Influence of Filipino Heroism on the Value Concepts of Grade 10 High School Students in Ozamiz City National High School

Home , Antonio Luna, Apolinario Mabini, Emilio Jacinto, Gomburza, Gregorio del Pilar, Melchora Aquino

JournalInfluence ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Vol.of Grade 5,5, IssueIssue 10 High No.No. 2, 2,School pp.pp. 1-18,1 -Students18, DecemberDecember in Ozamiz 20162016 City N. D. Canini ISSNNational 2350-70202350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-94362362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Jovannie E. Cabrera, Camille Jane Omandam, Nelfa D. Canini

College of Education, Misamis University, H. T. Feliciano St., Ozamiz City, Philippines Corresponding author: Nelfa D. Canini; email: [email protected]

Abstract

Heroism refers to outstanding acts that display courage. It is possible only in rare circumstances and it requires a high level of moral character or competence. Countless acts of heroism went unnoticed or unrecorded. In most cases, local history is taken for granted. This study was conducted to determine the influence of Filipino heroism on the value concepts of Grade 10 high school students in Ozamiz City National High School. Descriptive research design was used in this study. One-hundred respondents coming from four different curricula in the said school were included in this study. Modified questionnaire was used to obtain the data. The findings revealed that Filipino heroism has high influence on Grade 10 high school students’ concept on nationalism while the acts of heroism exemplified by Filipino heroes have moderate influence on students’ value concepts of discipline, obedience, determination, and bravery. The perceptions of students on the influence of Filipino heroism on value concepts do not significantly vary when they are grouped by profile. This study may provide insights to academic institutions in promoting value concept of Filipino heroism.

Keywords: bravery, determination, discipline, nationalism, obedience

1 JournalInfluence of FilipinoMultidisciplinary Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Vol.of Grade 5, Issue 10 HighNo. 2, School pp. 1-18, Students December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini ISSNNational 2350-7020 High School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Introduction

Heroism is an individual’s commitment to a noble purpose, usually aimed at furthering the welfare of others, and involving the willingness to accept the cost and consequences of achieving that purpose (Jayawickreme & Di Stefano, 2012). In contemporary society, any behavior that seems distinctly difficult or unusually impressive is classified as heroic (Kohen, 2013). National heroes are often portrayed as a pantheon of distinct and powerful personalities who have managed to get their names published in our history books by virtue of their words and actions. Many believe that heroism involves violence in defense of another which is inappropriate but some agree that true heroism is taking the risk of harming oneself while saving another. Countless acts of heroism went unnoticed or unrecorded during the wars (Elliott, 2011). In most cases, local history is taken for granted. History is looked based on the national perspective, often times forgetting that what underlies a great history is founded on local history. In the Philippines, the Department of Education (DepEd) has urged both public and private schools to carry out meaningful activities that commemorate historical events (Malipot, 2014). For instance, DepEd secretary Armin Luistro issued to schools Memorandum No. 43, series of 2014 stipulating the guidelines to the “2014 Conduct of National Observations and Commemoration of Historical Events”. The purpose is to instill in the minds of elementary and secondary students the greatness of the Filipino race, the legacy of the national heroes, and the ideals of nationhood. The memorandum also aims to help reawaken the Filipino people, especially the youth of their responsibility and patriotic commitment to truly demonstrate the spirit of heroism, patriotism, nationalism, unity, and national identity. Several studies were already conducted about Filipino heroism (Mamot, 1986; McKay, & Miller-Chair, 2011; Guevarra, 2014; Encinas-Franco 2013, 2015). However, there is no study conducted regarding the influence of heroism among high school students in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of influence of Filipino heroism in

2 InfluenceJournal ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, ofVol. Grade 5, Issue 10 High No. 2,School pp. 1 -Students18, December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini NationalISSN 2350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

relation to the value concepts of Grade 10 students in Ozamiz City National High School. Further, this study aimed to determine if there is a significant difference in the level of influence of Filipino heroism among the students when grouped by gender, age, and curriculum they belong. This study may provide insights to academic institutions in promoting value concept of Filipino heroism.

Materials and Methods

Research design, instrument, and validation The descriptive research design-survey method was employed to gather the data. The researcher-made questionnaire was the main tool used in this study. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part 1 includes the respondent’s profile that includes the age, gender, curriculum, and year level. Part 2 includes statements that reflect the value concepts of students on bravery, determination, discipline, nationalism, and obedience as influenced by Filipino heroism. Items were rated in a four-point Likert scale (4 = High influence, 3 = Moderate influence, 2 = Low influence, and 1= No influence). In testing the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the researchers conducted a pilot testing to 30 students and run the data through Cronbach’s alpha test available in SPSS software. The 25 items statements were considered highly reliable with a result of 0.87. In determining and interpreting the level of influence of Filipino heroism on the value concepts of the grade 10 students, the continuum below was used.

Scale Continuum/ Range Interpretation 4 3.25 - 4.00 High influence 3 2.50 - 3.24 Influence 2 1.75 - 2.49 Low influence 1 1.00 - 1.74 No influence

3 JournalInfluence of FilipinoMultidisciplinary Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Vol.of Grade 5, Issue 10 HighNo. 2, School pp. 1-18, Students December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini ISSNNational 2350-7020 High School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Research setting and respondents This study was conducted in Ozamiz City National High School, Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. The respondents were 100 students from four different curricula [Special Science Curriculum (31), Regular curriculum (30), STVEP (20), and Special Program in the Arts (19)] were the respondents of the study.

Ethical consideration Permission and endorsement were obtained prior to the conduct of the study. Approval from the school principal and the respective ‘Araling Panlipunan’ teachers was secured before the purpose of the study was properly explained to the respondents including the confidentiality of their identity. The respondents were assured that their responses would be utilized for research purpose only.

Data analysis Data gathered were analyzed and interpreted through the use of statistical tools available on the Minitab software. The average weighted mean was used to numerically describe the responses of the respondents. on the items selected from the scale of 4 to 1, going higher points for the most and lesser points for the least. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or f-test and t-test were used to determine the significant difference in the influence of Filipino heroism on the value concept of grade 10 students when grouped according to profile.

Results and Discussion

Students’ profile Table 1 shows that majority of the grade 10 students were 15 years old and the ages of the other students varied from 14 to 20. The entry to secondary schools differs due to some academic and psychological factors (Cáceres-Delpiano & Giolito, 2014). With gender, the number of male and female are almost the same. In terms of curriculum program, most of the respondents belonged to Special Science Curriculum (SSC) comprising of 31% of the respondents and

4 InfluenceJournal ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, ofVol. Grade 5, Issue 10 High No. 2,School pp. 1 -Students18, December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini NationalISSN 2350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

least number of the students came from the Special Program in the Arts (SPA) curriculum comprising of 19% of the overall respondents. These findings were congruent to the study of Yang and Yu (2015).

Table 1. Respondent’s profile (n=100).

Profile Frequency Percentage Age 14 1 1.00 15 54 54.00 16 26 26.00 17 13 13.00 18 3 3.00 19 2 2.00 20 1 1.00 Sex Male 51 51.00 Female 49 49.00 Curriculum STVEP 20 20.00 REGULAR 30 30.00 SSC 31 31.00 SPA 19 19.00

Value concept

A. Bravery Figure 1 shows the influence of Filipino heroism on the concept of bravery among grade 10 students in Ozamiz City National High School. Bravery can be viewed as the act motivated by noble causes such as saving someone’s life, speaking up for a principle, and fighting for one’s country (Roberts, 2011). The findings of this study revealed that the heroism of Lapu-Lapu in his victorious battle at the shores of Mactan against the Spanish colonizers has high influence on students’ concept of bravery. Students have realized that Filipinos could defeat strong and powerful western colonizers. The story of Lapu-Lapu as the country’s first national hero has inspired the students.

5 JournalInfluence of FilipinoMultidisciplinary Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Vol.of Grade 5, Issue 10 HighNo. 2, School pp. 1-18, Students December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini ISSNNational 2350-7020 High School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

On the other hand, General Gregorio del Pilar’s valor in the Tirad Pass had the lowest mean of 2.90 but still indicates that his heroic act has moderate influence on students’ concept of bravery. Results also revealed that the heroism by Andres Bonifacio, Antonio Luna, and Francisco Dagohoy have moderate influence on the students’ concept of bravery.

MI General Gregorio del Pilar’s valor in the Tirad Pass.

Dagohoy’s revolt against the Spaniards. MI

Chivalry of General Antonio Luna for MI Philippine political reforms.

Andres Bonifacio’s leadership in MI conquering the Spanish colonizers. The victorious battle of Lapu-lapu in the shores of Mactan against the Spanish HI colonizers. 0 1 2 3 4

HI - High influence (3.25 - 4.00); MI- Moderate influence (2.50 - 3.24); LI - Low influence (1.75 - 2.49); NI - No influence (1.00 - 1.74)

Figure 1. The influence of Filipino heroism on grade 10 students’

concept of bravery.

6 InfluenceJournal ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, ofVol. Grade 5, Issue 10 High No. 2,School pp. 1 -Students18, December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini NationalISSN 2350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

B. Determination Figure 2 indicates the influence of Filipino heroism on the value concept of determination among Grade 10 high school students. Determination makes the Filipino heroes to pursue in their aims to gain the country’s independence from foreign conquerors (Rafael, 2005). The highest mean of 3.38 indicates that Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s death for the country has high influence on students’ concept of determination. This finding could be anchored on the fact that Rizal is the most prominent advocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era through peaceful means (Nery, 2011).

Martyrdom of GomBurZa MI

Endeavor of the propagandist in Europe for Philippine independence. MI

Marcello H. Del Pilar’s maneuvers for MI the propaganda movement. Melchora Aquino’s aid for the katipuneros. MI

Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s death for the country. HI

0 2 4

HI - High influence (3.25 - 4.00); MI- Moderate influence (2.50 - 3.24); LI - Low influence (1.75 - 2.49); NI - No influence (1.00 - 1.74)

Figure 2. The influence of Filipino heroism on grade 10 students’ concept of determination.

7 JournalInfluence of FilipinoMultidisciplinary Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Vol.of Grade 5, Issue 10 HighNo. 2, School pp. 1-18, Students December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini Vol. 5, Issue No. 2, pp. 1-18, December 2016 ISSNNational 2350-7020 High School (Print) ISSN 2350-7020 (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

On the other hand, the lowest mean of 2.93 indicates that the martyrdom of GomBurZa has moderate influence on the students’ concept of determination. This finding could be due to the reason that GomBurZa (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora) was only famous in the Perseverance of the ilustrados in Europe secularization movement in the country (Flores, 2013). Also, the MI heroism of Melchora Aquino, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and “propagandists” for the welfare of the nation. in Europe has moderate influence on the students’ concept of Maintaining the aim for independence by MI determination. Melchora Aquino, an octogenarian showed determination the propagandist in Europe. as she fed, sheltered, and nursed Katipuneros (Measham, 2016). Marcelo Intellectual contribution of Apolinario H. Del Pilar, a revolutionary propagandist exhibited determination Mabini in the Philippine reforms during MI through his writings that inspired the Filipinos to fight for freedom from the Spaniards colonial rule. the Spaniards during the propaganda movement (Buenrostro, 2010). Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s prudent acts while he was exiled in Dapitan. MI C. Discipline Perseverance of Emilio Jacinto in the Chambers (2000) defined discipline as a mode of life in Katipunan movement. MI accordance with certain rules. It is also described by Kashyap (2016) as self-control reflected in public actions. Figure 3 presents the influence of 0 1 2 3 4 Filipino heroism on the value concept of grade 10 high school students on discipline. The heroism of Emilio Jacinto and Jose Rizal has a moderate influence on the students’ concept of discipline with the HI - High influence (3.25 - 4.00); MI- Moderate influence (2.50 - 3.24); LI - Low influence highest mean of 3.21. The students perceived that they are moderately (1.75 - 2.49); NI - No influence (1.00 - 1.74) influenced by Emilio Jacinto’s acts of discipline in facilitating the Figure 3. The influence of Filipino heroism on grade 10 students’ intellectual culture of the “Katipunan” by initiating discussions on concept of discipline. “kalayaan” (Sicat Cleto, 2016). The discipline shown by Rizal while on exile in Dapitan has moderate influence also on the students because of Nationalism his self-control in attacking the colonizers through the use of pen Nationalism is a way in which groups do identify themselves (Hudson, 2016). seeking independence for their culture or ethnicity that holds them The perseverance of the “ilustrados” while traveling widely in together (Waldron, 1985). Filipino nationalism is constructed upon a Europe and engaged in propaganda against Spanish rule in the history of opposition to a colonial and alien “other” (Ileto, 1993). Philippines (Aguilar, 2005; Onorato, 2012) has the lowest mean of 3.01 Figure 4 shows the influence of Filipino heroism to Grade 10 students but still indicates that the students’ concept of discipline is moderately on their concept of nationalism. The findings revealed that Jose Rizal’s influenced by the heroic act of the “ilustrados”. The heroism of love for the country which ends his life for the sake of Philippine Apolinario Mabini and “propagandists” in Europe was also perceived by independence obtained the highest mean of 3.41 which indicates that the the students to have moderately influenced their concept of discipline. students’ concept of nationalism is highly influenced by this heroic act.

8 InfluenceJournal ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, ofVol. Grade 5, Issue 10 High No. 2,School pp. 1 -Students18, December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini NationalISSN 2350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Perseverance of the ilustrados in Europe for the welfare of the nation. MI

Maintaining the aim for independence by MI the propagandist in Europe. Intellectual contribution of Apolinario Mabini in the Philippine reforms during MI the Spaniards colonial rule. Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s prudent acts while he was exiled in Dapitan. MI

Perseverance of Emilio Jacinto in the Katipunan movement. MI

0 1 2 3 4

HI - High influence (3.25 - 4.00); MI- Moderate influence (2.50 - 3.24); LI - Low influence (1.75 - 2.49); NI - No influence (1.00 - 1.74)

Figure 3. The influence of Filipino heroism on grade 10 students’ concept of discipline.

Nationalism Nationalism is a way in which groups do identify themselves seeking independence for their culture or ethnicity that holds them together (Waldron, 1985). Filipino nationalism is constructed upon a history of opposition to a colonial and alien “other” (Ileto, 1993). Figure 4 shows the influence of Filipino heroism to Grade 10 students on their concept of nationalism. The findings revealed that Jose Rizal’s love for the country which ends his life for the sake of Philippine independence obtained the highest mean of 3.41 which indicates that the students’ concept of nationalism is highly influenced by this heroic act.

9 JournalInfluence of FilipinoMultidisciplinary Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Vol.of Grade 5, Issue 10 HighNo. 2, School pp. 1-18, Students December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini ISSNNational 2350-7020 High School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Rizal’s 1896 execution that made him a martyr of the Philippine Revolution (Craig, 2005) make the students realize on the value of sacrificing one’s life for the sake of one’s country. The valor of the “Katipuneros” to free the Filipino from the hand of the Spanish regime has the lowest mean of 3.29 but still indicates that the students’ concept of nationalism is highly influenced by this heroism. The Katipunan movement became the country’s revolutionary government and secret revolutionary society (Alvarez, 1992). The gallantry of Andres Bonifacio for Filipino freedom (Toer, 2002), the courage of Antonio Luna against the colonizers (Tiongson, 2016), and Rizal’s novels, “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo” (Rizal, 2003, 2006) have high influence on the students’ concept of nationalism.

Valor of the Katipuneros to free the Filipino from the hand of the Spanish HI regime. Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s composition of his two novels to bombard the Spanish HI colonizers. General Antonio Luna’s courage against the colonizers in the name of HI independence. Gallantry of Andres Bonifacio for the freedom of the motherland. HI Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s love for the country which ends his life in the HI name of Philippine independence. 0 1 2 3 4

HI - High influence (3.25 - 4.00); MI- Moderate influence (2.50 - 3.24); LI - Low influence (1.75 - 2.49); NI - No influence (1.00 - 1.74)

Figure 4. The influence of Filipino heroism on the value concept of high school students on nationalism.

10 InfluenceJournal ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, ofVol. Grade 5, Issue 10 High No. 2,School pp. 1 -Students18, December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini NationalISSN 2350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Obedience Figure 5 shows the influence of Filipino heroism to Grade 10 students on their concept of obedience. The findings revealed that the total submission and dedication of Dr. Jose P. Rizal to the Filipino people toward political reforms in the Philippines have high influence to students with the highest mean of 3.28. Students have been inspired to embrace the value of obedience shown by Rizal.

Compliance of the ilustrados to their MI aims.

Submission of Emilio Jacinto to the MI Katipunan maneuver

Melchora Aquino’s dedication in the MI protocol of the Katipunan movement.

Compliance of General Antonio Luna MI to Emilio Aguinaldo’s order. Total submission and dedication of Dr. Jose P. Rizal to the Filipino people HI toward political reforms in the Philippines 0 1 2 3 4

HI - High influence (3.25 - 4.00); MI- Moderate influence (2.50 - 3.24); LI - Low influence (1.75 - 2.49); NI - No influence (1.00 - 1.74)

Figure 5. The influence of Filipino heroism on grade 10 students’ concept of obedience.

11 JournalInfluence of FilipinoMultidisciplinary Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Vol.of Grade 5, Issue 10 HighNo. 2, School pp. 1-18, Students December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini ISSNNational 2350-7020 High School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

The obedience of Antonio Luna to the order of Emilio Aguinaldo and the dedication of Mechora Aquino, Emilio Jacinto, and “ilustrados” to the “Katipunan” movement (Measham, 2016; Tiongson, 2016; Lagos, 2016) have moderate influence on the students’ concept of obedience. Obedience is a behavior change produced by the commands of authority (Blass, 1999). Schools always aim to develop obedience among students while on their formative years and imparting to them the obedience shown by Filipino heroes can help attain this goal (Almonte-Acosta, 2011). Figure 6 shows the overall influence of Filipino heroism on the value concept of grade 10 high school students in Ozamiz City National High School. The highest mean of 3.35 indicates the high influence of Filipino heroism on students’ concept of nationalism. The patriotic deeds of the Philippine heroes are commemorated annually through the celebration of National Heroes’ Day (Chase & Hill, 2006). These celebrations are included in the academic context among learning institutions to foster historical awareness towards the students (Malipot, 2014).

Bravery MI

Determination MI Obedience MI

Discipline MI Nationalism HI

0 1 2 3 4 HI - High influence (3.25 - 4.00); MI- Moderate influence (2.50 - 3.24); LI - Low influence (1.75 - 2.49); NI - No influence (1.00 - 1.74)

Figure 6. Overall influence of Filipino heroism on the value concept of high school students.

12 InfluenceJournal ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, ofVol. Grade 5, Issue 10 High No. 2,School pp. 1 -Students18, December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini NationalISSN 2350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

On the other hand, the lowest mean of 3.09 indicates the moderate influence of Filipino heroism on students, concept of bravery. The bravery manifested by national heroes seemed not influence the students at a high level. Filipino heroism has moderate influence on the students’ concepts of discipline, obedience, and determination.

Test of difference between the influence of Filipino heroism on value concept of high school students when grouped according to profile Table 2 shows that there is no significant difference in the perception of students on the influence of Filipino heroism on the their concepts of bravery, determination, discipline, nationalism, and when grouped according to profile. Regardless of sex, age, and curriculum, the grade 10 students are highly or moderately influenced by the acts of heroism exemplified by Filipino heroes. Similar findings were also reported by Manzo (2005) and Yang and Yu (2015) that students are influenced by heroic deeds because of their contribution to the country they belong.

13 JournalInfluence of FilipinoMultidisciplinary Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, Vol.of Grade 5, Issue 10 HighNo. 2, School pp. 1-18, Students December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini ISSNNational 2350-7020 High School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Table 2. Test of difference between the influence of Filipino heroism on value concept of high school students when grouped according to profile.

Variables Computed value p value Remarks Bravery Sex t =1.50 0.136 Not Significant Age F = 0.72 0.631 Not Significant Curriculum F = 0.21 0.886 Not Significant Determination Sex t =1.31 0.195 Not Significant Age F = 1.30 0.226 Not Significant Curriculum F = 0.32 0.813 Not Significant Discipline Sex t = 1.38 0.171 Not Significant Age F = 1.66 0.139 Not Significant Curriculum F = 0.37 0.777 Not Significant Nationalism Sex t =-0.18 0.885 Not Significant Age F = 1.20 0.311 Not Significant Curriculum F = 0.11 0.955 Not Significant Obedience Sex t =1.59 0.115 Not Significant Age F = 1.53 0.178 Not Significant Curriculum F = 0.85 0.470 Not Significant

Conclusion and Recommendation

Filipino heroism has high influence on Grade 10 high school students’ concept on nationalism. The acts of heroism exemplified by Filipino heroes have moderate influence on students’ value concepts of discipline, obedience, determination, and bravery. The perceptions of students on the influence of Filipino heroism on value concepts do not significantly vary. Academic planners, school administrators, and teachers should optimize the school programs and academic agendas that promote value concept and historical awareness through the commemoration of Filipino heroism and their heroic deeds for the country. Educational policy and curriculum have to be enhanced based on the findings of this study.

14 InfluenceJournal ofof MultidisciplinaryFilipino Heroism on theStudies Value Concepts J. E. Cabrera, C. J. Omandam, ofVol. Grade 5, Issue 10 High No. 2,School pp. 1 -Students18, December in Ozamiz 2016 City N. D. Canini NationalISSN 2350 High-7020 School (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i2.1023

Acknowledgment

The authors express gratitude to Ozamiz City National High School for the collaboration.

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