DOCSLIB.ORG

Body Mechanics 18 Mtj/Massage Therapy Journal Spring 2013 Contraction Is Described Asan Eccentriccontraction Isdescribed Contraction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Body Mechanics 18 Mtj/Massage Therapy Journal Spring 2013 Contraction Is Described Asan Eccentriccontraction Isdescribed Contraction EXPERT CONTENT Body Mechanics by Joseph E. Muscolino | illustrations by Giovanni Rimasti “Perhaps no muscles are more misunderstood and have more dysfunction attributed to them than the psoas muscles. Looking at the multiple joints that the psoas major crosses, and ... it is easy to see why. PSOAS MAJOR FUNCTION A Biomechanical Examination of the Psoas Major INTRODUCTION MUSCLE BIOMECHANICS The psoas major is a multijoint muscle that spans from A typical muscle attaches from the bone of one body the thoracolumbar spine to the femur. Its proximal part to the bone of an adjacent body part, thereby attachments are the anterolateral bodies of T12-L5 crossing the joint that is located between them (Figure and the discs between, and the anterior surfaces of the 2). The essence of muscle function is that when a muscle transverse processes of L1-L5; its distal attachment is contracts, it creates a pulling force toward its center the lesser trochanter of the femur (Figure 1)(15). Because (14). This pulling force is exerted on its attachments, the psoas major blends distally with the iliacus to attach attempting to pull the two body parts toward each onto the lesser trochanter, these two muscles are often other. There are also resistance forces that oppose the www.amtamassage.org/mtj described collectively as the iliopsoas. Some sources movement of each of the body parts. Most commonly, also include the psoas minor as part of the iliopsoas(5). this resistance force is the force of gravity acting on the Although variations occur for every muscle, including mass of each body part and is equal to the weight of the the psoas major, its attachments are fairly clear. What body part. are not entirely clear are the biomechanical effects that If the pulling force of the muscle’s contraction is the psoas major has upon its attachments, especially greater than the resistance force, the muscle will upon the spine. Indeed, in this regard, the psoas major is contract and shorten, termed a concentric contraction, 17 likely the most controversial muscle in the human body. and the body part will move at the joint that is crossed Body Mechanics by the muscle. When a muscle’s joint actions are listed in textbooks, it is the muscle’s concentric contraction joint actions that are described. Generally, only one of the two attachments moves because its resistance to movement is less than the resistance to movement of the other body part. However, in some cases, the resistance to motion for each of the two body parts is approximately equal and both attachments will move (Figure 3). The joint action that a muscle can create can be figured out by analyzing the biomechanics of the muscle’s pulling force relative to the joint that is crossed. Rectus The parameter that needs to be determined is the line abdominis of pull of the muscle relative to the axis of motion of that joint. The axis of motion is an imaginary line Psoas that generally passes through the joint that is crossed major by the muscle. If a muscle’s line of pull passes on one side of the joint, it will have the ability to create one Iliacus joint action; if its line of pull passes on the other side of the joint, it will have the ability to create the opposite (antagonistic) joint action (Figure 4). Given that joint actions are technically motions within a cardinal plane (i.e., sagittal, frontal, or transverse plane), to determine the motion/joint action in each plane, we would need to examine separately the muscle’s line of pull relative to the axis for each cardinal plane. FIGURE 1 Anterior view of the psoas major muscles. The left iliacus has been drawn in; and the left rectus abdominis has been ghosted and drawn in. Reproduced with kind permission from Muscolino, J. E., The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Concentric, Eccentric and rd Isometric Contractions Body (3 ed.). Mosby of Elsevier. The resistance force that is created by gravity to movement of a body part is described as an external % force because it is generated outside of the body. Other forces, both internal and external, can also provide resistance to the movement of a body part. Examples of internal resistance forces are the contractions of other muscles in our body. Examples of external resistance forces other than gravity are added weights to an exercise, another person pushing/pulling on our body or perhaps a strong wind. When a muscle contracts, its length is determined by the relative strength of the muscle contraction compared to the resistance force. spring 2013 If the muscle’s contraction force is greater than the resistance force, the muscle will contract and shorten, termed a concentric contraction. If the muscle’s contraction force is equal to the resistance force, the $ attachments of the muscle will not move, therefore the length of the muscle does not change, and the muscle’s FIGURE 2 contraction is described as an isometric contraction. If A typical muscle attaches to the bones of two adjacent body parts, thereby crossing the joint located between them. Reproduced with /massage therapy journal /massage therapy the muscle’s contraction force is less than the resistance kind permission from Muscolino, J. E., The Muscular System Manual: mtj force, the muscle will lengthen out as it contracts and its rd The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body (3 ed.). Mosby of Elsevier. 18 contraction is described as an eccentric contraction. % % % 0RELOH 0RELOH )L[HG $ 0RELOH $ 0RELOH $ )L[HG $ % & FIGURE 3 Concentric contractions of a muscle. A, Attachment “A” moves. B, Attachment “B” moves. C, Both attachments “A” and “B” move. Reproduced with kind permission from Muscolino, J. E., The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body (3rd ed.). Mosby of Elsevier. A B FIGURE 4 Right lateral view showing that a muscle’s line of pull relative to the axis of the joint determines its joint action. A, Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint. B, Extension of the thigh at the hip joint. Note: The axis is represented by the red dot. BIOMECHANICS OF THE PSOAS MAJOR the hip joint, the spine also allows motion in all three The psoas major is first and foremost a muscle of the cardinal planes, so our examination of the psoas major hip joint(5, 9, 12); therefore, to determine its actions, we must also consider the possible spinal actions in each need to compare its line of pull at the hip joint in each of the three cardinal planes. What further complicates of the three cardinal planes. Standard actions at the hip a clear understanding of the psoas major’s actions is the joint are considered to involve movement of the distal fact that the lumbar spine is not monolithic. There are attachment—in other words, the thigh. These actions many joints within the lumbar spine, each with its own occur when the lower extremity is in what is known axis of motion; therefore, each of these joints must be as “open-chain” position, with the distal segment, the considered separately. And finally, interposed between foot, free to move. However, if the foot is planted on the spinal and femoral attachments of the psoas major the ground and the lower extremity is in closed-chain is the pelvis. Therefore, the pull of the psoas major can position, the pelvis moves at the hip joint instead; when affect the posture of the pelvis. Changing the posture of www.amtamassage.org/mtj the proximal attachment moves instead of the distal the pelvis can then change the posture of the lumbar attachment, this is called a reverse action(14). Therefore, vertebrae, which can change the line of pull of the psoas a thorough examination of the psoas major at the hip major relative to the axes of motion of the lumbar spinal joint involves consideration of its standard and reverse joints and therefore possibly change the action of the actions at that joint. psoas major. However, the psoas major is more complicated because All of these factors help to explain why the psoas it also crosses the lumbar spine, therefore we need to major can be so challenging to understand. Following 19 also examine its line of pull across the spine. As with is an examination of the functions of the psoas major Body Mechanics at both the hip and spinal joints. In our discussion, Sagittal Plane: Thigh Flexion All sources concur that the we will consider some of the competing assertions for psoas major is a flexor of the hip joint. In fact, most psoas major function by many of the leading authors sources state that hip flexion is its primary function (3, in the field of kinesiology, and attempt to explain and 5, 9). Stuart McGill goes as far as to state “The role of the perhaps resolve many of the reasons for the controversy psoas is purely as a hip flexor.” (12). And many sources go regarding psoas major function. on to describe the psoas major’s hip flexion role rather effusively. Janet Travell and David Simons described PSOAS MAJOR HIP JOINT ACTIONS the psoas major as a “major muscle of hip flexion”(27); The hip joint is a triaxial joint that allows motion in all and its hip flexion role has been described by others as three cardinal planes. Therefore, we can examine the “strong”(5), “powerful”(6), or “dominant”(19). Carol Oatis effect of the psoas major in each of the three cardinal specifically points out that the psoas major is a “strong planes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iliopsoas Tendonitis/Bursitis Exercises
    ILIOPSOAS TENDONITIS / BURSITIS What is the Iliopsoas and Bursa? The iliopsoas is a muscle that runs from your lower back through the pelvis to attach to a small bump (the lesser trochanter) on the top portion of the thighbone near your groin. This muscle has the important job of helping to bend the hip—it helps you to lift your leg when going up and down stairs or to start getting out of a car. A fluid-filled sac (bursa) helps to protect and allow the tendon to glide during these movements. The iliopsoas tendon can become inflamed or overworked during repetitive activities. The tendon can also become irritated after hip replacement surgery. Signs and Symptoms Iliopsoas issues may feel like “a pulled groin muscle”. The main symptom is usually a catch during certain movements such as when trying to put on socks or rising from a seated position. You may find yourself leading with your other leg when going up the stairs to avoid lifting the painful leg. The pain may extend from the groin to the inside of the thigh area. Snapping or clicking within the front of the hip can also be experienced. Do not worry this is not your hip trying to pop out of socket but it is usually the iliopsoas tendon rubbing over the hip joint or pelvis. Treatment Conservative treatment in the form of stretching and strengthening usually helps with the majority of patients with iliopsoas bursitis. This issue is the result of soft tissue inflammation, therefore rest, ice, anti- inflammatory medications, physical therapy exercises, and/or injections are effective treatment options.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinematics Can Help to Discriminate the Implication of Iliopsoas
    Kinematics can help to discriminate the implication of iliopsoas, hamstring and gastrocnemius contractures to a knee flexion gait pattern Michael Attias, Alice Bonnefoy-Mazure, Geraldo de Coulon, Laurence Cheze, Stéphane Armand To cite this version: Michael Attias, Alice Bonnefoy-Mazure, Geraldo de Coulon, Laurence Cheze, Stéphane Armand. Kinematics can help to discriminate the implication of iliopsoas, hamstring and gastrocnemius contractures to a knee flexion gait pattern. Gait and Posture, Elsevier, 2019, 68, pp.415-422. 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.029. hal-02093265 HAL Id: hal-02093265 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02093265 Submitted on 8 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Title: Kinematics can help to discriminate the implication of iliopsoas, hamstring and gastrocnemius contractures to a knee flexion gait pattern Authors: M. Attias, A. Bonnefoy-Mazure, G. De Coulon, L. Cheze, S. Armand PII: S0966-6362(18)31989-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.029 Reference: GAIPOS 6633 To appear in: Gait & Posture Received date: 20 January 2018 Revised date: 27 November 2018 Accepted date: 21 December 2018 Please cite this article as: Attias M, Bonnefoy-Mazure A, De Coulon G, Cheze L, Armand S, Kinematics can help to discriminate the implication of iliopsoas, hamstring and gastrocnemius contractures to a knee flexion gait pattern, Gait and amp; Posture (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.029 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Study on the Psoas Minor Muscle in Human Fetuses
    Int. J. Morphol., 30(1):136-139, 2012. Anatomical Study on the Psoas Minor Muscle in Human Fetuses Estudio Anatómico del Músculo Psoas Menor en Fetos Humanos *Danilo Ribeiro Guerra; **Francisco Prado Reis; ***Afrânio de Andrade Bastos; ****Ciro José Brito; *****Roberto Jerônimo dos Santos Silva & *,**José Aderval Aragão GUERRA, D. R.; REIS, F. P.; BASTOS, A. A.; BRITO, C. J.; SILVA, R. J. S. & ARAGÃO, J. A. Anatomical study on the psoas minor muscle in human fetuses. Int. J. Morphol., 30(1):136-139, 2012. SUMMARY: The anatomy of the psoas minor muscle in human beings has frequently been correlated with ethnic and racial characteristics. The present study had the aim of investigating the anatomy of the psoas minor, by observing its occurrence, distal insertion points, relationship with the psoas major muscle and the relationship between its tendon and muscle portions. Twenty-two human fetuses were used (eleven of each gender), fixed in 10% formol solution that had been perfused through the umbilical artery. The psoas minor muscle was found in eight male fetuses: seven bilaterally and one unilaterally, in the right hemicorpus. Five female fetuses presented the psoas minor muscle: three bilaterally and two unilaterally, one in the right and one in the left hemicorpus. The muscle was independent, inconstant, with unilateral or bilateral presence, with distal insertions at different anatomical points, and its tendon portion was always longer than the belly of the muscle. KEY WORDS: Psoas Muscles; Muscle, Skeletal; Anatomy; Gender Identity. INTRODUCTION When the psoas minor muscle is present in humans, The aim of the present study was to investigate the it is located in the posterior wall of the abdomen, laterally to anatomy of the psoas minor muscle in human fetuses: the lumbar spine and in close contact and anteriorly to the establishing the frequency of its occurrence according to sex; belly of the psoas major muscle (Van Dyke et al., 1987; ascertaining the distal insertion points; analyzing the possible Domingo, Aguilar et al., 2004; Leão et al., 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Iliopsoas Strain with Findings from Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Agility Performance Canines – 73 Cases
    Evaluation of Iliopsoas Strain with Findings from Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Agility Performance Canines – 73 Cases Robert E. Cullen DVM 1 Debra A. Canapp DVM, DACVSMR, CCRT 1* 1 Brittany J. Carr DVM 1 David L. Dycus DVM, MS, DACVSSA, CCRP 2 Victor Ibrahim MD 1 Sherman O. Canapp, Jr DVM, MS, DACVSSA, DACVSMR, CCRT 1 Veterinary Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Group, 10975 Guilford Rd, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701 2 Regenerative Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 600 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Washington, DC 20003 * Corresponding Author ([email protected]) ISSN: 2396-9776 Published: 13 Jun 2017 in: Vol 2, Issue 2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18849/ve.v2i2.93 Reviewed by: Wanda Gordon-Evans (DVM, PhD, DACVS) and Gillian Monsell (MA, VetMB, PhD, MRCVS) ABSTRACT Objective: Iliopsoas injury and strain is a commonly diagnosed disease process, especially amongst working and sporting canines. There has been very little published literature regarding iliopsoas injuries and there is no information regarding the ultrasound evaluation of abnormal iliopsoas muscles. This manuscript is intended to describe the ultrasound findings in 73 canine agility athletes who had physical examination findings consistent with iliopsoas discomfort. The population was chosen given the high incidence of these animals for the development of iliopsoas injury; likely due to repetitive stress. Methods: Medical records of 73 agility performance canines that underwent musculoskeletal ultrasound evaluation of bilateral iliopsoas muscle groups were retrospectively reviewed. Data included signalment, previous radiographic findings, and ultrasound findings. A 3-tier grading scheme for acute strains was used while the practitioner also evaluated for evidence of chronic injury and bursitis.
    [Show full text]
  • Iliopsoas Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    Iliopsoas Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Christian N. Anderson, MD KEYWORDS Iliopsoas Psoas Coxa saltans interna Snapping hip Iliopsoas bursitis Iliopsoas tendinitis Iliopsoas impingement KEY POINTS The iliopsoas musculotendinous unit is a powerful hip flexor used for normal lower extrem- ity function, but disorders of the iliopsoas can be a significant source of groin pain in the athletic population. Arthroscopic release of the iliopsoas tendon and treatment of coexisting intra-articular ab- normality is effective for patients with painful iliopsoas snapping or impingement that is refractory to conservative treatment. Tendon release has been described at 3 locations: in the central compartment, the periph- eral compartment, and at the lesser trochanter, with similar outcomes observed between the techniques. Releasing the tendon lengthens the musculotendinous unit, resulting in transient hip flexor weakness that typically resolves by 3 to 6 months postoperatively. INTRODUCTION The iliopsoas musculotendinous unit is a powerful hip flexor that is important for normal hip strength and function. Even so, pathologic conditions of the iliopsoas have been implicated as a significant source of anterior hip pain. Iliopsoas disorders have been shown to be the primary cause of chronic groin pain in 12% to 36% of ath- letes and are observed in 25% to 30% of athletes presenting with an acute groin injury.1–4 Described pathologic conditions include iliopsoas bursitis, tendonitis, impingement, and snapping. Acute trauma may result in injury to the musculotendi- nous unit or avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter. Developing an understanding of the anatomy and function of the musculotendinous unit is necessary to accurately determine the diagnosis and formulate an appropriate treatment strategy for disorders of the iliopsoas.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Back Pain and the Iliopsoas (PDF)
    Low Back Pain and The Iliopsoas Laura Staton, OTR/L, C-IAYT, APD Yoga Bones A Comprehensive Guide to Managing Pain and Orthopedic Injuries Through Yoga Yoga Alliance CE Workshop 4/05/21 [email protected] laurastaton.com IG: luluotyoga FB: Lulu OT + Yoga !1 The Iliopsoas muscle is a deep core muscle and considered a muscle of the posterior abdominal wall. It is comprised of the psoas major (and minor) and the iliacus. Together these muscles are the chief flexors of the thigh. They also help to maintain erect posture of the hip joint. !2 The psoas major is approximately 16” and starts at the base of the ribcage attaching to the five lumbar vertebrae on the transverse process and vertebral bodies. It then travels through the pelvis, merges with the iliacus, and attaches to the lesser trochanter !3of the inner thigh. The Iliacus Muscle lies in the iliac fossa, attaches to the sides of the sacrum and anterior sacroiliac ligaments, and merges with the psoas to attach to the lesser trochanter of the inner thigh. !4 The Psoas Major: With the origin fixed the lower portion flexes the thigh towards the trunk. With the insertion fixed the trunk flexes towards the thigh. The upper portion of the psoas bilaterally extends the spine and unilaterally flexes the trunk. The psoas major acts to extend and laterally flex the lumbar spine. The Iliacus: mainly flexes the thigh and stabilizes the hip joint. It is active with walking and does not flex or extend the lumbar spine. The iliacus has some involvement in abduction and lateral rotation of the femur.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of the Rectus Femoris Muscle on Knee and Foot
    applied sciences Article The Effects of the Rectus Femoris Muscle on Knee and Foot Kinematics during the Swing Phase of Normal Walking Carlo Albino Frigo 1,* , Christian Wyss 2,3 and Reinald Brunner 2,3 1 Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy 2 Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University Children’s Hospital, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (R.B.) 3 Neuro-Orthopaedic Unit, University of Basel, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 5 November 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: The role of rectus femoris (RF) muscle during walking was analyzed through musculoskeletal models to understand the effects of muscle weakness and hyperactivity. Such understanding is fundamental when dealing with pathological gait, but the contribution of RF as a bi-articular muscle is particularly difficult to estimate. Anybody software was used for inverse dynamics computation, and SimWise-4D for forward dynamics simulations. RF force was changed in the range of 0 to 150%, and the resulting kinematics were analyzed. Inverse dynamics showed a short positive RF power in correspondence with the onset of knee extension in the swing phase. Forward dynamics simulations showed an increasing knee flexion and initial toe contact when the RF force was decreased, and increasing knee extension and difficult foot clearance when the RF force was increased. The step became shorter with both increased and reduced RF force. In conclusion, the RF actively contributes to the knee extension in the swing phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Psoas Muscle and Lumbar Spine Stability: a Concept Uniting Existing Controversies Critical Review and Hypothesis
    Eur Spine J (2000) 9:577–585 © Springer-Verlag 2000 NEW IDEAS L. Penning Psoas muscle and lumbar spine stability: a concept uniting existing controversies Critical review and hypothesis Abstract Psoas muscle (PM) func- tate the LS, will be brought into Received: 12 February 2000 Revised: 12 May 2000 tion with regard to the lumbar spine more lordosis, with maintenance of Accepted: 22 May 2000 (LS) is disputed. Electromyographic vertical position, if a string fastened studies attribute to the PM a possible at its upper end is pulled downward role as stabilizer. Anatomical text- in a very specific direction. Con- books describe the PM as an LS versely, any increase of lordosis of flexor, but not a stabilizer. According the strip brought about by vertical to more recent anatomical studies, downward pushing of its top, will be the PM does not act on the LS, be- stabilized by tightening the pulling cause it tends to pull the LS into string in the same specific direction. more lordosis by simultaneously As this direction corresponded with flexing the lower and extending the the psoas orientation, the experi- upper region, but due to the short ments show that the PM probably moment arms of its fascicles, this functions as a stabilizer of the lor- would require maximal muscular ef- dotic LS in an upright stance by fort and would expose the LS motion adapting the state of contraction of segments to dangerous compression each of its fascicles to the momen- and shear. The findings of the pre- tary degree of lordosis imposed by sent study indicate that the described factors outside the LS, such as gen- opposite action of the PM on upper eral posture, general muscle activity L.
    [Show full text]
  • Snapping Hip Syndrome - Children
    Snapping Hip Syndrome - Children What is Snapping Hip Syndrome? Snapping hip syndrome is a commonly seen condition in children and adolescence and in most cases can be treated with basic care and exercises. It is an umbrella term for a variety of causes of hip pain and/or clicking. • Hip pain may cause difficulty when walking and can also be painful to lie on. • With snapping hip syndrome you may experience a clicking or snapping sensation/ sound around the front, back or side of the hip joint. This may be bothersome for you, however if your hip is not painful the click or snap is nothing to be concerned about. In most cases snapping hip is managed conservatively, (no surgical input required), and home treatments may be sufficient in managing the condition. Snapping hip syndrome has two main causes: • External (muscles involved) – There are two main areas where muscles can cause snapping/ clicking. 1. The Iliotibial Band (IT band) which is a thick piece of soft tissue that runs down the outside of your hip joint, into your thigh and ends at your knee. Snapping hip syndrome occurs when the tendon slides over the bony prominence on the outside of your hip and creates a ‘cracking’ or ‘snapping’ sound. This most commonly happens when the tendon is tight following a growth spurt. This may also cause you to have knee pain. 2. The Iliopsoas tendon (muscle at front of hip), which typically causes a snapping sensation in the front part of your hip as the tendon slips over a bit of bone on the pelvis.
    [Show full text]
  • Iliopsoas Release Protocol
    Iliopsoas Release Protocol Surgery Date:_____________________________________ • Other o Standard stationary bike without This protocol should be used as a guideline for progression resistance at 3 days post-op (10 min if and should be tailored to the needs of the individual patient. tolerated) o Upper body ergometer, upper body Weight bearing as tolerated – use crutches to normalize strengthening gait. Week 2 Date: ____________________________ • May be needed for 2-4 weeks • Abduction isometrics Gentle emphasis on passive extension exercises. • Superman Aggressive hip flexion strengthening delayed 6 weeks. • ¼ mini squat • Thera band resistance on affected side – Functional progression as tolerated. abduction, adduction, and extension (start very low resistance). Flexion ONLY IF TOLERATED Resumption of full activities as tolerated after 3 months. • Standing heel raises • Other: Always use pharmacologic prophylaxis against o Wall mini-squats heterotopic ossification (unless contraindicated) o Physio-ball mini-squats with co- • Quiz patient contraction Pool exercises (water walking, range of • Must initiate and maintain immediately postop. o motion, march steps, lateral steps, Phase 1: Initial Exercises (Week 1-3) backward walking, mini-squats, heel raises, hamstring and hip flexor Goals of Phase 1 stretches) à Restore range of motion Week 3 Dates: ___________________________ à Diminish pain and inflammation à Prevent muscular inhibition • Manual hamstring stretch à Normalize gait • Stiffness dominant hip mobilization – grades III, IV •
    [Show full text]
  • Unilateral Variant Psoas Major with Split Femoral Nerve
    S Journal of O p s e s n Acce Anatomy and Physiological Studies CASE REPORT Unilateral Variant Psoas Major with Split Femoral Nerve Tiraj Parikh*1, Caleb Parry1, Marina Motina1, Shahana Momin1, Rebecca Mickle1, Peter Nguyen1, Aaron Perez1, Cara Fisher PhD2 1Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine 2Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center Introduction [4]. Psoas tertius is described as a slip of muscle originating from the inner half of the 12th rib and transverse processes of The psoas major muscle includes slips of muscle that originate lumbar vertebrae 1-4 and attaching to the iliopsoas muscle [5]. from the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-5 and Another study describes their findings of an accessory psoas intervertebral discs of T12-L4. These slips of muscle combine major muscle originating on the left costal process of L3 and and join with the iliacus muscle to then course inferiorly and the intertransverse ligament between L3 and L4 [6]. Although insert onto the lesser trochanter of the femur [1].The psoas rare, these variants have also been shown to split the femoral muscle is considered one of the primary flexors of the hip nerve. It has been proposed that this occurrence is associated joint and is innervated by the femoral nerve, which arises with neuropathies. [5-9]. from ventral rami of lumbar spinal nerves 2-4. The femoral nerve then passes through the psoas major in an inferolateral Case Presentation direction until it emerges on the lateral border of the muscle Here we present a novel variant of the psoas major muscle.
    [Show full text]
  • Training Turnout – Part 3 – Achieving Ultimate Extensions!
    Training Turnout – Part 3 – Achieving Ultimate Extensions! Training Turnout – Part 3 – Achieving Ultimate Extensions! Do you constantly feel your hips and thighs gripping when holding extensions? Is your développé devant well off your full range of flexibility? Rest assured that if you answered yes – then you are by no means alone – and YES! We have lots of tips to help you control your legs in higher ranges! The thing is – many people focus on all the wrong things when they are trying to hold their legs higher – so this article will help you get a deeper understanding of what to work on - and how to do this – in order to achieve your ultimate extensions! First of all, most people either focus on their flexibility only – or simply try to lift their legs higher through brute strength… neither of which is very effective in achieving a beautifully controlled développé or arabesque. The following pictures are designed to give you an understanding of all of the factors that combine to create the line you want. Strength in the deep neck flexors to maintain softness in the neck and jaw Strong deep hip flexors Thoracic Mobility and (Psoas and Iliacus) control Strength in the arm, yet softness in the wrist and fingers Strength in the Knee Extensors of the lifted leg Strength in the deep back muscles Inner thighs of the lifted leg Turnout range and control of Flexibility of the hamstrings the lifted leg in turnout Turnout range and control of the standing leg Stregnth to keep the standing leg pulled up Stability in the standing foot © wwwtheballetblog.com 2012 Training Turnout – Part 3 – Achieving Ultimate Extensions! Now that is a lot to take in all at once! Which is why this is part three of a three part series! Please make sure that you have read the first two PDFs before you start on the exercises in this section.
    [Show full text]