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One of Some Dozen Russian Movies on Lomonosov

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One of Some Dozen Russian Movies on Lomonosov http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =hvYoGl7KPY8 … one of some dozen Russian movies on Lomonosov Lomonosov Tercentennial 1 Reflections on the Nature of Genius on Occasion of 300th Anniversary of Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765) Lomonosov Tercentennial 2 Tercentennial Anniversary of LOMONOSOV Nov 19, 2011 Lomonosov Tercentennial 3 Lomonosov - 300 • Who is Lomonosov • Timeline of His Life • His Contributions to Science • Complexity of Science • What Does Make a Genius? Lomonosov Tercentennial 4 Mikhail Vasil’evich LOMONOSOV Nov 19, 1711 – Apr 15, 1765 • Physicist and Chemist • Poet and Artist • Engineer and Entrepreneur • Courtier and Administrator • Philologist and Astronomer • Geologist and Mineralogist Lomonosov Tercentennial 5 Power (a.u.) “ 1700 Passionary 1750 1800 Power” of Russian Ethnos Tercentennial Lomonosov 1850 1900 1950 2000 6 Pushkin on Lomonosov 1755 Moscow University «…между Петром I и Екатериною II он один является самобытным cподвижником просвещения. Он создал первый университет; он, лучше сказать, сам был первым нашим университетом” А.С.Пушкин 1835 “…between Peter I and Catherine II, he (Lomonosov) was the original champion of the Enlightenment. He founded the first University: better to say, he himself was our first University…” Lomonosov Tercentennial 7 Named After Lomonosov • Moscow State University – Russian “Number One” • Town (near St. Petersburg), home village in the North • Range in Arctic ocean, ocean stream, peninsula, Moon crater, mineral, crayfish species • Three other Universities • One Theater • Russian State Porcelain Factory • 8 Schools • 54 streets and squares • Russian State-wide Tercentennial celebration in 2011 Lomonosov Tercentennial 8 Roots & Early Life 1711-1730 1730-1736 Lomonosov Tercentennial 9 School & Scientific Tradition Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Mikhail Lomonosov 1646 – 1716 Christian Wolff 1711 - 1765 1679 - 1754 In Germany 1737-1741 Lomonosov Tercentennial 10 Lomonosov: 23 years in St.P’s Academy • Adjunct Professor of Physics St.Petersburg Academy 1742 • Dissertation “On origins of heat and cold” 1745 (refereed and strongly supported by Leonhard Euler) • Academician (Professor) of St.Petersburg Academy 1745 • Formulation and experimental proof of law of 1748 conservation of matter and movements • Physical Chemistry 1752 • Measurements of atmospheric electricity and 1753 theory of electricity (with G.Richmann) • First working model of helicopter 1754 • Novel concept of Reflector telescope 1756 • Theoretical concept of Earthquakes’ origin 1757 of minerals, review of geological observations • Solid mercury obtained & studied (with I.Braun) 1759 • Discovery of Venus atmosphere 1761 Lomonosov Tercentennial 11 • Theoretical justification of the Arctic path expedition 1763-65 Scientific Academies • Platonic Academy in Athens ~380’s BC • Accademia dei Lincei 1603 • Royal Society of London 1660 • German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 1662 • French Academy of Sciences 1666 • Prussian Academy of Sciences Berlin 1700 • St-Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1724 • Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1739 • American Philosophical Society 1743 • Göttingen Academy of Sciences 1751 • Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences 1806 • Academie Des Sciences Wien 1847 • National Academy of Sciences USA 1863 Lomonosov Tercentennial 12 Saint-Petersburg Academy fully sponsored by the state (poll-taxes from 3 towns) Peter I 1724 Lomonosov was the 1st Russian Academician (1745) • Imperial Academy of Sciences 1747 • Russian Academy of Sciences 1917 • USSR Academy of Sciences 1925 • Russian Academy ofLomonosov Sciences Tercentennial 1991 13 Lomonosov Complete Works 1950-83 6 6 volumes out 11 on Natural Sciences:Lomonosov Physics, Tercentennial Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Geography14 Lomonosov’s Method • He was [a Thinker + an Experimenter] : – His theories and hypotheses were based on tests and experiments, which he planned, prepared and carried out himself. • He used to work on each of his many research topics for many years if not decades • Always tried to turn his scientific discoveries into practice or inventions Lomonosov Tercentennial 15 Lomonosov’s Major Results (1) • New science of Physical Chemistry (1752) – on base of corpuscular-mechanical view – theory of light and color – the concept of absolute cold • Experimental proof of the law of conservation of matter: – the amendment to R.Boyle • Experiments on the freezing of mercury – with I. Brown Lomonosov Tercentennial 16 His Corpuscular-Mechanical Views • Heat is not a liquid, it is a measure of rotation and motion of molecules • Concept of absolute cold – no rotation or motion • (out of fashion 1760-1840) R.Clausius 1850’s Lomonosov Tercentennial 17 Chemical-Physical Laboratory • Russia’s first national research lab • Senate granted 1500 rubles • >4000 tests by himself! • Famous test in 1756 – Repeated by Lomonosov Tercentennial Lavoisier 177318 Matter & Motion Conservation R.Boyle 1673: lead weight increased after heating (vessel opened) “caloric particles penetrated glass” Lomonosov 1756: lead weight remained the same when vessel sealed no caloric particles, matter conserved (in chemical reaction): “...all changes that we encounter in nature proceed so that… however much matter is added to a body, as much is taken away from another … since this is the general law of nature, it is also found in the rules of motion: a body loses as much motion as it gives to anotherLomonosov body”. Tercentennial letter to Leonhard Euler19 Mercury is Metal ! January 1759 • Cold weather -26 C • Used mix of snow and concentrated nitric acid • Together with I.Braun – Report Royal Society – Priority battle with F.U.T.Epinus Lomonosov Tercentennial 20 Mosaics “Battle of Poltava” (1764) Lomonosov Tercentennial 6.4 x 4.8 m21 Lomonosov’s Major Results (2) • Electricity studies 1745-1760’s – first quantitative measurement of electricity – Two measuring instruments (scales and electrometer) - with G. Richman – Automatic “lightning-meter” proposal – helicopter for atmospheric research • The theory of air electricity – The friction in the vertical air currents – Applied to Northern Lights/ auroras • Color theory in electricLomonosov Tercentennial discharge 22 Lomonosov’s Elect ricity Experiments death of Georg Richter Lomonosov Tercentennial 07/26/175323 Richman electrometer Theory of Atmospheric Electricity Air density increase due to lower temperature in upper atmosphere is ~2.5 times stronger than density decrease due to high elevation 1753 Lomonosov Tercentennial 24 1754 Lomonosov’s “Aerodynamic Machine” Chinese top 4th cent. A.D. Leonardo’s “airscrew” 1493 * counter-rotating blades Lomonosov Tercentennial **for atmospheric research25 Chinook CH-47D also in Yak-24, PiaseckiLomonosov H- 21,Tercentennial all Kamov’s helicopters26 Lomonosov’s Major Results (3) • Discovery of atmosphere of Venus – during the 1761 Transit of Venus • Inventions – A telescope with one lens (“Herschellian”) – Sideroscope – “Night-vision tube” – Method to determine the position of the sun on the ship – Automatic course recorder of a ship – Many others Lomonosov Tercentennial 27 Transit of Venus June 1761 1761 – 176 observers at 117 stations (including 5 Russian astronomers in 3 cities all over Russia); major goal – determine distance to the Sun; very rare event – ToV in 1769, 1876, 1884 and 2004 … Lomonosov Tercentennial 28 Lomonosov’s Actions in 1761 1762 telescope by Lomonosov Important! – he used lightly smokedLomonosov glass Tercentennial 29 Lomonosov Discovery of Atmosphere of Venus Atmosphere “life”Lomonosov Tercentennial humans “christians?”30 Very latest on Venus “life forms” Analysis of panoramic images of “Venera-9, 10,13,14” (1975 & 1982) L.Ksanfomaliti , Solar SystemLomonosov Research, Tercentennial v.46, n.1 (2012), pp.44-3157 Transit of Venus June 6, 2012 You can see it, your kids can see it, your neighbor kids can see it! 250th Anniversary of the Discovery of Venus Atmosphere by Lomonosov Lomonosov Tercentennial 32 Lomonosov Inventions (1) I.Newton 1668 M.Lomonosov 1756 W.Hershel 1789 Lomonosov Tercentennial 33 Night-Vision Tube 1756 • Large objective + 8mm eye-piece • 3 built for Arctic expedition 1765 • MVL’s explanations denied – by Epinus, Rumovsky, Grishow – Ricco’s law 1877: Bmin=const/Area Lomonosov Tercentennial 34 “Siderostat” flat mirror W.Herschel 1789 M.Lomonosov 1759 Lomonosov Tercentennial 35 Lomonosov: Beyond Natural Sciences • Odes to Empresses 1739, 1746, 1763 • Founded Moscow University 1755 • Arctic Sea Expedition 1763 • Russian Grammar 1754 • Mosaics Factory 1752-1764 • Academy Management (top 3) 1757-1765 • Russian History 1765 • Demography Analysis 1761 – Age difference (15/2), no forced marriages, 3rd time widowers, monks age limit, baptism in warm water, move holydays, pharmacies, birth assistance 10 million/20 yrs (pop. 22 million in 1750) double the rate Lomonosov Tercentennial 36 1700 of Science inRussia History 1750 gap 1800 Tercentennial Lomonosov 1850 1900 1950 200037 • New culturonomics tool: – http://books.google.com/ngrams – Frequency of appearance of the word or combination of words in the published books vs year – >5M digitized books (5%), 500B words,7 languages Lomonosov Tercentennial 38 Three Scientific Geniuses: English, German, Russian book collections Lomonosov Tercentennial 39 On the Nature of Scientific Genius • I will need to guide you through a concept of complexity of sciences which requires a little bit of math Lomonosov Tercentennial 40 An Example of Complex System: integrated circuits “Moore‘s Law” number of transistors on one chip doubles
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