2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report

(ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

June 2019

Local Authority Dr Stuart Maxwell Officer Department Environmental Protection Maidstone House, King St, Maidstone ME15 Address 6JQ Telephone 01622602216

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference ASR 2019 number Date June 2019

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Maidstone

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Maidstone is the county town of Kent. The mid year population of the borough in 2017 was 167,700 people, based on figures from Kent County Council. Its population is expected to increase to 188,600 by 2026. Around 11,080 new homes are to be provided within the planning period 2006 to 2026. The Borough is home to 10.8 per cent of the population of the Kent County Council area (2017 estimate from KCC website) and borders Swale, Ashford, Tunbridge Wells and Tonbridge and Malling Boroughs, as well as Medway Unitary Authority.

The Borough of Maidstone includes the large urban area of Maidstone as well as several small rural settlements. Its countryside, set within 'the Garden of England', is of a high landscape quality and includes the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The main source of air pollution in the Borough is traffic emissions from major roads, notably the M2, M20, A20, A229, A249, A26 and A274. An Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) was declared in August 2008 which incorporates the whole Maidstone urban area and the M20 corridor, where exceedances of the annual mean objective for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and 24-hour mean objective for fine particulate matter

(PM10) were predicted.

The urban roadside automatic monitor in central Maidstone was decommissioned in June 2016, as it needed to be moved to make way for a new road layout. A new site

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 i was proposed outside Miller House which is close to Upper Stone Street. Unfortunately, when the lease negotiations were at an advanced stage, the property was put on the market and the property owner would not complete the lease agreement.

In December 2017, MBC adopted a new Low Emission Strategy incorporating an updated Air Quality Action Plan. One of the actions included in the plan was a review of the air quality monitoring provision in Maidstone. The main emphasis of this action was to consider whether it was necessary to continue with continuous monitoring in Maidstone town centre. The conclusion was that it is necessary, and a continuous monitor was installed in Upper Stone Street, which is monitoring PM2.5 for the first time in Maidstone, as well as NO2 and PM10. We will be particularly interested to find out if there are exceedances of the PM10 objective and the hourly mean NO2 objective, but early indications are that there will not be.

As expected, both the annual mean objective and the 1-hour objective for NO2 were met at the automatic rural background monitoring station in Detling.

During 2018, exceedances of the NO2 annual mean AQ objective were recorded at eight non-automatic monitoring sites within the AQMA and one site outside the AQMA:

Inside the AQMA

 Maid 53 at The Wheatsheaf Public Health

 Maid 81 at The Pilot on Upper Stone Street;

 Maid 96 at Lashings Sports Club on Upper Stone Street.

 Maid 97 at ‘No Loading’ sign outside Romney House, in Romney Place

 Maid 116 at 37 Forstal Road Cottages

 Maid 122 at Papermakers Arms PH, Upper Stone Street

 Maid 123 at Upper Stone Street Opposite Maid 122

 Maid 128 triplicate site co-located with new continuous monitor in Upper Stone Street

Outside the AQMA

 Maid 113 at 1 Ashford Road, Bearstead

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 ii All of these sites exceeded the NO2 annual mean objective in previous years except for Maid 128, which is a new site established in 2018.

Where appropriate, NO2 concentrations have been distance corrected to estimate concentrations at the nearest location of relevant exposure (some of the tubes are already sited at the façade of residential properties). Following distance correction, the annual mean NO2 concentration remains above the annual mean NO2 AQS objective at five tube sites, namely, Maid 53, Maid 81, Maid 96, Maid 122, and Maid 128.

Annual mean concentrations of NO2 at the sites, Maid 81 and Maid 96 are greater than 60µg/m3, which indicates that an exceedance of the 1-hour mean objective might also occur at these sites. Maid 58, which has consistently shown levels above 60µg/m3 has now been discontinued owing to a high rate of theft of tubes.

There was one exceedance of the annual mean NO2 AQS objective in the non- automatic monitoring sites outside the existing AQMA (Maid 113, Ashford Road), but following distance corrrection there was shown to be no exceedance of the objective at the nearest relevant receptors.

Maidstone Borough Council has previously identified a number of biomass installations which are over the 50kW criteria for assessment. The details for these biomass installations are presented in Appendix C. No new installations were identified in 2018.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

During 2017 a new Air Quality Action Plan was introduced, linked to a new Air Quality Management Area which came into effect on 1st January 2018, The new plan was based on the principles of a low emission strategy. Good progress was made on many of the actions included in the Action Plan, incluing adopting new Air Quality Planning Guidance, and securing funding to undertake a feasibility study into a Low Emission Zone. Full details are given in Appendix F

Local Priorities and Challenges

Although the 2018 monitoring results show that the annual mean NO2 AQS objective has been met in majority of the monitoring locations, there were six locations within the AQMA where NO2 levels were observed to exceed the annual mean objective for

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iii NO2, when distance corrected to the nearest relevant exposure. Five of these locations were in Upper Stone Street and the other was at the Wheatsheaf Junction.

It is clear that air quality in Maidstone has improved over recent years, to the extent that a number of areas previously identified as air quality ‘hotspots,’ for example, the

High Street and Well Road, no longer appear to exceed the NO2 annual mean objective. At the Wheatsheaf junction, whilst an exceedance is regularly measured at the Wheatsheaf pub, the pub appears to be the only property where the exceedance is measured. Neighbouring residential properties appear to be below the objective. A similar picture is emerging at the Fountain Lane/Tonbridge Road junction where the area of exceedance barely seems to extend outside the carriageway of the road to the residential properties. In 2018, however, the results were affected by a sink hole in Tonbridge Road which resulted in the closure of the road at the Fountain Lane

Junction, causing lower than expected NO2 levels.

Therefore it is now very clear that Upper Stone Street is now the main area of concern in Maidstone with regards to air quality. Even here, there have been considerable improvements in recent years. The figure below shows the NO2 levels at site Maid 81, The Pilot public house, between 2011 and 2017. Despite the improvements, the levels remain stubbornly in excess of the objective, and it’s clearly here that we need to prioritise our efforts in the coming years.

NO2 levels measured at site Maid 81 in Upper Stone Street.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iv How to Get Involved

As the main source of air pollution within Maidstone Borough Council is transport, the easiest way for the public to get involved with helping improving air quality within the area would be to look at alternatives to the way they usually travel.

The following are suggested alternatives to private travel that would contribute to improving the air quality within the Borough:

 Use public transport where available – This reduces the number of private vehicles on the roads thus helping to reduce congestion and air pollution levels;

 Walk or cycle if your journey allows – Choosing to walk or cycle your journey reduces the number of vehicles on the road and regular exercise helps keep people fit and healthy;

 Car/lift sharing – Where a number of individuals are making similar journeys, such as travelling to work or to school, car sharing reduces the number of vehicles on the road and therefore the amount of emissions being released. This is being promoted via travel plans through the workplace and within schools; and

 Alternative fuel / more efficient vehicles – Choosing a vehicle that meets the specific needs of the owner, fully electric, hybrid fuel and more fuel efficient cars are available and all have different levels of benefits in reducing the amount of emissions being released. The installation of Electric Vehicle charging points is being promoted through the use of conditions attached to relevant planning permissions.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 v Table of Contents Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Maidstone ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... iii Local Priorities and Challenges ...... iii How to Get Involved...... v 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 8 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 9 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 9 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Maidstone Borough Council ...... 11 2.3 Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and or Concentrations ...... 13 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 15 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 15 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 15 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 15 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 17

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 17

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 21 4 Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 23 4.1 Conclusion from the New Monitoring Data ...... 23 4.2 Recommendations ...... 24 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 25 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017 ...... 41 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 44 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations ...... 55 Figure D.1 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Maidstone District...... 55 Figure D.2 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Harrietsham ...... 56 Figure D.3– Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A229 ...... 57 Figure D.4 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: M20 ...... 58 Figure D.4 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: M2 ...... 59 Figure D.6 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Detling Hill ...... 60 Figure D.7 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Bearsted Road ...... 61 Figure D.8 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Park Wood ...... 62

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 vi Figure D.9 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: M20 Map 2 ...... 63 Figure D.10 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A249 ...... 64 Figure D.11 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: St Peters Street ...... 65 Figure D.12 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Mote Road ...... 66 Figure D.13 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A229 Map 2 ...... 667 Figure D.14 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Loose Road ...... 67 Figure D.15 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Sutton Road ...... 68 Figure D.16 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Willington Street ...... 70 Figure D.17 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Ashford Road ...... 70 Figure D.18 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: New Cut Road ...... 71 Figure D.19 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Sittingbourne Road ...... 72 Figure D.20 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Tonbridge Road ...... 73 Figure D.21 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A20 London Road ...... 74 Figure D.22 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: King Street ...... 75 Figure D.23 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A26 Tonbridge Road ...... 76 Figure D.24 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: North View ...... 77 Figure D.25 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Forstal Road ...... 78 Figure D.26 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Pilgrims Way ...... 80 Figure D.27 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Queens Road ...... 80 Figure D.28 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Barming Heath ...... 81 Figure D.29 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Hermitage Lane...... 82 Figure D.30 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: St Andrews Road ...... 82 Figure D.31 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Romney Place ...... 82 Figure D.32 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A229 Map 3 ...... 82 Figure D.33 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Hermitage Lane Map 2 ...... 82 Figure D.34 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Campbell Road ...... 82 Figure D.35 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Farleigh Lane ...... 83

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 90 Appendix F: Maidstone Air Quality Action Plan Action Table…… ...... ………91 Glossary of Terms ...... 104 References ...... 105

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 vii 1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Maidstone Borough Council during 2018. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Maidstone Borough Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 8 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

A summary of the AQMA declared by Maidstone Borough Council can be found in

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Level of Is air quality Exceedance in the (maximum Date Pollutant AQMA monitored/modelle of s and Air influenced Action Plan (inc. City / One Line d concentration at AQMA Name Decla Quality by roads date of Town Description a location of ratio Objectiv controlled publication) relevant exposure) n es by At Highways Declar Now England? ation Maidstone Borough Air Decla Quality red The area Management , carriageways a.gov.uk/larepor area follows 2004 of the main Direct ts/report_5/6806 the Amen roads passing Compa Direct _6771__Low%2 carriageways NO ded 2 Maidsto through the rison Comparis 0Emissions%20 of the main Yes

. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries is available online at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local- authorities?la_id=152.

In December 2017, MBC Councillors approved a major change to the AQMA in Maidstone. The new AQMA was based on the results of modelling and a review of the existing AQMA, carried out by Air Quality Consultants Ltd in 2016. The modelling was based on 2014 data, which was the most recent data available at the time. The review by AQC constitutes a Detailed Assessment as part of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process for amending or revoking AQMA orders.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 9 The modelling showed that in the vast majority of cases, exceedances of the annual mean NO2 objective occurred, as expected, close to the major roads in the District.

Away from major roads, NO2 levels tend to be below the objective, even though many such areas have been included in the AQMA for many years.

Therefore the decision was made to declare a new AQMA based on the modelling undertaken by AQC, and using the boundary of the modelled 36µgm-3 contour as the boundary of the new AQMA. The contours are shown in Figure 2.1

Figure 2.1 – Modelled Air Quality Contours in Maidstone Borough (2014 data)

Therefore the new AQMA is very much smaller than the old AQMA which encompassed the entire Maidstone conurbation. Each AQMA has advantages and disadvantages, however, on balance It was felt that the old AQMA included many areas where air quality was perfectly acceptable and therefore it should be changed to allow the council to focus it’s resources more effectively. A map of the new AQMA is shown in Figure 2.3.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 10 In 2018, the modelling work was updated, based on 2017 data. The results are shown below in Figure 2.2, and indicate that the area of exceedance of the NO2 annual mean has decreased significantly from the area of exceedance based on 2014 data. However, we are not proposing to make another amendment to the AQMA so soon after the previous revision.

Figure 2.2 – Modelled Air Quality Contours in Maidstone Borough (2017 data)

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Maidstone Borough Council

During 2017, MBC produced a new Air Quality Action Plan, mainly based on the principles of a Low Emission Strategy. The draft went to public consultation in the summer of 2017 and the final draft was approved by Councillors in December 2017.

The action table from the new AQAP is included in this report as Appendix F, together with a summary of progress to date, where appropriate.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 11 The actions are divided into 5 themes, namely Transport, Planning, Property and Carbon Management, Procurement, and Public Health.

Examples of the major actions to be included in each theme are given below:-

Transport

A feasibility study in to a Low Emission Zone, starting in the High Street and subsequently being rolled out to other areas. This would involve, amongst other things, consideration of emissions standards for buses and other vehicles.

Planning

Producing an Air Quality Development Plan Document (DPD) This will be a ‘mini local plan’ relating just to air quality, and may contain a number of new policies.

Procurement Review of commissioning and procurement strategy. This may, for example, include targets about procuring items from the closest suppliers or having them delivered in the cleanest vehicles. Property and Carbon Management Review of Park and Ride Provision, for example, when the Park and Ride contract is renewed, an emission standard for the buses will be investigated. Public Health Raising awareness of AQ issues and promoting good practice.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 12 Figure 2.3– Map of Maidstone’s New Air Quality Management Area

2.3 Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and or Concentrations

As mentioned above, the new Air Quality Action Plan is primarily based upon a Low Emission Strategy approach. This means a change of emphasis from actions aimed at modal shift, to actions aimed at cleaning up the vehicle fleet using Maidstone’s roads. This does not mean that modal shift approach is being given a lower priority by the council as a whole, however, there are many other strategies and policies operating in the District, which are aimed at modal shift, for example, Kent County Council’s Active Travel Strategy. The intention of the new AQAP is not to reproduce or duplicate actions which are being covered elsewhere.

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 13 evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

The Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator for the fraction of deaths attributable to PM2.5 within the district of Maidstone Borough Council is 5.5% during 2013, which is slightly above the national average of 5.3%.

During 2018, Maidstone Borough Council installed a new air quality monitoring station in Upper Stone Street which monitors PM2.5 as well as PM10 and NO2. The monitoring station was in operation from May 2018 onwards and for the period of -3 operation an average PM2.5 level of 18µgm was recorded. Maidstone Borough

Council currently has no specific measures in place to address PM2.5 concentrations within the Council area. However, it is recognised that any measures employed to reduce NO2 and PM10 will also have a beneficial effect on PM2.5.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 14 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

Maidstone Borough Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at 2 sites during 2018. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the site.

Maps showing the location of all the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on how the automatic monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C. The Maidstone Roadside monitoring site at Fairmeadow in Maidstone Town Centre had to be discontinued in 2016 owing to changes of the road layout. This station was located within the AQMA next to a main road (the A229 on a Bridge Gyratory system) close to the bottom of Maidstone’s High

Street and measured NO2 and PM10.

In May 2018, a new air quality monitoring station was established in Upper Stone

Street. The site measures NO2 and PM10 and PM2.5 using beta attenuation monitors (BAMS)

The Maidstone Rural background site at Detling is outside the AQMA and measures

NOx, and PM10. The monitoring of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) was discontinued at the Detling site in January 2015.

The background monitor (located in a field off Scragged Oak Road, Detling) uses a Filter Dynamics Measurement System (FDMS). The monitor draws in air through a filter which is then weighed. FDMS monitors are designed in such a way that, unlike a TEOM, the semi-volatile component is not lost. They are therefore accurate enough to be considered reference equivalent.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Maidstone Borough Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 62 sites during 2018. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 15 Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) and bias adjustment for the diffusion tubes are included in Appendix C.

The following tubes sites were closed in 2018:

 Maid 36 – 37 High Street, Maidstone

 Maid 86 – Down pipe between 20 and 18 Mote Road

 Maid 89 – Briar Wood Cottage, Langley Park (A20)

 Maid 102 – EDF substation car park, Fairmeadow

 Maid 108 – 13 Barming Walk, Hermitage Lane

 Maid 120 – Garden wall to the rear of St Andrews Park.

The following new tube sites were established in 2018

 Maid 125 – No loading sign, rear of garden wall behind Langley House

 Maid 126 – Located opposite Maid 125 adjacent to 5a Hermitage Lane (in addition to Maid 121)

 Maid 127 – in bracket of Give Way sign on opposite side of Wrens Cross to Maid 111

 Maid 128 – site located in cage for air intake of new urban AQ station in Upper Stone Street

 Maid 129 – in bracket of road sign at South West façade of club (opposite end to Town Hall) of Middle Row.

 Maid 130 – Lamp post on roundabout near M20 Eclipse Park development site.

 Maid 131 – Lamp post KSGF0409 near façade of nearest new home of new development for new road called Buffkyn Way (replacing the old Maid 89 site opposite, adjacent to Briarwood Cottage.

 Maid 132 – On roadsign outside 18 Mote Road, (replaces Maid 86)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 16 3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for “annualisation” and bias. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 8 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values are provided in Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past 8 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

As would be expected, both the annual mean objective and the 1-hour objective for

NO2 were met at the rural background automatic monitoring station in Detling.

The graph in Figure 3.1 shows annual mean NO2 concentrations for the automatic monitoring sites for the years from 2011 to 2018 and includes for reference, data from the old Maidstone A229 Kerbside from 2011 to 2016

Concentrations of NO2 at the rural background site have been fairly consistent at around 12-13µg/m3 in recent years (2011-2018). The new automatic monitoring -3 station in Upper Stone Street recorded an annualised NO2 level of 70µgm for the period from May to December 2018.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 17 Figure 3.1–Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations Measured at Automatic Monitoring Sites

Figure 3.2 shows trends in annual mean NO2 concentrations measured at Non- automatic monitoring sites where there were exceedances of the AQS objective during 2013-2018.

During 2018, exceedances of the NO2 annual mean were recorded at eight non- automatic monitoring sites within the AQMA, and one outside of the AQMA. These were:-

Inside the AQMA

 Maid 53 at The Wheatsheaf Public Health

 Maid 81 at The Pilot on Upper Stone Street;

 Maid 96 at Lashings Sports Club on Upper Stone Street.

 Maid 97 at ‘No Loading’ sign outside Romney House, in Romney Place

 Maid 116 at 37 Forstal Road Cottages

 Maid 122 at Papermakers Arms PH, Upper Stone Street

 Maid 123 at Upper Stone Street, opposite Maid 122

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 18  Maid 128 at Upper Stone Street, opposite Maid 96

Outside the AQMA

 Maid 113 at 1 Ashford Road, Bearstead

Where there are comparable data, NO2 levels in 2018 appear to be generally slightly lower than in previous years. Monitoring sites Maid 113, though outside the AQMA, -3 did show exceedances of the NO2 objective, at 44.5µgm however, when distance corrected to the nearest receptor, the value was below the objective at 34.3µgm-3 and 33.9µgm-3 respectively. Details of all distance correction calculations are given in Table C.3

Annual mean concentrations of NO2 at the sites Maid 81 and Maid 96, located in Upper Stone Street, are greater than 60µg/m3, which indicates that an exceedance of the 1-hour mean objective is also possible at these sites. Site Maid 58, which had also seen a potential exceedance of the 1-hour mean in previous years, was also located in Upper Stone Street, but was discontinued at the start of 2016 owing to regular theft of the tubes. Preliminary results from the new automatic monitoring station in Upper Stone Street do not indicate an exceedance of the hourly mean objective for NO2.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 19 Figure 3.2 –Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations Measured at Non- automatic Monitoring Sites Exceeding the AQS Objective Within the AQMA during 2013-2018

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 20

Figure 3.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations Measured at Non- automatic Monitoring Sites Outside the AQMA

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Table A.5 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored PM10 annual mean concentrations for the past 8 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

Table A.6 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored PM10 daily mean concentrations for the past 8 years with the air quality objective of 50µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year.

Figure 3.4 shows trends in annual mean PM10 concentrations measured at the Detling Rural automatic monitoring site, along with data from the closed town centre

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 21 site for comparison. The annual mean PM10 concentration at Maidstone Rural remains well below the objective, despite something of an increase in 2018. There is no clear discernible trend in PM10 levels over recent years.

Figure 3.4 – Trends in Annual Mean PM10 Concentrations Measured at Automatic Monitoring Sites

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 22

4 Conclusion and Recommendation 4.1 Conclusion from the New Monitoring Data

The Urban Roadside monitoring site in Maidstone was decommissioned in June of

2016. Both the annual mean objective and the 1-hour objective for NO2 were met at the automatic rural background monitoring station in Detling, as were the objectives for .

During 2018, exceedances of the NO2 annual mean AQS objective were recorded at eight non-automatic monitoring sites, which are located within the existing AQMA, and at one site outside the existing AQMA. Exceedances occurred at:

Inside the AQMA

 Maid 53 at The Wheatsheaf Public Health

 Maid 81 at The Pilot on Upper Stone Street;

 Maid 96 at Lashings Sports Club on Upper Stone Street.

 Maid 97 at ‘No Loading’ sign outside Romney House, in Romney Place

 Maid 116 at 37 Forstal Road Cottages

 Maid 122 at Papermakers Arms PH, Upper Stone Street

 Maid 123 at Upper Stone Street Opposite Maid 122

 Maid 128 Triplicate co-location site with continuous monitoring station in Upper Stone Street.

Outside the AQMA

 Maid 113 at 1 Ashford Road, Bearstead

There are three NO2 diffusion tube locations, Maid 81 and Maid 96 and Maid 128, where the annual mean exceeded 60µg/m3 at the nearest relevant exposure façade; Maid 81 and Maid 96 have been identified previously, and Maid 128 is a new site, which is co-located with the new automatic monitoring station in Upper Stone Street. An annual mean concentration of greater than 60µg/m3 indicates the potential for exceedance of the 1-hour objective.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 23

3 During 2015, the annual mean NO2 concentration at Maid 96 was 94.8µg/m , indicating an exceedance of the 1 hour mean air quality objective. This result, however, was based on only 4 tube results which were annualised. In 2016 there were 11 months (91.7%) of data, and the reading was reduced to 83.8µg/m3. The 2017 result was based on 12 months of data and had decreased to 79.4µgm-3 and further decreased to 77.2µgm-3 in 2018, however, this is still indicative of an exceedance of the hourly mean. A continuous monitor was installed on the grass verge opposite Maid 96 during 2018 and was in operation from May onwards. There was one exceedance of the annual mean NO2 objective at non-automatic monitoring sites located outside of the existing AQMA (Maid 113) However, when distance corrected to the nearest relevant receptor, the level is well below the relevant objective.

4.2 Recommendations

Recommendations following this annual status report are:

 Continuation of diffusion tube monitoring, especially in the area of Upper Stone Street.

 Continue operation of new automatic monitoring station in Upper Stone Street

in order to ascertain if an exceedances of either the 1-hour NO2 objective or

the PM10 annual mean are is occurring in the vicinity.

 Continue to progress actions in the new Air Quality Action Plan.

 Proceed to 2020 annual status report.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 24

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Site Distance to Distance to X OS Inlet Site Y OS Pollutants In Relevant kerb of Site Name Site Type Grid Monitoring Technique Height ID Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest road Ref (1) (2) (m) (m) (m) Maidstone A229 Chemiluminescence (NO2), CM1 Roadside 575740 155615 NO2; PM10 Y 35 1.8 1.5 (Closed June TEOM (PM10) 2016) Chemiluminescence (NO ), Maidstone Rural 2 CM2 580108 159703 NO , PM , N TEOM FDMS (PM10), 58 110 1.5 Rural Background 2 10

Upper Stone NO PM Chemiluminescence (NO2) CM3 Roadside 576337 155183 2 10 Y 1.5 2.0 Street PM2.5 BAM (PM2.5 and PM10) (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 25 Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser?

Maid 06 Scragged Oak Lane Rural 580108 159703 NO2 N 58 >50 Y 2.5

Maid 10 Grange Lane South Other 575769 158500 NO2 Y 6.5 1.9 N 2.4

Maid 11 Boarley Lane Other 575718 158653 NO2 Y 6 1.7 N 2.6

Maid 19 196 Loose Rd Roadside 576692 53992 NO2 N 0 13.3 N 2.4

Maid 20 Sheals Crescent Roadside 576175 154854 NO2 Y 5.4 1.4 N 2.4

Maid 22 A20 London Road Roadside 574109 156930 NO2 Y 7.5 2.9 N 2.3

Maid 26 Drakes PH Roadside 575782 155678 NO2 Y 2 1.8 N 2.2

Maid 27 High Street (JPs Bar) Roadside 575970 155688 NO2 Y 0 4.4 N 2.2

Maid 29 Knightrider Street Roadside 576082 155371 NO2 Y 41 2.8 N 2.2

Maid 36 37 High Street Roadside 575865 155640 NO2 Y 0 4.9 N 1.7 Well Road (facade Maid 44 Roadside 576189 156440 NO Y 0 3.4 N 2.4 between No.3 & 4) 2 Urban Maid 45 Mote Park 577390 155159 NO N N/A >50 N 2.5 Background 2 Scrubbs Lane Urban Maid 46 574770 155774 NO N 73 >50 N 2.93 (Oakwood Park) Background 2 454 Tonbridge Road Maid 49 Roadside 573309 154789 NO Y 0 6.6 N 2.3 (façade) 2

Maid 51 121 Boxley Road Roadside 576146 156488 NO2 Y 0 3.5 N 2.5 565 & 567 Tonbridge Maid 52 Roadside 573349 154790 NO Y 2.9 2.5 N 2.7 Road 2

Maid 53 Wheatsheaf PH Roadside 576724 153948 NO2 Y 1.9 1.0 N 2.4

Maid 56 243 Loose Road Roadside 576735 154007 NO2 Y 0 15.1 N 1.6

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 26 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? 33 & 34 Forstal road Maid 57 Roadside 573962 158759 NO N 0 4.5 N 1.5 cottages 2 14.0 from M20 & Façade 8 Harbourland Maid 63 Roadside 577037 157739 NO Y 0 12.8 from N 1.2 Cottages 2 Boxley Road 17m from the 1 Pilgrims Way Other main road of Maid 66 579097 158414 NO Y 0 N 2 (Triplicate) (Semi-rural) 2 concern the A249 Metro Bank (former Maid 68 Burger King (King Street Roadside 576100 155783 NO2 Y 48 2.3 N 2.3 side)

Maid 69 34 Church Street Roadside 576267 155840 NO2 N 1.5 1.3 N 1.9

Maid 70 92 King Street Roadside 576463 155721 NO2 Y 6 1.3 N 1.9 Flowerpot PH, Sandling 10 from Royal Maid 71 Roadside 575738 156711 NO N 6.5 N 2 Road 2 Engineers Road

Maid 74 Chiltern Hundreds PH Roadside 577377 157130 NO2 N 0 6.0 N 2

Maid 75 1 The Hampshires Roadside 586308 152577 NO2 N 28 8.0 N 2 Well Road / Wheeler Maid 80 Roadside 576314 156312 NO Y 4.5 1.0 N 1.5 Street 2

Maid 81 The Pilot PH Roadside 576302 155328 NO2 Y 0 1.0 N 1 384 & 382 Tonbridge Maid 84 Roadside 573686 155050 NO2 N 2.5 1.0 N 2 Road

Maid 86 20 & 18 Mote Road Roadside 576368 155408 NO2 Y 6 2.0 N 1.7 Briarwood Cottage, Maid 89 Sutton Road A274, Roadside 579072 152254 NO2 N 2 2.0 N 2 Maidstone

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 27 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? Pudding Lane, Medway Maid 90 Kerbside 575918 155753 NO N 2 1.0 N 2 Street, Maidstone 2b Corner Of St Andrews Maid 93 Road / Fountain Lane, Suburban 573347 154981 NO2 N 1 10.0 N 1.5 Maidstone 53, High Street, Maid 94 Maidstone, Maidstone, Roadside 575822 155579 NO2 Y 0 10.0 N 2 Kent, ME14 1SY Lampost KUBT 512 in bracket for "One Way" sign outside Lashings Maid 96 Roadside 576346 155183 NO Y 0 1.5 N 2 Sports Club (opposite 2 grassy area) Upper Stone St Post re bracket for "No Loading" sign outside Maid 97 Roadside 576253 155534 NO Y 5.0 2.1 N 2 Romney House in 2 Romney Place Post re bracket for "No Maid 98 Loading" sign outside Roadside 576258 155422 NO2 Y 5 3 N 2 Miller House On metal post on left- hand side of road bridge which crosses M2 Maid 99 Roadside 579258 162300 NO N 77 1 (above) N 1 approached from south 2 (Bredhurst).Triplicate site. Maid On green fence post by Other 578049 157248 NO N >100 Approx 55m N 2 101 sign for Kent Medical 2 from A249 &

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 28 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? Campus development, 130m from M20 accessed by Private roundabout etc) Road for Newnham Court (Close to M20) On fence near public Maid toilets as you enter EDF Other 575753 155615 NO Y N/A 9 N 1.5 102 2 substation carpark On plastic down-pipe Corner of Ashley Maid Gardens Care Centre, Roadside 578391 152617 NO N 0 10 N 2 103 419 Sutton Rd 2 Maidstone ME15 8RA (opposite Bellmeadow)

Maid On low metal bar next to metal junction box at Roadside 576281 155408 NO2 N 5.6 5.4 N 0.4 104 Wrens Cross Maidstone On wooden fence post 19m from M20 Maid down the slope towards to North Harp Farm Rd on right Other 577289 161502 NO2 N 17.3 (nearest road is N 1 105 hand side of M2 bridge actually Harp at Westfield Sole Farm Rd) On down-pipe to the left Maid of front bay window at Roadside 576449 153400 NO N 0 9m N 1.3 106 432 Loose Road, 2 Maidstone, ME15 9UA On down pipe to the left Maid of front door at 7 Roadside 578617 155398 NO N 0 15m N 1.3 107 Ashford Road, Bearsted, 2 Kent. ME14 4BP

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 29 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? High up on down-pipe to Maid left of front door at 13 Barming Walk, Roadside 573263 155157 NO2 N 0 9m N 2 108 Hermitage Lane, Barming, ME16 9AH

Maid Cookes Cottages, Grane Lane, Boxley, Other 576476 158231 NO2 N 0 102m N 2 109 Kent. ME14 3BX. Maid Tonbridge Road (on Roadside 575540 155435 NO Y 2.8 1.5m N 2 110 lamp post near No 3) 2 Mote Road. On lamp post adjacent to Maid pedestrian crossing on Roadside 576287 155404 NO Y 9.8 1.3m N 2 111 Wat Tyler Way (Wren's 2 Cross) near Miller House. New Cut Road. On Turkey Mill roadsign Maid near traffic lights (pole Roadside 577770 155613 NO N 6.4 2.6m N 1.5 112 nearest back garden 2 wall of nearest residence) Tube located on lamp- Maid post outside 1 Ashford Roadside 578567 155392 NO N 8.8 2.4m N 1.5 113 Road, Bearsted, Kent, 2 ME14 5BJ. To replace triplicate site Maid Maid 102 - speed sign Roadside 579272 162291 NO N 35 15m N 1.5 114 on pole on left-hand side 2 of road bridge which

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 30 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? crosses M2 approached from south (Bredhurst) On pole immediately adjacent to side wall of Maid The Swan PH (to Roadside 576476 153376 NO N 0 2m N 1.5 115 replace Maid 106 on 2 opposite side of the road) On telegraph pole by front garden wall of 37 Maid Forstal Rd Cottages (to Roadside 573972 158753 NO Y 4.3 1m N 1.5 116 replace Maid 57 since 2 new resident has destroyed original site) 2.5m from pavem ent but On lampost adjacent to 2m Maid drive though area of Roadside 575698 155448 NO Y 31m 1.3m N from 117 2 McDonalds ground level of drive throug h On down-pipe to left of Maid main hospital entrance Roadside 573304 155731 NO N 0 3 N 1.5 118 2 (forward most façade) Maid On down-pipe to right of Roadside 573384 155479 NO N 0 4.2m N 2 119 62 Tarragon Road 2

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 31 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? Tube on lampost Maid bracket near garden wall Roadside 573290 155070 NO Y 84 2m N 1.5 120 to rear of St Andrew's 2 Park Tube site intially (Aug to Oct) on down-pipe on corner of front façade of 46 Springwood Lane, Maid but then realised Roadside 573273 155107 NO N 0 5m N 1.5 121 corners are not 2 recommended in guidance so moved to second down-pipe on front façade near gate Loading sign to the right Maid of the front of the Roadside 576386 155035 NO Y 0 1.5m N 1.5 122 2 Papermakers Arms PH* Loading sign on Maid opposite side of Upper Roadside 576378 155033 NO Y 6.6 1.5m N 1.5 123 Stone St to Maid 122* 2

Fence pole at back of site for proposed development at 102 Maid Upper Stone St* Roadside 576336 155031 NO N 0 40m N 1.5 124 [*NB. Sites Maid 122-4 2 replacing triplicate Maid 114, in favour of checking accuracy of 2015 AQ contour lines

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 32 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? modelled for Council by AQS ] Tube located in no- loading sign on lampost Maid to rear of garden wall Roadside 573285 155266 NO N 3 2.6 N 2 125 behind Langley House 2 etc (to replace Maid 120) Tube located opposite Maid 125 on lamppost Maid adjacent to 5a Roadside 573269 155266 NO N 3.0 2.6 N 2 126 2 Hermitage Lane (in addition to Maid 121) Tube located in bracket Maid of Give Way sign on Roadside 576295 155376 NO Y 2 1.5 N 2 127 opposite side of Wren's 2 Cross to Maid 111 Site located in cage for Maid air intake of new urban Roadside 576337 155183 NO Y ???? 1.5 Y 2 128 AQ station in Upper 2 Stone Street Site Located in bracket of road sign at South- Maid West façade of club Roadside 575928 155652 NO Y 1 3 N 2 129 2 (opposite end to Town Hall) Middle Row Site located on Lampost Maid adjacent to roundabout Roadside 577843 157243 NO N 2 1.5 N 2 130 near planned 2 development site by

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 33 Tube Distance to X OS Y OS Distance to collocated Pollutants In Relevant Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Grid kerb of nearest with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure (2) (m) Ref Ref (1) road (m) Continuous (m) Analyser? M20 On lamppost adjacent to nearest new home of Maid new road called Buffkyn Roadside 579090 152270 NO N 1.5 2 N 2 131 Way (replacing Maid 89 2 on opposite side of Sutton Rd) On Roadsign outside 18 Maid Mote Road (Replaces Roadside 576368 155408 NO Y 1.7 2 N 1.7 132 2 Maid 86) (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.

.

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data Capture Valid Data 3 (3) NO Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type for Monitoring Capture 2018 2 Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Site CM1 Roadside Automatic Closed Closed 53.5 43.2 48.1 46.9 40.1 38 closed Rural 11 CM2 Automatic 99.2% 99.2% 12.5 13.7 13.5 12.3 12.6 12 13 Background CM3 Roadside Automatic 89.5 58.1 ------70 (a)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 34 Valid Data Capture Valid Data 3 (3) NO Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type for Monitoring Capture 2018 2 Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Maid Rural Diffusion Tube 100.0% 100.0% 15.9 16 15.1 13.3 12.2 12.64 12.6 10.8 06.1 Maid Rural Diffusion Tube 100.0% 100.0% ------10.6 06.2 Maid Rural Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% ------10.1 06.2 Maid 10 Other Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 32.3 29.3 34.5 29.8 27.4 30.95 30.3 26.7 Maid 11 Other Diffusion Tube 66.7% 66.7% 32.3 26.6 28.8 29.4 27.0 24.73 25.1 21.7 (a) Maid 19 Roadside Diffusion Tube 75% 75% 28.8 25.6 27.1 26.8 22.4 23.78 22.8 22.1 Maid 20 Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 29.4 29.2 31.6 29.7 24.8 28.13 27.1 26.2 Maid 22 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 91.7% 32.5 30.6 31.7 29.5 25.6a 28.59 28.5 25.4 Maid 26 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39 32.4 30.6 34.9 30.7 31.03 33.5 29.3 Maid 27 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 44.9 38.1 37.8 44.1 37.0 36.39 33.8 33.2 Maid 29 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83.3% 83.3% 37.5 28.6 33.5 32 30.3 30.94 34.3 31.5 Maid 36 Roadside Diffusion Tube 33.3% 33.3% 46.3 39.4 42.3a 46.5a 39.4 40.69 36.8 29.9 (a) Maid 44 Roadside Diffusion Tube 75% 75% 41.2 41.1 43.5 42.3 34.2 38.09 36.2 35.1 Urban Maid 45 Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 22 21.1 22.3 17.7 17.1 17.84 16.6 13.7 Background Urban Maid 46 Diffusion Tube 41.7% 41.7% 16.3 18 17.2a 15.0a 13.2a 14.89(a) 14.5 14 (a) Background Maid 49 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83.3% 83.3% 43.1 39.4 43.2 42.4 36.2 40.22 36.5 33.0 Maid 51 Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 44 40.5 46.5 42.9 33.4 40.42 36.7 35.7 Maid 52 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 48 42 46 44.7 37.7 42.87 38.2 29.7 Maid 53 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83.3% 83.3% 60.2 53.5 61.7 50.5 55.4 58.60 59.1 52.4 Maid 56 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100.0% 100.0% 30.4 27.7 27.6 36.8 27.5 27.76 27.0 21.1 Maid 63 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.7 35.5 35.6 38.6 32.4 34.91 34.4 30.1 Maid 66 Other Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 34.9 31.7 35.4a 34.8 29.5 30.97 29.1 28.4 Maid 68 Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 43.8 35.3 39.9 36.1 34.9 36.36 33.2 32.0 Maid 69 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 31.5 24.2 25.8 26.1 22.0 25.99 24.5 22.8 Maid 70 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 83.3% 47.9 37.8 35.2 43.2 38.3 38.52 37.6 35.3 Maid 74 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 38.1 32.3 34.3 35.6 32.9a 33.32 34.8 29.6 Maid 75 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37.4 30.6 31 32.2 28.5 27.10 28.9 23.7 Maid 80 Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% - 41.6 39 41.9 33.9 35.23 35.0 31.9

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 35 Valid Data Capture Valid Data 3 (3) NO Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type for Monitoring Capture 2018 2 Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Maid 81 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 84.8 87.3 81.7 74.8a 71.5 71.26 67.7 67.3 Maid 84 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% - 26.6 31.9 29.5 26.3 35.08 30.4 24.7 Maid 86 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83.1% 83.1% - 33.2 37.9 39.4 33.5 30.17 35.8 30.8 Maid 89 Roadside Diffusion Tube 41.7% 100% - - 27.4a 29.3 25.6 25.38 26.5 22.2 (a) Maid 90 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 66.7% 66.7% - - 35.8a 37.2 32.9 32.77 34.2 29.3 Maid 93 Suburban Diffusion Tube 83.3% 83.3% - - (35.2a) 30.2 24.4 26.46 26.3 23.9 Maid 94 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% - - - - 31.3 35.51 35.4 35 Maid 96 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% - - - - 94.8a 83.84 79.3 77.2 Maid 97 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 38.61 41.9 40.3 Maid 98 Roadside Diffusion Tube 75% 75% 35.22 34.8 34.7 Maid Other Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 33.08 33.1 27.4 101 Maid Other Diffusion Tube 33.3% 100% 30.11 28.8 26.9 (a) 102 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 100% 23.54 22.1 20.0 103 Maid Other Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 24.66(a) 24.1 21.5 105 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 58.3% 58.3% 23.75(a) 23.4 22.6 (a) 108 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 28.98(a) 33.8 29.7 110 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 30.4 30.0 111 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 41.4 34.9 112 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 81.3% 81.3% 44.5 46.4 113 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 31.1 N/A 114 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35.8 32.2 115 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 58.5 53.3 116

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 36 Valid Data Capture Valid Data 3 (3) NO Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type for Monitoring Capture 2018 2 Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 31.8 34.5 117 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 17 17.6 118 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 15.2 15.3 119 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 16.7% 100% 20.2 25.8 (a) 120 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 100% 30.7 23.3 121 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7% 91.7% 58.7 79.2 122 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 59 53.5 123 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 16.1 19.9 124 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 58.3% 58.3% 23.3 (a) 125 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 66.6% 66.6% 26.2 (a) 126 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 83.7% 83.7% 36.2 127 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 66.6% 100% 67.7(a) 128.1 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 66.6% 100% 67.3 (a) 128.2 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 66.6% 100% 68.1 (a) 128.3 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 50% 50% 29.3 (a) 129 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 50% 100% 26.3 (a) 130 Maid Roadside Diffusion Tube 58.3% 100% 28.5 (a) 131

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 37 3 Notes: Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results Valid Data NO 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m3 (3) Valid Data 2 Site Monitoring Capture for Site Type Capture 2018 ID Type Monitoring (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (1) (%) Period (%) Site CM1 Roadside Automatic N/A N/A 0 0 0 2 0 0 N/A Closed Rural CM2 Automatic 99.2% 99.2% 0 0 0 0 0(68.9) 0 0 0 Background CM3 Roadside Automatic 89.5% 58.1% 1(174) 3 Notes: Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 38

Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results Valid Data PM Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3) Valid Data 10 Site Capture for Site Type Capture 2018 ID Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Period (%) (1) Site N/A CM1 Roadside - - 26.5 24.9 24.5 22.6 22 24 Closed 98.60% 98.60% 20 CM2 Rural Background 15.8 17.5 18.8 25.3 19.4 20 13

CM3 Roadside 97.3% 62.9% 25 3 Notes: Exceedances of the PM10 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

Table A.6 – 24-Hour Mean PM10 Monitoring Results Valid Data Capture Valid Data PM 24-Hour Means > 50µg/m3 (3) Site 10 Site Type for Monitoring Capture 2018 ID Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Site Site CM1 Roadside Closed Closed 11 11 11 10 3 5 closed closed Rural CM2 98.6% 98.6% 8 10 (33) 1 18 3 4 0 4 Background

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 39 Valid Data Capture Valid Data PM 24-Hour Means > 50µg/m3 (3) Site 10 Site Type for Monitoring Capture 2018 ID Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 CM3 Roadside 96.9% 62.9% ------1(38) 3 Notes: Exceedances of the PM10 24-hour mean objective (50µg/m not to be exceeded more than 35 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 90.4th percentile of 24-hour means is provided in brackets.

Table A.7 – PM2.5 Monitoring Results

3 (3) PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Valid Data Capture Site ID Site Type (1) (2) Period (%) 2018 (%) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

CM3 Roadside 97.3 63.2 n/a n/a n/a n/a 18

Notes: (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 40 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018 3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Site ID Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw Bias Data Adjusted (0.76) Maid 06.1 20.3 17.5 15.8 12.9 10.5 9.1 9.9 11.5 12.7 15 16.7 18 14.2 10.8 Maid 06.2 20.1 17.8 13.5 11.4 11.9 8.7 8.8 11.4 12.6 14.5 16.6 20.4 14.0 10.6 Maid 06.3 18.8 15.2 14.8 11.4 12.2 7.8 9 - 13.4 16.1 11.8 16.4 13.4 10.1 Maid 10 40.8 45 41 29.5 41.4 25.5 28.2 29.9 31.1 35.7 31.6 42.1 35.2 26.7 Maid 11 38.2 28 31.7 31.4 - 15.5 25.3 26.1 - 26.6 - - 28.5 (a) 21.7 Maid 19 - - 34.9 - 32.2 22.8 22 23.1 26.1 33 31.1 36.1 29.1 22.1 Maid 20 - 41.8 42.1 31.4 35.5 25.7 27.4 25.9 32 42.4 33.3 41 34.4 26.2 Maid 22 34.5 28.6 31.4 32.9 32.4 23.6 33.3 30.9 37.1 38.4 33.6 44.8 33.5 25.4 Maid 26 37.9 40.9 42.2 39.8 36.8 28.1 36.4 36.4 37.4 45.4 35.8 45.3 38.5 29.3 Maid 27 47.5 29.6 44.6 47.3 43.4 39.4 44.8 39.3 40.5 50.7 46.9 50.5 43.7 33.2 Maid 29 44.8 41 42.2 41.7 - 33.2 39.4 36.5 39.3 51.3 44.7 - 41.4 31.5 Maid 36 49 48.2 40.9 - - 32.9 ------39.4 (a) 29.9 Maid 44 46 53.2 48.1 - - 39.1 44.5 - 39.8 49.1 45.9 50.3 46.2 35.1 Maid 45 23.7 21.1 20.7 16.6 15.7 12.4 13.4 16.4 - 17.2 17.3 24.1 18.1 13.7 Maid 46 - - - - 10.5 20.3 13.8 15.9 22.9 18.4 (a) 14.0 Maid 49 44.6 51 42.1 40.1 - - 40.8 36.2 38.9 46.9 41.5 51.7 43.4 33.0 Maid 51 43.9 55.2 48.3 43.2 59.2 40.2 45.7 - 42.2 48.7 42.7 - 46.9 35.7 Maid 52 53.6 50.6 42.1 47.4 42.1 15.5 17.1 28.4 31.2 35.5 52 53.1 39.1 29.7 Maid 53 76.8 72.2 71.9 64.1 75.2 55.9 43.5 71.4 76.1 67.2 72.2 81.2 69.0 52.4 Maid 56 32.8 33.6 26.5 24.2 25.3 20.1 24.7 26.3 28.6 31.6 26.3 33.5 27.8 21.1 Maid 63 45.4 41.8 46.3 44 31.9 26 41.9 35.8 38.4 37.9 41.4 44.4 39.6 30.1 Maid 66 43.6 45.8 47.2 42.6 30 28.9 32.8 27.4 27.9 34.6 50.8 36.3 37.3 28.4 Maid 68 43.3 38.2 46.5 40.7 38.7 - 39.2 34 42.3 51 44.3 44.9 42.1 32.0

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 41 3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Site ID Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw Bias Data Adjusted (0.76) Maid 69 34.9 36.8 33.7 31.4 22.7 18.9 23.6 21.6 24.3 38.9 33.5 39.3 30.0 22.8 Maid 70 - 49 51.5 44.9 40.7 35.6 48.2 44 44.4 52.8 - 53.3 46.4 35.3 Maid 74 42.2 42.6 39.3 38.2 34.8 28.8 35.3 36.2 41.6 40.2 44.2 44 39 29.6 Maid 75 36.4 28.9 33.6 32.4 23.3 20 30.5 30.9 29.7 32.3 36.8 39.9 31.2 23.7 Maid 80 41.1 45.7 45.8 43.2 40.6 26.7 38.8 - 39.2 45.2 41.8 52.9 41.9 31.9 Maid 81 85.3 81.4 99.2 91.6 100.1 73.7 92.1 81.8 88.3 91.2 86.5 91 88.5 67.3 Maid 84 41.3 40.8 38.4 34.9 37.9 20.2 23.4 22.6 24.8 32.3 30.5 43.1 32.5 24.7 Maid 86 46.7 31.4 50.5 37.5 45.4 34.6 37.2 40.2 41.8 39.9 - - 40.5 30.8 Maid 89 29.5 33 29.5 28.1 38.2 ------29.2 (a) 22.2 Maid 90 41.8 40.7 46.1 - 37.3 30.8 - 34.4 37.6 - - 45.3 38.5 29.3 Maid 93 38.4 31.9 27.8 15.6 25.6 27 40.9 37.1 29.8 40.8 31.5 23.9 Maid 94 47.8 49.6 48.8 43.4 47.2 40.1 47.9 42.5 38.5 53.8 45.1 47.2 46 35 Maid 96 88 114.9 89 99.6 117.8 108.1 108.9 95.7 91.2 119.9 99.6 85.9 101.6 77.2 Maid 97 55.6 56.6 51.5 54.9 61.6 51.2 56.8 51.6 50.9 - 40.1 - 53.1 40.3 Maid 98 - - 41.7 55.9 55.2 49.1 39.3 36.4 43.9 44.2 45.6 45.7 34.7 Maid 101 45.6 40.7 29.4 31.1 40 27.7 28.9 32.2 35.3 43.2 31.3 46.9 36.0 27.4 Maid 102.1 40.4 45.8 44.4 38.8 37.3 (a) 28.4 Maid 102.2 32.9 39.4 43.5 39.1 34.1 (a) 25.9 Maid 102.3 41 39.3 44 33.9 34.8 (a) 26.4 Maid 103 29 29.9 25.7 25.7 25.3 18.3 21.8 25.3 27.2 30.7 30.5 - 26.3 20.0 Maid 105 30.4 35.9 29.8 23.9 40.6 28.1 23.6 21.9 23.9 30.4 22.6 29.1 28.4 21.5 Maid 108 32.5 34.4 29.3 27.2 30.6 17.4 39.6 29.8 (a) 22.6 Maid 110 44 42.1 37.7 35.2 41.5 32 36.5 33.2 38.6 39.9 40.2 48.4 39.1 29.7 Maid 111 - 41.3 40.6 37.6 53.2 41.8 30.8 32 35.4 44.9 47.5 40.8 39.5 30.0 Maid 112 45.3 42.4 44.2 43.5 55.2 46.7 53.7 47.1 44.7 45.6 37.3 45.1 45.9 34.9 Maid 113 - 65.3 64.8 60.6 61.9 51.3 61 53.5 - 61.6 64.6 65.3 61.0 46.4 Maid 115 48.5 41.3 42.5 41.3 42.3 32.8 44.3 38.1 44.7 45.4 40.5 46.5 42.4 32.2

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 42 3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Site ID Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw Bias Data Adjusted (0.76) Maid 116 72.7 63.1 77.3 - 85.6 60.7 85.6 65.6 74.6 69.8 62.1 75.2 72 53.3 Maid 117 46.9 46.8 52.6 38.1 59 42 42.2 31.1 38.9 51.5 41.9 53 45.3 34.5 Maid 118 26.9 27.3 23.1 19.9 21.9 14.2 18.8 18.5 20.2 26.4 24.5 29.4 22.6 17.6 Maid 119 21.1 24.5 20.8 18.2 21.4 12.1 16 15.3 18.1 22.5 21.5 27.9 20.0 15,3 Maid 120 26.7 57.1 - 33.9 (a) 25.8 Maid 121 - 33.3 27.5 25.8 43.4 29.4 27.3 22.9 23.7 30.7 30.8 32 29.7 23.3 Maid 122 96.7 108.1 116.7 121.7 98 102.5 92.7 84.6 129 104.3 92.6 104.3 79.2 Maid 123 82.7 81.3 60.8 71.8 72.5 55.9 70.6 64 65.9 85.3 66.8 67.7 70.4 53.5 Maid 124 28.2 32.1 30.9 24.4 26.1 20.4 19.9 20.9 22.1 28.5 29.5 31 26.2 19.9 Maid 125 26 32.8 - 24.7 28.5 39.6 31.7 38.6 30.7 (a) 23.3 Maid 126 37.8 35.8 37.9 21.6 27.8 34.3 36.4 44 34.5 (a) 26.2 Maid 127 50.3 53.7 48.9 46.5 47 43.2 40.6 49.5 42.9 54.1 47.7 36.2 Maid 128.1 75.1 72.6 91.2 81.1 84.6 85.4 92.9 76.9 89.1 (a) 67.7 Maid 128.2 74.4 70.8 88.1 75.5 81.7 102.1 82.8 80.1 88.5 (a) 67.3 Maid 128.3 79.4 72.9 85.9 73.7 87.5 99.2 89.4 76.1 89.6 (a) 68.1 Maid 129 36.3 32.9 32.8 35.6 45.7 47.6 38.5 (a) 29.3 Maid 130 26.1 26.5 30.7 33.9 35.3 48.8 34.6 (a) 26.3 Maid 131 29.4 31.4 32.1 36.8 39.7 37.8 37.5 37.5 (a) 28.5 (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 43 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

The diffusion tubes are supplied and analysed by Environmental Scientifics Group (ESG) Didcot utilising the 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in acetone preparation method. A national bias adjustment of 0.76 for the year 2018 (based on 28 studies) has been derived from the national bias adjustment calculator.

For previous data, years 2011 to 2017, the bias adjustment factors have been taken from the Council’s previous LAQM annual reports. The factors used were 0.92 (2011), 0.79 (2012), 0.88 (2013), 0.88 (2014) 0.79 (2015) 0.79 (2016) and 0.77 (2017)

Factor from Local Co-location Studies

Maidstone Borough Council has triplicate tubes located at Maidstone Rural site (diffusion tube site Maid 06) and since May 2018, has also had triplicate tubes co- located with the new air quality station in Upper Stone Street.

A factor of 0.81 was produced from the Maidstone Rural co-location survey using eleven periods of data with good diffusion tube precision and good data capture (see Table C.1).

Table C.1– Local Bias Factors

Diffusion Continuous Monitor Diffusion Continuous Bias Bias Site Tube Data Data Capture for Tube Annual Monitor Annual Factor Factor ID 3 3 capture Periods Used Mean (μg/m ) Mean (μg/m ) A B CM2 100% 98% 16 13 0.78 29% CM3

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Figure C.1 – Maidstone Rural

Figure C.2 – Maidstone Upper Stone Street.

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Discussion of Choice of Factor to Use

Data has been corrected using a bias adjustment factor, which is an estimate of the difference between diffusion tube concentrations and continuous monitoring, the latter assumed to be a more accurate method of monitoring. The technical guidance LAQM.TG 16 provides guidance with regard to the application of a bias adjustment factor to correct diffusion tubes. Triplicate co-location studies can be used to determine a local bias factor based on the comparison of diffusion tube results with data from NOx / NO2 continuous analysers. Alternatively, the national database of diffusion tube co-location surveys provides bias factors for the relevant laboratory and preparation method.

With regard to the application of a bias adjustment factor for the diffusion tubes, the technical guidance LAQM.TG 16 and LAQM Helpdesk recommends the use of a local bias adjustment factor where available and relevant to diffusion tube sites.

In the previous two years, Maidstone has had no town centre monitoring station; it’s only automatic monitoring station being the rural station at Detling. In both years, the local and national bias correction factors were very similar. In 2016 the local and national bias correction factors were 0.79 and 0.78 respectively, and in 2017, they were 0.78 and 0.77 respectively. The guidance states that a local bias correction should be used where available and relevant to diffusion tube sites. It is therefore the case that since most of the diffusion tube sites are roadside sites, the use of the Detling site to calculate a bias correction factor is not ideal, Nevertheless, because of the small difference between the 2 factors, it has been felt that data will be more robust if we err on the side of caution and use the larger of the two factors.

In 2018, however, the difference between the local and national correction factors was larger, with the local factor being 0.81 calculated using data from Detling Air Quality station, and the national one being 0.76. It therefore seemed that using the larger factor might be overly cautious, and the national factor was probably more appropriate.

A bias correction factor was also calculated using the new monitoring station in Upper Stone Street, however, the station was only commissioned on 9th May 2018, which meant that the data capture for the year was only 58.1%. A couple of teething

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 46 problems reduced the data capture for the period of operation to 89.5%. The bias correction factor calculated for Upper Stone Street was 0.78. Although Upper Stone Street would be a more relevant station to use for bias correction, the factor was not used because of the low data capture.

Therefore it was decided to use the national bias adjustment factor (0.76) for the year 2018. The bias factor of 0.76 is slightly more consistent with factors used in recent years.

Short-term to Long-term Data Adjustment

Data capture at all sites which recorded 75% data capture or less, during 2018 has been annualised according to the method set out in LAQM TG(16) box 7.9. The details of the annualisation have been provided in Table C.2.

Table C.2 – Short-Term to Long-Term Monitoring Data Adjustment

Uncorrected Annualised Bias Diffusion Annualised Data Site Detling AF 3 Adjusted Tube Mean Average µg/m 3 3 Concentration (µg/m ) (µg/m ) Maid 11 27.9 1.02 28.5 21.7 Maid 36 42.8 0.92 39.4 29.9 Maid 46 16.7 1.1 18.4 14.0 Maid 89 31.7 0.92 29.2 22.2 Maid 90 39.3 0.98 38.5 29.3 Maid 102.1 42.4 0.88 37.3 28.4 Maid 102.2 38.7 0.88 34.1 25.9 Maid 102.3 39.6 0.88 34.8 26.4 Maid 108 30.1 0.99 29.8 22.6 Maid 120 41.9 0.81 33.9 25.8 Maid 125 31.7 0.97 30.7 23.3 Maid 126 34.5 1.0 34.5 26.2 Maid 128.1 82.5 1.08 89.1 67.7 Maid 128.2 81.9 1.08 88.5 67.3 Maid 128.3 83 1.08 89.6 68.1 Maid 129 38.5 1 38.5 29.3 Maid 130 33.6 1.03 34.6 26.3 Maid 131 35 1.07 37.5 28.5

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Further QA/QC AQMS Network Manager

QA/QC of Automatic Air Quality Instruments Air quality measurements from automatic instruments are validated and ratified to the standards described in the Local Air Quality Management – Technical Guidance LAQM (TG16) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/technical-guidance by Air Quality Data Management (AQDM) http://www.aqdm.co.uk

Validation This process operates on data during the data collection stage. All data are continually screened algorithmically and manually for anomalies. There are several techniques designed to discover spurious and unusual measurements within a very large dataset. These anomalies may be due to equipment failure, human error, power failures, interference or other disturbances. Automatic screening can only safely identify spurious results that need further manual investigation.

Raw data from the gaseous instruments (e.g. NOx, O3, SO2 and CO) are scaled into concentrations using the latest values derived from the manual and automatic calibrations. These instruments are not absolute and suffer drifts. Both the zero baseline (background) and the sensitivity may change over time. Regular calibrations with certified gas standards are used to measure the zero and sensitivity. However, these are only valid for the moment of the calibration since the instrument will continue to drift. Raw measurements from particulate instruments (e.g. PM10 and

PM2.5) generally do not require scaling into concentrations. The original raw data are always preserved intact while the processed data are dynamically scaled and edited.

Ratification This is the process that finalises the data to produce the measurements suitable for reporting. All available information is critically assessed so that the best data scaling is applied and all anomalies are appropriately edited. Generally this operates at three, six or twelve month intervals. However, unexpected faults can be identified during the instrument routine services or independent audits which are often at 6- monthly intervals. In practice, therefore, the data can only be fully ratified in 12-month

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 48 or annual periods. The data processing performed during the three and six monthly cycles helps build a reliable dataset that is finalised at the end of the year. There is a diverse range of additional information that can be essential to the correct understanding and editing of data anomalies. These may include

er drift

2 conversion inefficiencies ataset -up after a powercut

The identification of data anomalies, the proper understanding of the effects and the application of appropriate corrections requires expertise gained over many years of operational experience. Instruments and infrastructure can fail in numerous ways that significantly and visually affect the quality of the measurements. There are rarely simple faults that can be discovered by computer algorithms or can be understood without previous experience.

The PM10 concentrations require scaling into Gravimetric Equivalent concentration units by use of the Volatile Correction Model (VCM) http://www.volatile-correction- model.info or by corrections published by Defra https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/networks/monitoring-methods?view=mcerts-scheme depending on the measurement technique.

Further information about air quality data management, expert data ratification and examples of bad practices are given on the Air Quality Data Management (AQDM) website http://www.aqdm.co.uk.

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QC Audits

The National Physical Laboratory, (NPL) carry out annual audits to rigorously evaluate analysers to obtain an assessment of performance level. This information, in conjunction with the full analyser data set and calibration and service records, help ensure data quality specifications have been met during the preceding period. Additionally, an assessment of the station calibration cylinder concentrations provides an indication that the cylinder concentrations remain stable and therefore suitable for data scaling purposes.

The following describes the audit process:-

1 Oxides of Nitrogen

1.1 Analyser Response Factors A stable "intercalibration standard", validated against NPL primary standards, is transported to each site and is sampled by the analyser. The analyser also samples from a cylinder containing certified metrology grade zero air, or catalytic scrubbers of known efficiency. The analyser factor quoted is the response to the intercalibration standard, expressed in nmol.mol-1.logged unit-1, with the zero point being the response to zero air.

For oxides of nitrogen analysers, the NOx and NO channel response factors are derived from an NO in nitrogen cylinder.

1.2 Analyser Linearity To determine analyser linearity, a series of amount fractions are produced (using dynamic dilution techniques) covering the analyser range. The analyser output is noted for each of these amount fractions. A linear regression is then carried out, relating analyser output to the dilution factor at each point. The linearity error is defined as the maximum residual of the regression slope.

1.3 Analyser noise levels. This is defined here as the standard error of ten successive spot readings of analyser output when fully stabilised on zero (zero noise) or span (span noise)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 50

amount fraction.

1.4 NOx analyser Converter Efficiency

NO2 to NO Converter efficiency is determined as follows: A stable amount fraction of NO is produced, (by two stage dynamic dilution)

and the analyser outputs, NOx and NO, are noted after a suitable stabilisation period.

Ozone is added to the sample, converting some NO to NO2, note however, the

total NOx in the sample remains constant. Again, following appropriate

stabilisation times, the NOx and NO outputs are noted.

Converter (in)efficiency is defined as the change in scaled NOx signal as a percentage ratio of the change in the scaled NO signal.

1.5 Estimation of Site Cylinder Amount fractions The site cylinder amount fractions are evaluated by sampling from the site cylinder and using the analyser response factors, section 1.1, to derive their amount fraction.

2 Particle Analysers. 2.1 Analyser Flow Rates Flow rates are measured by calibrated flow audit measurement systems. A leak check is also carried out.

2.2 Analyser Calibration Constants TEOM Analyser calibration constants are measured by consideration of the change in frequency induced by placing pre-weighed masses on the analyser sensors.

QA/QC of Diffusion Tube Monitoring

Socotec is a UKAS accredited laboratory and participates in the in the new AIR-PT (Proficiency Test) Scheme previously known as the Workplace Analysis Scheme for

Proficiency (WASP)) for NO2 tube analysis and the Annual Field Inter-Comparison Exercise. These provide strict performance criteria for participating laboratories to meet, thereby ensuring NO2 concentrations reported are of a high calibre. The lab

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 51 follows the procedures set out in the Harmonisation Practical Guidance. In the latest available results, Socotec Didcot scored as follows: AIR-PT AR024 (Jan to Feb 2018) 100%, AIR-PT AR025 (April to May 2018) 100%, AIR-PT AR027 (July to August 2018) 100% and AIR-PT AR028 (September to October 2018) 100%. The percentage score reflects the results deemed to be satisfactory based upon the z- score of < ± 2. Based on 21 studies, 100% of all local Authority co-location studies in 2018, using the 50% TEA in acetone preparation method, were rated as ‘good’ (tubes are considered to have "good" precision where the coefficient of variation of duplicate or triplicate diffusion tubes for eight or more periods during the year is less than 20%).

Fall-off Distance Correction of Sites Exceeding the NO2 Annual Mean Objective

Distance corrections have been carried out, where appropriate, for all tubes which have shown an exceedance in 2017. Some of the tubes showing an exceedance are located on the facades of properties and therefore do not require distance correction. The results of the distance correction are shown in Table C.3 and an example is given in

Table C.3 – Fall-off Distance Correction of Sites Exceeding the NO2 Annual Mean Objective (2018)

Distance Distance to Bias Adjusted Distance to Corrected Site ID Site Name relevant Annual Mean kerb 3 Annual Mean exposure (µg/m ) 3 (µg/m )

Maid 53 Wheatsheaf PH 1.0m 1.9m 52.4 44.1

The Pilot Public Maid 81 1.0 0m 67.3 67.3 House

Lashings sports club Maid 96 1.5m 0m 77.2 77.2 Upper Stone Street

Outside Romney Maid 97 House, in 2.1m 5.0m 40.3 32.6 Romney Place

Maid 113 1 Ashford Road 2.4m 8.8m 46.4 34.3

Forstal Road Maid 116 1.0m 4.3m 53.3 40.0 Cottages

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 52

Papermakers Maid 122 1.5 0 58.7 58.7 arms

Upper Stone Maid 123 Street, opposite 1.5 N/A 59 N/A side to Maid 122

Upper Stone Maid 128 Street, co-located 1.5 N/A 65.9 N/A with AQ station

Figure C.2 – Fall-off Distance Correction of the Site Maid 53

Biomass Combustion – Individual Installations

Maidstone Borough Council had previously identified a number of biomass installations which are over the 50kW criteria for assessment. The details for these installations are provided in Table C.4.

Two biomass installations, (Pinkhorn Green Farm and Elmscroft House) were screened out in the 2016 ASR. No further information on other previously identified biomass installations has been received, and no new planning applications for biomass installations, have been submitted.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 53

Table C.4 – The Details for the Installations Identified

Installation: Comment: The condition placed on the consent is given below:  No development shall commence until details of Outline application (15/503359/OUT) with the biomass plant installation have been all matters reserved for residential submitted to and approved in writing by the development (approximately 89 dwellings) local planning authority. plus open space, biomass plant and  The solid biomass boiler shall not exceed the access road (plus emergency access) following minimum emissions standards:180 Land East Of Gleamingwood Drive mg/Nm3 for NOx and 15 mg/Nm3 for PM. Lordswood Kent. Permission granted on  The installation shall be carried out in appeal December 2015. accordance with the approved No further details relating to biomass specification available. Ewell Manor, Ewell Lane, West Farleigh. The application confirmed by email on that whilst the Coppice Wood burner (571281, 152745) – property has built a biomass boiler has not been the nearest residential exposure is 30m installed and currently there are no plans to install one. from the installation Smiths Hall, Lower Road, West Farleigh, Maidstone. Wood Chip burner with a Email sent to the applicant on 13/12/16 requesting thermal output of 100kW (571343, 152610) information – no reply received to date. – the nearest residential exposure is 76m from the installation It is confirmed from the applicant that a gas boiler has Little Addlestead, Yalding (570420,148834) been fitted rather than a biomass boiler. The Council is – the nearest residential exposure is 60m waiting for confirmation from the applicant that the boiler from the installation is for domestic use only or a larger installation. The Scientific Officer wrote to the applicant in June Planning application 13/0819 - The 2015 and received no reply. The Scientific Officer has Stumps, Lenham Road, Kingswood, ME17 written again and the letter has been sent out on 1LX (584473, 150655) 20/12/16.

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Maidstone Borough Council

Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations Figure D.1 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Maidstone Borough

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.2 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Harrietsham

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.3– Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A229

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.4 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: M20

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.5 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: M2

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.6 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Detling Hill

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.7 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Bearsted Road

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.8 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Park Wood

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.9 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: M20 Map 2

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.10 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A249

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.11 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: St Peters Street

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.12 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Mote Road

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.13 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A229 Map 2

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.14 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Loose Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.15 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A20 Sutton Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.16 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Willington Street

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.17 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Ashford Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.18 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: New Cut Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.19 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Sittingbourne Road

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.20 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Tonbridge Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.21 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A20 London Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.22 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: King Street

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.23 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A26 Tonbridge Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.24 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: North View

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.25 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Forstal Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.26 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Pilgrims Way

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Maidstone Borough Council Figure D.27 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Queens Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.28 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Barming Heath

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.29 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Hermitage Lane

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.30 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: St Andrews Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.31 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Romney Place

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.32 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: A229 Map 3

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.33 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Hermitage Lane Map 2

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.34 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Campbell Road

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Maidstone Borough Council

Figure D.35 – Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites: Farleigh Lane

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Maidstone Borough Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO ) 2 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM ) 10 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 3 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m ).

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Appendix F: Maidstone Air Quality Action Plan Action Table

Table 0.1 ‒ Air Quality Action Plan Measures

Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Investigate Low Emission Standard for Buses. Either a graduated Promoting MBC Funding secured internally scheme of Low Low Emission KCC Jan to March procurement undertaken Nov 18. Tr1 improvement Unquantifiable 2021 Emission Zone Arriva 2019 Project likely to be completed be end “Low Transport NuVenture of March 19 Emissions Zone” or a Euro 6 “Clean Air Zone” Existing DEFRA funded project Procurement completed 17 buses to to be be refrofitted in total due to be MBC completed by completed early 2019. Includes Securing Vehicle Vehicle Mid 2019. DEFRA telemetry on 2 buses. Tr2 Grant funding Fleet Retrofitting New DEFRA Unquantifiable 2021 New bid made in November 2018 joint for buses Efficiency Programmes Tonbridge application project with TWBC, MBC, TMBC and and Malling made late Arriva to retrofit 20 buses going Council 2018. Other through all three areas. applications depend on availability

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Provide input Architect and Employers' Agent to be into and MBC appointed by January 2019 to influence the Traffic progress designs and feasibility work review of bus Manageme Other Arriva Tr3 Unquantifiable for the bus station. £750k grant 2024 station, time nt applied for from the Kent Business tabling and Nu-Venture Rates Retention Pilot. Outcome peripheral KCC anticipated January 2019. routes

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or The outcomes of the tri-study were reported to SPST on 22nd January 2018. The Committee resolved to agree a year's extension to the exisiting contract, with a switch to Pay to Park and a further report was requested to be brought to committee in November 2018. This report on 6th november outlined the future options for Park and Ride and referenced other possible sustainable transport options. Managing traffic flow on the highway is a county function. The KCC Highways team continue to implement Traffic Regulation Orders to improve traffic flow at high risk locations throughout Maidstone. The current infrastructure is not compatible with Use of MBC Promoting variable charges linked to vehicle Parking Low Priority Parking type. However the availability this Tr4 Policy to MBC Unquantifiable 2024 Emission for LEVs function will be a consideration when improve Air (parking) Transport procuring new payment systems in Quality. the future. The planned introduction of EV charging points in off-street car parks formed part of a SPS&T committee decision in February 2018 to introduce 8 dual EV points within off- street car parks at prime locations in 2019. Once available, the tariff structure will be a consideration to promote EV usage. The introduction of a variable tariff structure in off-street car parks to promote migration from high demand car parks in the town centre to outer zone car parks formed part of a SPS&T committee decision in February 2018. Variable tariffs by car park/zone was introduced in June 2018.

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Initial meeting held with MBC comms team Jan 18. Advice that this scheme would be complex, time consuming and expensive to set up and promote then administer going forwards. MBC Suggestion to look if there is an Environmenta exisiting scheme that can be adopted l Protection or promoted. Could also be considered as a Kent Scheme in the (lead) Prevent bus emerging Kent LES. Some research and taxi Traffic completed looking at BBC and Anti Idling MBC Comms Tr5 drivers from Manageme Ongoing Unquantifiable Westmisitner # type compaigns whihc 2021 Enforcement leaving their nt MBC could be copied. Anti-idling campaign engines idling Licensing due to be launched in 2019 subject to identfying budget builidng in the clean Arriva air for schools initiative. Nu Venture Although the contravention of 'Parked with engine running where prohibited' is available under Civil Parking Enforcement legislation, the burden of proof required makes enforcement under current legislation difficult to prove and therefore ineffective. This scheme has been suggested the group working on the Kent LES as an action that would be of benefit if Emissions Promoting implemented across the county as it Standard for Low Taxi Licensing would remove the element of Tr6 Unquantifiable 2024 Taxis to euro Emission Conditions MBC percvieved bias towards MBC taxi. 6 standard Transport MBC taxi license policy currently being reviewed incuding a requriement to have newer cleaner vehicles

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or The councils sponsorship of the scheme will continue, will also liaise with the KM group to influence the way that MBC sponsorship is focussed. Officer have drafted a potential program that could be delivered in schools over the school year starting in September 2018. Have also identified the most appropriate schools. Next step is to Work with discuss outcomes, contacts, funding Promoting schools to and delivery with comms team and travel Workplace MBC Tr7 reduce impact 2018/2019 Unquantifiable KM group as most natural partner. 2021 Alternative Travel planning of school Very positive discussions with KM s KCC traffic charity group who will support the initiative and are keen to roll it out across the county as one of their green champion awards. Scheme has been launched successfully with 12 primary schools actively involved. Now includes and anti idling banner competition that is open to all schools with the winning banner to be used in the wider campaign described above.

Encourage use of Low Promoting and Ultra Low Low Taxi emission Tr8 MBC Unquantifiable 2024 emission Emission incentives (licensing) vehicles as Transport taxis Encourage and facilitate Freight and reducing the Delivery Quiet and out of Preliminary work on the type of Tr9 Unquantifiable 2022 impact of Manageme hours delivery scheme has been started. delivery nt vehicles

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Ensure that all EV Points Promoting are Low EV Point in car park under Maidstone Tr10 Other Unquantifiable 2022 maintained Emission MBC house is operational. and available Transport for the public

Vehicle Driver training Bus driver Arriva Tr11 Fleet and ECO driving Unquantifiable 2022 training Efficiency aids NuVenture Promote Champion MBC is making a bid for £19,370 to and MBC be spent on hand held monitoring Encourage Public Tr12 Other Unquantifiable equipment to be used in mapping the Use of information DEFRA and walking to school routes and looking new and KCC at the air quality inside buses etc. novel technology

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Dec 2018 update: the council's Strategic Planning, Sustainability & Transportation Committee considered a report about the approach to the proposed Air Quality DPD at its meeting on 10th July 2018. The report concluded that the AQDPD would be focused on areas of practice guidance which in part are already covered by the approved Kent & Medway guidance. Fully incorporating AQ matters into the Policy Local Plan Review will better enable a Local Plan Guidance Air Quality comprehensive and more effective Development MBC Pl1 and Planning and Unquantifiable approach whereby the air quality 2020 Plan Planning Developme Policy Guidance impacts of the plan's strategy can be Document Policy nt control modelled and specific mitigation measures can be incorporated into the plan's policies and the associated Infrastructure Delivery Plan. As the Local Plan Review is already underway, this is considered to be a more effective and efficient approach which the Committee favoured over the preparation of the dedicated AQDPD. The Local Plan Review timetable would see the plan submitted for Examination in March 2021 and adoption in April 2022. Adopt Kent and Medway Air Quality Planning Policy Guidance. Guidance Air Quality MBC This action has already been Pl2 Having made and Planning and Planning Unquantifiable completed with the technical guidance COMPLETE necessary Developme Policy Guidance Policy going live in Jan 18. adaptations to nt control suite MBC circumstance s

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Envrionmental Protection are in regular contact with planning officers Development MBC about applications where this may an Management Policy issue. In most cases some mitigation influence on Guidance Air Quality Development can be applied to move develops Pl3 developments and Planning and Unquantifiable 2021 Management further from the road or decrease to mitigate developme Policy Guidance and heights. However still some concerns impact on nt control Environmenta particulalrly on stone street about AQ. l Protection making AQ worse for off site receptors. Environmental considerations are part of the compulsory procurement plan that has to be completed for all Review of Policy procurement above the value of £75k. Commissionin Guidance Sustainable MBC The council is currently conisdering Pr1 g and and Procurement Procurement Unquantifiable 2024 how best to use social value to Procurement developme Guidance greater effect in its tendering process Strategy nt control (Lead) and will publish this as part of its commissioning and procurement strategy in 2019. The future of Park & Ride services Review park was considered by members of the Alternative and ride SPS&T committee in November 2018. s to private Bus based Park PC1 scheme to MBC Parking Unquantifiable The service will be subject to a 2024 vehicle and Ride create lower (Lead) commercial opportunity where the use. emissions. supplier will be directed towards the councils air quality responsibilities.

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or The planned introduction of EV charging points in off-street car parks formed part of a SPS&T committee decision in February 2018 to Increase introduce 8 dual EV points within off- electric street car parks at prime locations in Promote vehicle 2019. Once available, the tariff Low PC2 infrastructure Other MBC Parking Unquantifiable structure will be a consideration to 2024 Emission EV Charging (Lead) promote EV usage. MBC are working Transport point long with KCC to apply for ULEV grant term strategy funding for an EV taxi bay in Maidstone KCC are working on a long term strategy for the county, MBC will have input in this at a local level. Sustainable Electric Charging Points incorporated development Policy into MBC housing development sites principles Guidance Air Quality of Brunswick and Union Street. PC3 enshrined in and Planning and Unquantifiable 2024

MBC Developme Policy Guidance Investigating Community Heating development nt Control Scheme for Maidstone East with KCC projects. Due to vehicle reliability issues, it has Scheduling of not been possible to deliver this refuse consistently. However all vehicles are vehicles to Freight and Euro 5 or 6 and every 6 months the minimise AQ Delivery Diesel pump filters are regenerated to PC4 impact. put Other Unquantifiable 2021 Manageme reduce pollution levels. cleaner nt Currently procuring a Euro 7 vehicle vehicles in for the commercial waste service poor AQ which regularly services customers areas within poor AQ areas.

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Ensure that any buildings owned by MBC and contractors replace lights with LED's managed by MBC property where possible. All property leased to PC5 contractor are services Unquantifiable 2022 tenants have to have an EPC of E or performing as above. efficiently as (Lead) possible to reduce emissions. Machinery and plant is currently being replaced with electric versions to Company reduce carbon emissions. Vehicle Minimising Promoting Further trials of electric vehicles are Procurement emissions Low MBC Waste being carried out. PC6 Prioritising Unquantifiable 2024 from MBC Emission and Street The Parks Team have one electric Uptake of Low Fleet Transport Scene vehicle being used at Mote Park and Emission will be considering further electric Vehicles vehicles within parks as the existing fleet is replaced. Review heat recovery opportunities Heat recovery used from Cremators PC7 MBC property Unquantifiable 2024 in MBC services to heat the Crematorium Chapel. property e.g. Crematorium Company Vehicle Promoting Review MBC Procurement The council is currently reviewing its Low PC8 pool car Prioritising Unquantifiable options for encouraging the use of 2022 Emission provision Uptake of Low greener transport by staff Transport Emission Vehicles Current cycle parking provision is Improved Promoting underutilised within town centre bicycle Travel Promotion of locations. Once capacity increases PC9 Unquantifiable 2022 parking Alternative Cycling MBC Parking consideration will be given to facilities s extending provision to off-street locations.

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Preliminary advice from MBC comms team Jan 18. The technicalities of setting up such a scheme, scoping, designing award levels are beyond the time capacity of comms and EP at the current time. The ongoing administration is also beyond the time capacity of officers. Without resolving the time issue exploring the funding is Raise public not a good use of time. The scheme and business has been put forward to the cross awareness of KCC Public council working group as one which AQ issues Health could be implemented across the and Public county. Alternatively there may be PH1 Other Unquantifiable 2022 promotion of Information MBC Comms national schemes that are simillar in good scope and outcome that could be MBC Health practices by adopted. Further investigation has Team important identifed examples of softer 'type stakeholders campaigns such as that used by Westminster which will be expored further. As above awareness raising will be done by smaller targeted campaigns as budgets are identified. The clean air for school project will be used to build upon the message wiht anti idling campaign and re branding of MBC web pages as Clean Air for Maidstone

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Meeting have been held with public health Dec 17 and Jan, March 18 to discuss joint work in this area. Currently exploring with public health observatory overlaying public health Raising MBC data with AQ management are Awareness of Environmenta heatmap to estblish if this shows an Public PH2 Air Quality Other l Protection Unquantifiable increase in associated health impacts, 2022 Information and health Team this could be provided as open source issues data to all LA's in Kent. This will then Health Team focus on raising awarnesss with vulnerable groups and GPS to promote the AQ alert scheme. Over lap with re-branding and specifc campaigns described above. A review of the continuous AQ monitoring element of the network has been completed and reported to SPST committee Feb18. Agreed that a contractor be used to establish a one year baseline in stone street for NOX PM10 and PM2.5. There will be Review of air a further review after this to inform a COMPLETE monitoring long term decision. In the meantime MBC but subject to PH3 provision in Unquantifiable officers will work towards locating a Environmenta continuous Maidstone permanent site for continuous l Protection review Area monitoring. The diffuion tube network is regualrly reviewed with tubes moved, added or removed according to current areas of interest. Continuous analyser was commissined and operational in May 2018 network continues to be monitored and changed as necessary.

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Key Target Perfor Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementa Pollution Measure mance Progress to Date Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase tion Phase Reduction in Indicat Date the AQMA or Ensure that the protection EP team leader has attened all Public Policy and Health Champion events and is Guidance improvement MBC regualr contact with the health team. PH4 and Other Policy Unquantifiable 2022 of public Environmenta This has been useful in making Developme health is a l Protection contacts for use in other actions such nt Control core principle as the schools project. of AQ work.

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’ AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives ASR Air quality Annual Status Report Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England EU European Union FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide MBC Maidstone Borough Council KCC Kent County Council ITS Integrated Transport Strategy HA Highway Agency LDF Local Development Framework HDVs High Duty Vehicles COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Planning DC Planning Development Control LSP Local Strategic Partnership K&MAQN Kent & Medway Air Quality Network LEP Local Enterprise Partnership

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References

 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) (2016) Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16.  Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) (2016) Local Air Quality Management Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16.  http://www.phoutcomes.info/public-health-outcomes- framework#page/0/gid/1000043/pat/6/par/E12000008/ati/101/are/E07000112  Maidstone Borough Council 2015 Updating and Screening Assessment  http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-AIR-PT-Rounds-1-12-(April-2014- February-2016)-NO2-report.pdf  Maidstone Borough Council Maidstone Town Air Quality Action Plan 2010  Maidstone Borough Council Low Emission Strategy 2018

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