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Stem Rust Resistance in 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS Double Wheat-Rye Translocation Lines

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Stem Rust Resistance in 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS Double Wheat-Rye Translocation Lines Original Paper Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 51, 2015 (4): 148–154 doi: 10.17221/80/2015-CJGPB Stem Rust Resistance in 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS Double Wheat-Rye Translocation Lines Mahbubjon RAHMATOV 1, Larisa GARKAVA-GUSTAV SSON 1, Ruth WANYERA2, Brian STEFFENSON 3, Matthew ROUSE 4 and Eva JOHANSSON 1 1Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden; 2Food Crops Research Center, Kenyan Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Njoro, Kenya; 3Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA; 4Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, USA Abstract Rahmatov M., Garkava-Gustavsson L., Wanyera R., Steffenson B., Rouse M., Johansson E. (2015): Stem rust resist- ance in 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS double wheat-rye translocation lines. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 51: 148–154. The wheat stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, is a significant and devastating disease of wheat crops worldwide. Wheat has many wild relatives in which to source new resistance genes, including the cereal crop of rye in the tertiary genepool. The aim of this study was to assess the reaction of 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS double wheat-rye translocation lines to virulent stem rust races from Africa and North America. BC1F3 and BC1F4 populations from a cross between the line KR99-139 (a double wheat-rye translocation line with 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS) and the bread wheat cultivar Topper were used in the study. Several of the populations homozygous for 1BL.1RS and heterozygous for 2RL.2BS showed resistance and low severity adult plant resistance (20RMR-50MSS) to the African stem rust race TTKSK in the field. None of the tested populations with varying chromosome combinations showed seedling resistance to any of the tested stem rust races. Thus, these resistant populations likely carry gene/s effective at the adult plant stage since all stage resistance genes with major effect appear to be absent based on the seedling assays. Resistant lines combined three chromosomes (1RS, 2RS and 2BS) which make their direct use in breeding more complicated. Mapping studies followed by potential transfer of genes between 2R and 2B will make the identified minor genes more useful in wheat breeding. Keywords: backcrossing; durable resistance; minor genes; Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici Wheat-rye and other alien introgressions are useful 1BL.1RS translocation was first derived from the rye in wheat breeding programs to diversify the sourc- cultivar Petkus and carries a number of race-specific es of resistance against various pathogen and pest resistance genes against stem rust (Sr31), yellow rust populations worldwide (Friebe et al. 1996; Merker (Yr9), leaf rust (Lr26) and powdery mildew (Pm8) & Lantai 1997). The most well-known and widely (Zeller 1973; Friebe et al. 1996). The chromosome used rye chromosome for wheat improvement is 2R translocation carries several resistance genes 1R translocated as 1RS into the wheat genome, i.e. against Hessian fly, tan spot, powdery mildew, leaf as 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS and 1DL.1RS (Merker 1982; rust and stem rust (Hatchett et al. 1993; Hysing Gupta & Shepherd 1993; Rabinovich 1998). The et al. 2007). 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS translocations have been ex- Stem rust is one of the most devastating diseases tensively used as alien sources of resistance genes in of cereal crops on a global scale (Kurt & Szabo wheat breeding worldwide (Rabinovich 1998). The 2005) and is best controlled through the use of host 148 Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 51, 2015 (4): 148–154 Original Paper doi: 10.17221/80/2015-CJGPB resistance. The stem rust resistance gene Sr31 derived BC1F3 populations were thereafter selfed to obtain from rye has been widely used in wheat cultivars BC1F4 populations and both populations were used around the world. Although this gene provided stable for stem rust evaluations in the present study. resistance for over 40 years in wide deployment, it Adult plant stem rust resistance. Evaluations for was overcome by the emergence of a new virulent adult plant resistance (APR) were performed on the race of P. graminis f.sp. tritici (race TTKSK, isolate BC1F3 and BC1F4 populations (plus parents) in 2010 Ug99) originating in Uganda in 1998 (Singh et al. and 2011, respectively, at the Kenyan Agricultural 2008). Race TTKSK is unique in that it possesses and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) in novel virulence to Sr31 and other broadly deployed Njoro, Kenya. Since the materials were winter types, resistance genes making wheat cultivars vulnerable they were vernalized for about 7–8 weeks before to stem rust epidemics in many production areas of transplanting in the field. To establish uniform dis- the world (Pretorius et al. 2000; Jin et al. 2007). ease development on plants, the stem rust nursery More than eight variants in the “Ug99” lineage of stem was surrounded by a planting of susceptible culti- rust races have been reported (http://rusttracker. vars, which became heavily infected and spread rust cimmyt.org/), and they are spreading across east- urediniospores onto the test entries. To establish the ern and southern Africa as well as the Middle East. initial rust infections, stems of the susceptible culti- It is likely that these races will continue to spread vars were needle injected with an aqueous solution to other regions in the ensuing years (Singh et al. of fresh urediniospores and later by direct inocula- 2011). Because of the frequent emergence of new tion of foliage at the boot stage with urediniospores stem rust races, the identification and exploitation suspended in a light mineral oil (Soltrol 170, Chevron of novel sources of resistance genes is an important Phillips Chemical Company LP, Woodlands, USA) priority for wheat breeding. (Bhavani et al. 2011). The percentage of stem and The use of rye with novel disease resistances will leaf sheath foliage infected by stem rust (0-100% broaden the genetic diversity in wheat breeding pro- basis) was assessed visually based on the modified grams. A wheat-rye double translocation line with Cobb scale (Peterson et al. 1948). In addition to 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS was developed and found to disease severity, the infection types (size and type carry promising resistance genes e.g. against powdery of uredinia) observed on host genotypes were also mildew (Merker & Forsstrom 2000; Forsstrom scored where R – resistant, MR – moderately resist- & Merker 2001). The objective of this study was to ant, MS – moderately susceptible and S – suscep- characterize these wheat-rye translocations for their tible (Roelfs et al. 1992). Some translocation lines possible resistance against the widely virulent African exhibited a wider range of infection responses and race TTKSK as well as others from North America. were therefore classified into the broader groups of resistant to moderately resistant (R–MR), moder- MATERIAL AND METHODS ately resistant to moderately susceptible (MR–MS) and moderately susceptible to susceptible (MS–S). Plant materials. BC1F3 and BC1F4 populations Seedling stem rust resistance. Seedling stem from a cross between KR99-139, a double wheat-rye rust resistance tests were conducted at the Univer- translocation line with 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS, and sity of Minnesota and United States Department of the German bread wheat cultivar Topper were evalu- Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service Cereal ated for stem rust resistance. KR99-139 and Topper Disease Laboratory in St. Paul, Minnesota USA in were initially crossed and the resulting F1s were then 2012. The African stem rust races TTKSK (Ug99), backcrossed to both parents to subsequently gener- TTKST, TTTSK, TRTTF, and North American races ate the BC1F1 populations. BC1F1 populations were TPMKC, TTTTF, QTHJC and RKQQC (Rouse et al. divided into four possible homozygous and heterozy- 2011) were used for evaluation of BC1F4 wheat-rye gous groups based on Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) translocation lines (Table 1). For the inoculations, genotyping. Additionally, selections were made based urediniospores were taken from –80°C storage, heat on coleoptile colours and C-banding analyses in order shocked at 40–45°C for 10 min, and placed in a re- to obtain BC1F2 and BC1F3 populations with various hydration chamber (80% humidity over potassium combinations of homozygosity and heterozygosity hydroxide solution) for about 4 h (Rowell 1984). of the two rye translocations 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS Thereafter, the urediniospores were suspended in originating from KR99-139 (Rahmatov 2012). The Soltrol oil and used for inoculation of 8-day-old 149 Original Paper Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 51, 2015 (4): 148–154 doi: 10.17221/80/2015-CJGPB Table 1. Virulence profile of the isolates which was performed for seedling resistance test (Rouse et al. 2011) Race Isolate Origin Avirulence profile Virulence profile TPMKC 74MN1409 USA 6 9a 17 24 30 31 38 5 7b 8a 9a 9d 9e 9g 10 11 21 36 Tmp McN TTTTF 01MN84A-1-2 USA 6 24 31 5 7b 8a 9a 9b 9d 9e 9g 10 11 17 21 30 36 38 McN QTHJC 75ND717C USA 7b 9a 9e 9g 24 30 31 36 Tmp 5 6 8a 9b 9d 10 11 17 21 38 McN RKQQC 99KS76A-1 USA 9e 10 11 17 24 30 31 38 Tmp 5 6 7b 8a 9a 9b 9d 9g 21 McN TTKST 06KEN19v3 Kenya 17 36 Tmp 5 6 7b 8a 9a 9b 9d 9e 9g 10 11 17 21 24 30 31 38 McN TRTTF 06YEM34-1 Yemen 8a 21 24 31 5 6 7b 9a 9b 9d 9e 9g 10 11 17 21 30 36 38 McN TTKSK 04KEN156/04 Kenya 24 36 Tmp 5 6 7b 8a 9a 9b 9d 9e 9g 10 11 17 21 30 31 38 McN TTTSK 07KEN24-4 Kenya 24 Tmp 5 6 7b 8a 9a 9b 9d 9e 9g 10 11 21 30 31 36 38 McN seedlings (5 plants for each line) with the first leaves 8 exhibited moderately susceptible to susceptible fully expanded.
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