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Manipulación Psicológica Y Sectarismo Book of Abstracts Libro de Resúmenes Cahier des Résumés Conference: Congreso: Conférence: Psychological Manipulación Manipulation Manipulation, Psicológica, psychologique, Cultic Grupos groupes Groups, and Sectarios, y sectaires et Other otros autres Alternative Movimientos mouvements Movements Alternativos alternatifs Universidad Autonoma Universidad Autónoma Universidad Autonoma de de Madrid de Madrid Madrid Madrid, Spain Madrid, España À Madrid en Espagne July 14-16, 2005 14-16 de Julio, 2005 du 14 au 16 juillet 2005 The opinions expressed in the Book of Abstracts represent the opinions of the authors, and do not necessarily the views of ICSA, UAM, or their staff, directors, or advisors. Las opiniones expresadas en el Libro de Resúmenes representan las opiniones de los autores y no necesariamente el punto de vista de ICSA, la UAM o su personal, directores o consejeros, siendo el contenido de cada ponencia de la exclusiva responsabilidad del autor de la misma y no de los organizadores del Congreso. Les opinions exprimées dans le cahier des résumés devraient être comprises en tant qu'expression des opinions des auteurs et pas nécessairement les points de vue de l'ICSA, de l'UAM ou ceux de leurs employés, de leurs administrateurs et de leurs conseillers Título: PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION AND CULTIC GROUPS BOOK OF ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION, CULTIC GROUPS AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE MOVEMENTS. EDITA: Carmen Almendros José Antonio Carrobles Michael Langone Michael Kropveld I.S.B.N. : 84-689-3129-2 Depósito legal: M- 30984-2005 Imprime C.E.R.S.A. c/Santa Leonor, 63 2º H 28037 Madrid Tel. 91 327 22 14 www.publicarya.com [email protected] 2 Manipulación psicológica y sectarismo Carmen Almendros y José Antonio Carrobles Universidad Autónoma de Madrid En una Sociedad del Conocimiento como en la que nos encontramos, se hace necesaria no sólo la producción científica, de acuerdo con unos determinados criterios de validez del conocimiento, sino también la difusión de estos conocimientos, de tal modo que el científico se constituya en “el espejo a través del que la sociedad reflexiona sobre sí misma” (Lamo de Espinosa, 1990). Por ello, presentamos este Congreso, respaldado por un equipo de investigadores con un importante papel en el inicio y promoción de actuaciones en el terreno de la indagación científica, dirigido especialmente a la transmisión y aplicación de estos conocimientos, con el objetivo de crear un espacio de reflexión multidisciplinar sobre una materia de urgente actualidad, como es el caso del importante fenómeno social actual de los grupos manipulativos. La actuación de determinados grupos dogmáticos y exclusivistas está generando una considerable inquietud social en la actualidad. En estos grupos, personas que llegan a adoptar creencias, actitudes y patrones de conducta que les hubieran sido ajenas de no haber mediado un adoctrinamiento intenso y una manipulación psicológica, se colocan al servicio de una doctrina instrumentalizada por el líder y/o grupo -que se erige como verdad absoluta-, no admitiendo pruebas en contrario. En este tipo de grupos, donde el fin justifica los medios, actuaciones sociales legalmente ilícitas son elevadas a la categoría de “imperativos morales”, justificando con ello actos que pueden ir desde la simple captación engañosa hasta, en sus manifestaciones más extremas, la inmolación de la propia vida o incluso el asesinato masivo. Dichos actos, vividos como acontecimientos que escapan a cualquier tipo de lógica y previsión, contribuyen a crear una sensación de malestar social e incertidumbre que trata de ser respondida desde los medios de comunicación y por parte de los responsables públicos. Algunas de estas respuestas 3 adolecen de cualquier tipo de información acerca de las características específicas de estos grupos, así como de la actuación de sus miembros. Por ello, encontramos fórmulas políticas de actuación paliativa o de tratamiento de las consecuencias de las actividades de estos grupos que, en algunos casos, llegan a calificar a los miembros de los mismos como “locos” e, incluso, como “hacedores del demonio”. En el caso de los grupos manipulativos, nos encontramos con frecuencia con una huida al Derecho Penal, lo que "constituye siempre un cómodo expediente, que precisamente puede aparecer como un peligroso vehículo de legitimación y encubrimiento de la inactividad de los poderes públicos y la sociedad por otras vías más eficaces, pero que exigen no regatear esfuerzos de imaginación, aportaciones presupuestarias, o, a menudo, una necesidad de dar explicaciones más complejas a la población" (Tamarit Sumalla, 1991), en lugar de actuaciones proactivas de educación dirigidas a la sociedad para informar de los mecanismos a través de los cuales se puede llegar a ser influido por estos grupos hasta el extremo de anular la propia voluntad con el solo empleo de la palabra. De modo semejante, en el caso de los grupos terroristas, observamos la predominancia de medidas policiales tendentes a reprimir cualquier tipo de actuación terrorista, sin acompañarse de medidas de prevención del proselitismo ilícito al que un amplio número de jóvenes es sometido en países occidentales, recibiendo mensajes, en apariencia cargados doctrinalmente, que suponen una verdadera apología del terrorismo. La falta de un control a priori que pudiera prevenir las posibles actuaciones delictivas o ilícitas por parte de estos grupos genera una gran incertidumbre en la sociedad, que además carece de explicaciones sobre los mismos. En estos tiempos y escenarios, los científicos sociales debemos ser particularmente responsables de hacernos cargo del análisis y descripción de estos fenómenos y de ofrecer explicaciones sobre los mismos para, de este modo, devolver a la sociedad en su conjunto lo que hemos aprendido gracias a su apoyo (Cialdini, 1997). Esta finalidad y estos objetivos son los que nos guían y nos orientan en la organización de este Congreso Internacional. Desde los años setenta y, sobre todo, a raíz de la apertura democrática en la segunda mitad de esa década, España ha 4 sido receptora de numerosos movimientos de diversa índole: ideológicos, religiosos, políticos, culturales y rehabilitadores o terapéuticos, que en su mayoría se constituyen como asociaciones de carácter cultural o religioso en los correspondientes registros públicos. Si bien de la mayoría de estos movimientos puede afirmarse que fomentan una pluralidad religiosa e ideológica dentro del marco constitucional, de otros, sin embargo, cabe afirmar que, actuando bajo la "tapadera de una libertad fundamental" (Nyssens - Dussart 1994), esencialmente la del artículo 16/1 de la Constitución Española, infringen sistemáticamente libertades individuales y derechos inalienables que son inherentes al ser humano por el mero hecho de serlo. Consecuentemente, la temática del Congreso está referida principalmente a estos últimos grupos, entendiendo que el riesgo social que podría derivarse de ellos estriba en sus métodos de manipulación psicológica, así como en los actos delictivos de diversa índole en los que pudieran incurrir y no tanto en su propia ideología o en sus creencias. Estos métodos de influencia manipuladora y explotadora que subordinan la salud y el bienestar de los miembros de un grupo al beneficio de su líder o cúpula dirigente son los que realmente definen y distinguen a los grupos manipuladores. Como muy bien recoge el Tribunal Supremo en su sentencia de 23 de marzo de 1993 (RJ 1993, 2500): “una cosa es pensar o creer en unos dogmas o enseñanzas y otra muy distinta es actuar o trasladar extramuros de la conciencia individual unas ideas concretas, empleando para ello medios coactivos...”. El primer aspecto, el puramente ideológico, dado su carácter exclusivamente intimista, no tiene por que merecer ningún reproche legal, ni específico ni genérico, pues a la libertad de pensamiento no se le puede coartar de ningún modo, no es posible ponerle barreras de ninguna clase (Rodríguez- Carballeira, 2001). El fenómeno de las sectas ha sido objeto de reiterados debates, tanto en el Parlamento Europeo, que sistemáticamente aborda la cuestión en sus resoluciones anuales sobre “La situación de los Derechos Fundamentales en la Unión”, como en varios de los estados miembros (recientemente Francia, Bélgica y Alemania), cuyos 5 parlamentos han valorado la relevancia del fenómeno hasta el punto de constituir comisiones de investigación para el estudio de la implantación y repercusión social de estos grupos y el análisis de la suficiencia o adecuación de la actuación de los poderes públicos en relación con los mismos. Respecto al Parlamento Europeo, cabe decir que éste se ha pronunciado extensamente acerca de dicha problemática, realizando diversas recomendaciones a los estados miembros: Resolución de 22 de mayo de 1984 sobre una “acción conjunta de los Estados miembros de la Comunidad Europea en relación a los diversos delitos de nuevas organizaciones que funcionan al amparo de la libertad religiosa”; Resolución de 29 de febrero de 1996 sobre las sectas en Europa; y Proyecto de Informe sobre las sectas en la Unión Europea, presentado en el Parlamento Europeo el 11 de Diciembre de 1997. En cuanto a las medidas adoptadas por los parlamentos nacionales, en algunos casos se han elaborado “listas de grupos” (p. ej. los parlamentos belga, suizo, etc.), recurso este que parece haberse mostrado poco eficaz, debido a la rápida aparición y desaparición de estos grupos. Del mismo modo, en España la Comisión de Estudio y Repercusiones
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