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By Stephen J. Lawrence Water-Resources Investigations

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By Stephen J. Lawrence Water-Resources Investigations WATER-RESOURCES APPRAISAL OP THE LAKE TRAVERSE INDIAN RESERVATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA By Stephen J. Lawrence U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4031 Huron, South Dakota 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Rm. 408, Federal Bldg. Federal Center, Bldg. 810 200 4th St. SW Box 25425 Huron, SD 57350 Denver, CO 80225-0425 CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................ 1 Introduction .............................. 1 Physiography ........................... 2 Climate .............................. 2 Geology .............................. 6 Surface water .............................. 6 Surface-water quantity ....................... 15 Streams ............................ 15 Lakes ............................. 21 Surface-water quality ....................... 21 Streams ............................ 21 Lakes ............................. 27 Ground water .............................. 31 Hydrogeology ............................ 32 Ground-water quality ........................ 35 Needed additional studies ........................ 38 Summary ................................. 40 Selected references ........................... 41 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation in South Dakota ................. 3 2. Map showing physiographic divisions in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ............... 4 3. Graphs showing 30-year (1951-80) mean monthly precipitation and the 95th-percentile value for selected sites in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ........ 5 4. Map showing bedrock geology in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ............... 7 5. Map showing glacial deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ..... 8 6. Geologic section across the northern part of the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ............... 9 7. Map showing contributing drainage area of the Big Sioux River basin upstream from confluence with Mud Creek and location of streamflow-gaging stations in the contributing part of the basin in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ............. 11 8. Map showing noncontributing drainage areas of the Big Sioux and James River basins and location of selected lakes in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation .... 12 9. Map showing drainage area of the Souris-Red-Rainy River basin and location of streamflow-gaging stations in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ........ 13 10. Map showing drainage area of the Upper Mississippi River basin and location of streamflow-gaging stations in and near the Lake Travervse Indian Reservation ...... 14 11. Graphs showing statistics of mean daily discharge for the period of record at three streamflow-gaging stations in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ....... 16 12. Graphs showing statistics of cumulative runoff for the period of record at three streamflow-gaging stations in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ....... 19 13. Graphs showing 7-day, 10-year and 15-day, 10-year minimum discharges for the period of record at three streamflow- gaging stations in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ......................... 20 14. Graphs showing lake levels and corresponding total rainfall at Sisseton for water years 1936-76 ......... 23 15. Diagrams of water quality at three stream sites in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation .......... 24 16. Diagrams of water quality of four lakes in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ............. 28 17. Map showing depth below land surface and thickness of sand and gravel deposits in the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ............... 33 18. Map showing water-table altitude in surficial sand or gravel in the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ........ 34 19. Diagrams of ground-water quality by well depth for wells in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation .... 36 20. Trilinear plot of water chemistry by well depth for wells in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation .... 39 xv TABLES Page Table 1. Streamflow-gaging stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation . 15 2. Magnitude and recurrence interval of instantaneous peak flow at gaging stations in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ............... 18 3. Physical characteristics of selected lakes in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ........... 22 4. Summary of water-quality data for the Bois de Sioux River near White Rock .................. 26 5. Lakes in and near the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation grouped by median concentrations of dissolved solids . 30 CONVERSION FACTORS For readers who may prefer to use metric (International System) units rather than inch-pound units, the conversion factors for the inch-pound units used in this report are listed below: Multiply inch-pound unit By. To obtain metric unit acre 0.4047 hectare acre-foot (acre-ft) 1,234 cubic meter cubic foot per second 0.02832 cubic meter per second (ft 3 /s) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer inch 25.4 millimeter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer mile per hour (mi/h) 1.609 kilometer per hour square mile (mi 2 ) 2.590 square kilometer To convert degrees Celsius (°C) to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) use the following formula: °F = 1.8 x °C + 32. Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)--a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called "Mean Sea Level." WATER-RESOURCES APPRAISAL OF THE LAKE TRAVERSE INDIAN RESERVATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA By Stephen J. Lawrence ABSTRACT The water resources within the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation consist of streams, lakes/ wetlands, and ground water stored in alluvium and glacial outwash deposits. Streamflow may cease during dry periods and during the winter. Lakes and ponds within the reservation are located predominantly within internally drained basins. Evaporation and ground-water recharge affect the fluctuations in lake levels and the water quality of the lakes. Dissolved-solids concentrations in lakes generally range from 500 to 10,000 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-solids concentrations in streams generally range from 500 to 1,000 milligrams per liter; the water generally is suitable for domestic, agricultural, and some industrial use. However, nutrient concentrations tend to be greater than natural background concentra­ tions in both lakes and streams, and indicate unidentified sources of nutrients that affect the water quality. The development of surface-water resources is hindered by a lack of storage capacity within the numerous lakes, a lack of sustained streamflow, and a lack of suitable sites for construction of reservoirs. Therefore, the ground-water resource remains the only source with a potential for development into dependable water supplies within the reservation. Ground-water resources within the Coteau des Prairies, a glacial upland, occur within glacial-outwash and alluvial deposits. Recharge and discharge points may be present in the Coteau where gravel deposits are within 5 feet of land surface. Locally, the sand and gravel deposits in the Coteau may be as thick as 70 feet. The water within these sand and gravel deposits generally is suitable for most uses; calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the dominant ions. Ground water also occurs in sand and gravel deposits within the Minnesota River-Red River lowlands. Water in these deposits tends to be more mineralized than water in the sand and gravel deposits in the Coteau des Prairies. The regional ground-water flow generally is to the east in the Minnesota River-Red River lowlands, and to the west in the Coteau des Prairies. Additional data are needed to define the ground-water resource with sufficient detail to allow knowledgeable development of ground-water supplies. INTRODUCTION A knowledge of the quantity and quality of both surface- and ground- water resources is an important component of any plan designed to direct the economic development of semiarid areas such as South Dakota. Both the Indian tribal councils and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs have become keenly aware of the importance of water to the Indian tribes of South Dakota. Such awareness has been increased by debate about Indian water rights, particu­ larly with respect to the "first in time, first in right" and "use it or lose it" concepts in the "appropriation" and "riparian" doctrines of water law, and by the need for additional water supplies to support the expanding agri­ cultural base and expanding domestic needs on the Indian reservations. In meeting this need for water-resources knowledge, most of the tribal councils have completed at least limited studies of the water resources within their reservations. Prior to this study, the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation was the only reservation in South Dakota without such a study. This study of the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation in South Dakota (fig. 1) brings into a single document both published and unpublished data and information regarding the surface- and ground-water resources in the reservation. The 105 mi 2 of the reservation within North Dakota was not con­ sidered in
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