One of Some Dozen Russian Movies on Lomonosov

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =hvYoGl7KPY8

… one of some dozen Russian movies on Lomonosov

Lomonosov Tercentennial 1 Reflections on the Nature of Genius on Occasion of 300th Anniversary of Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765)

Lomonosov Tercentennial 2 Tercentennial Anniversary of LOMONOSOV Nov 19, 2011

Lomonosov Tercentennial 3 Lomonosov - 300 • Who is Lomonosov • Timeline of His Life • His Contributions to Science • Complexity of Science • What Does Make a Genius?

Lomonosov Tercentennial 4 Mikhail Vasil’evich LOMONOSOV Nov 19, 1711 – Apr 15, 1765 • Physicist and Chemist • Poet and Artist • Engineer and Entrepreneur • Courtier and Administrator • Philologist and Astronomer • Geologist and Mineralogist Lomonosov Tercentennial 5

“Passionary Power” of Russian Ethnos

Power (a.u.) Power

Lomonosov Tercentennial 6

1800 1700 1750 1850 1900 1950 2000 Pushkin on Lomonosov 1755 Moscow University «…между Петром I и Екатериною II он один является самобытным cподвижником просвещения. Он создал первый университет; он, лучше сказать, сам был первым нашим университетом” А.С.Пушкин 1835

“…between Peter I and Catherine II, he (Lomonosov) was the original champion of the Enlightenment. He founded the first University: better to say, he himself was our first University…” Lomonosov Tercentennial 7 Named After Lomonosov • Moscow State University – Russian “Number One” • Town (near St. Petersburg), home village in the North • Range in Arctic ocean, ocean stream, peninsula, Moon crater, mineral, crayfish species • Three other Universities • One Theater • Russian State Porcelain Factory • 8 Schools • 54 streets and squares • Russian State-wide Tercentennial celebration in 2011

Lomonosov Tercentennial 8 Roots & Early Life 1711-1730

1730-1736

Lomonosov Tercentennial 9 School & Scientific Tradition

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Mikhail Lomonosov 1646 – 1716 Christian Wolff 1711 - 1765 1679 - 1754 In Germany 1737-1741 Lomonosov Tercentennial 10 Lomonosov: 23 years in St.P’s Academy • Adjunct Professor of Physics St.Petersburg Academy 1742 • Dissertation “On origins of heat and cold” 1745 (refereed and strongly supported by Leonhard Euler) • Academician (Professor) of St.Petersburg Academy 1745 • Formulation and experimental proof of law of 1748 conservation of matter and movements • Physical Chemistry 1752 • Measurements of atmospheric electricity and 1753 theory of electricity (with G.Richmann) • First working model of helicopter 1754 • Novel concept of Reflector telescope 1756 • Theoretical concept of Earthquakes’ origin 1757 of minerals, review of geological observations • Solid mercury obtained & studied (with I.Braun) 1759 • Discovery of Venus atmosphere 1761 Lomonosov Tercentennial 11 • Theoretical justification of the Arctic path expedition 1763-65 Scientific Academies • Platonic Academy in Athens ~380’s BC • Accademia dei Lincei 1603 • Royal Society of London 1660 • German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 1662 • French Academy of Sciences 1666 • Prussian Academy of Sciences Berlin 1700 • St-Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1724 • Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1739 • American Philosophical Society 1743 • Göttingen Academy of Sciences 1751 • Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences 1806 • Academie Des Sciences Wien 1847 • National Academy of Sciences USA 1863

Lomonosov Tercentennial 12 Saint-Petersburg Academy fully sponsored by the state (poll-taxes from 3 towns)

Peter I 1724

Lomonosov was the 1st Russian Academician (1745) • Imperial Academy of Sciences 1747 • Russian Academy of Sciences 1917 • USSR Academy of Sciences 1925 • Russian Academy ofLomonosov Sciences Tercentennial 1991 13

Lomonosov Complete Works 1950-83

6 volumes out 11 on Natural Sciences:Lomonosov Physics, Tercentennial Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Geography14 Lomonosov’s Method • He was [a Thinker + an Experimenter] : – His theories and hypotheses were based on tests and experiments, which he planned, prepared and carried out himself. • He used to work on each of his many research topics for many years if not decades • Always tried to turn his scientific discoveries into practice or inventions

Lomonosov Tercentennial 15 Lomonosov’s Major Results (1) • New science of Physical Chemistry (1752) – on base of corpuscular-mechanical view – theory of light and color – the concept of absolute cold • Experimental proof of the law of conservation of matter: – the amendment to R.Boyle • Experiments on the freezing of mercury – with I. Brown Lomonosov Tercentennial 16 His Corpuscular-Mechanical Views • Heat is not a liquid, it is a measure of rotation and motion of molecules • Concept of absolute cold – no rotation or motion • (out of fashion 1760-1840)

R.Clausius 1850’s

Lomonosov Tercentennial 17 Chemical-Physical Laboratory

• Russia’s first national research lab • Senate granted 1500 rubles • >4000 tests by himself! • Famous test in 1756 – Repeated by Lomonosov Tercentennial Lavoisier 177318

Matter & Motion Conservation R.Boyle 1673: lead weight increased after heating (vessel opened)  “caloric particles penetrated glass” Lomonosov 1756: lead weight remained the same when vessel sealed  no caloric particles, matter conserved (in chemical reaction): “...all changes that we encounter in nature proceed so that… however much matter is added to a body, as much is taken away from another … since this is the general law of nature, it is also found in the rules of motion: a body loses as much motion as it gives to anotherLomonosov body”. Tercentennial letter to Leonhard Euler19 Mercury is Metal ! January 1759 • Cold weather -26 C • Used mix of snow and concentrated nitric acid • Together with I.Braun – Report Royal Society – Priority battle with F.U.T.Epinus

Lomonosov Tercentennial 20 Mosaics “Battle of Poltava” (1764)

Lomonosov Tercentennial 6.4 x 4.8 m21 Lomonosov’s Major Results (2) • Electricity studies 1745-1760’s – first quantitative measurement of electricity – Two measuring instruments (scales and electrometer) - with G. Richman – Automatic “lightning-meter” proposal – helicopter for atmospheric research • The theory of air electricity – The friction in the vertical air currents – Applied to Northern Lights/ auroras

• Color theory in electricLomonosov Tercentennial discharge 22 Lomonosov’s Elect ricity Experiments death of Georg Richter

Lomonosov Tercentennial 07/26/175323 Richman electrometer

Theory of Atmospheric Electricity Air density increase due to lower temperature in upper atmosphere is ~2.5 times stronger than density decrease due to high elevation 1753

Lomonosov Tercentennial 24 1754 Lomonosov’s “Aerodynamic Machine”

Chinese top 4th cent. A.D.

Leonardo’s “airscrew” 1493

* counter-rotating blades Lomonosov Tercentennial **for atmospheric research25

Chinook CH-47D

also in Yak-24, PiaseckiLomonosov H- 21,Tercentennial all Kamov’s helicopters26 Lomonosov’s Major Results (3) • Discovery of atmosphere of Venus – during the 1761 Transit of Venus • Inventions – A telescope with one lens (“Herschellian”) – Sideroscope – “Night-vision tube” – Method to determine the position of the sun on the ship – Automatic course recorder of a ship – Many others Lomonosov Tercentennial 27 Transit of Venus June 1761

1761 – 176 observers at 117 stations (including 5 Russian astronomers in 3 cities all over Russia); major goal – determine distance to the Sun; very rare event – ToV in 1769, 1876, 1884 and 2004 … Lomonosov Tercentennial 28 Lomonosov’s Actions in 1761 1762 telescope by Lomonosov

Important! – he used lightly smokedLomonosov glass Tercentennial 29 Lomonosov Discovery of Atmosphere of Venus

Atmosphere  “life”Lomonosov  Tercentennial humans  “christians?”30 Very latest on Venus “life forms” Analysis of panoramic images of “Venera-9, 10,13,14” (1975 & 1982)

L.Ksanfomaliti , Solar SystemLomonosov Research, Tercentennial v.46, n.1 (2012), pp.44-3157 Transit of Venus June 6, 2012 You can see it, your kids can see it, your neighbor kids can see it!

250th Anniversary of the Discovery of Venus Atmosphere by Lomonosov

Lomonosov Tercentennial 32 Lomonosov Inventions (1) I.Newton 1668

M.Lomonosov 1756 W.Hershel 1789

Lomonosov Tercentennial 33 Night-Vision Tube 1756

• Large objective + 8mm eye-piece • 3 built for Arctic expedition 1765 • MVL’s explanations denied – by Epinus, Rumovsky, Grishow

– Ricco’s law 1877: Bmin=const/Area Lomonosov Tercentennial 34

“Siderostat” flat mirror

W.Herschel 1789

M.Lomonosov 1759

Lomonosov Tercentennial 35 Lomonosov: Beyond Natural Sciences • Odes to Empresses 1739, 1746, 1763 • Founded Moscow University 1755 • Arctic Sea Expedition 1763 • Russian Grammar 1754 • Mosaics Factory 1752-1764 • Academy Management (top 3) 1757-1765 • Russian History 1765 • Demography Analysis 1761 – Age difference (15/2), no forced marriages, 3rd time widowers, monks age limit, baptism in warm water, move holydays, pharmacies, birth assistance  10 million/20 yrs (pop. 22 million in 1750) double the rate Lomonosov Tercentennial 36 History of Science in Russia

gap

Lomonosov Tercentennial 37

1800 1700 1750 1850 1900 1950 2000 • New culturonomics tool: – http://books.google.com/ngrams

– Frequency of appearance of the word or combination of words in the published books vs year – >5M digitized books (5%), 500B words,7 languages Lomonosov Tercentennial 38

Three Scientific Geniuses: English, German, Russian book collections

Lomonosov Tercentennial 39 On the Nature of Scientific Genius

• I will need to guide you through a concept of complexity of sciences which requires a little bit of math

Lomonosov Tercentennial 40 An Example of Complex System: integrated circuits “Moore‘s Law” number of transistors on one chip doubles every ~2 years

Lomonosov Tercentennial 41 Progress in Complex Systems The system is complex  many intervened problems and parameters  one can not solve all at once  address problems step by step Fractional Gain per steps 1 (1 F) after M steps (1 F)M  eFM , etc. …or performance L grows in time as

L(after time T)  L0 exp(T /C) C (Complexity) = # years to e-fold progress E.g. “Moore’s Law”  С=2yrs/ln(2 factor)=2.9 Lomonosov Tercentennial 42 Moore’s Law, LEDs, SuperComputers

C=2.9

C=1.6 C=3.3

Lomonosov Tercentennial 43 Thermonuclear Reactors

C=2.4 factor >100,000 over ~30 years

Lomonosov Tercentennial 44 Exoplanets

C=4.2 factor ~100 over ~20 years

Lomonosov Tercentennial 45 Number of Observed Galaxies

C=3.0 factor ~10,000 over ~25 years

Lomonosov Tercentennial 46 Ultra-High Power Lasers

C=3.3 factor ~1000 over ~25 years

Lomonosov Tercentennial 47 Protein Structures deposited in PDB

C=4.2 factor ~1000 over ~25 years

Lomonosov Tercentennial 48 Beam Energy

C_proton=4.3 C_electron=5.2 factor ~10,000,000 over ~80 years

Lomonosov49 Tercentennial “Complexities” of Sciences C Supercomputers 1.6 “easier” Fusion Reactors 2.4 Moore’s law 2.9 Galaxies Surveyed 3.0 Laser power 3.3 Protein structures 4.2 Exoplanets search 4.2

Accelerator energyLomonosov Tercentennial 4.3-5.2 “harder”50

Back to Moore’s Law – Who Started it?

1947 Bardeen, Brattain Lomonosov Tercentennial 51 “Genius Effect”

D=ln(After/Before)

(Progress)

Log D T

Time Lomonosov Tercentennial 52 To be able to compare historical figures, more useful is: “Genius Formula” Genius= T×B×D

lnTime(Time) Breadth Depth durationduration of impact # of areas of impact of impact =ln(After/Before)

Lomonosov Tercentennial 53 “B-factor” Scientific Geniuses: “Type A” and “Type B” Fields of Science

“Type A”: “Type B”:

Euler Lavoisier Aristotle Gauss Leonardo Maxwell Descartes Riemann Mendeleev Newton Pavlov Leibniz Mendel Lomonosov

Log (Impact) Log Rutherford Franklin Plank Poincare Einstein Kolmogorov von Neumann Feynman…Lomonosov Tercentennial 54 Lomonosov’s G: • Grammar ln(100 yrs) × ln(2) = 3 • Poetry ln(60 yrs) × 1/3 = 1.3 • Chemistry ln(20yrs) × 0.1 = 0.3 • Optics ln(100 yrs) × 1/20 = 0.2 • Venus ln(60 yrs) × 1/5= 0.8 • Geography ln(60 yrs) × 1/4 = 0.9 • History ln(250 yrs) × 1/10 = 0.5

TOTAL G= 7  2

Lomonosov Tercentennial 55 Genius Coefficients G=T×B×D

• Scientist(me) ~0.03 • Great Inventors 0.1-2 • Nobel Laureats 0.3-4 • Aristotle, Galileo, Newton, Lomonosov, Einstein 4-9 • Sheakespeare, Pushkin 7-12 ln(7519yrs) ×6×ln(10) • Biblical God 123 • Big Bang 300-650 ln(14 BYrs) ×ln(106 ) Lomonosov Tercentennial 56 Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics Astrophysics Biological Physics Chemical Physics Computational Physics Condensed Matter Physics Fluid Dynamics Laser Science Physics Materials Physics Nuclear Physics Particles and Fields Physics of Beams ~200 sciences Plasma Physics Polymer Physics

Applied engineering Applied mathematics Applied physics Archaeology Artificial intelligence Ceramic engineering Applied Computing technology Electronics Global Genius Product Energy storage Environmental engineering science Engineering physics Sciences Engineering technology Environmental technology Fisheries science Forensic science Forestry science Materials science and engineering

Geology Geochemistry Geochronology Geomagnetics Geomicrobiology Geomorphology GGP ~ (4-10) per year Geophysics Mantle Micropaleontology Mineralogy Paleontology Petrology Physical Plate Earth Sedimentology Seismology Stratigraphy Tectonics Volcanology Geography Human Paleogeography Physical Soil Edaphology Pedology Atmospheric Meteorology Sciences Climatology Paleoclimatology Oceanography Physical Chemical Paleoceanography Hydrogeology Hydrology Limnology Marine Glaciology Geodesy Geostatistics

Agrochemicals Food Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Biological Chemistry & Technology Carbohydrate Chemistry Catalysis Science and Technology Cellulose and Renewable Materials Natural Colloid & Surface Chemistry Computers in Chemistry Environmental Fluorine Chemistry Chemistry Fuel Chemistry Geochemistry Inorganic Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry Philosophy Nuclear Chemistry & Technology Organic Chemistry Petroleum Chemistry Physical Chemistry Polymer Chemistry Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering

Cardiology Critical Emergency Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Hepatology Hematology Infectious Nephrology Medicine Oncology Urology Pulmonology Rheumatology Neurology Otolaryngology Ophthalmology Geriatrics Pediatrics

Abnormal Behavioral Biological Critical Cognitive Comparative Cultural Developmental Differential Psychology Evolutionary Experimental Health Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psychopharmacology Social

Philosophy Anatomy Astrobiology Biochemistry Bioengineering Biogeography Bioinformatics Biomathematics Biomechanics Biomedical Biophysics Biotechnology Botany Cell Cryobiology Developmental Ecology Environmental Embryology Entomology Epidemiology Ethology Evolutionary Genetics Herpetology Histology Ichthyology Biology Limnology Mammalogy Marine Microbiology Molecular Mycology Neurobiology Oncology Ornithology Population Paleontology Pathobiology Parasitology Pharmacology Physiology Phytopathology Psychobiology Sociobiology Structural Virology Zoology

Algebra Calculus Geometry Combinatorics Logic Number Dynamical Mathematical Computing Information Probability Math Math Game Operations Applied Mathematics Complex Variables Operations Research Statistics

Anthropology Communication Criminology Cultural Social Economics Education Religion History Linguistics Law Philosophy Sciences Political Psychology Social Sociology Social Theology Development Other Characteristics of a Genius

Lomonosov Tercentennial 58 Every Genius Has (An Impressive) Story!

Archimedes Eppur si muove (still it moves) Newton’s Apple

Mendeleev

Franklin’s kite Lomonosov Tercentennial 59 Lomonosov’s prophetic dream about his father German hussars enlisted drunk Lomonosov to the service of the King of Prussia

Three sailors’ attempt to rob Lomonosov …fighting and writing!

Hey, he’s a real polymath! Lomonosov Tercentennial 60 Final Words… • The system of entire humankind is very complex – Both in terms of hierarchy of connections and C-coefficients • We see that it is progressing, moving somewhere – Generates new knowledge, ideas, arts, inventions, etc • It’s not fully clear yet how world’s genius (GGP - global genius product) is created – it is hard to get there, so we should not lose positions – advanced society is needed for genius to appear – on the other hand, geniuses do transform the society • To understand who we are, we must comprehend our geniuses of a type of Galileo, Newton, Einstein,

Leibniz, Franklin, andLomonosov Lomonosov Tercentennial 61

With that – I congratulate all of us with 300th anniversary of Mikhail Lomonosov !

Thank you for your attention!

Lomonosov Tercentennial 62 Limitations of the “Genius Formula” G=ln(T)×B×ln(After/Before)

• how to account geniuses in art, music, etc? • Baseline choice issue – eg (my) family of 4 with two kids – Using Humankind as the base G= ln(13yrs) x 2kids x ln([7B+1]/7B)= 1×10-9 – by (my wife’s) definition G= ln(13yrs) x 2kids x ln(4/2)= 3.5

Lomonosov Tercentennial 63 Geniuses

Lomonosov Tercentennial 64 Most Prominent Russian Scientists Russian book collection

Lomonosov Tercentennial 65 John Bardeen Gl:

• Invention of transistor 1947 - with Brattain ½ × ln(65 yrs) × ln(3) = 2.3 • Theory of Superconductivity 1957 - with Cooper and Schrieffer 1/3 × ln(55 yrs) × ln(1.5) = 0.5

TOTAL 2.8

Lomonosov Tercentennial 66 Another Sign of Genius: Rebelliousness Petr Kapitsa, USSR 1978 Nobel Prize Superfluid Helium

• Kapitsa On Geniuses: – Lomonosov vs Schumacher – Michelangelo and Medici – Kapitsa himself and Beriya

Lomonosov Tercentennial 67 “…What's in my name for you?” Pushkin • Mikhail (1st name) “Ломонос” = Clematis – Very typical Russian/Slavic – Michael – Of choice for Nov. 19 DOB • Vasil’evich (2nd name) – Father’s name - Vasily – “State-peasant”  fisherman • Lomonosov (family name) – Two possible meanings  “Ломоносов” = breaking noses Lomonosov Tercentennial 68 Against Newton’s Corpuscular Theory of Light

Lomonosov Tercentennial 69

PoincareConjecture 2002

Grigory Perelman

Declined EuropeanDeclined Math Prize1996 Proved FieldsMedalDeclined 2004 1M$ Declined Clay Prize 2010 Academy Position2011 Refused LomonosovProvedsoul theory of manifolds1994 Tercentennial 70