|||||I||||||||US005345830A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,345,830 Rogers et al. 45 Date of Patent: ck Sep. 13, 1994 54 FIRE FIGHTING TRAINER AND APPARATUS INCLUDING A OTHER PUBLICATIONS TEMPERATURE SENSOR "Fire Trainer T-2000” manual, AAI corporation, un dated. 75) Inventors: William Rogers, Hopatcong; James "Trainer Engineering Report for Advanced Fire Fight J. Ernst, Livingston; Steven ing Surface Ship Trainer', Austin Electronics, Jan. Williamson, Haledon; Dominick J. 1988 (excerpt). Musto, Middlesex, all of N.J. Primary Examiner-Hezron E. Williams 73) Assignee: Symtron Systems, Inc., Fair Lawn, Assistant Examiner-George M. Dombroske N.J. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Richard T. Laughlin * Notice: The portion of the term of this patent 57 ABSTRACT subsequent to Jan. 8, 2008 has been A fire fighting trainer for use in training fire fighters is disclaimed. provided. The fire fighting trainer includes a structure (21) Appl. No.: 80,484 having a plurality of chambers having concrete or grat ing floors. Each chamber contains one or a series of real 22 Filed: Jun. 18, 1993 or simulated items, which are chosen from a group of items, such as furniture and fixtures and equipment. The Related U.S. Application Data trainer also includes a smoke generating system having 60 Division of Ser. No. 873,965, Apr. 24, 1992, Pat. No. a smoke generator having a smoke line with an outlet 5,233,869, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 625,210, for each chamber. The trainer also includes a propane Dec. 10, 1990, abandoned, which is a continuation-in gas flame generating system having at least one propane part of Ser. No. 387,348, Aug. 9, 1989, Pat. No. gas pressure controller and a gas line with a burner 4,983,124, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. control and one or more single element or multi-ele 238,453, Aug. 30, 1988, Pat. No. 4,861,270. ment burners for each chamber. The trainer has a main 51) Int. Cl...... G09B 19/00; G01F 23/22 control panel for regulating the flame generating system 52 U.S. C...... 73/866; 434/226; and the smoke generating system and for controlling the 374/100; 374/208 fire, or fires, and smoke in each chamber. The trainer 58 Field of Search ...... 73/866; 250/343; also has one or more sensor assemblies in each chamber, 340/630; 434/226,219; 356/438,439; 374/100, which senses water, foam, powder and inert gas agent 194, 208, 209 application, and which is connected to the main control panel to sense and report what and where and how an 56) References Cited extinguishing material or medium or agent is being used U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS in each chamber during a test of trainees or fire fighters, so that the single fire or spreading fire and smoke can be 3,071,872 1/1963 Hart ...... 434/226 simultaneously regulated or reset to suit the conditions 3,156,908 11/1964 Kopan et al...... 434/226 in the chamber. The trainer includes a combination of 3,451,147 6/1969 Mehlig et al...... 434/219 individual sensors forming a detector assembly which (List continued on next page.) may include different sensing element types, and also include temperature sensors to monitor heat levels in FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS the chambers. 0828203 5/1981 U.S.S.R...... 434/226 9002393 3/1990 World Int. Prop. O. ... 434/226 92021118A 11/1992 World Int. Prop. O...... 434/226 2 Claims, 12 Drawing Sheets

5,345,830 Page 2

U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 4,303,396 12/1981 Swiatosz ...... 434/226 4,303,397 2/1981 Swiatosz ...... 434/226 3,675,342 7/1972 Wolff ...... 434/226 4,437,014 3/1984 Jones ...... 250/439 3,675,343 7/1972 Swiatosz et al. ... 434/226 4,526,548 7/1985 Livingston ...... 434/226 4,001,949 1/1977 Francis ...... 434/226 4,861,270 8/1989 Ernst et al...... 434/226 4,232,307 11/1980 Marsocci...... 356/439 4,983,124 l/1991 Ernst et al...... 434/226

4,237,452 12/1980 Malinowski ... 356/439 5,053,754 10/1991 Wong...... 250/343 4,297,578 10/1981 Carter ...... 356/439 5,055,050 10/1991 Rogers et al...... 434/226 4,299,579 11/1981 Swiatosz et al...... 434/226 5,175,433 12/1992 Browner et al...... 250/343t

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 2 of 12 5,345,830

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 3 of 12 5,345,830

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 4 of 12 5,345,830

SMOK GNE&ATOR JUNCTION BOX U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 5 of 12 5,345,830

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 6 of 12 5,345,830

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 7 of 12 5,345,830

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 8 of 12 5,345,830

3 O ENTRAINMENT

A. R. SUPPLY i. 364 /

ENTRAINMENT AR SUPPLY A. 354. MAN GAS WS PILOT GAS NET NET 3 se F.G. 13 U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 9 of 12 5,345,830

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 10 of 12 5,345,830

U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 11 of 12 5,345,830

s U.S. Patent Sep. 13, 1994 Sheet 12 of 12 5,345,830

5,345,830 1. 2 of multi-sensor units disposed in the shares of the re FIRE FIGHTING TRANER AND APPARATUS spective chambers under the respective elements and INCLUDING A TEMPERATURE SENSOR each multi-sensor unit connecting to a main control panel. This is a division of application Ser. No. 07/873,965 By using the sensing system having a plurality of filed Apr. 24, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,233,869 which sensors disposed in the respective chambers and con is continuation of application Ser. No. 07/625,210 filed necting to control panel, the problem of not being able Dec. 10, 1990 now abandoned, which in turn was a to determine which ones of the materials are being used continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. by the fire fighters simultaneously with the testing of 07/387,348 filed Aug. 9, 1989 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,124), 10 which in turn was a continuation-in-part of application the fire fighters is avoided. By using floors with spaces Ser. No. 07/238,453, filed Aug. 30, 1988 (U.S. Pat. No. and gratings and multi-element burner units in the 4,861,270). spaces, the problem of not being able to simulate a The invention relates to a fire fighting trainer, and in spreading fire is avoided. particular the invention relates to a fire fighting trainer 15 By using the single-element and multi-element burn having single- and multi-element, flame generation ers, the problem of build up of unburned gas within the burner units, and having a multi-sensor unit, a smoke training area is avoided. By using the particular smoke generator and a control and recording apparatus. generation system described herein the problem of inef ficiency of production and distribution of smoke is BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 20 avoided. The prior art fire fighting trainer is described in U.S. The foregoing and other objects, features and the Pat. No. 4,526,548, issued Jul. 2, 1985. Related patents advantages of the invention will be apparent from the include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,071,872, issued Jan. 8, 1963; following description of the preferred embodiment of 3,156,908, issued Nov. 10, 1964; 3,451,147, issued Jun. the invention as illustrated in the accompanying draw 24, 1969; 3,675,342, issued Jul. 11, 1972; 3,675,343, is 25 Ings. sued Jul. 11, 1972, and 4,001,949, issued Jan. 11, 1977 and 4,303,396 issued Dec. 1, 1981. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other related patents include U.S. Pat. Nos. FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a fire fighting 4,526,548, issued Jul. 2, 1985; 4,303,396, issued Dec. 1, trainer according to the present invention; 1981; 3,071,872, issued January 1983; 3,156,908, issued 30 FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of November 1964; 3,451,147, issued June 1969; 3,675,342, FIG. 1; issued July 1972; 3,675,343, issued July 1972; 4,001,949, FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of issued January 1977; 4,299,579, issued Nov. 10, 1981; FIG. 1; and 4,303,397, issued Dec. 1, 1981. FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of The prior art fire fighting trainer includes a plurality 35 FIG. 1; of chambers having respective contents including items FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram corresponding to a chosen from a group of items including furniture and portion of FIG. 1; fixtures and equipment, a smoke generating system hav FIG. 6 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of ing a plurality of outlets disposed in the respective FIG. 1; chambers, and a flame generating system having a plu FIG. 7 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of rality of outlets disposed in the respective chambers, FIG.1; and a control and monitoring system. FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of One problem with the prior art fire fighting trainer is FIG. 1; that there is no way to determine which ones of the FIG.9 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of extinguishment agents are being used by the firefighters 45 simultaneously with the testing of the fire fighters. FIG. 1; and Another problem is that the trainer is not adapted to FIG. 10 is a section view as taken along the line simulate a spreading fire. In addition, the commercial 10-10 of FIG. 9. gas burners used to produce the flames allow an unac FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an alternate embodi ceptable build up of unburned gas when the flames are 50 ment of the burner unit portion of FIG. 2; suppressed with water application. FIG. 12 is a side elevation view of the burner unit A third problem is inefficiency of production and portion of FIG. 11; distribution of the simulated smoke that is used for FIG. 13 is a side elevation view of an alternate em safety and to eliminate pollutants. bodiment of the burner unit FIGS. 11 and 12; 55 FIG. 14 is a representation of a first step of a spread SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION ing fire of contents of the chamber of FIG. 11; According to the present invention, a fire fighting FIG. 15 is a representation of a second step of the trainer is provided. This trainer comprises a plurality of spreading fire of FIG. 14; chambers having respective floors with gratings and FIG. 16 is a representation of a third step of the with spaces below the gratings and having contents 60 spreading fire of FIG. 14; including items chosen from a group of items including FIG. 17 is an alternate embodiment of a smoke gener furniture and fixtures and equipment and disposed on ator corresponding to the smoke generator of FIG. 4; the gratings, a smoke generating system having plural FIG. 18 is a schematic representation of the smoke ity of outlets disposed in the respective chambers, a generator of FIG. 17 and its connecting units; flame generating system having one or more single-ele 65 FIG. 19 is an alternate embodiment of the multi-sen ment or multi-element burner units with elements and sor unit of FIG. 7; and outlets disposed in the respective spaces of the cham FIG. 20 is a section view of a chamber having a plu bers, and a sensing and control system having a plurality rality of the multi-sensor units of FIG. 19. 5,345,830 3 4. bers 18, 20, 22. Each of the cables 162, 164, 166, 168, DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED 170, 172 has four conductors. For example, cable 162 EMBODIMENT has four conductors, including a first conductor con As shown in FIG. 1, a fire fighting trainer 10 is pro necting to water sensor 56, a second conductor connect vided. Trainer 10 includes a plurality of chambers 12, ing to foam sensor 68, a third conductor connecting to 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, which are separate chambers in a powder sensor 80, and a fourth conductor connecting to building structure, and which contain respective con temperature sensor 81. tents 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, that are chosen from a group Each of the chambers 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, stores or of items of furniture and fixtures and equipment, which contains a different item or items, so that each chamber are fireplace structures made of fireproof materials, 10 has a different type of fire, thereby requiring a different such as steel, in the shape of the represented combusti medium to put out the fire in each chamber. The water ble material or location of the represented fire. sensor 56, foam sensor 68, and powder sensor 80 in For example, chambers 12, 14 have representations chamber 12 detects three different extinguishing materi 24.26 of items such as wood items, that require water to als or mediums or agents, which are reported to the extinguish a fire therein. Chambers 16, 18 have repre 15 control panel 54. Control panel 54 can be operated to sentations 28,30 of items, such as electrical equipment regulate the amount of fire and smoke in typical cham items, that require dry powder or inert gas to extinguish ber 12, or to shut off the fire and smoke in chamber 12. a fire therein. Chambers 20, 22 have representations 32, Control panel 54 can also be used to record the results 54 of items, such as certain liquid fuel items, that require of the actions of the trainees in chamber 12. Some items a foam or water or dry powder to extinguish a fire 20 therein. in the chambers require two or more combination extin Trainer 10 also has a propane gas system 36, which guishing agents, such as water and foam, to extinguish has a propane gas inlet pressure controller 37, and the fire. which has distribution piping 38 and 40. Trainer 10 also A principal feature of the trainer is the design of the has a smoke generating system 42, which has a left 25 burners used to generate flame for the training exer smoke generator 44, a right smoke generator 46, and cises. Commercial burners, which are designed for effi smoke conduit 48 and smoke conduit 50. Systems 36 and cient hearing of materials in industrial processes, are 42 generate flames and smoke within selected ones of, completely unsuitable for use in a fire fighting trainer. or all of, the chambers 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22. The trainer requires a burner that can produce a realis Trainer 10 also has a sensing and control system 52, 30 tic fire-type flame safely and reliably even when inun which has a control panel 54. Trainer 10 includes water dated with water or foam or other extinguishing agent. sensors 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, and includes foam sensors In FIG. 2, burner 104 is shown. Burner 104 is similar 68, 70, 72, 74,76, 78, and includes powder sensors 80, in construction to burners 106, 108, 110, 111, 112. 82, 84, 86, 88,90, and includes temperature sensors 81, Burner 104 is suitable to simulate a relatively small fire. 83, 85, 87, 89,91, each of which are disposed in respec 35 As explained hereafter, an alternate burner can be used tive chambers 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22. for simulating a relatively large, spreading fire. The water sensors, and foam sensors, and powder In FIG. 3, burner control assembly 114 is shown. sensor may be separate from each other, or may be part Burner control assembly 114 is similar in construction of a combined or multi agent detector 69 which will be to burner control assemblies 116, 118, 120, 122, 124. described herein. Burner control assembly 114 includes a supply gas inlet Propane distribution pipe 38 has propane gas lines 92, 186, pilot gas components 188, main gas components 94, 96, which connect to respective chambers 12, 14, 16. 190, an air inlet filter 192, and one or more motor con Propane distribution pipe 40 has propane gas lines 98, trolled gas valves 194. Burner control assembly also 100, 102, which connect to respective chambers 18, 20, includes a pilot blower 196, a flame safeguard unit 198, 22. 45 and an ignition transformer unit 200. Gaslines 92,94, 96 connect to respective burners 104, In FIG. 3, gas enters supply line 92. A solenoid 106, 108, which are disposed inside respective chambers operated shutoff valve 175 in line 92 controls the flow 12, 14, 16. Gas lines 98,100, 102 connect to respective of gas to the pilot gas line 177 and to the main gas line burners 110, 111, 112, which are disposed inside respec 176. The pilot system includes components 188, blower tive chambers 18, 20, 22. 50 196 and pilot gas/air mixture line 178 to deliver a proper Burners 104,106, 108 which are shown near the bot mixture of propane and air to the burner head 174. The tom of FIG. 1 have respective control units 114, 116, main gas system includes supply line 92, components 118. Burners 110, 111,112 which are shown near the top 190, one or more gas flow control valves 194, and one of FIG. 1 have respective control units 120, 122, 124. or more main lines 176 to deliver propane gas to one or Control units 114, 116, 118 have respective electrical 55 more burner elements 180. signal and power conductors 126, 128, 130, which con Burner head member 174 mounts within or below the nect to panel 54. Control units 120, 122, 124 have re fireplace structure, or the like. The shape and configu spective electrical signal and power conductors 132, ration and materials of burner head 174 are such as to 134, 136, which connect to panel 54. provide for reliable operation of pilot and main flames Smoke conduit 48 has smoke lines 138, 140, 142, when subject to any of the various extinguishing agents. which connect to respective chambers 12, 14, 16. Pilot gas components 188 include a pressure regula Smoke conduit 50 has smoke lines 144, 146, 148, which tor, a pilot gas metering valve, and a solenoid-operated connect to respective chambers 18, 20, 22. pilot gas valve. The flame safeguard or pilot monitor Chambers 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 have respective doors unit 198 is an automatic self-check unit that continu 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160. 65 ously monitors the pilot flame and if the pilot flame is Control panel 54 has cables 162,164, 166, which go to lost for any reason, the flame safeguard unit shuts off all respective chambers 12, 14, 16. Control panel 54 also gas flow to the burner. Main gas components 190 in has cables 168, 170, 172, which go to respective cham clude a pressure regulator, safety solenoid valve that is 5,345,830 5 6 controlled by the flame safeguard unit, and a solenoid The smoke generating system 42 is necessary because operated main gas valve. the propane gas system 36 produces virtually no smoke. Burner element 180 is enclosed in a fireplace (not The propane in burners 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114 is shown), which is disposed behind real or simulated burned without additional combustion air to produce a items, such as electrical or electronic consoles, or below large, yellow-orange flame. The burners specifically use a mattress or the like, or behind a trash can or a kitchen propane gas to achieve realistic flame appearance and stove, or a sofa or the like. One or more elements may response to agent application. be utilized for each burner. A third principal feature of the trainer is the com In FIG. 2, burner element 180 contains drilled holes bined agent, or multi-agent detector. Previous detec configured to satisfy a flame location. One or more 10 tors, each designed to detect one extinguishing agent, elements may be utilized. The holes are about one-quar were unable to distinguish among agents applied. A ter inch in size and serve as gas nozzles. When main gas water sensor in a funnel also detected foam, and a car is introduced to element 180, it is ignited by the pilot bon dioxide sensor also detected water. By combining and produces a flame appearance as desired. Cover two or more sensors into a single detector using me plates 182, 184 prevent materials from falling into the 15 chanical separators and programming logic as described holes in element 180. herein, the detector senses each extinguishing agent A second principal feature of the trainer is the smoke unambiguously. generator 44. Unlike previous smoke generators, this Each of the chambers 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 has a smoke generator must produce a large volume of simu different type of fire, and has a respective detector as lated smoke, and distribute is to various training com 20 sembly, which can sense and can report to control panel partments or chambers, and produce and distribute the 54, if water, foam, powder, or inert gas is being applied smoke efficiently with little or no residue or pollutants. to the fire. If the correct application is made, the fire is In FIG. 4, smoke generator 44 is shown. Smoke gen extinguished. The control panel 54 is operated to con erator 44 is similar in construction to smoke generator trol each of the burners 104, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 46. Smoke generator 44 includes an air blower 202, an 25 which are located in respective chambers 12, 14, 16, 18, air heater 204, a propaneline 206, and an enclosure 208. 20, 22, in accordance with the intensity of the fire Smoke generator 44 also includes a smoke reservoir therein. 210, which has a cap 212, a sight glass 214, and a level The operator of the control panel 54 can know which switch 216. Fluid reservoir 210 has a line with a meter of the materials, such as water, foam, or powder, is ing valve 218 and a solenoid valve 220. Air heater 204 is 30 being used in each chamber by the fire fighters, simulta connected by a line with a temperature monitor 222 to neously with the testing of the fire fighters. In this way, an injector nozzle 224. Injector nozzle 224 has an outlet the operator can regulate the intensities of the fires in line 226. In FIG. 5, outlet line 226 connects to conduits the chambers, or can shut off the fires and smoke in 48 and 50. flow, if necessary, by regulating the smoke generating 35 system 42 and the fire generating or system 36 from the Conduit 48 is supplied usually by smoke generator 44. control panel 54. The control system 52 monitors condi Conduit 50 is supplied usually by smoke generator 46. tions within the trainer and is used to automatically shut Additional valves (not shown) in conduits 48 and 50 are the trainer down if safety is jeopardized. Control panel provided to use such smoke supply arrangement, or to 54 can have a computer, in order to provide a scenario change such smoke supply arrangement as desired. 40 in the testing program. A menu of selections can be used Conduit 48 has solenoid valves 228, 230, 232, which in the software of the computer. The trainer is under the connect to respective smoke lines 138, 140, 142 to re control of the instructor and exercises can be repeated spective chambers 12, 14, 16. Excess air blowers 234, or changed at the control panel. 236,238, which add cooling air to the respective smoke In FIG. 6, water sensor 56 is shown. Sensor 56 is distribution lines, 138, 140,142 are also provided. Panel 45 similar in construction to sensors 58, 60, 62, 64, 66. 54 controls valves 228, 230, 232 and controls blowers Water sensor 56 includes a collection funnel 246, a 234, 236, 238. screen 248, an opening 250, and a magneto strictive or Injector nozzle 224 is used to inject a fine mist of other fluid sensor unit 252, which has a face 254 that smoke fluid of selected content into a hot air stream protrudes into a pipe 256. produced by air heater 204. High velocity air in injector 50 Sensor unit 252 is located in the neck of the collection nozzle 224 vaporizes the smoke fluid. With the added funnel pipe 256. Funnel 246 is shaped as required to fit cooling air produced by the excess air blowers sufficient within or below or behind an item, such as a fixture or simulated smoke is delivered to the chambers in this a fireplace structure or grating or the like. Sensor unit way. 252 is located at the water drain of pipe 256, thereby Outlets of smoke lines 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 55 preventing the formation of puddles or the buildup of which are disposed inside respective chambers 12, 14, material on the face 254 of unit 252. 16, 18, 20, 22, connect to respective fireplaces (not In FIG. 7, a multi-agent detector 69, is shown. Detec shown), which are in the form of selected fixtures, furni tor 69 is capable of detecting and distinguishing be ture or equipment, as desired. Typical burner element tween water, foam and powder. Detector 69 includes a 180 and typical smoke line 138 connect to the same collection funnel 258, an upper powder sensor unit 260, fireplace, in order to simulate a fire at the fireplace. The an infrared source 261, an infrared detector 262, and a fireplace is defined to mean a common assembly area for foam and water separator 264. Detector 69 also includes training in extinguishment of a particular fire, and not a an upper shield 266, a magnetostrictive water sensor residential type of fireplace. Smoke generator 44 pro 268, a water exhaust opening 270, and a foam exhaust duces simulated smoke to chambers 12, 14, 16. Smoke 65 chute 272. Detector 69 also has a lower through beam generator 46 produces simulated smoke to chambers 18, foam sensor unit 274 and a lower shield 276. 20, 22. Shutoff valves (not shown) in conduits 48 and 50 Detector 69 separates the foam from the water, both can redistribute smoke to chambers as desired. of which enter through funnel 258. Funnel 258 is shaped 5,345,830 7 8 to fit below or behind an item, such as a fixture or fire The trainer 10 also contains a propane gas detection place structure or grating. Separator 264 separates the system, which is not shown on FIG. 1. The gas detec water from the foam. Water passes to outlet 270. Foam tion system consists of combustible gas analyzers, sam passes to foam chute 272. Foam sensor unit 274 is a ple points located throughout the trainer where gas commercially available unit. Water sensor unit 268 and build ups could occur, and a draw sample system that foam sensor unit 274 respond to their particular agent or utilizes a vacuum to draw air samples from each sample material. point to the corresponding analyzer. If an unacceptable Sensor unit 274 has a sonic beam, the breaking of level of propane is detected anywhere in the trainer, the which causes a contact closure upon passage of foam, control system shuts down all burners and smoke gener thereby detecting the presence of foam as the extin 10 ation, and begins ventilation of the trainer. guishing agent. As shown in FIG. 11, a second embodiment or burner Sensor 68 functions as described for the foam sensor unit 310 is provided. Burner 310 is similar to burner 104 portion of the combined agent detector, and is used of FIGS. 2 and 3, except that burner 310 is a multi-ele where only foam detection is required. Sensor 68 is ment burner unit and burner unit 104 is a single element identical to sensors 70, 72, 74, 76 and 78. 15 burner unit. In FIG. 8, a powder sensor 80 is shown. Powder Parts of burner 310 in FIG. 11 which are the same as sensor 80 is identical in construction to powder sensors corresponding parts of burner 104 in FIGS. 2 and 3, 82, 84, 86, 88,90. Powder sensor 80 includes a collection have the same numerals but with a subscript 'a' added funnel 278, an infrared source 280, a pair of shields 282, thereto. and a detector 284. Sensor unit source 280 and detector Burner 310 connects to a burner control or enclosure 284 detect powder by detecting the powder cloud that 312, which has a control cable 314, that connects to a breaks the light beam passing therebetween. Source 280 control panel 54a. Burner control 312 has a pilot gas line and detector 284 detect a powder cloud but do not 316, a center main gas line 318, a left main gas line 320, detect, or see, water or foam. The assembly of source a right main gas line 322, and an electrical conduit 324, 280 and detector 284 is a commercially available item. 25 all of which connect to burner 310. Burner 310 also has Funnel 278 is shaped to fit below or behind burner 104, a center burner element 326, a left burner element 328, or a fixture, or the like. and a right burner element 330. Source 280 and detector 284 have an infrared light Chamber 12a has a peripheral wall 332 and a recessed beam, the breaking of which by a powder cloud, signals 30 floor slab 334. Wall 332 supports a floor grating 336 on the presence of powder as the extinguishing agent. which boxes 338, 340, 342 are supported. These boxes Not shown is a carbon dioxide sensor, which consists are made of fireproof material to resemble ordinary of a thermocouple, or other temperature measuring combustible shipping crates. Boxes 338,340,342, which device that measures the sudden decrease in tempera are spaced are spaced near enough, so that a succeeding ture at the fire that is the result of the cooling effect of 35 box appears to be heated by the flame of a preceding the expanding carbon dioxide gas as it is released from box, and so that a simulated spreading fire can be cre its extinguisher cylinder. ated. Grating 336 and slab 334 have a space 344 dis Two or more of these sensors are combined where posed therebetween. required to since or multi-agent detectors for each type The main gas lines 318,320,322 have respective con of fire. For example, water and foam and powder sen trol portions (not shown), which are disposed inside sors are combined for use in an oil spill fire simulation; enclosure 312, and which are similar to corresponding water and powder and carbon dioxide sensors are com parts of main gas line 176 of burner control 114 of FIG. bined for use in an electrical panel fire. In addition to 3. the mechanical separation feature described above, the As shown in FIG. 12, which is a side elevation view trainer's control system uses control logic to distinguish 45 of burner 310, a horizontal configuration is provided. In among agents. For example, the carbon dioxide sensor this view, one burner element only is shown. Burner 310 could react to water or carbon dioxide, but if the water includes a head member 346, which has a pilot chamber sensor does not detect water, the system logic con 348. Pilot gas line 316 includes a pilot nozzle 350 and a cludes that carbon dioxide is being applied. sparkignitor 352. Burner 310 also has an air entrainment In FIG.9 and 10, the temperature sensor 81 is shown. 50 plenum 354, which surrounds nozzle 350. Temperature sensor 81 is identical in construction to Gas lines 318,320,322 have respective main gas ports sensors 83, 85, 87, 89, 91. Temperature sensor 81 in 356, which connect to elements 326, 328, 330. Pilot cludes a blackened copper sphere 286, a globe tempera chamber 346 has pilot boost ports 358, which connect to ture thermocouple 288, a dry-bulb temperature thermo gas lines 318, 320, 322, in order to increase the size of couple 290, a baffle 292, and a wet bulb temperature 55 the pilot flame. Head member 346 has a pilot flame thermocouple 294. Temperature sensor 81 also includes deflector 360. Elements 326,328,330 have respective gas a liquid reservoir 296, which has a wick 298 and a level distribution holes 362. The pilot monitor's flame rod 364 switch 300. Temperature sensor 81 also has a terminal has its electrode 365 in the pilot flame path. board 302 and a housing 304, which has louvers 306 and As shown in FIG. 13, another embodiment or burner a slot 308. 310b is provided. FIG. 13 shows a vertical configura Temperature sensor 81 is installed in chamber 12 to tion of burner 310b and shows one burner element only insure that temperature levels never reach a dangerous of a total of four, which are oriented 90 degrees apart. level for trainees and instructors and other users. Read Parts of burner 310b, which are similar to corre ings are transmitted to control panel 54, where action is sponding parts of burner 310 of FIG. 12, have the same taken to reduce the temperature in the chamber, or to 65 numerals, but with a subscript “b” added thereto. close the smoke and gas lines to the chamber. The tem Burner 310b includes a head member 346b, with a perature sensor 81 is preferably located on or near the pilot chamber 348b. Burner 310b also includes a plenum ceiling of chamber 12. 354b, main gas ports 356b, pilot boost ports 358b, a 5,345,830 9 10 flame deflector 360b, distribution holes 362b, and a The pilot flame must be confirmed before main gas flow flame rod 364b. is begun. The burner system utilizes a conventional pilot The pilot gas/air mixture from burner control enclo monitor with a flame rod 364 which provides an inter sure 312 is introduced into the pilot chamber 348 via the lock against starting main gas flow if there is no pilot pilot nozzle 350 where it is ignited, using, in this em flame. bodiment, a rear-mounted spark ignitor 352, which With confirmation of pilot, main flame, which is the provides spark within the nozzle igniting the gas/air large yellow-orange flame associated with the training mixture before it exits the nozzle for pilot ignition reli exercise, may be started. Undiluted main gas flow is ability. Once ignited, pilot flame stability during extin now begun from the enclosure 312 through the main gas guishing agent application is enhanced by additional air O ports 356 of the burner head 346 to the burner elements introduced into the pilot chamber 348 through the air 326,328,330 are connected to the burner head 346 so as entrainment plenum 354 surrounding the nozzle 350. to assure ignition for the undiluted main gas from the The pilot flame is monitored by a commercial pilot pilot flame. Pilot boost ports 358 are provided within monitor utilizing a flame rod 364 to confirm pilot flame. the burner head 346 to increase the size of the pilot This is done by establishing an electric current flow 15 flame to assure that adequate pilot flame is available for between the burner head 346, and the insulated flame main flame ignition during the extreme changes in envi rod electrode 365, through the ionized gas of the pilot ronmental conditions at the burner 310 that occurring flame. This is necessary to ensure that there is a reliable application of extinguishing agents to the training fire. pilot flame before main gas flow is begun. Undiluted main gas flow to each burner element When main gas flow to the burner head is begun, 20 326,328,330 is sequentially controlled to allow the train undiluted gas is introduced at the main gas inlets 318, ing fire to start at one point under the grated floor 336 320,322, through the burner main gas ports 356, to the and then grow in height and spread across the fire area burner elements 358. A small amount of undiluted gas is until a full fire condition is reached. directed through the pilot boost ports 358 into the pilot Because of the design of the gas burner 310, water chamber 348 to increase the size of the pilot flame over 25 applied to the fire by trainees will not extinguish the the burner elements 326,328,330 to ignite the undiluted flames, although the flames will be suppressed and main gas emitted through the burner element gas distri cooled as in a real fire. The control panel 54, which is bution holes 362. The configuration of the pilot flame operated by the operator or instructor is used to begin deflector 360 and the location and shape of the burner sequentially reducing, and then stopping main gas flow main gas ports 356 and pilot boost ports 358 assures 30 to the burner elements 326,328,330 causing the flame to ignition of main gas by the pilot flame. In the case of the recede and extinguish. vertical orientation of the multi-element burner shown As shown in FIG. 17, an alternate embodiment or in FIG. 13, four individual pilot flame expansion chan Smoke generator 366 is provided, corresponding to nels 357b, are provided to direct pilot flame from the smoke generator 44 of FIG. 4. central pilot chamber 348b to each of the four flame 35 Parts of smoke generator 366, which are similar to elements 326b. In addition, the offset internal path of the corresponding parts of smoke generator 44, have the main gas ports 356 prevents water or foam that may same numerals but with a subscript "c' added thereto. have entered a burner element 326,328,330 through its The smoke generator's components are contained gas distribution holes 362 when main gas flow is off within an enclosure 368 that is weatherproof and that from flowing back up the gas piping system. There is a 40 provides for transportability. The volume and durabil separate main gas inlet line 318,320,322 for each main ity of the smoke-like fog result from the use of a high gas port 356 in the burner head 346. efficiency propane air heater 204a which is fed by a FIGS. 14, 15 and 16 show the effect achieved with high-flow combustion air blower 202c, heating the air to the multiple-element burner. In FIG. 14, pilot flame has 1,000 F. been confirmed, and gas flow is started to burner ele 45 The smoke generator is designed to use a very high ment 328 at one side of the storage area mockup 338, quality hydraulic fluid with a flame-retardant character 340, 342 representing the start of the fire. In FIG. 15, istic that has been specifically tested for non-toxicity as gas flow is started to the 16 burner element 326 as gas a fluid and as smoke, and for chemical integrity at high flow to the element 328 approaches maximum. I FIG. temperature. This fluid is preferred. Other fluids may 16, gas flow is started to the burner element 330, as the 50 break down at high temperatures into toxic or flamma elements 326,328 are at highfire. The result is the effect ble components, or may simply not produce good of a fire starting, spreading and growing until the entire smoke. The preferred fluid is stored in a tank 210c is and storage area mockup 338, 340, 342 is engulfed in flames. metered into the hot air stream at the injection nozzle In operations, the burner control enclosure 312 re 224c where it is atomized into extremely small droplets, ceives control signals from the operator's console or 55 which will give the smoke its characteristic durability. panel 54a. The enclosure 312 begins flow of a proper A balanced distribution manifold 370 provides up to pilot gas/air mixture to the pilot chamber 348 of the four separate distribution lines each with its own con burner head 346. This mixture is ignited by a spark trol valve 372 for selecting any or all lines. An excess air ignitor 352 located so as to produce a spark within the blower 374 dilutes the hot air/fluid mist which is clear pilot nozzle 350. The pilot flame is ignited before the 60 cooling it to below 200 F. and now causing it to appear fuel/air mixture exits the nozzle 350, eliminating unsta as a dense smoke-like fog. This principle feature allows ble ignition. the smoke to be distributed as a stable fog at cool tem Pilot stability is further enhanced by air entrainment. peratures rather than as an unstable hot mist in which Additional air is provided to a plenum 354 at the rear of much more of the droplets settle out within the distribu the pilot chamber 348. This air surrounds the nozzle 350 65 tion piping and on training room walls as with previous and pilot flame providing available combustion air to smoke generator designs. Piping is connected to the the pilot flame should changes in environmental condi smoke outlet ports 376, 378, 380, 382 to distribute the tions at the burner require changes in the fuel/air ratio. smoke-like fog to several training compartments or to 5,345,830 11 12 specific mock-up structures, such as of electrical de deck are mockup structures 410 of bilge compartment vices that would produce smoke if on fire. Adjustable components such as pumps, valves, piping, etc. baffles 384 are provided at each port to limit smoke out When extinguishing agents are applied from a hose put for that port if needed. 412 to the flames by the trainees, the agents fall through Other components include the propane control the grated metal deck where they are collected and valves and regulator 386 the propane flow needle valve identified by the multiple-agent detectors which then 388, which is used to set operating temperature, the air provide electronic signals which convey a precise pat temperature monitor 390, the fluid metering valve 218c, tern of agent application to the control panel 54d so that which sets fluid flow, the fluid solenoid valve 220c, the operator or instructor can initiate an adjustment to which turns fluid flow, and therefore smoke, on and off, 10 gas flow to the burners to effect extinguishment or and the electrical panel 392, which contains the elec other response to the fire. tronics for ignition and monitoring of the heater flame, The advantages of trainer 10 are indicated hereafter. and air temperature monitoring, and is the connection 1. The sensing and control system 52 determines the point for wiring and cables to the system control panel material, such as water or foam or powder, which is or console. 15 being used by the fire fighters in each chamber, and FIG. 18 illustrates an alternate configuration of a reports such information to the control panel 54 at the trainer 10c with a smoke generator 366. Control signal same time; and the amount of flames and smoke in any wires 167c convey signal information from the control chamber can be reset immediately, for better safety and panel 54c to start and run the smoke generator 366. teaching. Smoke distribution piping 138c, 140c, 142c, 148c distrib 20 utes the smoke to four training chambers 12c, 14c, 16c, 2. The sensing and control system 52 receives the 22c, ways the smoke is used. In chamber 14c, smoke is information about the material used in each chamber for distributed among is distributed among fireproof mock extinguishing the fire whereby the information can be ups of wooden crates to simulate a Class A fire (dry recorded in a report on the test of the fire fighters. combustible material). Smoke in chamber 22c is distrib 25 3. The items 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, which are stored in uted under a grated floor along with a large volume of respective chambers 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 can be house flame to simulate a Class B fire (burning liquid fuel) in a items, such as respective living room items, bedroom ship's bilge. A small amount of smoke in chamber 16c is items, kitchen items, cellar items, attic items and office distributed to a fireproof mockup of an electrical panel items, or can be industrial items, such as respective to simulate a Class C (electrical) fire. Smoke in chamber 30 chemical storage items, electronic parts items, elec 22c is distributed throughout the compartment for ob tronic console items, laboratory items, office items and scuration training without fire. file room items, or can be restaurant or hotel items, so As shown in FIG. 19, a second embodiment or multi that trainer 10 provides a test ground for different situa sensor unit 400 is provided, which corresponds to multi tions. sensor unit 68 of FIG. 7. 35 4. In a test of fire fighters, some of the chambers can Parts of unit 400 similar to corresponding parts of unit be excluded or shut down, depending on the size of the 68 of FIG. 7 have the same numerals but with a sub test, or the selection of chambers desired, for better script "d” added thereto. operating efficiency. FIG. 19 shows the alternate embodiment or a multi Advantages of the alternate embodiments of the sensor unit 400. The major components include the trainer 10 are indicated hereafter. agent collection funnel 258d, which is sized to meet the 1. Burner 310 operates effectively, when directly coverage requirements of the particular fire it will be exposed to extinguishing water, foam, and powder, used with, the water/foam separator 264d, which is because the pilot flame, pilot ignites 352, flame rod 364 attached to the bottom of the funnel and contains a and main gas ports 356 are protected as shown in FIG. screen that separates foam from water if both are used 45 12. and shunts the foam to a foam detector trough on the 2. The appearance of a spreading fire is simulated by side while allowing the water to fall straight through, multiple main gas ports 356 and multiple burner ele the water sensor 268d, which is a magnetostrictive cell ments 326,328,330 as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. or other proximity device mounted within the water 3. Vertically oriented burner 310, as shown in FIG. drain line at the bottom of the assembly, and provides SO 12, is very suitable for large, open area fires, such as an electronic signal when water passes through it, a bilge or deck fires. foam sensor 274a, which is an ultrasonic sender/- 4. Horizontally oriented burner 310b, as shown in receiver, that will be sensitive to foam interrupting the FIG. 13, is very suitable for relatively smaller, single signal path, mounted in the foam detector trough and burner fires, such as trash can, mattress, or electrical provides an electronic signal when foam passes through 55 panel fires. it, and a powder sensor 260d, which is an infrared sen 5. Burner elements 326,328,330 avoids a hazardous sor/receiver unit mounted on the top rim of the funnel, gas build up condition in a chamber, and minimizes the and provides an electronic signal whe powder between escape of unburned gas therefrom, because the elements the sensor probes. Powder sensor 260d has two arms 326, 328,330 are located in a well ventilated open space 401, 403 which are cantilevered from a rim 405 of funnel 344 under the grating 336 of the chamber, as shown in 258d. FIG. 11, FIG. 20 shows an alternate chamber configuration, in 6. Smoke generator 366 is capable of producing rela this case for training for a fire located in the bilge area tively large amounts of smoke-like fog, which is non of a commercial or naval vessel. The major components toxic, from a relatively small-size type of smoke genera in the chamber are the multi-sensor units 400, 402 that tor, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 17. are installed in the space 407 below a grated metal deck 7. Smoke generator 366 has an internal header 370, 403, under the burner elements 404, 406 that produce which permits relatively quicker and easier distribution the flames for the training fire. Mounted on the grated to individual lines from outlets 376, 378, 380, 382 to 5,345,830 13 14 respective chamber smoke lines 138, 140, 142, 148, as a temperature sensor for use in the sensor assembly of shown in FIGS. 1 and 17. the fire fighting trainer comprising: 8. Multi-sensor unit 400 has a rim 405 with cantilev a globe temperature thermocouple; ered arms 401, 403, which support transmitter and re a housing for supporting the globe temperature ther ceiver parts of powder sensor 260d, so that a powder mocouple and a blackened metal sphere on the cloud located somewhat above the unit 400 can be outside of the housing; and a wet-bulb temperature thermocouple means sup sensed effectively, as well as a powder cloud located ported by the housing on the inside of the housing. within funnel 258d. 2. A fire fighting trainer comprising: While the invention has been described in its pre 10 one or more chambers having respective contents ferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the words including items chosen from a group of items in which have been used are words of description rather cluding furniture and fixtures and equipment; than limitation and that changes may be made within a smoke generating means having a plurality of out the purview of the appended claims without departing lets disposed in the respective chambers; from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its 15 a flame generating means having a plurality of outlets broader aspects. disposed in the respective chambers; and What is claimed is: a sensing and control means having a plurality of 1. A fire fighting trainer comprising: sensor assemblies disposed in the respective cham one or more chambers having respective contents bers and each sensor assembly connecting to a main including items chosen from a group of items in 20 control panel, wherein cluding furniture and fixtures and equipment; each said sensor assembly includes a plurality of sen a smoke generating means having a plurality of out sors and each said sensor is capable of sensing and lets disposed in the respective chambers; reporting a particular extinguishing agent, a flame generating means having a plurality of outlets recording and control means for controlling the oper 25 ation of the trainer and recording the results, and disposed in the respective chambers; and a temperature sensor for use in the sensor assembly of a sensing and control means having a plurality of a fire fighting trainer comprising: sensor assemblies disposed in the respective cham a globe temperature thermocouple surrounded by a bers and each sensor assembly connecting to a main blackened metal sphere; control panel, wherein 30 a housing for supporting the globe temperature ther each said sensor assembly includes a plurality of sen mocouple and blackened metal sphere on the out sors and each said sensor is capable of sensing and side of the housing; and reporting a particular extinguishing agent, a wet-bulb temperature thermocouple means sup recording and control means for controlling the oper ported by the housing on the inside of the housing. ation of the trainer and recording the results, and 35 :k k it k sk

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