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Redseaturtles.Pdf Biological Conservation 261 (2021) 109235 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Distribution and temporal trends in the abundance of nesting sea turtles in the Red Sea Takahiro Shimada a,b,c,d,*, Mark G. Meekan a, Robert Baldwin e, Abdulaziz M. Al-Suwailem f, Christopher Clarke f, August S. Santillan f, Carlos M. Duarte b a Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia b Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia c UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia d Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, GPO Box 2454, Dutton Park, QLD 4001, Australia e Five Oceans (Environmental Services) LLC, Box 660, PC 131, Oman f Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Mobile species often aggregate at predictable places and times to ensure that individuals findmates and breed in Population ecology suitable habitats. Sea turtles demonstrate this life history trait, which can make these species highly susceptible Coastal development to population declines if nesting habitats are lost or degraded. Conservation management thus requires knowl­ Climate change edge of where and when turtles nest and changes in abundance in these habitats through time. Here, we Red Sea compiled new and published data and used a novel analysis to describe seasonality, annual abundance and Nesting seasonality Sea turtle spatial distribution of nesting green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles in data- deficient populations that inhabit the Red Sea. Major new rookeries were identified for green turtles at Jazirat1 Mashabah (113 and 179 nesting females in 2018 and 2019) and for hawksbill turtles at Jazirat Al Waqqadi (79 nesting females in 2018), both of which are located on nearshore islands of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in an area subject to industrial, residential and ecotourism developments. An upward trend in annual abundance of nesting sea turtles was estimated at some sites including Ras Al Baridi (Saudi Arabia), a major rookery of green turtles in the Red Sea, where the annual numbers increased from 14–110 individuals in 1982–1995 to 178 and 330 individuals in 2018 and 2019. This integrative work provides the most up-to-date, comprehensive information on nesting sea turtles in the Red Sea and documents a critical baseline for sea tur­ tle conservation and future management effort. 1. Introduction development, pollution and climate change (Cristofari et al., 2018; Venter et al., 2016). Mobile species, such as birds, fishes, large mammals and reptiles Sea turtles provide good examples of such species. These animals often aggregate predictably in the same place and time for breeding over aggregate to breed at certain places and times across generations, and years and generations (Baker et al., 2013; Groot and Margolis, 1991; strong fidelityto breeding habitats has resulted in distinct genetic stocks Miller, 1997; Wheelwright and Mauck, 1998). This spatio-temporal fi­ within the species range (Jensen et al., 2013; Miller, 1997). Nesting is delity to particular breeding sites ensures that individuals, which might focused on sandy beaches where females deposit eggs. Anthropogenic otherwise be widely distributed for foraging across an environment, can threats in nesting beaches include loss or modification of suitable nest­ findmates and reproduce in suitable habitats (e.g. Shimada et al., 2020). ing beaches, light pollution due to industrial or residential de­ However, the loss or degradation of these habitats can have significant velopments, and climate change driven extreme storm surges, sea level repercussions for the viability of populations, which is a situation faced rise and warming (Fuentes et al., 2010; Lalo¨e et al., 2017; Pendoley and by many species today, due to anthropogenic threats such as Kamrowski, 2016). Combined with incidental boat strikes, by-catch in * Corresponding author at: Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, GPO Box 2454, Dutton Park, QLD 4001, Australia. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Shimada). 1 ‘Jazirat’ is the Arabic word for ‘island of’. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109235 Received 5 January 2021; Received in revised form 11 June 2021; Accepted 27 June 2021 Available online 3 August 2021 0006-3207/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T. Shimada et al. Biological Conservation 261 (2021) 109235 fisheries, targeted hunting of adults, harvesting of eggs, and predation present, we lack any estimates of recent and long-term patterns in on hatchlings and adult females by feral animals (Campbell, 2003; abundance that might be used to determine trajectories of these pop­ Gronwald et al., 2019; Shimada et al., 2017), these threats have resulted ulations (Wallace et al., 2010). Additionally, turtles in the Red Sea breed in the long-term decline of major sea turtle populations throughout on islands and coastlines that are now undergoing rapid change through species ranges. Although some populations of sea turtles have shown very large developments, most notably three projects in the Kingdom of signs of recovery (Chaloupka et al., 2008; Mazaris et al., 2017), today, Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia hereafter) that encompass many dozens of many species are still categorised as Endangered or Critically Endan­ nearshore islands and hundreds of kilometres of the mainland coast (PIF, gered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List 2017). For these reasons, there is an urgent need for data on breeding (IUCN, 2020). patterns to support appropriate conservation strategies for sea turtles in The spatial concentration of nesting sea turtles, and the vulnerability the region. of adults, eggs, and hatchlings during this phase offers an obvious focal Our study aimed to address this issue by reporting the outcome of point for cost-effective conservation and management strategies that large scale (several hundreds of kilometres) surveys of nesting sea turtles seek to halt or reverse ongoing declines in populations (Hamann et al., along the coastlines and islands of the north-eastern Red Sea conducted 2010). Of particular concern are those stocks that are poorly docu­ since 2018. To provide a comprehensive review of sea turtle nesting in mented and/or facing imminent potential threats from developments the Red Sea, we consolidated this new data and published information driven by growing populations of humans in coastal environments. The on seasonality, distribution and abundance in nesting patterns. We also Red Sea contains populations of the Vulnerable green (Chelonia mydas) examined trends in abundance of nesting green and hawksbill turtles at and Critically Endangered hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles some locations where repeated surveys had been conducted. This work (IUCN, 2020; Mancini et al., 2019) that are thought to be genetically provides a revised baseline for sea turtle conservation in the region and distinct from others in the wider Indian Ocean (Jensen et al., 2019). At contributes to global assessments of sea turtle population status such as Fig. 1. Study sites across the north-east Red Sea. Each symbol is a beach with evidence of nesting by green turtles (green circle), hawksbill turtles (purple triangle), or both green and hawksbill turtles (orange square). Beaches that were surveyed but no evidence of nesting was found are shown by black points. Grey polylines show the marine boundaries of three development projects (NEOM, Amaala, TRSP) and the general area of Ras Al Baridi. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figurelegend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) 2 T. Shimada et al. Biological Conservation 261 (2021) 109235 the IUCN Red List. months between July and February except for September. The TRSP – Ras Al Baridi region was surveyed at least once each month for a year. 2. Materials and methods The peaks of the nesting seasons were only identifiedat sites where more than one survey was conducted within the respective nesting season 2.1. New data (Supplementary Material – Section D). 2.1.1. Study area and dataset 2.1.3. Abundance of nesting turtles Field work was conducted between 2018 and 2020 along the Saudi At most sites, our surveys likely captured the representative number Arabian coast of the north-eastern Red Sea, where little prior informa­ of clutches and emergences that occurred up to the last survey. For this tion on use by sea turtles was available (Supplementary Material – analysis, we used all the clutches and emergences that were estimated to Sections A and B). Location and timing of surveys was dictated by lo­ have occurred within the respective nesting seasons. The cumulative gistics, resulting in unequal coverage and survey effort across time and number of clutches (Clutchesk) laid by a species up to the last survey date space (Supplementary Material – Section A). Our surveys included Ras was calculated as: Al Baridi (a known major rookery of green turtles in the Red Sea) in Al Xk Clutchesk = (Clutchesi + Emergences ⋅NS) Madinat al Munawwarahas province as well as islands and coastal areas i=1 i (1) designated for industrial, residential and ecotourism development in Tabuk province
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