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Rules and Regulations Federal Register Vol 15153 Rules and Regulations Federal Register Vol. 81, No. 55 Tuesday, March 22, 2016 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER CFR 301.38 through 301.38–8 (referred Thus, considerations regarding the contains regulatory documents having general to below as the regulations), quarantine potential invasiveness of the Berberis applicability and legal effect, most of which the conterminous 48 States and the spp. plants themselves are outside the are keyed to and codified in the Code of District of Columbia and govern the scope of this rulemaking. Therefore, for Federal Regulations, which is published under interstate movement of certain plants of the reasons given in the direct final rule, 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510. the genera Berberis, Mahoberberis, and we are confirming the effective date as The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by Mahonia, known as barberry plants. The March 22, 2016. the Superintendent of Documents. Prices of species of these plants are categorized as Authority: 7 U.S.C. 7701–7772 and 7781– new books are listed in the first FEDERAL either rust-resistant or rust-susceptible. 7786; 7 CFR 2.22, 2.80, and 371.3. REGISTER issue of each week. Rust-resistant plants do not pose a risk Section 301.75–15 issued under Sec. 204, of spreading black stem rust or of Title II, Pub. L. 106–113, 113 Stat. 1501A– contributing to the development of new 293; sections 301.75–15 and 301.75–16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE races of the rust; rust-susceptible plants issued under Sec. 203, Title II, Pub. L. 106– do pose such risks. 224, 114 Stat. 400 (7 U.S.C. 1421 note). Animal and Plant Health Inspection On January 22, 2016, the Animal and Done in Washington, DC, this 16th day of Service Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) March 2016. published in the Federal Register (81 Kevin Shea, 7 CFR Part 301 FR 3701–3702) 1 a direct final rule to Administrator, Animal and Plant Health [Docket No. APHIS–2015–0079] add the following B. thunbergii varieties Inspection Service. to the list of rust-resistant Berberis [FR Doc. 2016–06476 Filed 3–21–16; 8:45 am] Black Stem Rust; Additions of Rust- species in § 301.38–2(a)(1): BILLING CODE 3410–34–P Resistant Species and Varieties • B. thunbergii ‘BailAnna’ Moscato; • B. thunbergii ‘BailElla’ Lambrusco; AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health • B. thunbergii ‘Daybreak’; Inspection Service, USDA. • NUCLEAR REGULATORY B. thunbergii ‘BailErin’ Limoncello; COMMISSION ACTION: Direct final rule; confirmation of • B. thunbergii ‘BailJulia’ Toscana; effective date. • B. thunbergii ‘NCBT1’; • 10 CFR Part 72 SUMMARY: B. thunbergii x calliantha ‘NCBX3’; On January 22, 2016, the • [NRC–2015–0156] Animal and Plant Health Inspection B. thunbergii x media ‘NCBX1’; and • B. thunbergii x media ‘NCBX2’. Service published a direct final rule. RIN 3150–AJ63 We solicited comments on the rule for The direct final rule notified the public 30 days ending February 22, 2016, and of our intention to amend the black stem List of Approved Spent Fuel Storage indicated that, if we received written rust quarantine and regulations by Casks: Holtec International HI–STORM adverse comments or written notice of adding nine varieties to the list of rust- 100 Cask System; Amendment No. 9, resistant Berberis species and varieties. intent to submit adverse comments, we Revision 1 would publish a document in the We received two comments, which are AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory addressed in this document. Federal Register withdrawing the direct final rule before the effective date. Commission. DATES: The effective date of the direct We received two comments by that ACTION: Direct final rule; confirmation of final rule published January 22, 2016, at date. One commenter fully supported effective date. 81 FR 3701, is confirmed as March 22, the rule. The other commenter stated SUMMARY: The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory 2016. that the rule should not be promulgated Commission (NRC) is confirming the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. because it promoted interstate effective date of March 21, 2016, for the Richard N. Johnson, National Policy commerce of Berberis plants, which are direct final rule that was published in Manager, Black Stem Rust, Pest considered an invasive species in the the Federal Register on January 6, 2016. Management, PHP, PPQ, APHIS, 4700 Midwest and Eastern United States. This direct final rule amended spent River Road Unit 26, Riverdale, MD However, the only supporting fuel storage regulations by revising the 20737–1231; (301) 851–2109. information that the commenter Holtec International HI–STORM 100 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Black provided was a Web site link to a page Cask System listing within the ‘‘List of stem rust is one of the most destructive related to varieties of Berberis in the approved spent fuel storage casks’’ to plant diseases of small grains that is natural environment, and not the include Amendment No. 9, Revision 1, known to exist in the United States. The commercially produced and marketed to Certificate of Compliance No. 1014. disease is caused by a fungus (Puccinia cultivars that were the subject of the Amendment No. 9, Revision 1, changes graminis) that reduces the quality and rule. Moreover, APHIS’ restrictions on cooling time limits for thimble plug yield of infected wheat, oat, barley, and the interstate movement of Berberis spp. devices, removes certain testing rye crops. In addition to infecting small plants are imposed to ensure that those requirements for the fabrication of grains, the fungus lives on a variety of plants do not pose a risk of spreading Metamic HT neutron-absorbing alternate host plants that are species of black stem rust or contributing to the structural material, and reduces certain the genera Berberis, Mahoberberis, and development of new races of the rust. Mahonia. The fungus is spread from minimum guaranteed values used in host to host by windborne spores. 1 To view the direct final rule and the comments bounding calculations for this material. The black stem rust quarantine and received, go to http://www.regulations.gov/ Amendment No. 9, Revision 1, also regulations, which are contained in 7 #!docketDetail;D=APHIS-2015-0079. changes fuel definitions to classify VerDate Sep<11>2014 15:43 Mar 21, 2016 Jkt 238001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\22MRR1.SGM 22MRR1 asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES.
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  • Stem Rust on Wheat and Barley
    Identification and Management of Stem Rust on Wheat and Barley Stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust comprise a production. The first of these races, known as ‘Ug99’, complex of diseases that reduces wheat and barley was originally detected in Uganda, Kenya, and grain production. These rust diseases occur in nearly Ethiopia. Since this initial detection, additional races all areas of the United States and Canada. The of the fungus have been reported and are further importance of any member of the complex at a given complicating efforts to contain the problem. location is determined by specific interactions with If these new races spread to North America, current wheat varieties, they may threaten wheat crop growth stage, and and barley production. weather conditions. Why does the genetic In preparation for the Stem rust has been resistance appear to fail? possible introduction of present in North America Currently genetic resistance is an effective these new races of stem for hundreds of years. means of managing the rust diseases of rust, a number of critical A series of particularly wheat and barley. Because the populations questions arise regarding severe outbreaks occurred the most effective ways during the early 1930s and of the fungi that cause rust diseases can to identify, monitor, and 1950s. These outbreaks change and adapt to the resistance genes of manage the disease. This caused serious yield loss in current varieties, the durability of this genetic publication answers these many parts of the United resistance has been problematic. These critical questions with the States and Canada with changes occur when naturally occurring best available information the greatest losses in the genetic changes allow members of the about the emerging threat.
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  • EC1802 Reduce Black Stem Rust of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye J
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  • Ug99 Factsheet Updated: May 2010 • Ug99 Is a Single Race of the Fungal Disease Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia Graminis F
    UG99 FACTSHEET Updated: May 2010 • Ug99 is a single race of the fungal disease wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). • First identified from samples collected in Uganda in 1999, hence the popu- lar name Ug99. Scientifically, using North American nomenclature, the race is termed TTKSK. • Wheat stem rust is historically the most feared and devasting disease af- fecting wheat. Under suitable conditions, yield losses of 70% or more are possible. • Stem rust is highly mobile, spreading over large distances by wind or via accidental human transmission (infected clothing or plant material). • For over 30 years, wheat stem rust has largely been under control prima- rily due to the widespread use of wheat cultivars carrying resistance to the disease. • Ug99 is a special cause for concern because it has overcome the resistance in most wheat cultivars. An estimated 80-90% of all global wheat cultivars growing in farmer’s fields are now susceptible to Ug99 or variants. • Ug99 is the only known race of wheat stem rust that has virulence for an extremely important resistance gene - Sr31. In addition, Ug99 has virulence against most of the resistance genes of wheat origin and other resistance genes from related species. • Six additional races have now been identified in the Ug99 lineage. These all have an identical DNA fingerprint to Ug99, but they show different viru- lence patterns. • Additional key resistance genes have been defeated by these variants, nota- bly; Sr24 (races TTKST and PTKST) and Sr36 (race TTTSK). • Ug99 (race TTKSK) has spread throughout East Africa. In 2006 it was con- firmed in Sudan and Yemen, and in 2007 Ug99 was confirmed in Iran.
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  • The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus Is a Threat to World Wheat Production
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  • Recovery Plan for Stem Rust of Wheat
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  • 1916 Devastating Stem Rust Epidemic on Wheat in the Midwest of the U.S
    Sodus Field Laboratory at Cornell University, 1910. 1916 Devastating stem rust epidemic on wheat in the 1918 The War Emergency Board of American Plant Pathologists Midwest of the U.S. Three additional epidemics is formed with the goal of ensuring that the food supply followed in 1935, 1953, and 1954. However, these in the nation would remain secure. This was accomplished later epidemics were caused predominantly by spores by identifying important diseases and focusing efforts on blown north into the Midwest from Mexico and the these diseases through a collaboration of state and federal southern U.S. states rather than by inoculum from personnel. President 1916 E. F. Smith barberries. 1917 Discovery of physiological races in rusts (Puccinia graminis). Morphologically identical fungi from the same species can have different host ranges. This work led to additional research on the variability of plant pathogens and eventually to breeding for resistance to specific pathogen races. President 1917 1917 Effort to eradicate Ribes as an alternate host for M. T. Cook Cronartium ribicola (causal agent of white pine blister rust). An eradication program was established on April 21, 1917, authorizing the destruction of Ribes, with an emphasis on European black currant. New York declared European black currant a public nuisance in 1917, with Massachusetts following in 1927 and Connecticut in 1929. The cultivated European black 1918 War Emergency Board. currant was eradicated in a relatively short time. Massive appropriations were made in the depression years (1930s) and efforts continued to eradicate wild Ribes species until the effort was terminated in 1967. 1918 Division of Nematology formed within USDA, led by 1917 Plant Disease Reporter is initiated by USDA, U.S.
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  • Identifying Rust Diseases of Wheat and Barley
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  • Rust of Wheat Area Under This Crop Is About 30 Million Ha
    Technical Booklet No.02 (2020-21) Wheat Rust: Wheat is major staple crop in India after Paddy. The total Rust of Wheat area under this crop is about 30 million ha. (Approx.) with an annual production of 103 million MT (Approx.). Though many biotic stresses disrupt wheat cultivation, wheat rust is the devastating one not only in India but also throughout the wheat growing countries of the world. Both Stem rust and stripe rust can cause up to 100% crop loss, whereas leaf rust can cause 45-50% crop loss, under favourable climatic conditions. In India stripe rust of wheat (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a threat in 10 million hectares of Northern India, whereas stem rust (caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici threatens about 7 million hectares of Central and Peninsular India. In contrast, leaf rust (caused by P. triticina) is prevalent wherever wheat is grown. Black or stem rust It is caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici. At one time, it was a Government of India feared disease of wheat crop worldwide. The fear of stem Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer’s Welfare rust was understandable because an apparently healthy Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmer’s Welfare crop three weeks before harvest could be reduced to a black Integrated Pest Management Division tangle of broken stems and shrivelled grain by harvest. Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine & Storage NH-IV, Faridabad -1- Symptoms If more pustules are produced, stem become weakened and lodge. The pathogen attacks other host (barberry) to complete its life cycle. Symptoms are very different on this woody host.
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