabs to deterrinne the most important elements of their diet Diet varied according to location around New Zealand but juvenile molluscs and crustaceans were the most important components. Crustaceans were the most important dietary component at Paremata, whilst molluscs (Nucu!a lionvigiona) were most important at PIimmerton. Table of fauna found in the guts of the crabs

Estuarine water qua"ty

Berry, A. (1996b). Cousinl warer quality 1/10niiorii?g network. WeSIerit Welling10/1 Region 1995/96. Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Publication N" WRC/RINV-T-96124 Summary of routine summer and annual coastal sampling of water quality in terms of enterococci and faecal conforms, in relation to contact recreation in order to assess health risks. Discusses broad spatial and temporal trends. Data tables and graphs available as appendix

Berry, A. (1997a). Annual cousinl warer quality report for Ihe weSIern Welling10n Region 1996/97. Resource Investigations Department, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRC\RINV-T-97115 Routine coastal sampling of water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b). Similar to Berry (1996b) but also summarises water quality for each location and compares data collected since 1990, (no significant change). Water quality in relation to seafood consumption is also analysed. Sample site near the mouth of POTirua Stream is usually poor, and the area around the Paremata Bridge is usually within guideline values. Other sites are fine for contact recreation except for PIimmerton in the summer. Faecal coliforms are low enough to safely consume shellfish at Paremata bridge only.

Berry, A. (1998a). Annual COQsiul water qunlii), I'eporifor Ihe weSIerii Well^}Igton Region 1997/98. Resource Investigation Department, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRC/RINV-G-9814

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Routine coastal water quality report as initiated with Berry (1996). Similar to Berry (1997a) but does not compare years. Shellfish are not monitored at Porirua Harbour. 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour: one of these exceeded the enterococci guidelines

Berry, A. (1999). Annual coastal water q!tuffty rayon for the weSIern Wellington Region, 1998/99. Resource Investigation Department, Welling10n Regional Council, Publication N' WRC/RINV-G-9914. Routine coastal water quality report as initiated with Berry (1996b). Similar to Berry (1998a) but also discusses possible sources. Poor water quality at the site closest to Porirua Stream mouth, receives Te Hiko Street stormwater discharge, Semple SI discharge and inputs from the POTirua Stream mouth. PIimmerton Beach also failed to reach contact recreation guidelines. The mouth of Taupo Stream had enterococci counts of 300-3,000 per looml. Taupo Stream is likely to receive faecal materials from animals MCBride (1995) found that the concentration of bacteria dropped along PIimmerton Beach with increased distance from Taupo Stream. High counts at the water ski club, Pauatahanuilnlet are likely 10 be sourced from localstreams draining Cainbourne

MCBride, G. B. , M. Moore and A. Donnison (1995). Review o1 seawaier qualify at Ponywa's recreuiionul benches, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. and the Meat Industry Research Institute of New Zealand Inc. for POTirua City Council and Wellington Regional Council, Consultancy Report N" PCC300 Review of all available data to describe the bacteriological contamination of POTirua's beaches. Detailed statistical analysis of spatial and temporal trends, taking into count variations caused by wind, tide and stream flow. The dominant source of faecal conforms at PIimmerton Beach is local, with the magnitude of the faecal count being proportionate 10 distance from Taupo Stream. Finds no evidence that sewage works are responsible for high bacteriological counts.

Davis, K. and C. I. Wilson (1983). A buc!eriologicul survey o1 Pony!{a Harbour und Pawomhttnwil, Ilei. Wellington, Wellington Regional Council Conclusions by site including Pauatahanui Inlet and Onepoto Arm relating to water quality standards. PIimmerton/Paremata displayed a high standard of water quality Pauatahanui Inlet water unlikely to have met standard for shellfish gathering or bathing Rainfall and accumulated run-off were the major factors influencing faecal coliform levels. The water quality in the Onepoio Arm was adversely affected during wet weather although to a lesser extentthan Pauatahanuilnlet. Faecal conform levels were exceeded at most sites (not always associated with high rainfall) therefore the waters are probably riot suitable for gathering shellfish or bathing

Milne, I. R. (2005). 0111he beaches. Recreuiio, tat water quality o11he Well^I^8101t Region, 2004- 2005. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N" GWR. INV-G-05/189. Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b) and similar to Stephenson (2004). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour; 5 sites exceeded the enterococci guidelines once, and two exceeded them twice. Not all of these events were associated with high rainfall

Milne, I. (2005). Recreu!ional warer quality Iechnical repori. Greater Wellington Regional Council, GWR. INV-T-05189 Presents the results of all routine recreational water quality monitoring undertaken at 23 freshwater and 27 marine sites between Nov 2001 and Mar 2005. Filamentous algae cover and microbiallevels were assessed against health guidelines for recreation. Also

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

assessed water quality for shellfish gathering. Sites sampled in POTirua Harbour are amongst the worst for compliance with recreation guidelines. Sites that most frequently exceeded guidelines included Browns Bay, South Beach PIimmerton, POTirua Harbour at the rowing club and PIinunerton Beach at Bath St. Discusses each sampling site's percentage compliance and coincidence with rainfall. Most exceedanCGs are related to rainfall and contaminants are likely sourced from urban runoff. However, many exceedanCG events coincide with little or no rainfall, and the cause of these high microbial counts is unclear. fits possible that nearby streams are influencing the nearby water quality. Bestlevels of compliance were at the Water Ski Club, Moiukaraka Point, Karehana Bay, Paremata Beach and Onehunga Bay (all 87 90% compliance). Sampling results at Te Hiko were consistently poor, and clearly indicates that site was riot suitable for swimming, so a permanent sign was erected and monitoring ceased. Water quality in relation to shellfish consumption was undertaken at To Hiko, and was unsafe for shellfish gathering or consumption, based on collected samples and other water quality results

Milne, I. R. (2006b). 011 the benches. Reci'euiional water quotrty for Ihe Welling!o11 Region, 2005-2006. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N"' GW/RINV-G-06199 Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b). Similar to Stephenson (2004). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour; none of these exceeded the enterococci guidelines

Milne, I. R. (2007). 011 lite benches. 2006/07 Annual recreational water qwali!y 1110niioring yeporijor Ihe Welling10n Region. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report No. GW/EMI-T-07/126 Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b) and similar to Stephenson (2004). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour; of these 12 sites exceeded the enterococci guideline values once, and 4 sites twice or more. In 2005/06 no sites breached the guidelines. Could notidentify obvious cause of contamination

Milne, I. R. (2008). AnHunt codsiu11110/1iiori, 18 yeporifor 1/7e Welling1011 Region, 2007/08 Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Publication N" GW/EMI-G-08/162. Summary of routine summer and annual coastal sampling of water quality in terms of enterococci and faecal coliforms, in order 10 assess health risks. Data in appendix. Summarises reports commissioned for sites in region including POTirua Harbour Describes results of broadscale habitat mapping and finescale ecological mapping of interndal areas of POTirua Harbour (Robertson and Sievens 2008). Identifies that in both arms of the Harbour there is little to no terrestrial vegetation buffer. The estuary has a moderate sedimentation risk, and is moderately eutrophic. The total recoverable heavy metal concentrations were within ANZECC (2000) IsQG. Describes the benthic community, and rates the community as 'unbalanced'.

Milne, I. R. and S. Warr (2007). Annual cousinli?10/1itoriitg reportfor Ihe Well^I^gio, I region, 2006/07. Environmental Monitoring and Investigation Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N"' GW/EMI-T-07/224. Routine coastal water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b) and similar to Stephenson (2001). Also includes overview of a report that is being undertaken on the POTirua Harboursystem

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 30 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Milne, J. R. and K. Wyatt (2006). Will I get sick illswini? Sunubili!y for recreaiioit grade for selecied Inarine und fresh warer bathing sites ill Ihe Well^^Igioit region. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations, Greater Wellington Regional Council, GW/EMI-G-06/160 Presents suitability for recreation grades (SFRG) for 23 freshwater and 76 marine sites based on microbiologicalrisk and indicator bacterial results, over the period 2001- 2006 Ten sites are sampled in the POTirua Harbour area. SFRG based on Ministry for Environment and Ministry of Heatlh protocol; assessment from a public health perspective. Overall, only 17% of sites were rated very good or good, while most (74%) were poor or very poor. This reflects moderate to high risk of microbial contamination Overall, Sri

Robertson, G. (2000). Annwul cousinl worer qwtility report 1999/2000. Resource Investigations, Wettington Regional Council, Report N" WRC\R. INV-G-00128 Routine summer water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b) and similar to Berry (1999) but does not assess possible sources. Full data is riot recorded (summaries only). All locations in Porirua Harbour are unsuitable for shell fish consumption, with the exception of the sample site at Paremata bridge. Swimming in alllocations is fine except for near Taupo Stream mouth.

Ryan, A. and S. Warr (2008). 0111/1e beaches 2007/08. Annual recreational wafer qwuliiy nioniioring yeporifor the Welling!on Region. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N" GW/EMI-T-08179 Routine recreational water quality as initiated in Berry (1996b), similar to Stephenson (2004). All 8 sites in POTirua Harbour exceeded the enterococci guideline values on one or more occasions High concentrations at the rowing club in POTirua Harbour led to council undertaking additional sampling of streams and stormwater drains close to sample sites to identify possible contaimnation sources. No obvious source of faecal contamination was found

Sherriff, J. (2005). Cousinliitvesiigu!ions Iechiiicul repori. Resource Investigations Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council. Report summarising the investigations undertaken in the coastal area by Greater Wellington since 1999. Outlines reasons for each investigation, and summarises general trends of each report, specific data not given. Reports separately summarised in this bibliography.

Sillars, H. M. (1991). Foecol coldoriiilevels in Ihe cousinl worers o1 Ihe Welling10/1 Region including Welling10/1 Harbour, Poi. iruu Horbour und Ihe Kupiti Coosi, 1987-1990. Consents and Investigations, Wellington Regional Council. First of annual reports to be produced on the quality of coastal water. Firsttests occurred in 1986. Explains statutory requirements of council. The mean concentration of faecal conforms in POTirua Harbour meets the recreational bathing guidelines. Data as an appendix

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Stephenson, G. (2001). Annual coastal warer quality reporifor Ihe Welling10/1 Region, 2000 - 2001. Wellington Regional Council, Report N"' WRC\R. INV-G 01133 Routine coastal sampling as initiated by Berry (1996b) and similar to Robertson (2000)

Stephenson, G. (2004). 011 Ihe beaches. Recreo!tonal wafer quality for Ihe Wellingtoll Region, 2003-2004. Resource Investigations Department, Environment Division, Greater Wellington Regional Council Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b) and similar 10 Stephenson (2002). 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour, all of these exceeded the enterococci guidelines on one or more occasions.

Stephenson, G. and G. Sevicke-iones (2002). On Ihe beaches. Recreational warer quality of 1/7e Well^^810n Region, 2001-2002. Resource Investigations Department and Planning and Resources Department, Wellington Regional Council, Report N" WRCR. INV-G-02142 Routine recreational water quality, as initiated by Berry (1996b), in relation to contact recreation and seafood consumption. Hence only enterococci and faecal coliforms monitored. Summarises water quality for each location (freshwater and marine recreational areas). Details dates and locations of water quaxlity events above recommended recreational contact guidelines. Shellfish are not monitored at POTirua Harbour. All Porirua Harbour sites exceeded the enterococci guideline values on one or more occasions. Not all of these events were associated with high rainfall.

Stephenson, G. and G. Sevicke-iones (2003). 0111he beaches. Rec, .editorial warer qualify for Ihe Well^^g!on Region, 2002-2003. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N" GW/R. INV-G- 06199. Routine recreational water quality as initiated with Berry (1996b). Similar to Stephenson and Sevicke-lones (2002). 5 of the 14 sites monitored in POTirua Harbour exceeded the enterococci guidelines once, I site twice and 2 sites 3 times. Only some of these events were associated with rainfall.

Warr, S. (2009). On Ihe beaches 2008/09. Annual recreaiional woier quality 1110/1iioriitg repori for Ihe Welling1011 Region, Environmental Monitoring and Investigations Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council, GW/EMI-T-09/130 Routine recreational water quality as initiated by Berry (1996b). Breaches of guidelines occurred at most Porirua Harbour sites at least once. Most coincided with rainfall but riot all. Portrua Rowing club breached guidelines five times, resulting in warning signs posted between Dec 2008 and Feb 2009. Sampling of nearby stream showed high counts of E. coli, suggesting the stream is a possible source. Further sampling is to be taken to identify the source of high bacteria counts. None of the three sites in POTirua complied with water quality guidelines for the consumption of shellfish.

Williamson, B. , I. Goff, D. Ray, G. Mills and K. Berkenbusch (2001). orec!s of SIon, I warer ill the Welling10/1 region. a synthesis of the exisiii?g inforiitniioit. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric science for Wellington Regional Council, WRC01203/I A synthesis of existing information, no new data collected. Summarises studies of Glasby at a1. (1990) Berry o1 a1. (1997) and Botherway (1999) for POTirua. Reviews water and sediment guidelines, the effects of polluted water and sediment on the environment. Hotspots (locations where significant adverse effects are known or likely) occur at streams in Wellington, Huti and POTirua that have a large part of their catchment

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 20.0 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 32 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

urbanised. Sewage contamination of stormwater and diffuse sourced runoff from rural land are probably major factors influencing microbiallevels in Wellington coastal waters

Harbour sediment contamination

Berry, A. , I. Wills and N. Altken (1997). Ponyua Harbour sedii?teniuiid shell/'is/I SIMdy. Resource Investigations Department. Wellington Regional Council Technical Report. Shellfish results: Ivey Bay exceeded shellfish consumption guide levels; Paremata station and HOTokiri Stream mouth were marginal. Forirua Stream/South Mungavin Point exceeded levels in sediment heavy metals, organochlorides and PAHs (formed from incomplete combustion of organic material). Results suggest urban impacts from POTirua City area. Organochlorine levels exceeded lower guideline level around Pauatahanui Stream mouth area suggesting that rural impacts from the catchment may impact on fauna nearby sediments to stream mouth

Botherway, K. (1999). The effect of stormwater discharge on the soft shore ecology of POTirua Harbour. Unpublished thesis BSC (Hons), Victoria University of Wellington. A study on Semple Stream storm drain in Onepoto Arm investigated from December 1998 to April 1999. Community structure, sedimentary properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface sediments were examined at increasing distances from the storm drain. Closer to the drain taxa diversity was lower, sediment was less sorted and organic content was greater, and copper, lead and zinc concentrations were higher. Data indicate that differences in taxa diversity between Onepoto Arm and Pauatahanui Inlet are consistent with the deleterious effects of high heavy metal concentrations (particularly lead and zinc) in the sediment of Onepoto. Author recommends establishing a sediment monitoring programme in Onepoio Arm and Pauatahanui Inlet to enable differentiation between fluctuations in heavy metal contamination and long term changes

Botherway, K. and I. Gardner (2002). Effect of storm drain discharge on the softshore ecology of Porirua Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealttnd Journal of Marine und Freshwuier Researc/? 36. . 241- 255 Assesses quality of storm water, and toxicants in sediments near stormwater drains and its impact on benthic fauna. Lists benthic fauna found at Portrua (cockles, crabs, worms etc). Semple SI drain outfall has elevated concentrations of heavy metals (copper, zinc and lead) which decrease with distance away from the drain. Study proves that changes in benthic ecology occurs with distance from drain, but does not conclusiveIy prove that this is a function of poor water quality or sediment quality. As this study has no 'control' experiment the results are inconclusive.

Glasby, G. P. , R. L. Moss and P. SIoffers (1990). Heavy-metal pollution in Portrua Harbour, New Zealand. New Zealond Journal of Marine and Freshwaier Researc/I 24(2): 233-237. Analysis of sediments from both Pauatahanui Inlet and the Onepoto Arm. The fine (<2011m) component of samples was analysed by AAS for concentrations of copper, nickel, iron, manganese, chromium, copper, lead and zinc. Calculates a 'contamination class' for each sample based on the Index of Geoaccumulaiion formula and a background from international literature. This system classes samples taken near POTirua City as 'uricontaminated to moderately contaminated' with copper; 'moderately contaminated' with zinc and 'moderately to strongly contaminated' with lead. Concentrations of copper, lead and zinc are slightly higher in the Onepoto Arm than Pauatahanui Inlet, whilst

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 33 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

chromium in Pauatahanuilnleiis higher than in the Onepoto Arm. No contamination evident sourced from state highway I. The study suggests there are two pollution sources for the Onepoto Arm, Portrua Stream and the city stormwater.

Hooper, K. L. 2002. The inIPuci o1 310ri?twoter discharges on freshwnier, n?drille worer und Inariiie sedinien!s und Ihe inIPI^^ajioits for eitviroitiiieniul Inundgeineni of 1/1e POWo!ahunuilitlei, Ponywn, New Zealand. Msc thesis, Massey University. Not sighted

Kerinedy, P. (2003). The E.ffecis o1Rood Transport o11 Freshwuie, ' and Marine ECosysieiiis Kingett Mitchellreport for Ministry of Transport International and New Zealand literature review as part of seven-part study. Cites POTirua Harbour data from Sherriff (1998) and Botherway and Gardner (2002). Found no direct evidence of sediment related toxicity from road-derived contaminants

Kerinedy, P. (no date). "Trace elements in particulate material on New Zealand road surfaces - what elements in the periodic table should we be concerned about?" 10nlinel. Retrieved: 10/2/2009, from: http://WWW. kina. conz/downloads/PDFs/Publications/Trace%20Elements. pdf Analysis of the metal concentrations in road dust, and the concentration in receiving environments. Uses data from Pauaiahanuilnlet. Discusses factors to consider in metal concentration analysis.

Kerinedy, P. C. (1986). The use of molluscs for monitoring trace elements in the marine environment in New Zealand. I. The contribution of ingested sediment to the trace element concentrations in New Zealand molluscs. New Zealand Journal of Marine und Freshwuier Reseurc/? 20(4): 627-640. Study of the effect of sediment in the gut content of molluscs on the estimation of the total body burden of trace elements. Samples of mud nat snail(All?phibola creiiaitt) were taken from Pauatahanuilnlet and the Onepoto Arm. Even with corrections for sediment in the snail gut, concentrations of lead in the mud snail are high (1223mg/kg), possibly a result of the method of analysis, rather than toxicity

Kurata, K. and Rogers, KM. (2005). Study on food web and pollution in tidal flat: utilization of stable isotope ratios and heavy metal concentrations. Aquubiology 27. 331-336. Pilot study of stable isotope ratios in estuarine biola as indicators of pollution effects and nuttient input. Sediments, aquatic plants and benthic invertebrates were sampled at 18 stations in POTirua Harbour. Specific results riot available (only abstract sighted).

Milne, J. , G. Stephenson, R. Williamson, G. Mills, G. 01sen and M. Green (2004). Urban derived containiiiunis in Porirutt Harbour (unpublished), held at GWRC library Analysis of surface sediments in POTirua Harbour (2 in Onepoto and 3 in Pauatahanui) for concentrations of heavy metals, (copper, lead, zinc, silver, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper and nickel), Inbutyltin (an old antifouling chemical) and organics (PAH's, including DDT and its breakdown products). Concentrations were compared with the ANZECC (2000) IsQG and Auckland Regional Council's Environmental Response Criteria (ARC ERC 2004). Higher concentrations were generally found in the Onepoto Arm than the Pauatahanuilnlet. Allsamples except one were below ANZECC IsQG. One total' Zinc sample was above the 'low' value, however the bioavailable fraction was below this value. Some concentrations were above the ARC ERC. DDT was found in concentration that may begin to have impact on the aquatic life, but riot

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 34 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

above the value that is deleterious to aquatic life. Most of the DDT is found as the breakdown product DDD indicating an aerobically weathered source, e. g. agricultural soils

Mime, J. R. (2006a). Conioi, jinunis in shell/is/Ilesh. Alt lilyesiigu!jolt into rillcrohio/ und Iruce 171eiul coinuntinanis in shellfish from seiecied localjolts ill Ihe Wellingion region. Environmental Monitoring and Investigations, Greater Wellington Regional Council Assessment of microbiological and trace metal contaminants in filter feeding edible shellfish (Iuatua, cockles and blue mussels) from the Wellington Region. Concentrations were compared with edible tissue guidelines, where they exist. Monitored cockle (AUSi, 'ovenus SIMichbwiyi) from five sites in POTirua Harbour (both arms). Faecal conforms were detected in four samples, but were not above guideline limits. No other location tested had faecal conforms above the detection 11nxit. Metals were present but were not above health standards.

Milne, JR. ; Sorensen, PC. ; Keny, S. 2009. Ponyuu HUI. hour subiidolsedinien! quality monitoring. Reruns/roi?11he 2008/09 survey. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Publication No. GW/EMI-T-09/137. Presents the results of the third survey of sediment quality and benthic community health undertaken at five subtidal sites in the POTirua Harbour in November 2008 (see Williamson et a1. 2005; Stephenson & Mills 2006). The sediment chemistry component was restricted to assessments of sediment particle size, total organic carbon and heavy metals. Concentrations of total copper, lead and zinc are above 'early warning' sediment quality guidelines in the subtidal sediments of the Onepoto Arm of Portrua Harbour Concentrations of the other metals analysed are currently below guideline levels in the Onepoto Arm, as are the concentrations of all metals in the subtidal sediments of the Pauatahanui Arm. Results taken together with stormwater quality and stream monitoring data from the surrounding catchment, and interndal sediment quality data, clearly indicate that urban stormwater is the principal agent in the transport of the majority of the contaminants to the seabed of the POTirua Harbour, particularly to Onepoto Arm. Sixty- four species of benthic fauna were identified, with a much higher diversity from sites in the Pauaiahanui Arm. Fauna were composed predominantly of polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalve and gastropod molluscs

Effects of metal contamination on benthic fauna composition cannot currently be separated from the effects of differences in sediment texture and organic carbon content iris stintoo early to tell whether trends in heavy metal contaminants are environmentally significant and whether they will continue into the future

Rogers, K. M. (2009). Using stable isotopes to detect land use change and nitrogen sources in aquatic systems. Unpublished Ms. GNS Science, National Isotope Centre Uses stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to identify sources of some types of pollutants into Pauatahanui Inlet. Sediments derived from soils under different land uses have different isotopic signatures, showing, for example, that farming areas and recently urbanised areas are more likely to deliver sediment to the Pauatahanuilnletthan the older urbanised areas. Isotope ratios in estuarine biota can also be used as indicators of pollution effects and nutrientinput

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 20.0 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 35 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Smith, A. P. and R. MCC011 (1979). SedinTenis of Pawuiahanwi Inlet. nutrient starus und role in wafer qwol^fy. Department of Science Industry and Research, Soil Bureau Scientific Report N' 37 Study on the effects of sediments on water quality as part of the PEP providing baseline information. In the upper ICm of interndalsediments concentrations of total nitrogen and organic carbon were about ten times less than, and the total phosphorus about half, of those of the catchment topsoils. Concentrations of the 3 elements increased highly significantly with 'mud' (clay and sill) content and, in the case of nitrogen and phosphorus, with decreasing depth in the sediment profile. Nutrient levels in intertidal sediments near the mouths of the inlets northern and eastern shores (draining richest agricultural areas) were 2 times those on southern shores. During two rain storms, the concentration of suspended matter leaving the inlet declined in 3 days. This indicates fairly rapid settlement and efficienttidal flushing of stream - borne material

Sorensen, P. G. and I. R. Milne (2009). Portruu Harbour largeied mienidalsedrnieni qwoliiy assessi, Ten!-DRAFT, Greater Wellington Regional Council, GW/EMI-T-09/136 A study of sediment contaminants, with an emphasis on the southern end of Onepoto Arm, in order to assess the magnitude and spatial extent of contamination. Analysed 17 sites, including hot spots such as the mouths of Duck Creek, Onepoto and Browns Stream, and also the lower reaches of POTirua and Keriepuru Stream. Sediments sampled were analysed for particle size; total organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus; total recoverable metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc); FAHs and organo-chlorides. Data collected was compared with ANZECC (2000) IsQG and ARC ERC (2004). Concentrations of metals are higher closest to Semple SI drain and POTirua Stream channel, although no correction for mud component was undertaken, so concentration distributions may be also influenced by grain size. Zinc concentrations were greater than the ANZECC IsQG 'low' at 7 sites and a core taken near the Semple SI drain was above ANZECC IsQG high' value. Mercury exceeded the ANZECC IsQG low' value at one site. Total HMW PAH was above the ANZECC IsQG 'low' at two sites, whilst only Onepoto Stream mouth exceeded the guideline 'low' for Total FAH. Fifteen of the seventeen sites contained DDT, and all at concentrations above ANZECC IsQG 'low' value. POTirua and Keriepuru stream also had concentrations of DDT above the guideline 'low'. Keriepuru and POTirua Stream data is similar to data obtained from the same location by Milne and Watts (2008). No background sample was analysed or bioavailable metals. Sites are grouped as high or low without statistical analysis. Contaminants were highest in sediments closest to Semple SI drain and POTirua Stream channel, confirming that stormwater outfalls and POTirua Stream are the primary source of pollution. First time Onepoto Stream has been sampled, and results suggest a localised contaminant source In most cases (with the exception of zinc) the contamination levels only breach the ARC ERC which is an early warning, giving an opportunity for management intervention.

Stephenson, G. (2003). Progress yep0, 'I o11 Ihe investigttiion of chei?ticol coll!animani$ ill sheIffish. Resource Investigations Department, Environment Division, Greater Wellington Regional Council. Report to Environment Committee, 14 April 2003 Shellfish in waters adjacent to the Region's urban areas in particular appeared to be exposed 10 arithropogenic sources of at least some of the contaminants measured Preliminary results from the GWRC stormwater investigation suggest that urban stormwater is the most likely source of these contaminants. The shellfish tests are just one contribution to a much needed broader assessment of the environmental effects of the Region's urban stormwater.

Report for Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 2010 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 36 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Stephenson, G. and G. Mills (2006). Ponyuo Harbour long-terni baseline monitoring prograi7ime. ' sedinien! cheiiiistry rind benihic ecology yesulis front 1/1e Ociober 2005 SUITey. Coastal Marine Ecology Consultants and Diffuse Sources Limited. Prepared for Greater Wellington Regional Council An analysis and synthesis of data collected from two marine sediment surveys undertaken in 2004 and 2005 (Williamson et a1. 2004 and Williamson at a1 2005), and two benthic fauna surveys of the same locations in 2004 and 2005 (Stephenson 2005, 2006). Outlines methods, statisticalIy analyses all data for spatial and temporal trends, in terms of species diversity, biomass, and chemical concentration patterns. There is nothing about the structure of the fine sediment community to suggest it is unstable at present. Differences in benthic ecology between the two arms are probably due to textural differences in the sediments. Although the concentration of contaminants (especially zinc, and to some extent copper lead and DDT) are above sediment quality guidelines, there is no clear evidence that these elevated concentrations have resulted in a significant adverse effects on the benthic ecology. Vanability in concentrations of pollutants between 2004 and 2005 was low. The faunal surveys showed that all sites showed 'gains' and losses' in species, with the species responsible for the change spread across all major taxonomic groups. Extensive appendix of data.

SIoffers, P. , G. P. Glasby, W. L. PIueger and P. Waner (1983). Reconnaissance survey of the mineralogy and geochemistry of some New Zealand lake and nearshore sediments. New Zenlund Journal o1Marii?e and Freshwtttei. Resetirc/I 17(4): 461-480 Samples from New Zealand lakes, sounds, harbours and fords are analysed for their mineralogy and chemical composition. Trends and relationships statisticalIy analysed Chemical and mineralogical analyses of sediment from Pauatahanui Inlet are included. The mineralogy of Panatahanuilnletis dominated by quartz, feldspar, mica and chlorite, abundant heavy metals and a quartz feldspar ratio of 3.6. Silicon oxides dominate (60%) followed by aluminium oxides (14%). Trace elements lead, zinc, chromium all below ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low', and copper, nickel and cobalt were below the detection limit.

Williamson, B. , G. 01sen and M. Green (2004). Greuier Well^}Igtoit Regional Councilloiig ferni baseline 1710/1iioring of Indrine sediiiienis ill Porirwu Harbour, prepared by National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Science for Greater Welling10n Regional Council, NDVA Client Report N"' HAM2004-128 Report on an initialsurvey of Onepoto Arm and Pauatahanuilnlet for establishing a long- term baseline monitoring program for the marine environment. Two sites selected in each arm. Subtidal sites selected due to the sandy nature of interndal sites. In Onepoto Arm, the dominant wind causes reworking of sediments which are likely moved and deposited in the deeper central basin. Geomorphology of Portrua Stream and Onepoto Arm suggests that the coarse sediment load reaching the Arm is low, and thus a high proportion of sediment is likely to be dissolved or suspended. Vanability of the concentrations of pollutants is low, so trend detection should be sensitive. Bioavailable concentrations of zinc and lead in Onepoto were above ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low' Grain size adjusted data shows that copper, lead and zinc are in higher concentrations in Onepoto than Pauatahanui. Total metals in Onepoto show copper and zinc above ARC ERC amber guidelines, whilst zinc is above red guidelines and ANZECC (2000) IsQG low Copper, lead and mostly zinc are present at or near 10 threshold levels where impacts on benthic aquatic life may begin to occur. FAH concentrations are well below guideline levels. DDT concentrations are similar at allsites and above ANZECC (2000)

Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City Council February 20.0 Blaschke and Rutherford Environmental Consultants 37 Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

IsQG 'low'. Suggests identifying if catchment is still a significant source of DDT or if inputs are historical and declining over time. Extensive appendix of data.

Estuary hydrodynamics andsedimentation

Berwick, D. (1978). Hyd, .dunc 1710del stwdres of Pawaiohonui Inlet. In: 'Predictions of physical changes caused by reclamation and dredging", Ministry of Works and Development, Central Laboratories Report No. 3-7715 In 1975 the National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation and the National Roads Board recommended construction of a hydraulic model of Pauatahanuilnlet. The model was built at the Ministry of Works and Development and extensive tests carried out during 1977.

Gibb, J. G. and G. I. Cox (2009). Patterns and rates of sedimentation within POTirua Harbour. Coastal Management Ltd Consultancy Report(CR2009/I) for POTirua City Council Study of the pattern and rate of sedimentation on the POTirua Harbour seafloor over the last 160 years, based on a comparison of hydrographic surveys made between 1849 and 2009 (detailed analysis of sedimentation rates mainly uses the surveys of 1974 and 2009). Both arms of the Harbour have been a relatively stable geomorphic environment over the last 7,300 years or more. They have progressiveIy shallowed from deposition of mud and sand at a net average rate of 1.0-1.5 mintyr. Innlling has progressed in the context of a recently rising global sea-level of 1.95 mintyr. Since forest clearance and land development began, rates of sedimentation have progressiveIy increased. Between 1974 and 2009, they increased to 5.7 min/yr in the Onepoto Arm and 9.1 mintyr in the Pauatahanui Inlet. The tidal prism has been reduced by 1.7% and 8.7% respectively during that time. At current deposition rates Pauatahanui Inlet will have ceased to exist as an estuary within 145-195 years and Onepoto Arm within 290-390 years

Grange, K. R. and P. Luckens (1988). T/Ie marine envi, 'on ritent 11nder Ihejurisdrctioit of Ponyiiu HUI'hour Awn?only. NZ Oceanographic Institute, Division of Marine and Freshwater Science, DSl"^.. Summarises the existing information concerning the types of marine habitats, sediment composition and dynamics of the POTirua Harbour and adjacent open coast under the jurisdiction of the POTirua City Council

Hayward and Triggs (1994), in Bellingham (1998). Includes map of sediment types in Pauatahanui Inlet, reproduced in Bellingham (1998, pp5.21), but further bibliographic details not given

Heath, R. A. (1976). Broad classification of New Zealand inlets with emphasis on residence times. New Zealoiid Journal of Marine and Freshwo!erReseurc/I 10(3): 677-687 Classification of 32 inlets in New Zealand into 7 groups. Pauatahanuilnlet grouped as 'predominantly tidal flow' as the entrance is controlled by tidal movements. Fresh water inflows from each tributary into POTirua Harbour presented

Heath, R. A. (1977). Heal balance in a small coastal inlet Pauatahanuilnlet, North Island, New Zealand. Estuurine und CousinlMni. me Science 5(6): 783-792

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

Estimates the heat budget for Pauatahanui. Temperature at the entrance exhibits strong tidal fluctuations resulting from eXchange with cooler coastal waters. The role of the mudflat in heat balance is only minor

Heath, R. and I. N. Greig (1978). Note on factors influencing the artificial change in water temperature in coastal inlets. New Zealand Energy Journal 25. Healtransfers calculated from observations in summer and winter, including observations at Pauatahanuilnlet. Based on these transfers, author examines the factors controlling the change in water temperature resulting from artificial heatinput

ITwin, J. (1976). Morphological stability of Pauatahanui Inlet, Porirua Harbour. New Zealand Journal of Marine und FreshwaierResenrc/t 10. 641-650 Monitors quantitative changes in bathymetry (horizontal change only) of Pauaiahanui Inlet using aerial photos from 1942 to 1973. No major changes in channel morphology or stream channel positions recorded. Kaho [Kakaho] Stream has developed a birds foot delta changing from one to four branched channels in 15 years. Changes apparently occurring more slowly than in Avon-Heathcote estuary

ITwin, I. (1978). Ponywo Harbowr Baihyi?jelly, New Zealand. Oceanographic Institute Chart, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 1:10000. Miscellaneous Series N'49 Shows bathymetry in 1978. The deepest section of the harbour occurs at the entrance, between Deepwater Point and Ngatitoa Domain the bathymetry drops 10 20m. This channelshallows quickly to around 6m once level with Maria Spit. The channel curves into Pauathanuilnlet, deepening to 7m under SHI bridge, and then follows the southern shoreline close to Shearers Point and gradually shallowing to 3m off Moorehouse Point The rest of Pauatahanui Inlet is ~2m deep. Onepoio Arm is relatively shallow (~2m) with a 3m narrow channel abutting the western side extending down to Te Onepoio Bay Significant bay head deltas occur on the northern and western shores of Pauatahanui Inlet.

Pickrill, R. A. (1979). A micro-inorphological study of interndal estuarine surfaces in Pauatahanui lnlet, POTirua Harbour. New Zenlund lorryrid1 o1Mnriiie & F1. eshwuier Research 13(I): 59-69. Study of monthly changes in morphology of Pauaiahanui Inlet using sedimentation stakes. Determined that the bed morphology is largely stable with most cross sectional profiles OScillating around zero change, with a maximum erosion of 28mm and maximum accretion of 47mm. Most changes are only in the range of plus or minus 2mm, and there is a mean rate of accretion of 2.9mm. Deltas, and beaches at high tide level display a less stable profile. Storm events appear not to change erosion and deposition in the Inlet (with the exception of scour and deposition at bayhead deltas) indicating that sediment delivered was deposited elsewhere or lost to the system. Estimated that of the suspended sediment delivered, probably around 213rds is delivered to the sea

Porteous, T. (2005). Pullamhonui Inki sediiiieniii?ves!18,110it. Environment Committee, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Report N" 05,235 Summary of (Swales at a1. 2005) report commissioned by Greater Welling10n Regional Council and POTirua City Council on sedimentation in Pauatahanuilnlet

Thomas, I. L. (1978). Sedriiieiii/'Sillutioii monitoring within a lidal busiit IISii?g repeliiive LANDSAT CCT dottt. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hull, [online] Retrieved: 25/03/2009, from: ^!^!collltid. inpe. br/fernanda/2003/

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1208/4.051doc/Sediment-illation%20Monitoring%20Within%20a%20Tidal% 20Basin% 20Using%20Repetitive%20Landsat%20CCT%200ata. PDF Technical discussion on the use of satellite data to monitor sedimentation and bathymetry. Test area at Pauatahanuilnlet.

Whitehead, N. , R. Ditchburn, W. MCCabe and W. Mason (1998). Application of natural and artificial fallout radionuclides to determining sedimentation rates in New Zealand lakes. New Zealand Jollyrinlo/Marine and Freshwater Research 32. . 489-503. Sedimentation rate for several New Zealand lakes (including Pauatahanui Inlet) are determined using radio isotopes. Discusses technical use of radio isotopes determining SAR and its application to New Zealand. In Pauatahanuilnlet a peak in sedimentation occurs between 1967-69, whilst present sedimentation rates equal 8.1 =L 0.4 kg in~' yr~'

Planning, roading, development and environmental assessment of effects

Bagnall, P. (1970). Pawnmhanui. u coinpreheitsive development plan. Report for Hull City Council Strategies for development to accommodate 45,000 people by 1986 in Pauatahanui Basin Residential zones at low, medium and high densities mapped across catchments and in dusttial areas zoned leaving all but ridges and high country without development

Truebridge Callender Beach and Company (1992). Repori o711uriher upgrading of Grays Road aroundPnwumhmiui 1111ei. Unpublished report. Summarises and records work done on the issue of upgrading Grays Road. Includes: alternative routes; discussion with Doc and FCC; options; benefit analysis; implementation strategy and statutory considerations

Beca (1993). Assessnient of effecis o11 the enviroi?171eni. Ponywo Sired, ,I chunneli7, IProvei7tenis, Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. , Connell Wagner and Hill Ltd. and Boffa Miskell Partners Ltd. Description of flood protection works for Forirua Stream, including environmental impact assessment, legislative framework and design alternatives. Hydraulic improvements to the stream, including heightening floodwalls, stopbanks and regrading the channelstream are needed to protect above I in 20 year flood events. Low now stream level of the stream to be protected from erosion by emplacement of rip Tap. Includes landscape designs, including replanting of flax that will be removed during works.

Beca (1997). State Highway I upgrade: PIimmerton to Paremata section upgrade. Volume I: Notice of requirement, resource consent applications, assessment of effects on the environment, Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd, report for Transit New Zealand Volume I in Three Parts. I) Notice of requirement; 2) Resource consent applications and culvert designs; 3) Assessment of effects on environment. Volume 2 - Plan and aerial photos. Stream diversion of Taupo Stream is assessed as low impact. Assesses effects on POTirua Harbour/entrance to Panatahanui Inlet. Construction of earlier bridges has narrowed channel, with some impact on tidal flows, which in the long term may impact on flushing of the inlet and increase the rate of minl. Therefore no additional narrowing of channelis 10 occur for this project. Proposed bridge likely to reduce rate of accretion

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchment Appendix 2: Annotated Bibliography

of Inlet and would reduce cross sectional area of channelfrom 720 to 670 in' and produce localised scouring. Tidal velocity predicted to increase from 0.51uls to 0.55m/s. Predicted that sand would continue to travel in same circulation pattern. Any scour at bridge pilings will be localised and limited by the variation in tidal flow direction and underlying compacted clay. Bridge will notimpeded water or fish movement.

Beca (1999). Maria Bypass Re-evuluniion. Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. for Transit New Zealand. Evaluation of all options including 2 lane bridge across the Pauatahanui Inlet beside the existing bridge

BML (1989). Landscape assessment. Western Corridor Technical Re o1t N" 7. Boffa Miskell Ltd for Wellington Regional Council. Supporting technical document to Environmental Impact Report on future SHI route (WRC1989a). Detailed landscape assessment of allroad sections and options, includes ecological evaluation.

Cameron, D. , S. Smith, P. Prendergast, R. G. Wear, V. C. Anderlini and G. Hicks (1989). Warei. resource jinpoc! assessments. Wellington Regional Council, Technical report N' 8. Supporting technical document to Environmental Impact Report on future SHI route (WRC1989a), as part of the Greater Wellington Area Land Use and Transport Strategic Review (CATS). This document covers the aquatic resources of the areas under study i. e. the "coastal corridor" - upgrading the existing SHI route and the "inland corridor" - new road along Transmission Gully and Takapu Valley. The reportis in three parts. Part One: Freshwater Quality and Biology: seven of the main streams were surveyed and a description given of the water quality, penphyton, macrophytes, benthic macroinvertebrates, and freshwater fisheries. Part Two: Hydrology: stream flows, sedimentation, and the characteristics and impacts of roading options on each stream in the area. Part Three: coastal route marine biological evaluation: roading impacts both subtidally and intertidalIy. Sampling includes sites at Maria and Pauatahanui Inlet Species lists included. This reportis the most comprehensive water resource study since Healy (1980), bringing together existing information and new WRC research

Evans, B. , I. Roper-Lindsay, L. Clark, K. Booth and L. KGrkmeester (1989). Western Corridor rechnical repor! N" 6. Landscape assessnieni, prepared for Wellington Regional Council by Boffa Miskell Partners Ltd. Part of the Greater Wellington Area Landuse and Transportation Strategic review (GATS). Technical document supporting the Environmental Impact Report (WRC 1989a). Focuses on ecological, visual and recreation. Identifies intrinsic values of each area the corridor will pass through, how it will be impacted and how it can be mitigated Maps significant ecological areas

Fuller, S. (1994). All assessi?tent o11he ecological inIPnci of roadiitg for file EasierIt Poi'irua Roadiitg SIMdy. Wellington, Report for Beca Carter Hollings and Ferner Ltd Describes ecology associated with 8 proposed road links and possible impacts of each with respect to bush remnants and streams. Author outlines concerns over fragile nature of wetland and marine environment necessitating care in considering and roading and bridge proposals by considering cumulative impacts on inlet and streams. Problems with marginalis ajion of bush remnants and the need for buffer zones to protect forest margins are discussed. There are options for most roading options to avoid or reduce impacts on the inlet and catchment and also for enhancing and protecting native bush remnants and

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areas of saltmarsh in the process. The ecology of Pauatahanui Inlet is considered sufficiently fragile that small alterations will require detailed impact analysis.

Fuller, S. and M. Wassilieff (1995). Designaiio, I of Inland Route (Transmission Gully).. Assessnieniojecologicalinipucis. Beca Stovens, Welling10n. Southern section of proposed route modified since EIA (WRC1989a) requiring new assessment of this section. The majority of the proposed inland route lies within the sub- catchments of Pauaiahanui Inlet and will impact on the downstream values of these catchments and on the inletitself. The new southern route was surveyed and 14 sites identified which would be affected (3 bush remnants, 4 streams, 2 regenerating bush sites, 5 estuarine wetlands of which 4 are wildlife reserves). Each site is described and type of impact discussed. Recommendations given

Gardiner, L. and B. Armstrong (2007). Idenijjj, ing sensiiive receiving eiiviroitn?enis at riskf^om road runoy: Land Transport NZ Research, Report N" 315. GIS-based tool for identifying and ranking sensitive receiving environments at risk from road runoff. The potential for contanitnation is estimated from traffic, congestion, car type etc. POTirua Harbour was used as a pilot study. Identifies which parts of the estuary are most at risk from road runoff and which parts of the road network contribute to that risk. End of Onepoto Arm identified as a significant 'hotspoi', due to cumulative effect of 5 sub-catchments with moderate-high traffic density (starling at Cannons Creek)

Harford, B. (ed) (1990). Audit o11he 'Future Sidle Highway One ROMie' environntenialiiiipac! yepori. Volume I. Main Repori. Wellington, Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Te Kaniaki Taiao a Te Whare Paremata Review of applicant's Environmental Impact Report, and its adequacy. Includes public submissions. Appendix of submitted questions put to Greater Wellington Regional Council and Transit NZ and their responses. Reports from transport planning consultants and social impact consultants.

Maunse11 (2005). Planning balunce sheet assessnieni. WeSIer, I Corridor nunsporiuiioit SIudy Maunsell Ltd. for Greater Wellington Regional Council and Transit New Zealand A Planning Balance Sheet for the SHI options. Includes expert assessments of impact on: air quality, noise, landscape, ecology, built heritage, archaeology, severance, community disruption and active travel

PCE (1993). Managenieni o1 Ihe eiiviron, ,Ten!nl atec!s of coinmerciullopsoil reinoval dnd July" farmi, 28 by Ihe Poriruo Cify Council. Wellington, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Summarises topsoil removal and turf farming activities, including the development of interim guidelines by Wellington Regional Council(1990). Comments on POTirua City Council management of environmental effects assessment and monitoring. Concludes that topsoil removal and turf farming both have potential to cause significant adverse environmental effects, butthatthese can be minimised

Stirling, J. J. (1983). Manu Mai'Ina. ' on environiiteiim1 1171paci assessi, Ieni. Wettington, New Zealand, Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd EIA of the proposed Maria Marina, to fulfillegal requirements for approval from the Ministry of Transport. Presents development proposal, including engineering diagrams and rational for the development, as there is a need for safe mooring facilities outside of the main channel. Details mooring proposals, launching facilities etc Main

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considerations for EIA are sediment transport and hydrodynamics, the impact on flora and fauna, noise and aesthetic values. Prior to Marina, ebb and flood tide currents cause sediments to be deposited in the locality of the marina, which the Maria Cruising Club has dredged since 1963. Brief description of main ebb and flood currents in POTirua Harbour. A net gain in sediment deposited at the marina site is interpreted as equating to the net loss of sediment from Ngatitoa Domain. The erosion of the beach at Ngatitoa Domain (at a rate of 1.1m per year)is caused by the railway embankment interrupting the natural sand circulation pattern by acting as a reflector, keeping sand in suspension and preventing accumulation in front of the embankment. EIA states that the marina would amenorate this erosion as major dredging would cease and sand would be made more available to local beaches. Lists fauna found at the site. All species found elsewhere in POTirua Harbour are either absent or in few numbers at the marina site, most likely due to past dredging activities. Therefore impact on local fauna would be minimal

Synergy (1987). Poriruu Sired11/1/00d 1,111igaiion. Eitvii'o11nieiiial I'llpact Assessiiient. Phase I yepori. Sche, ?Ie opiions assessnieiii. Synergy Applied Research Ltd. for the Welling10n Regional Council Summary of findings on POTirua Stream flooding problems. Focus on feasible means 10 mitigate the impact of flooding, including assessment of design options. Proposal for detention dams and considers cost, maintenance and access for aquatic species Concluded that detention darns at Belmont and SIGbbings had the least adverse environmental impact.

TDG, BECA, Davy-RJ and Rivers-Buchan (1992). Parentala Roodiitg Op!ions. Unpublished report, held at GWRC library, prepared by Traffic Design Group Ltd. , Beca Carter Honings and Ferner Ltd. , R. IDavy and Associates, Rivers Buchan Associates. Considers options for traffic congestion at Maria and Paremata. Covers community consultation, the planning environment, (routes, traffic, network options and designs), social impacts, structural assessment of the Paremata Bridge.

RFA (1993). Enviroiti?Ieniul jiltpuci nssessi, Teiji of proposed uggi'egute exii'aciioit. ' KP and LP W/lane, Mumhys Road, POWn!ahuiiui. Unpublished report, Resource Planning Associates Land owners seeking a land use consent to extract aggregate from a 42ha area of their 318ha farm at the top end of Murphys Road. Describes environmental effects of the proposed activity

WRC (1989b). Land and cousin! jiltpuci assess, ,lent. Wellington Regional Council, Technical report N" 7. Supporting technical document to Environment Impact Report on future SHI route (WRC, 1989a), as part of the Greater Wellington Area Land Use and Transport Strategic Review (GATS). The report is in five parts, covering seismological hazards, slope and stability and erosion assessment land use and land use opportunities, coastal sedimentary processes, and engineering geological appraisal.

WRC (1989d). Technicul I'eporiN"' 8. Water Resource InIPuciAssessmenis, Wellington Regional Council. Supporting documentation to the formalEIR for future SHIToute (WRC 1989a). Covers freshwater quality and biology, hydrology and coastal and marine biological evaluation, highlighting the present situation and potential impact. Lists species of fish, macroinvertebrates. Mapssubcatchments

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Environmental Management andRestoration Plans

Blaschke, P. and C. An SIGy (2002). Pawumhanui yesioraiioit plait - slugel. ' Northern und Errsiei'n Public Reserves. A follow on Iron? "Towards litregrttted Managei?lent". Unpublished report for POTirua City Council and Wellington Regional Council Discussion of the main priorities and issues for Pauatahanui Inlet restoration, with the overriding issue of ecological health. Extensive mapping of sanmarsh and the estuary border, with restoration plans, photos and notes on restoration priorities and issues/difficulties, amenities, scenic and ecological values. Recommends extensive native planting and pest control and increased public access

Blaschke, P. and C. AnSIGy (2004). Pawaiuhunwi yes!oralio, I plan - sluge 2. soulherit und weSIerii calchmenis. Unpublished report for POTirua City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council Focuses on the southern and western edge and the wider southern areas of Pauatahanui Inletincluding the whole of the Duck Creek catchment. Geographical overview, outlines current values and management issues and the restoration and enhancement action programme.

Blaschke, P. , C. An SIGy and F. Forsyth (2009). Ecological yesioration priori!iesjor the Foriruu calchmeni. Wellington, Blaschke & Rutherford, for the Greater Wellington Regional Council, POTirua City Council, Wellington City Council Project aim is to facilitate management of the catchment across city council boundaries by identifying priorities and issues for all groups and organisations involved. Review of the ecological health of POTirua Stream catchment from a management perspective.

BML (1992). Ponyuu City Lulldscupe SIMdy Implemenmtioii Siruiegy. Boffa Miskell Partners for POTirua City Council. Framework for the protection, enhancement and management of the identity and landscape character of POTirua City. Draws on earlier inventory and assessment work on the landscape units of the area. Includes map of the 'landscape units', and outlines the key issues in each area with steps to address these issues

BML (2004c). Nori/lent grownii7iunuge, lienifruiiiework - SIebbiitgs Vulley. , Boffa Miskell Ltd, prepared for Wellington City Council, Report N" W04076/2 (SE, draft) Uses the riparian ecological assessments of Belmont and Stebbings Streams (BML 2004a, b) to outline proposed remedialion works. Covers the remedial works needed to enhance fish passage, water quality, riparian management, as well as cost and issues Sets out long term objectives in the context of policies and council plans and water sensitive urban design. Examples of natural storm drainage, grassed swales, and bioreiention systems.

Clarke, I. (1990). Pawatuhoitui 1111ei - a Iru, ?Iework 101' litregraied 1710nttgenien!. Massey University, unpublished (Hons) thesis Existing information aboutthe ecosystem and use of Pauaiahanuilnletis analysed and an assessment of values (ecological, recreational, and visual) and areas of conflict presented. Options for implementation under existing legislation are presented

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DLS (1973). Welling10/11and di^Incl, cousinl reserves my us1180iion, report on Porirua Harbour, Department of Lands and Survey Report to highlight coastal areas of importance recreational use, scenic and environmental value. Supporting document for land purchase and the development of policy to protect such land. Divides harbour into distinct recreational use areas

DLS (1978). Willnitiu Pork Managenieni PIOn. Wellington, Department of Lands and Survey, for Whitireia Park Board, Management Plan Series N"' RR2. Summary of the history, geology, climate, soils, vegetation land tenure and control of Whitireia Park. Development and management proposal and policies

EMS and P. Blaschke (2008). Pawuiohanui 1111eipothwuy. Ration Pont! 10 Pouu!ahanui Village. Appticuii0,110r yesowrce consents. Environmental Management Services Limited for PIimmerton Rotary Club and POTirua City Council. Application for Resource Consent for construction of a pedestrian/cyclist pathway from Ration Point to Pauatahanui Village. Details proposed route and design, including native plantings. Road safely and visual effects considered. Documents possible environmental impacts and concludes that with native plantings on the coastal margin, overallthe plan will have positive results. Disturbance 10 birds and increased predation will be Thinor

Hall, A. (2002). Kukai^o Sired171 es!wary restoration plan. Resource Policy report, Wellington Regional Council. Recognition that the nationally significant site is under pressure from direct or indirect human impacts, and the need for a planned restoration work. Outlines restoration objectives and how they will be achieved. Objectives, re-establish native vegetation, control weeds and pests, restrict vehicle access, promote care and community response and work with community groups.

Owen, K. (1984). Parvoiohunui Wildlife Management Reserve Manageiiieiit Flail. Wellington, New Zealand Wildlife Service, Department of Internal Affairs Part I describes the reserve (legal description, physical, access, history, control and management, climate, geomorphology and soils, hydrology, vegetation: List of vascular plants (appendix 7), wildlife: checklist of birds (appendix 8), public use/recreation/scenic values, adjacentland uses), Parts 2 & 3 outline management objectives and polices.

PCC (1994). Ponyuo City lundscupe siraiegy. POTirua City Council Focus is to contribute to the identification and development of a distinctive landscape and character of Portrua City by providing strategies for the protection, management and enhancement of the landscape. Ten landscapes covered

PCC (no date). Sirniegic wdlkwuy proposal- preliminary illves!igaiioi? nilo walkway OPPoriuniiies for Poi'iruu City. POTirua City Council, Revision One' Outlines recreational and pedestrian needs for walkways. Lists and maps proposed walkways and tabulaies properties of these and ranks options. Few flora and fauna surveys of proposed walkway areas exist so for most options it is 'unknown'if significant habitat is impacted by the proposals. Proposed walkways circle the inlet, to provide human access to all areas of the coast. No discussion of ecological impacts

PIAG (2000). Towards In legruted Inariugeii?ent. ' POWuiuhanwi Inlet aciio, I plait. PauatahanuiInlet Advisory Group. Publication N' WRC RP-G-00133

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A community vision for Pauatahanui Inlet. Management plan for Pauatahanuilnlet, focused on protecting and enhancing the quality of the environment. Highlights issues that need researching and addressing, actions to address these issues and desired outcomes. Highlights potential conflict and management. Submitted with consultation of stakeholders

PICT (2001). Planiiiig wiih tt purpose. Make a difference 10 Ihe Inlei. Pauatahanui Inlet Community Trust, Greater Wellington Regional Council and Porirua City Council. Educational pamphlet describing the estuary, its importance and biological characteristics. Outlines reasons for local residents to plant native species. Provides information on species types and best locations to plant them. Key outcome of this pamphletis to prevent erosion

QE2NT (1989). Taupo Swanip PIi7iiinertoi? Manageii?ent Plan. Wellington, Queen Elizabeth H National Trust. Maps and describes Taupo Swamp. The swamp contains regionalIy unique and diverse vegetation and succession stages, and is one of the few lowland topogenous mires in the region (topogenous referring to a topographic barrier preventing free and natural drainage, and local water via a fresh stream source). Describes history, soils, bird species of the area, adjacent land use and associated potential management issues. Proposes policies on water management, fire control, access, commercial exploitation, noxious plant control, and fencing, with a policy of protection, maintenance and enhancement of the natural values of the swamp fro the benefit and enjoyment of the public.

Rosier, J. (1993). Mttnoge, lieni of Pawttttthttnwi 1111ei. ' Discussion Docunieni. Report for Wellington Regional Council Comments on the suitability of a number of different planning-based methods that may be used, under various legislation to: protect important ecological values; deal with adverse effects of human activities; ensure integrated management of the catchments and coastal marine areas of Pauatahanui Inlet. Recognises importance of Pauaiahanui Inlet being the largest relatively unmodified estuarine areas in the southern part of the North Island.

WCC (2008). Draft Noriherii Reserves Manageii?errt Plan. Wellington City Council List of reserves in the Wellington and Forirua City areas. Notes which contain representations of natural ecosystems and ecological domains. Plan describes allreserves and sets out objectives and policies for them, including objectives and policy for ecology Key gaps in ecological connectivity of the reserve network include the Tawa Basin, Grenada North, Churlon Park and Glenside. Also emphasizes weed and pest control and the negative effect of horse grazing on biodiversity

WRC and FMR (2001). Cunnoits Creek yes!oralioii und developi, teniplun, Belnioni Regional Park. Wellington Regional Council and Friends ofMaara Roa Restoration and development plan for Cannons Creek Valley, also known as Maara Roa Accounts achievements to date, as depicted by photographs of the area. Describes the vegetation 12 years ago, and how the remnant forest has been enhanced. Gives restoration methods and techniques, including which areas to target to achieve the best long term results. Discusses planting, pest control, site selection, ongoing maintenance and fire protection. Consideration given to recreation, especially as the valley is a link to

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Belmont Regional Park. Outlines track construction, maintenance and signage. Provides a flora species list and a description of the vegetation.

WRC, PCC, Doc and MAF (1995). linegraied Indriogeiiieiti of Pawu!ahonwi 1111ei. Welling10n Wellington Regional Council, POTirua City Council, Department of Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Several agencies have management responsibilities for the inlet and its catchmeni Current statutory controls are documented and those proposed for the inlet. Most perceived problems affecting inlet result from activities which occur above the mean high water springs line

Social and Historical Sources

Blake, A. H. (2002). The "savages" of Otaki. Sixty years in New Zealand: stories of peace and war. Oldki Historical Society lorryn01 24. 13-15 Historical account of the early history of 01aki and surrounds. Description of the early (1909) landscape and vegetation, which was densely wooded.

BML (2005). Review of cullurul OSpec!s of the cousinl rowie & Transi?lissioit Gwlly motorwuy weSIerii corridor Iransporiaii'o11 SIudy. Tauranga, Boffa Miskell Ltd. for POTirua City Council, Reference: To 5101. This report identified cultural values in the study area founded on occupation, use and association over a several centuries and are focused along the coastal area, including POTirua harbour/Panatahanui Inlet. Recounts tangaia whenua traditions of the POTirua area. Taniwha, migration waka, important ancestors and groups of tangata whenua all feature within these coastal areas. The sites and areas significant to tangata whenua are many, however, again are mainly located within the coastal areas with the exception of inland refuges during times of conflict, harvesting areas and tracks. Assessment of the impact of the proposed highway routes on these cultural areas

Brodie, J. W. (1980). An early history of Pauatahanui. Pp. 11- 34 in Healy (ed). (1980). Comprehensive summary of the history of the Pauatahanui Inlet and catchment Illustrated with many contemporary drawings and photos.

Heath, B. and H. Balham (1994). n?e Purer^?did SIory. Wellington, New Zealand, Paremata Residents Association Historical account of Paremaia using original sources. Concentrating on notable local people and events, focusing on Paremata.

KGith, M. (1990). Tiley came o11 1/7e rides. ' a shori his!OJT ofPorii'wu rind IIS people. POTirua, New Zealand, POTirua City Council. History of POTirua, some mention of geological history, but concentrated on human activities

Scrimgeour, A. (1995). Froni village to city cenire. Porirua, New Zealand, POTirua Museum, POTirua City Council Photographs and description of the development and expansion of POTirua City over time Concentrating on buildings and architecture

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Shoehan, M. (1988). Puuomhonuilnlet. . Discussion Docunieni. Wellington Regional Council. Includes descriptions of early Maori settlement of inlet, conflict with Europeans, military occupation in area, Pauatahanui village, flora and fauna. 16p. illustrated booklet

Walton, A. (2002). All archueologicul survey of Wiltiii. eta Park, Ponywo. Well^^g!on. New Zealand, Department of Conservation, Internal Series 62. Lists, locales and describes the condition of 33 archaeological sites at Whitireia Park.

Wallon, A. (2003). New Zealand Redoubis, Stockades, and Blockhouses, 1840-1848. Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Conservation, Doc Science Internal Series 122 Describes, lists and maps early European fortifications. Discusses survival potential of sites. 5 sites in POTirua

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