Manned Mission to NEO Study
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Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study
Publications 4-2-2012 Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study John Brophy California Institute of Technology Fred Culick California Institute of Technology Louis Friedman The Planetary Society Pedro Llanos Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach, [email protected] et al. Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/publication Part of the Astrodynamics Commons, Space Vehicles Commons, and the The Sun and the Solar System Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Brophy, J., Culick, F., Friedman, L., Llanos, P., & al., e. (2012). Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study. , (). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/publication/893 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study 2 April 2012 Prepared for the: Keck Institute for Space Studies California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, California 1 2 Authors and Study Participants NAME Organization E-Mail Signature John Brophy Co-Leader / NASA JPL / Caltech [email protected] Fred Culick Co-Leader / Caltech [email protected] Co -Leader / The Planetary Louis Friedman [email protected] Society Carlton Allen NASA JSC [email protected] David Baughman Naval Postgraduate School [email protected] NASA ARC/Carnegie Mellon Julie Bellerose [email protected] University Bruce Betts The Planetary Society -
An Ongoing Effort to Identify Near-Earth Asteroid Destination
The Near-Earth Object Human Space Flight Accessible Targets Study: An Ongoing Effort to Identify Near-Earth Asteroid Destinations for Human Explorers Presented to the 2013 IAA Planetary Defense Conference Brent W. Barbee∗, Paul A. Abelly, Daniel R. Adamoz, Cassandra M. Alberding∗, Daniel D. Mazanekx, Lindley N. Johnsonk, Donald K. Yeomans#, Paul W. Chodas#, Alan B. Chamberlin#, Victoria P. Friedensenk NASA/GSFC∗ / NASA/JSCy / Aerospace Consultantz NASA/LaRCx / NASA/HQk / NASA/JPL# April 16th, 2013 Introduction I Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are asteroids and comets with perihelion distance < 1.3 AU I Small, usually rocky bodies (occasionally metallic) I Sizes range from a few meters to ≈ 35 kilometers I Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) are currently candidate destinations for human space flight missions in the mid-2020s th I As of April 4 , 2013, a total of 9736 NEAs have been discovered, and more are being discovered on a continual basis 2 Motivations for NEA Exploration I Solar system science I NEAs are largely unchanged in composition since the early days of the solar system I Asteroids and comets may have delivered water and even the seeds of life to the young Earth I Planetary defense I NEA characterization I NEA proximity operations I In-Situ Resource Utilization I Could manufacture radiation shielding, propellant, and more I Human Exploration I The most ambitious journey of human discovery since Apollo I NEAs as stepping stones to Mars 3 NHATS Background I NASA's Near-Earth Object Human Space Flight Accessible Targets Study (NHATS) (pron.: /næts/) began in September of 2010 under the auspices of the NASA Headquarters Planetary Science Mission Directorate in cooperation with the Advanced Exploration Systems Division of the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. -
1 ABSTRACT Aside from the Exploration of Mars, the Objects That
IAC-07-B3.5.06 INTO THE BEYOND: A CREWED MISSION TO A NEAR-EARTH OBJECT David J. Korsmeyer, NASA Ames Research Center, Intelligent Systems Division, Moffett Field, CA, USA, [email protected] Rob R. Landis, NASA Johnson Space Center, Mission Operations Directorate, Houston, TX, USA [email protected] Paul A. Abell, NASA Johnson Space Center, Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science, Houston, TX, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT utility and opportunities for the developing Aside from the exploration of Mars, the Constellation infrastructure, particularly, the objects that most capture our interest for a Ares Launch vehicles and the Orion crewed new human visit are the Near-Earth Objects spacecraft, to be used for missions that were (NEOs). These objects are ideal candidates not directly in the design specifications (aka for deep space operations and explorations as non-lunar missions). The Ares and Orion we extend the human presence out into the systems are designed to launch 4-6 crew to solar system. The notion of a crewed mission the International Space Station (ISS), and to to a NEO was first discussed in the Apollo eventually take 4 crew back to lunar orbit era. The most recent assessment has been where a lunar lander would take the crew to undertaken by the Advanced Projects Office the surface. within NASA’s Constellation Program. This particular study examined the feasibility of The NASA Constellation Program wanted to sending NASA’s new Orion spacecraft (also understand what are some other feasible, referred to as the Crew Exploration Vehicle, high-value uses of the Orion spacecraft and or CEV) to a NEO. -
Asteroid Retrieval Mission Concept – Trailblazing Our Future in Space and Helping to Protect Us from Earth Impactors
Asteroid Retrieval Mission Concept – Trailblazing Our Future in Space and Helping to Protect Us from Earth Impactors Presented by Dan Mazanek1 Co-authors: John Brophy2 and Gabe Merrill1 1NASA Langley Research Center; 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory April 16, 2013 2013 Planetary Defense Conference Flagstaff, USA Paper No: IAA-PDC13-04-14 1 Background The idea of utilizing asteroidal resources is not new • 1903 – Konstantin Tsiolkovskii included the concept of using asteroids for resources in his most famous publication, The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Motors • 1977 – NASA’s Dr. Brian O’Leary proposed using mass drivers to move Earth- approaching Apollo and Amor asteroids to Earth’s vicinity • 1997 – Dr. John S. Lewis detailed how we can extract the vast resources available from our solar system in the influential book Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets September 2011 and February 2012 – Asteroid Retrieval Mission (ARM) Study at Caltech’s Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) • Examined the feasibility of returning a small (~7 m diameter) near-Earth asteroid (NEA), or part of a large NEA, to cislunar space • Utilize robotic 50 kW-class solar electric propulsion (SEP) vehicle and currently available technologies (40 kW available to the electric propulsion system) • John Brophy (Co-Leader along with Louis Friedman and Fred Culick) and Dan Mazanek were KISS ARM study members 2 Recent Events Recent events have elevated the public’s awareness of the potential of space resources and have -
Regn Lst 1948 to 2020.Xls
AMERICAN FUCHSIA SOCIETY REGISTERED FUCHSIAS, 1948 - 2020 CULTIVAR REG NO HYBRIDIZER YEAR FORM GROWTH Jardins de France 4439 Massé 2000 sgl up All Square 2335 Adams 1988 sgl up Beatrice Ellen 2336 Adams 1988 sgl up Cardiff Rose 2337 Adams 1988 sgl up/tr Glas Lyn 2338 Adams 1988 sgl up Purple Laddie 2339 Adams 1988 dbl up Velma 1522 Adams 1979 sgl up Windmill 4556 Adams 2001 dbl up Bo Bo 1587 Adkins 1980 dbl up Bonnie Sue 1550 Adkins 1980 dbl tr Dariway 1551 Adkins 1980 sgl up Delta Rae 1552 Adkins 1980 sgl tr Grinnell Bay 1553 Adkins 1980 sgl tr Joanne Lynn 1554 Adkins 1980 sdbl up Grandma Ellen 3066 Ainsworth 1993 sgl up Percy Ainsworth 3065 Ainsworth 1993 sgl tr Tufty Joe 3063 Ainsworth 1993 dbl tr Heidi Joy 2246 Akers/Laburnum 1987 dbl up Elaine Allen 1214 Allen 1974 sdbl up Susan Allen 1215 Allen 1974 sgl up Grandpa Jack 3789 Allso 1997 dbl up/tr Amazing Maisie 4632 Allsop 2001 s-dbl up/tr Amelia Rose 8018 Allsop 2012 sgl tr Arthur C. Boggis 4629 Allsop 2001 s-dbl up Beautiful Bobbie 3781 Allsop 1997 dbl tr Beloved Brian 5689 Allsop 2005 sgl up/tr Betty’s Buddies 8610 Allsop 2015 sgl up Captivating Kelly 3782 Allsop 1997 dbl tr Cheeky Chantelle 3783 Allsop 1997 dbl tr Cinque Port Liberty 4626 Allsop 2001 dbl up/tr Clara Agnes 5572 Allsop 2004 sgl up/tr Conner's Cascade 8019 Allsop 2012 sgl tr CutieKaren 4040 Allsop 1998 dbl tr Danielle’s Dream 4630 Allsop 2001 dbl tr Darling Danielle 3784 Allsop 1997 dbl tr Doodie Dane 3785 Allsop 1997 dbl gtr Dorothy Ann 4627 Allsop 2001 sgl tr Elaine's Gem 8020 Allsop 2012 sgl up Generous Jean 4813 -
Why Atens Enjoy Enhanced Accessibility for Human Space Flight
(Preprint) AAS 11-449 WHY ATENS ENJOY ENHANCED ACCESSIBILITY FOR HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT Daniel R. Adamo* and Brent W. Barbee† Near-Earth objects can be grouped into multiple orbit classifications, among them being the Aten group, whose members have orbits crossing Earth's with semi-major axes less than 1 astronomical unit. Atens comprise well under 10% of known near-Earth objects. This is in dramatic contrast to results from recent human space flight near-Earth object accessibility studies, where the most favorable known destinations are typically almost 50% Atens. Geocentric dynamics explain this enhanced Aten accessibility and lead to an understanding of where the most accessible near-Earth objects reside. Without a com- prehensive space-based survey, however, highly accessible Atens will remain largely un- known. INTRODUCTION In the context of human space flight (HSF), the concept of near-Earth object (NEO) accessibility is highly subjective (Reference 1). Whether or not a particular NEO is accessible critically depends on mass, performance, and reliability of interplanetary HSF systems yet to be designed. Such systems would cer- tainly include propulsion and crew life support with adequate shielding from both solar flares and galactic cosmic radiation. Equally critical architecture options are relevant to NEO accessibility. These options are also far from being determined and include the number of launches supporting an HSF mission, together with whether consumables are to be pre-emplaced at the destination. Until the unknowns of HSF to NEOs come into clearer focus, the notion of relative accessibility is of great utility. Imagine a group of NEOs, each with nearly equal HSF merit determined from their individual characteristics relating to crew safety, scientific return, resource utilization, and planetary defense. -
ANIME: the “ASTEROID NODAL INTERSECTION MULTIPLE ENCOUNTERS” CUBESAT MISSION to EXPLORE NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID DIVERSITY. D. Perna1, M
52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2548) 1106.pdf ANIME: THE “ASTEROID NODAL INTERSECTION MULTIPLE ENCOUNTERS” CUBESAT MISSION TO EXPLORE NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID DIVERSITY. D. Perna1, M. Pajola2, L. Casalino3, S. Ivanovski4, M. Lavagna5, M. Zannoni6, M. Bechini5, A. Capannolo5, A. Colagrossi5, G. Cremonese2, E. Dotto1, A. Lucchetti2, E. Mazzotta Epifani1, J. Prinetto5, E. Simioni2, P. Tortora6 and G. Zanotti5 1INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (Italy), [email protected], 2INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (Italy), 3DIMEAS – Politecnico di Torino (Italy), 4INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (Italy), 5DAER – Politecnico di Milano (Italy), 6CIRI Aerospace – Università di Bologna (Italy). ANIME in a nutshell: The “Asteroid Nodal positions and velocities. Asteroids 2000 SG344, 2006 Intersection Multiple Encounters” (ANIME) mission HZ51 and 2004 QD14 are selected as ANIME targets concept has been proposed in response to the 2020 due to their pivotal scientific and strategic relevance, Italian Space Agency (ASI) call for ideas for future over a rather large number of suitable alternatives. The CubeSat missions. ANIME aims to explore three near- reference solution (Figure 1) has a total ΔV of 1.05 Earth asteroids (NEAs), selected by virtue of their km/s and a propellant consumption of 1.04 kg (out of peculiar and yet unexplored size and physical regimes, the available 1.5 kg). The ample propellant margin as well as their relevance in terms of planetary guarantees flexibility in terms of: i) departure date protection. Thanks to an optimized trajectory, the changes, ii) strategies for escape from Earth sphere of targets are encountered during their passages through influence (depending on the launch opportunities and their orbital nodes. -
Opportunities for Asteroid Retrieval Missions
Opportunities for Asteroid Retrieval Missions Pre-print proof-reading copy. The final publication is available at: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-39244-3_21 D. García Yárnoz, J.P. Sanchez, C.R. McInnes Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, University of Strathclyde, UK. Abstract Asteroids and comets are of strategic importance for science in an effort to uncover the formation, evolution and composition of the Solar System. Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are of particular interest because of their ac- cessibility from Earth, but also because of their speculated wealth of mate- rial resources. The exploitation of these resources has long been discussed as a means to lower the cost of future space endeavours. In this chapter, we analyze the possibility of retrieving entire objects from accessible helio- centric orbits and moving them into the Earth’s neighbourhood. The aster- oid retrieval transfers are sought from the continuum of low energy trans- fers enabled by the dynamics of invariant manifolds; specifically, the retrieval transfers target planar, vertical Lyapunov and halo orbit families associated with the collinear equilibrium points of the Sun-Earth Circular Restricted Three Body problem. The judicious use of these dynamical fea- tures provides the best opportunity to find extremely low energy transfers for asteroidal material. With the objective to minimise transfer costs, a global search of impulsive transfers connecting the unperturbed asteroid’s orbit with the stable manifold phase of the transfer is performed. A cata- logue of asteroid retrieval opportunities of currently known NEOs is pre- sented here. Despite the highly incomplete census of very small asteroids, the catalogue can already be populated with 12 different objects retrievable with less than 500 m/s of Δv. -
Optimal Flight to Near-Earth Asteroids with Using Electric Propulsion and Gravity Maneuvers
OPTIMAL FLIGHT TO NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS WITH USING ELECTRIC PROPULSION AND GRAVITY MANEUVERS A. V. Chernov Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Miusskaya Sq. 4, Moscow, 125047, Russia, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Optimal space flight to near-Earth asteroid for using low thrust and gravity assist maneuver near Mars or Venus is investigated in this paper. The main deflection asteroids from the Earth and prevention their possible collision is investigated. The deflection is attention is given a case of the ideal low thrust. Besides realized by means of impact-kinetic effect of the optimal trajectories with the constrained low trust spacecraft on the asteroid and changing the asteroid appropriate to electric engine SPT-140 and solar orbit. The effectiveness of this method for preventing batteries as energy sources are received in vicinity of the optimal trajectories for ideal thrust. asteroid-Earth collision is estimated by means of optimal space flights, which are found. The flight of spacecraft (SC) is realized by means of using electric 2. THE PROBLEM STATEMENT propulsion system. To increase effectiveness the optimal gravity maneuvers of spacecraft near Mars and At first the SC with mass M0 moves along an initial Venus are using. Criterion of the space flight circular near-Earth parking orbit with radius R0. The optimization is maximal deflection of the asteroid from geocentric motion is realized by means of high thrust the Earth at the moment of asteroid-Earth nearest engine with the gas exhaust velocity c1. At moment t1 approach. For determination of optimal trajectories the the SC is applied the velocity impulse ∆V and the SC is maximum Pontrjagin principle is used. -
The Comet/Asteroid Impact Hazard: a Systems Approach
THE COMET/ASTEROID IMPACT HAZARD: A SYSTEMS APPROACH Clark R. Chapman and Daniel D. Durda Office of Space Studies Southwest Research Institute Boulder CO 80302 and Robert E. Gold Space Engineering and Technology Branch Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD 20723 24 February 2001 The Comet/Asteroid Impact Hazard: Chapman, Durda, and Gold A Systems Approach February 2001 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The threat of impact on Earth of an asteroid or comet, while of very low probability, has the potential to create public panic and – should an impact happen – be sufficiently destructive (perhaps on a global scale) that an integrated approach to the science, technology, and public policy aspects of the impact hazard is warranted. This report outlines the breadth of the issues that need to be addressed, in an integrated way, in order for society to deal with the impact hazard responsibly. At the present time, the hazard is often treated – if treated at all – in a haphazard and unbalanced way. Most analysis so far has emphasized telescopic searches for large (>1 km diameter) near-Earth asteroids and space-operations approaches to deflecting any such body that threatens to impact. Comparatively little attention has been given to other essential elements of addressing and mitigating this hazard. For example, no formal linkages exist between the astronomers who would announce discovery of a threatening asteroid and the several national (civilian or military) agencies that might undertake deflection. Beyond that, comparatively little attention has been devoted to finding or dealing with other potential impactors, including asteroids smaller than 1 km or long-period comets. -
The Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR-Shoemaker) Mission / Howard E
I-38738 NEAR BookCVR.Fin2 3/10/05 11:58 AM Page 1 d National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations Low-CostLow-Cost History Division Washington, DC 20546 InnovationInnovation inin SpaceflightSpaceflight TheThe NearNear EarthEarth AsteroidAsteroid RendezvousRendezvous (NEAR)(NEAR) ShoemakerShoemaker MissionMission Monographs in Aerospace History No. 36 • SP-2005-4536 fld I-38738 NEAR BookCVR.Fin2 3/10/05 11:58 AM Page 2 Cover (from the top): The cover combines a closeup image of Eros, a photograph of the 1996 launch of the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) expedition, and a picture of the mission operations center taken during the second year of flight. NEAR operations manager Mark Holdridge stands behind the flight consoles. Asteroid and operations center photographs courtesy of Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory. Launch photograph courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (NASA KSC-96PC-308) Howard E. McCurdy Low-Cost Innovation in Spaceflight The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Shoemaker Mission The NASA History Series Monographs in Aerospace History Number 36 NASA SP-2005-4536 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations History Division Washington, DC 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McCurdy, Howard E. Low cost innovation in spaceflight : the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR-Shoemaker) Mission / Howard E. McCurdy. p. cm. — (Monographs in aerospace history ; no. 36) 1. Microspacecraft. 2. Eros (Asteroid) -
– Near-Earth Asteroid Mission Concept Study –
ASTEX – Near-Earth Asteroid Mission Concept Study – A. Nathues1, H. Boehnhardt1 , A. W. Harris2, W. Goetz1, C. Jentsch3, Z. Kachri4, S. Schaeff5, N. Schmitz2, F. Weischede6, and A. Wiegand5 1 MPI for Solar System Research, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany 2 DLR, Institute for Planetary Research, 12489 Berlin, Germany 3 Astrium GmbH, 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany 4 LSE Space AG, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany 5 Astos Solutions, 78089 Unterkirnach, Germany 6 DLR GSOC, 82234 Weßling, Germany ASTEX Marco Polo Symposium, Paris 18.5.09, A. Nathues - 1 Primary Objectives of the ASTEX Study Identification of the required technologies for an in-situ mission to two near-Earth asteroids. ¾ Selection of realistic mission scenarios ¾ Definition of the strawman payload ¾ Analysis of the requirements and options for the spacecraft bus, the propulsion system, the lander system, and the launcher ASTEX ¾ Definition of the requirements for the mission’s operational ground segment Marco Polo Symposium, Paris 18.5.09, A. Nathues - 2 ASTEX Primary Mission Goals • The mission scenario foresees to visit two NEAs which have different mineralogical compositions: one “primitive'‘ object and one fragment of a differentiated asteroid. • The higher level goal is the provision of information and constraints on the formation and evolution history of our planetary system. • The immediate mission goals are the determination of: – Inner structure of the targets – Physical parameters (size, shape, mass, density, rotation period and spin vector orientation) – Geology, mineralogy, and chemistry ASTEX – Physical surface properties (thermal conductivity, roughness, strength) – Origin and collisional history of asteroids – Link between NEAs and meteorites Marco Polo Symposium, Paris 18.5.09, A.