Late Effects of Retinoic Acid on Neural Crest and Aspects of Rhombomere Identity
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Clonal Dispersion During Neural Tube Formation 4097 of Neuromeres
Development 126, 4095-4106 (1999) 4095 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV2458 Successive patterns of clonal cell dispersion in relation to neuromeric subdivision in the mouse neuroepithelium Luc Mathis1,*, Johan Sieur1, Octavian Voiculescu2, Patrick Charnay2 and Jean-François Nicolas1,‡ 1Unité de Biologie moléculaire du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France 2Unité INSERM 368, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France *Present address: Beckman Institute (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 5 July; published on WWW 23 August 1999 SUMMARY We made use of the laacz procedure of single-cell labelling the AP and DV axis of the neural tube. A similar sequence to visualize clones labelled before neuromere formation, in of AP cell dispersion followed by an arrest of AP cell 12.5-day mouse embryos. This allowed us to deduce two dispersion, a preferential DV cell dispersion and then by a successive phases of cell dispersion in the formation of the coherent neuroepithelial growth, is also observed in the rhombencephalon: an initial anterior-posterior (AP) cell spinal cord and mesencephalon. This demonstrates that a dispersion, followed by an asymmetrical dorsoventral (DV) similar cascade of cell events occurs in these different cell distribution during which AP cell dispersion occurs in domains of the CNS. In the prosencephalon, differences in territories smaller than one rhombomere. We conclude that spatial constraints may explain the variability in the the general arrest of AP cell dispersion precedes the onset orientation of cell clusters. -
Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 2032553’10 (1995) Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish CHARLES B. KIMMEL, WILLIAM W. BALLARD, SETH R. KIMMEL, BONNIE ULLMANN, AND THOMAS F. SCHILLING Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1254 (C.B.K., S.R.K., B.U., T.F.S.); Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 (W.W.B.) ABSTRACT We describe a series of stages for Segmentation Period (10-24 h) 274 development of the embryo of the zebrafish, Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. We define seven broad peri- Pharyngula Period (24-48 h) 285 ods of embryogenesis-the zygote, cleavage, blas- Hatching Period (48-72 h) 298 tula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, and hatching periods. These divisions highlight the Early Larval Period 303 changing spectrum of major developmental pro- Acknowledgments 303 cesses that occur during the first 3 days after fer- tilization, and we review some of what is known Glossary 303 about morphogenesis and other significant events that occur during each of the periods. Stages sub- References 309 divide the periods. Stages are named, not num- INTRODUCTION bered as in most other series, providing for flexi- A staging series is a tool that provides accuracy in bility and continued evolution of the staging series developmental studies. This is because different em- as we learn more about development in this spe- bryos, even together within a single clutch, develop at cies. The stages, and their names, are based on slightly different rates. We have seen asynchrony ap- morphological features, generally readily identi- pearing in the development of zebrafish, Danio fied by examination of the live embryo with the (Brachydanio) rerio, embryos fertilized simultaneously dissecting stereomicroscope. -
And Krox-20 and on Morphological Segmentation in the Hindbrain of Mouse Embryos
The EMBO Journal vol.10 no.10 pp.2985-2995, 1991 Effects of retinoic acid excess on expression of Hox-2.9 and Krox-20 and on morphological segmentation in the hindbrain of mouse embryos G.M.Morriss-Kay, P.Murphy1,2, R.E.Hill1 and in embryos are unknown, but in human embryonal D.R.Davidson' carcinoma cells they include the nine genes of the Hox-2 cluster (Simeone et al., 1990). Department of Human Anatomy, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3QX The hindbrain and the neural crest cells derived from it and 'MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe are of particular interest in relation to the developmental Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK functions of RA because they are abnormal in rodent 2Present address: Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia Generale, embryos exposed to a retinoid excess during or shortly before Universita di Roma 'la Sapienza', Via A.Scarpa 14, 00161 Roma, early neurulation stages of development (Morriss, 1972; Italy Morriss and Thorogood, 1978; Webster et al., 1986). Communicated by P.Chambon Human infants exposed to a retinoid excess in utero at early developmental stages likewise show abnormalities of the Mouse embryos were exposed to maternally administered brain and of structures to which cranial neural crest cells RA on day 8.0 or day 73/4 of development, i.e. at or just contribute (Lammer et al., 1985). Retinoid-induced before the differentiation of the cranial neural plate, and abnormalities of hindbrain morphology in rodent embryos before the start of segmentation. On day 9.0, the RA- include shortening of the preotic region in relation to other treated embryos had a shorter preotic hindbrain than the head structures, so that the otocyst lies level with the first controls and clear rhombomeric segmentation was pharyngeal arch instead of the second (Morriss, 1972; absent. -
Hox Genes Make the Connection
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 26, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press PERSPECTIVE Establishing neuronal circuitry: Hox genes make the connection James Briscoe1 and David G. Wilkinson2 Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK The vertebrate nervous system is composed of a vast meres maintain these partitions. Each rhombomere array of neuronal circuits that perceive, process, and con- adopts unique cellular and molecular properties that ap- trol responses to external and internal cues. Many of pear to underlie the spatial organization of the genera- these circuits are established during embryonic develop- tion of cranial motor nerves and neural crest cells. More- ment when axon trajectories are initially elaborated and over, the coordination of positional identity between the functional connections established between neurons and central and peripheral derivatives of the hindbrain may their targets. The assembly of these circuits requires ap- underlie the anatomical and functional registration be- propriate matching between neurons and the targets tween MNs, cranial ganglia, and the routes of neural they innervate. This is particularly apparent in the case crest migration. Cranial neural crest cells derived from of the innervation of peripheral targets by central ner- the dorsal hindbrain migrate ventral-laterally as discrete vous system neurons where the development of the two streams adjacent to r2, r4, and r6 to populate the first tissues must be coordinated to establish and maintain three branchial arches (BA1–BA3), respectively, where circuits. A striking example of this occurs during the they generate distinct skeletal and connective tissue formation of the vertebrate head. -
Regulation of Dorsal Fate in the Neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3A
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 13713–13718, December 1997 Developmental Biology Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a JEAN-PIERRE SAINT-JEANNET*†,XI HE‡§,HAROLD E. VARMUS‡, AND IGOR B. DAWID* *Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and ‡Varmus Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Contributed by Igor B. Dawid, October 24, 1997 ABSTRACT Members of the Wnt family of signaling them Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a, are selectively expressed in the dorsal molecules are expressed differentially along the dorsal– but not in the ventral region of the developing nervous system ventral axis of the developing neural tube. Thus we asked (6, 12). (ii) Recent results in frog embryos have shown that whether Wnt factors are involved in patterning of the nervous Xwnt-3a is capable of inducing Krox-20 when coexpressed with system along this axis. We show that Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a, both the neural inducer noggin (13). Krox-20, a zinc-finger tran- of which are expressed in the dorsal portion of the neural tube, scription factor expressed in rhombomeres 3 and 5 of the could synergize with the neural inducers noggin and chordin hindbrain, also defines a population of cephalic neural crest in Xenopus animal explants to generate the most dorsal neural cells adjacent to rhombomere 5 that will contribute to the third structure, the neural crest, as determined by the expression of branchial arch (14). Although induction of Krox-20 by Xwnt-3a Krox-20, AP-2, and slug. -
Formation of Regeneration of Rhombomere Boundaries in the Developing Chick Hindbrain
Formation of regeneration of rhombomere boundaries in the developing chick hindbrain Article (Published Version) Guthrie, Sarah and Lumsden, Andrew (1991) Formation of regeneration of rhombomere boundaries in the developing chick hindbrain. Development, 112 (1). pp. 221-229. ISSN 0950- 1991 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/69455/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Development 112, 221-229 (1991) 221 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1991 Formation and regeneration of rhombomere boundaries in the developing chick hindbrain SARAH GUTHRIE and ANDREW LUMSDEN Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London SE1 9RT, UK Summary Development in the chick hindbrain is founded on a from adjacent positions or positions three rhombomeres segmented pattern. -
The Ectoderm: Neurulation, Neural Tube, Neural Crest
Events that remove cells Progressive restriction from the epidermal of developmental lineage potential The ectoderm: neurulation, neural tube, neural crest Taube P. Rothman [email protected] Neural Shaping the neural plate induction 18 days PRIMARY NEURULATION Neural induction, Wnt Wnt formation of the neural plate Dorsal and Wnt Wnt ventral Formation of of the neural signaling in the groove and neural folds spinal cord Closure of neural Neural crest folds, formation of neural tube and neural crest Initially, the neural tube is composed of a single layer of neuroepithelial cells 1 Dorsal view: Neurulating embryos Dorsal view: Neurulating embryos REGIONS OF NEURAL TUBE CLOSURE Days 21-22 Day 23 cranioschisis meningomyecele REGIONALIZATION OF THE CNS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VESICLES AND FLEXURES Cephalic Rhombomere flexure Cervical flexure NEUROGENESIS IN THE NEUROEPITHELIUM How are billions of CNS cells (neurons and glia) generated? lumen Cerebral cortex lumen Post mitotic daughter cell Lumen Nuclei (but not cells) migrate during the cell The plane of division of progenitor cells in the cycle ventricular zone influences their fate The neuroepithelium is a single layer of rapidly dividing stem cells 2 At least half the neurons that are generated undergo apoptosis and die. Neuronal survival depends upon recognition of target related trophic signals. Ectomesenchyme The neural crest Neural crest cells are guided through permissive Wnt BMP environments to RhoB reach their targets slug Ephrin proteins inhibit neural crest migration THE REGION OF THE NEURAXIS FROM WHICH A CREST CELL MIGRATES DETERMINES THE TARGET REACHED BY ITS DERIVATIVES cranial circumpharyngeal neural crest truncal cardiac vagal truncal sacral 3 Genetic potential, developmental restriction and differentiation •Some neural crest cells appear to be pluripotent. -
Rhombomere Rotation Reveals That Multiple Mechanisms Contribute to the Segmental Pattern of Hindbrain Neural Crest Migration
Development 120, 1777-1790 (1994) 1777 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1994 Rhombomere rotation reveals that multiple mechanisms contribute to the segmental pattern of hindbrain neural crest migration John Sechrist, Talma Scherson and Marianne Bronner-Fraser* Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, Ca. 92717, USA *Author for correspondence SUMMARY Hindbrain neural crest cells adjacent to rhombomeres 2 primarily deviated caudally toward the second arch, with (r2), r4 and r6 migrate in a segmental pattern, toward the some cells moving rostrally toward the first. In contrast to first, second and third branchial arches, respectively. r4 neural crest cells, transposed r3 cells leave the neural Although all rhombomeres generate neural crest cells, tube surface in a polarized manner, near the r3/4 border. those arising from r3 and r5 deviate rostrally and caudally Surprisingly, some labeled neural crest cells moved direc- (J. Sechrist, G. Serbedzija, T. Scherson, S. Fraser and M. tionally toward small ectopic otic vesicles that often formed Bronner-Fraser (1993) Development 118, 691-703). We in the ectoderm adjacent to grafted r4. Similarly, they have altered the rostrocaudal positions of the cranial moved toward grafted or displaced otic vesicles. In neural tube, adjacent ectoderm/mesoderm or presumptive contrast, surgical manipulation of the mesoderm adjacent otic vesicle to examine tissue influences on this segmental to r3 and r4 had no apparent effects. Our results offer migratory pattern. After neural tube rotation, labeled evidence that neural crest cells migrate directionally neural crest cells follow pathways generally appropriate toward the otic vesicle, either by selective attraction or for their new position after grafting. -
Rhombomere Transplantation Repatterns the Segmental Organization of Cranial Nerves and Reveals Cell-Autonomous Expression of a Homeodomain Protein
Development 117, 105-117 (1993) 105 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1993 Rhombomere transplantation repatterns the segmental organization of cranial nerves and reveals cell-autonomous expression of a homeodomain protein Shigeru C. Kuratani* and Gregor Eichele V. and M. McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA *Corresponding author SUMMARY The developing vertebrate hindbrain consists of seg- transplantation, rhombomeres did not change E/C8 or mental units known as rhombomeres. Hindbrain neu- HNK-1 expression or their ability to produce crest cells. roectoderm expresses 3 Hox 1 and 2 cluster genes in For example, transplanted r4 generated a lateral stream characteristic patterns whose anterior limit of of crest cells irrespective of the site into which it was expression coincides with rhombomere boundaries. One grafted. Moreover, later in development, ectopic r4 particular Hox gene, referred to as Ghox 2.9, is initially formed an additional cranial nerve root. In contrast, expressed throughout the hindbrain up to the anterior transplantation of r3 (lacks crest cells) into the region border of rhombomere 4 (r4). Later, Ghox 2.9 is of r7 led to inhibition of nerve root formation in the strongly upregulated in r4 and Ghox 2.9 protein is found host. in all neuroectodermal cells of r4 and in the hyoid crest These findings emphasize that in contrast to spinal cell population derived from this rhombomere. Using a nerve segmentation, which entirely depends on the pat- polyclonal antibody, Ghox 2.9 was immunolocalized tern of somites, cranial nerve patterning is brought after transplanting r4 within the hindbrain. -
Strategies for the Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the Developing Central Nervous System
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 1995, 75(11): 6987-6998 Feature Article Strategies for the Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the Developing Central Nervous System Susan K. McConnell Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 During development, the neural tube produces a large di- ancestor-in other words, the determination of cell fate by cell versity of neuronal phenotypes from a morphologically ho- lineage. One can imagine two variations on this theme. Under mogeneous pool of precursor cells. In recent years, the the first, a distinct progenitor cell produces a distinct class of cellular and molecular mechanisms by which specific neurons.In this case,clones of related cells would be composed types of neurons are generated have been explored, in the exclusively of neurons with a common phenotype. Under the hope of discovering features common to development second variation on the lineage theme, each precursor might throughout the nervous system. This article focuses on generateneurons with a wide variety of phenotypes, but would three strategies employed by the CNS to generate distinct do so following an intrinsic plan in which different cell types classes of neuronal phenotypes during development: dor- are generated in a predeterminedpattern. In this scheme, the sal-ventral polarization in the spinal cord, segmentation in precursor is multifated (in the sensethat it produces progeny the hindbrain, and a lamination in the cerebral cortex. The that adopt a variety of fates), but lineage -
Persistence of Rhombomeric Organisation in the Postsegmental Hindbrain
Development 122, 2143-2152 (1996) 2143 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 DEV2056 Persistence of rhombomeric organisation in the postsegmental hindbrain Richard J. T. Wingate and Andrew Lumsden Department of Developmental Neurobiology, UMDS, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK SUMMARY Rhombomeres are morphological varicosities of the neural A series of fixed hindbrains between E6 and E9 were tube that are present between embryonic day (E) 1.5 and probed for transcripts of Hoxa-2 and Hoxb-1. E5 and are characterised by compartment organisation, Fate-mapping reveals that the progeny of individual segmentally neuronal organisation and spatially restricted rhombomeres form stripes of cells running dorsoventrally patterns of gene expression. After E5, the segmented through the hindbrain. This pattern of dispersal precisely origins of the hindbrain become indistinct, while the adult parallels the array of radial glia. Although the postmitotic hindbrain has an longitudinal columnar nuclear organisa- progeny of adjacent rhombomeres spread to some extent tion. In order to assess the impact of the early transverse into each others’ territory in intermediate and marginal pattern on later longitudinal organisation, we have used zones, there is little or no mixing between rhombomeres in orthotopic quail grafts and in situ hybridisation to investi- the ventricular zone, which thus remains compartmen- gate the long-term fate of rhombomeres in the embryonic talised long after the rhombomeric morphology disap- chick hindbrain. pears. Segmental gene expression within this layer is also The uniformity of mixing between quail and chick cells maintained after E5. A more detailed analysis of mixing was first verified using short-term aggregation cultures. -
Origin of Acoustic–Vestibular Ganglionic Neuroblasts in Chick Embryos and Their Sensory Connections
Brain Structure and Function (2019) 224:2757–2774 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01934-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Origin of acoustic–vestibular ganglionic neuroblasts in chick embryos and their sensory connections Luis Óscar Sánchez‑Guardado1 · Luis Puelles2,3 · Matías Hidalgo‑Sánchez1 Received: 7 February 2019 / Accepted: 31 July 2019 / Published online: 8 August 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The inner ear is a complex three-dimensional sensory structure with auditory and vestibular functions. It originates from the otic placode, which generates the sensory elements of the membranous labyrinth and all the ganglionic neuronal precursors. Neuroblast specifcation is the frst cell diferentiation event. In the chick, it takes place over a long embryonic period from the early otic cup stage to at least stage HH25. The diferentiating ganglionic neurons attain a precise innervation pattern with sensory patches, a process presumably governed by a network of dendritic guidance cues which vary with the local micro-environment. To study the otic neurogenesis and topographically-ordered innervation pattern in birds, a quail–chick chimaeric graft technique was used in accordance with a previously determined fate-map of the otic placode. Each type of graft containing the presumptive domain of topologically-arranged placodal sensory areas was shown to generate neuroblasts. The diferentiated grafted neuroblasts established dendritic contacts with a variety of sensory patches. These results strongly suggest that, rather than reverse-pathfnding, the relevant role in otic dendritic process guidance is played by long-range difusing molecules. Keywords Developing inner ear · Otic placode · Neuroblast · Sensory patch · Maculae · Cristae · Otic innervation Introduction otic epithelium itself.