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Bottom Sediments and Organic Geochemical Residues of Some Minnesota Lakes

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Bottom Sediments and Organic Geochemical Residues of Some Minnesota Lakes MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRISCILLA C. GREW, Director BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL RESIDUES OF SOME MINNESOTA LAKES EM. Swain Report of Investigations 41 ISSN 0076-9177 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Saint Paul - 1992 BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL RESIDUES OF SOME MINNESOTA LAKES The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, or sexual orientation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword ........................................................................................ v Preface ........................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ............................... , ............................................. , v Abstract .......................................................................................... 1 Introduction .......................................... , .......................................... 2 Facies of Lake Sediments ...................................................................... 2 Clay Minerals .................................................................................. 42 Fossils ......................................................................................... 44 Carbohydrates ................................................................................. 44 Protein Amino Acids ......................................................................... 4 8 Hydrocarbons ................................................................................. 52 Pigments ....................................................................................... 53 Discussion. .. 5 9 References Cited. .. 64 FIGURES la Characteristics of surface sedimen ts .................................................... 4 1b Oxidation-reduction potentials in bottom waters and sediments .................... 5 2 Poplar Lake, Cook County, Minnesota ............................................... 7 3 Gunflint Lake, Cook County, Minnesota .............................................. 8 4 Seagull Lake (part), Cook County, Minnesota ........................................ 9 5 Snowbank Lake, Lake County, Minnesota .......................................... 10 6 Vermilion Lake (part), St. Louis County, Minnesota ............................... 11 7 CraneLake,St. LouisCounty,Minnesota ........................................... 12 8 Lac La Croix, St.Louis County, Minnesota ......................................... 13 9 Moose Lake, Itasca County, Minnesota .............................................. 15 10 Leech Lake, Cass County, Minnesota ................................................ 16 11 Shell Lake, Becker County, Minnesota ............................................. 1 7 12 Whitefish Lake (part), Crow Wing County, Minnesota ............................ 18 13 Pelican Lake, Crow Wing County, Minnesota .................................... " 1 9 14 Mille Lacs Lake, Crow Wing, Aitkin and Mille Lacs counties, Minnesota ..... 2 0 15 Cormorant Lake, Becker County, Minnesota ....................................... 22 16 Leek Lake, Otter Tail County, Minnesota ............................................ 23 17 Big McDonald Lake, Otter Tail County, Minnesota ............................... 24 18 Otter Tail Lake, Otter Tail County, Minnesota ....................................... 25 19 East Battle Lake, Otter Tail County, Minnesota ................................... " 2 6 20 Lake Miltona, Douglas County, Minnesota .......................................... 27 21a Traverse Lake, Traverse County, Minnesota ........................................ 28 21 b Traverse Lake, Traverse County, Minnesota ........................................ 2 9 22a Big Stone Lake, Big Stone County, Minnesota ..................................... 30 22b Big Stone Lake, Big Stone County, Minnesota ..................................... 31 22c Big Stone Lake, Big Stone County, Minnesota ..................................... 32 23 Green Lake, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota ......................................... 33 111 24 French Lake, Rice County, Minnesota ............................................... 34 25 LakeShetek, Murray County, Minnesota ............................................ 35 26 Albert Lea Lake, Freeborn County, Minnesota ...................................... 36 27 Elysian Lake, Waseca County, Minnesota ........................................... 39 28 Zumbro Lake, Wabasha and Olmsted counties, Minnesota ........................ 40 29 Lake Pepin, Goodhue and Wabasha counties, Minnesota ........................ 4 1 30 Amino acids of Tamarack Bog sediments ............................................ 47 31 Moisture content, ignition loss, chlorinoid pigments and total carbohydrates of a core from Red Lake Bog .......................................................... 58 32 Principal lake sediment facies in Minn e sot a .......................................... 61 33 Principal clay mineral facies in Minnesota lake sediments ........................ 61 34 Ostracoda biofacies in profundal Minnesota lake sediments ...................... 62 TABLES la Chemical analyses of lake sediments from Minnesota .............................. 6 1b Carbon and nitrogen analyses of lake sediments in per cent of dried sample, Minnesota lakes and Pyramid Lake, Nevada ................................ 6 2 Properties of lake sediments in northeastern Minnesota ........................... 14 3 Properties of lake sediments in northwestern Minnesota .......................... 2 1 4 Properties oflake sediments in north-central Minnesota ........................... 21 5 Properties oflake sediments in east-central Minnesota ........................... 36 6 Properties of lake sediments in west-central and southwestern Minnesota .... 37 7 Properties of lake sediments in southeastern Minnesota ......................... 4 2 8a Clays and other minerals of lake sediments of northeastern and north- central Minnesota ..................................................................... 4 3 8b Clays and other minerals of lake sediments of east-central, west-central, southwestern and southeastern Minnesota ......................................... 43 9 Carbohydrate contents of lake sediments in northeastern, west- central and north-central Minnesota ................................................. 45 10 Carbohydrate contents of lake sediments in east-central Minnesota ............ 45 11 Carbohydrate contents of Rossburg Bog peat ...................................... 46 12 Carbohydrate contents of Bethany Bog peat ........................................ 4 6 13 Carbohydrate components of lake sediments in northwestern and east- central Minnesota ..................................................................... 4 7 14 Amino acid residues from sediments of northeastern Minnesota lakes ......... 4 9 15a Amino acids in core samples from Upper Red Lake, Minnesota ................ 50 15b Amino acids in core samples from Lower Red Lake, Minnesota ............... 51 16 Amino acids in core samples from Mille Lacs, Minnesota ....................... 51 17 Amino acid residues of peats of Tamarack Bog, Minnesota ..................... 52 18 Chromatographic analyses of hydrocarbons from lake sediments in northeastern Minnesota ............................................................... 55 19a Chromatographic separation of lipid substances of lake plants from Blue Lake, Minnesota ................................................................. 55 19b Chromatographic separation of lipid substances of lake plants from Clear Lake, Minnesota ............................................................... 5 6 20 Chromatographic analyses of lipoid substances in sediments from Big Kandiyohi Lake, Minnesota ..................................................... 56 21 Chlorinoid and carotenoid pigment contents of 1 m sediment cores in northern Minnesota lakes ............................................................ 57 22 Ratios of amino acids in Kirchner Marsh sediments ............................... 57 IV FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bottom Sediments and Organic Geochemical The Minnesota Department of Natural Residues of Some Minnesota Lakes, by F.M. Resources provided valuable limnologic data, in Swain, Professor, Department of Geology and particular the reports of John B. Moyle and John Geophysics, University of Minnesota, was first Dobie. The late Samuel Eddy provided much submitted to the Minnesota Geological Survey in helpful information. Kendell A. Dickinson assisted early 1969. After several technical reviews, P.K. with much of the field work. M. Alan Rogers, Sims, Director of the Survey at the time, approved Harvey Meyer, Peter Fleischer, Mikola the manuscript for publication on May 31, 1969. Malinowsky, Dennis Deischl, Gunta V. Pakalns, Sims intended to publish the report as part of the Inara Porietis, David Peterson, Judy M. Bratt, Geological Survey's Special Publication Series. Patricia Bloomgren, and Shirley Kraemer, at the For reasons long forgotten, the report languished in University of Minnesota, assisted with the field and the files for several years. After a severe financial laboratory work. The Graduate School, the cutback in 1972, P. K. Sims resigned as Director; Minnesota Geological Survey, and the he was replaced by Matt S. Walton. Shortly after Limnological
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