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L.) All. (Salviniaceae Souza et al. Copper accumulation by the root and leaf biomass of Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Salviniaceae) Scientific Electronic Archives Issue ID: Sci. Elec. Arch. Vol. 14 (7) July 2021 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/14720211369 Article link: https://sea.ufr.edu.br/SEA/article/view/1369 Copper accumulation by the root and leaf biomass of Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Salviniaceae) Larissa Braun de Souza Federal University of Mato Grosso Corresponding author Franciele de Freitas Federal University of Mato Grosso [email protected] Sabrine Lunardi Federal University of Mato Grosso Janaina Saiz Cassins Von der Osten Federal University of Mato Grosso Rafael Arruda Federal University of Mato Grosso Ricardo Lopes Tortorela de Andrade Federal University of Mato Grosso Leandro Dênis Battirola Federal University of Mato Grosso ______________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract. Aquatic plants are often exposed to metal contamination. The study evaluated the bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) ions in aqueous solution by the biomass of leaves and roots of the macrophyte Salvinia natans. Plants of S. natans were submitted to culture solutions with different concentrations of Cu ions, evaluated at intervals of seven days. The leaf and root samples were separately subjected to atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame atomization to assess the concentration of copper accumulated in its biomass. The results demonstrated a pattern of accumulation dependent on the concentration of the metal in the culture medium and the time of exposure of the plants to the contamination. The accumulation was greater in the biomass of the roots when compared to the leaves. Throughout the experiment, toxicity symptoms were observed in the morphology of plants subjected to all copper concentrations, demonstrating the macrophyte's viability for bioindicating the toxicity of this metal in aquatic environments. A high accumulation of copper ions was obtained both in the biomass of the roots and leaves of the plants, confirming their potential bioaccumulator of Cu. The analysis of biomass suggests an important characteristic of metal compartmentalization by the plant, associating the absorption by the roots and the possible transfer to the leaves. In general, our results show that S. natans is an organism with a potential bioindicator and bioaccumulator of Cu and consists of a viable cost-effective option for phytoremediation of aquatic environments contaminated by metals. Keywords: Aquatic ecosystems; Metals; Phytoremediation; Plants; Treated solutions ______________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction substances by way of metabolic activity, often Bioaccumulation is the process by which explored in phytoremediation strategies (Sooksawat living beings absorb and retain certain chemical et al., 2013; Rodriguez-Hernandez et al., 2019; 59 Souza et al. Copper accumulation by the root and leaf biomass of Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Salviniaceae) Suman et al., 2018; Eid et al., 2019; Muro-González Currently, studies are focused on evaluating et al., 2020). In aquatic environments, the process of the cumulative and support potential of plants bioaccumulation of metallic substances by exposed to large amounts of toxic metals. In the organisms is mainly guided by the quantity and same sense, it is reported that the bioaccumulation chemical form of the element present in water, process in different plant tissues is often unknown sediment or food source (Dummee et al., 2012; (Muro-González et al., 2020). This study evaluated Hejna et al., 2019; Jeong et al., 2021). the bioaccumulation of copper by the biomass of Biological organisms that have this ability leaves and roots of the macrophyte Salvinia natans are often composed of agents that have the potential (L.) All. (Salviniaceae) by varying the initial to remedy or indicate environmental impacts caused concentration of the metal in the culture medium and by the contamination of the environment by different the time of exposure of the plants to the chemical compounds, including heavy metals (Oves contaminant, in order to its potential use in et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2020). An example of remediation strategies and treatment of liquid success in this regard are aquatic macrophytes solutions with metals. (Lunardi et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2019; Al-Homaidan et al., 2020). Methods Aquatic macrophytes are widely distributed Plant material in the tropical regions of the world, where they play Specimens of S. natans were obtained in a different ecological roles, acting essentially as ponds located in the urban area of Alta Floresta, catalysts in the cycling of nutrients and as biological northern Mato Grosso, Brazil (9°53'54.9"S and filters of various types of pollutants (Esteves, 1998; 56°03'38.5”W). After collection, the plants were Chambers et al., 2008), and also in the dynamics conditioned in thermal boxes and transported to and structuring of habitats supported by ideal Integrated Laboratory of Chemical Research climatic conditions (temperature, photoperiod, (LIPeQ) at the Sinop-MT Campus of Federal nutrients, etc.), its high productivity (Thomaz & University of Mato Grosso - UFMT. Cunha, 2010). The potential these plants to remove The Salviniaceae are comprised of floating contaminants, such as heavy metals, is associated aquatic macrophytes, native to South America, with the fact that the constituents of the cell wall of which are very productive in these environments these plants have a binding affinity for the metal (Pitelli et al., 2014; Maria et al., 2018). Salvinia are ions, allowing for the capture of the elements of the popularly known as moss or water fern, is an annual aquatic environment and their accumulation in the macrophyte, heterosporate pteridophyte, whose biomass (Rodrigues et al., 2016; Freitas et al., reproduction occurs either by way of spores or 2019). Among the aquatic macrophytes, several vegetatively (Freitas et al., 2018a). This plant has a species have been prominent in this function, mainly floating, branched and filamentous stem, with longer representatives of Salviniaceae (Freitas et al., than wider leaves, covered with small hairs or 2018a, b; Loría et al., 2019; Palacio et al., 2020). papillae, all at the apex placed in regular rows and Copper is one of the most common metals in lying flat on the surface of the water (e.g. Bercu, nature, present in living beings as an essential 2006). The roots are adapted to function as a constituent, originating from geological processes or sponge so as to retain water and assist in the from residues arising from anthropic activities filtration of the nutrients (Pompêo, 2008). (Casagrande et al., 2018; Holtra & Zamorska- Wojdyła, 2020). It is widely used in agricultural Experimental design industries, cosmetics, coatings, fungicides, food All plants were washed in the laboratory industry, chemical industry, fuel additives, textile under running water to remove impurities from the industries, medical industry, paints, plastics, collection site. The plants were distributed into 12 wastewater treatment, and electronics (Rajput et al., containers each containing 30 liters of water with 2017). additional nutrients necessary for plants In addition to the problem of high dispersion maintenance: 240 mL of Ammonium Carbonate -1 in the environment, the narrow limit between (NH4)2CO3 (1 mol.L ) and 90 mL of Potassium -1 concentrations considered acceptable and those Phosphate Dibasic (K2HPO4) (1 mol.L ). Buffering of that are toxic to living beings in general is also a pH between 6.5 and 7.0 was carried out by adding - concern (Grigoletto et al., 2012; Santana et al., Potassium Phosphate Monobasic (KH2PO4) (1mol.L 2017; Zhou et al., 2018; Luo et al., 2020). In 1) to the culture medium. The values of pH values concentrations considered critical for plants, copper were selected based on the pH of the water from the promotes leaf chlorosis and causes cytotoxicity and water bodies where S. natans live in the region. promotes oxidative stress by generating reactive In each container 60 specimens of S. natans oxygen species (ROS) that are harmful to plants were placed. These were divided into four (Kumar et al., 2020). The decline in plant biomass, treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4), with each treatment reduced root growth and chlorosis is the most usual differing in copper concentration (T1 = 1 μg.mL-1 indication in plants under Cu stress (Lange et al., copper, T2 = 3 μg.mL-1 copper, T3 = 5 μg.mL-1 2017; Freitas et al., 2018a). copper, and T4 = 0 μg.mL-1 copper as the control treatment). Copper sulfate (CuSO4) was used at the 60 Souza et al. Copper accumulation by the root and leaf biomass of Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Salviniaceae) concentrations stipulated for the study. The copper models and figures were constructed in R concentrations used in each treatment were defined environment (Core Team, 2014). based on the maximum value allowed (MPV = 0.009 mg/L Cu) in aquatic ecosystems, established by Results and discussion Brazilian Law, Resolution N° 357 March 17, 2005, Salvinia natans presented an accumulation National Council of the Environment (Conselho pattern which was dependent on concentration and Nacional do Meio Ambiente, (CONAMA, 2005), with time. In general, the higher the concentration of all treatments being above the maximum value, thus copper in the medium, the higher the accumulation characterising a contaminated environment. The levels in both leaf and root
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