The Ectoderm: Neurulation, Neural Tube, Neural Crest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

The Ectoderm: Neurulation, Neural Tube, Neural Crest

Events that remove cells Progressive restriction from the epidermal of developmental lineage potential The ectoderm: neurulation, neural tube, neural crest Taube P. Rothman [email protected] Neural Shaping the neural plate induction 18 days PRIMARY NEURULATION Neural induction, Wnt Wnt formation of the neural plate Dorsal and Wnt Wnt ventral Formation of of the neural signaling in the groove and neural folds spinal cord Closure of neural Neural crest folds, formation of neural tube and neural crest Initially, the neural tube is composed of a single layer of neuroepithelial cells 1 Dorsal view: Neurulating embryos Dorsal view: Neurulating embryos REGIONS OF NEURAL TUBE CLOSURE Days 21-22 Day 23 cranioschisis meningomyecele REGIONALIZATION OF THE CNS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VESICLES AND FLEXURES Cephalic Rhombomere flexure Cervical flexure NEUROGENESIS IN THE NEUROEPITHELIUM How are billions of CNS cells (neurons and glia) generated? lumen Cerebral cortex lumen Post mitotic daughter cell Lumen Nuclei (but not cells) migrate during the cell The plane of division of progenitor cells in the cycle ventricular zone influences their fate The neuroepithelium is a single layer of rapidly dividing stem cells 2 At least half the neurons that are generated undergo apoptosis and die. Neuronal survival depends upon recognition of target related trophic signals. Ectomesenchyme The neural crest Neural crest cells are guided through permissive Wnt BMP environments to RhoB reach their targets slug Ephrin proteins inhibit neural crest migration THE REGION OF THE NEURAXIS FROM WHICH A CREST CELL MIGRATES DETERMINES THE TARGET REACHED BY ITS DERIVATIVES cranial circumpharyngeal neural crest truncal cardiac vagal truncal sacral 3 Genetic potential, developmental restriction and differentiation •Some neural crest cells appear to be pluripotent. They can generate a remarkable number of differentiated cell types, but express only those phenotypes that are appropriate for the region they colonize. •Example: Cranial neural crest ectoderm: •The genetic potential of other crest-derived The fates of these crest derived cells cells is more restricted. There are a limited are controlled by the specific growth neurulation, neural tube, neural crest number of options in their genetic factors they encounter repertoire. The end •Example: truncal neural crest •Finally, some pre-migratory crest cells appear to be programmed for a specific developmental fate or if they are not committed to one before leaving the crest, there developmental options are severely Taube P. Rothman restricted during their migration. [email protected] •Example: cardiac neural crest 4.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Works Neuroembryology
Swarthmore College Works Biology Faculty Works Biology 1-1-2017 Neuroembryology D. Darnell Scott F. Gilbert Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-biology Part of the Biology Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation D. Darnell and Scott F. Gilbert. (2017). "Neuroembryology". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology. Volume 6, Issue 1. DOI: 10.1002/wdev.215 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-biology/493 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Wiley Interdiscip Manuscript Author Rev Dev Manuscript Author Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 January 01. Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2017 January ; 6(1): . doi:10.1002/wdev.215. Neuroembryology Diana Darnell1 and Scott F. Gilbert2 1University of Arizona College of Medicine 2Swarthmore College and University of Helsinki Abstract How is it that some cells become neurons? And how is it that neurons become organized in the spinal cord and brain to allow us to walk and talk, to see, recall events in our lives, feel pain, keep our balance, and think? The cells that are specified to form the brain and spinal cord are originally located on the outside surface of the embryo. They loop inward to form the neural tube in a process called neurulation.
[Show full text]
Gastrulation
Embryology of the spine and spinal cord Andrea Rossi, MD Neuroradiology Unit Istituto Giannina Gaslini Hospital Genoa, Italy [email protected] LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1) To understand the basics of spinal 1) To understand the basics of spinal cord development cord development 2) To understand the general rules of the 2) To understand the general rules of the development of the spine development of the spine 3) To understand the peculiar variations 3) To understand the peculiar variations to the normal spine plan that occur at to the normal spine plan that occur at the CVJ the CVJ Summary of week 1 Week 2-3 GASTRULATION "It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life." Lewis Wolpert (1986) Gastrulation Conversion of the embryonic disk from a bilaminar to a trilaminar arrangement and establishment of the notochord The three primary germ layers are established The basic body plan is established, including the physical construction of the rudimentary primary body axes As a result of the movements of gastrulation, cells are brought into new positions, allowing them to interact with cells that were initially not near them. This paves the way for inductive interactions, which are the hallmark of neurulation and organogenesis Day 16 H E Day 15 Dorsal view of a 0.4 mm embryo BILAMINAR DISK CRANIAL Epiblast faces the amniotic sac node Hypoblast Primitive pit (primitive endoderm) faces the yolk sac Primitive streak CAUDAL Prospective notochordal cells Dias Dias During
[Show full text]
The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm.
[Show full text]
Late Effects of Retinoic Acid on Neural Crest and Aspects of Rhombomere Identity
Development 122, 783-793 (1996) 783 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 DEV2020 Late effects of retinoic acid on neural crest and aspects of rhombomere identity Emily Gale1, Victoria Prince2, Andrew Lumsden3, Jon Clarke4, Nigel Holder1 and Malcolm Maden1 1Developmental Biology Research Centre, The Randall Institute, King’s College London, 26-29 Drury Lane, London WC2B 5RL, UK 2Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 3MRC Brain Development Programme, Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UMDS, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK 4Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College, Windeyer Building, Cleveland St., London W1P 6DB, UK SUMMARY We exposed st.10 chicks to retinoic acid (RA), both ment of the facial ganglion in addition to a mis-direction of globally, and locally to individual rhombomeres, to look at the extensions of its distal axons and a dramatic decrease its role in specification of various aspects of hindbrain in the number of contralateral vestibuloacoustic neurons derived morphology. Previous studies have looked at RA normally seen in r4. Only this r4-specific neuronal type is exposure at earlier stages, during axial specification. Stage affected in r4; the motor neuron projections seem normal 10 is the time of morphological segmentation of the in experimental animals. The specificity of this result, hindbrain and is just prior to neural crest migration. combined with the loss of Hoxb-1 expression in r4 and the Rhombomere 4 localised RA injections result in specific work by Krumlauf and co-workers showing gain of con- alterations of pathways some crest cells that normally tralateral neurons co-localised with ectopic Hoxb-1 migrate to sites of differentiation of neurogenic derivatives.
[Show full text]
Clonal Dispersion During Neural Tube Formation 4097 of Neuromeres
Development 126, 4095-4106 (1999) 4095 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV2458 Successive patterns of clonal cell dispersion in relation to neuromeric subdivision in the mouse neuroepithelium Luc Mathis1,*, Johan Sieur1, Octavian Voiculescu2, Patrick Charnay2 and Jean-François Nicolas1,‡ 1Unité de Biologie moléculaire du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France 2Unité INSERM 368, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France *Present address: Beckman Institute (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 5 July; published on WWW 23 August 1999 SUMMARY We made use of the laacz procedure of single-cell labelling the AP and DV axis of the neural tube. A similar sequence to visualize clones labelled before neuromere formation, in of AP cell dispersion followed by an arrest of AP cell 12.5-day mouse embryos. This allowed us to deduce two dispersion, a preferential DV cell dispersion and then by a successive phases of cell dispersion in the formation of the coherent neuroepithelial growth, is also observed in the rhombencephalon: an initial anterior-posterior (AP) cell spinal cord and mesencephalon. This demonstrates that a dispersion, followed by an asymmetrical dorsoventral (DV) similar cascade of cell events occurs in these different cell distribution during which AP cell dispersion occurs in domains of the CNS. In the prosencephalon, differences in territories smaller than one rhombomere. We conclude that spatial constraints may explain the variability in the the general arrest of AP cell dispersion precedes the onset orientation of cell clusters.
[Show full text]
Homocysteine Intensifies Embryonic LIM3 Expression in Migratory Neural Crest Cells: a Quantitative Confocal Microscope Study
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2014 Homocysteine intensifies embryonic LIM3 expression in migratory neural crest cells: A quantitative confocal microscope study Jordan Naumann University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2014 Jordan Naumann Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Naumann, Jordan, "Homocysteine intensifies embryonic LIM3 expression in migratory neural crest cells: A quantitative confocal microscope study" (2014). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 89. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/89 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by JORDAN NAUMANN 2014 All Rights Reserved HOMOCYSTEINE INTENSIFIES EMBRYONIC LIM3 EXPRESSION IN MIGRATORY NEURAL CREST CELLS – A QUANTITATIVE CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE STUDY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Jordan Naumann University of Northern Iowa May 2014 ABSTRACT Elevated levels of homocysteine in maternal blood and amniotic fluid are associated with cardiovascular, renal, skeletal, and endocrine diseases and also with embryonic malformations related to neural crest cells. Neural crest cells are necessary for the formation of tissues and organs throughout the body of vertebrate animals. The migration of neural crest cells is essential for proper development of the target tissues. When migration is disrupted, abnormalities may occur.
[Show full text]
Fate of the Mammalian Cardiac Neural Crest
Development 127, 1607-1616 (2000) 1607 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV4300 Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest Xiaobing Jiang1,3, David H. Rowitch4,*, Philippe Soriano5, Andrew P. McMahon4 and Henry M. Sucov2,3,‡ Departments of 1Biological Sciences and 2Cell & Neurobiology, 3Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., IGM 240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA 4Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 5Program in Developmental Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, A2-025, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA *Present address: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 26 January; published on WWW 21 March 2000 SUMMARY A subpopulation of neural crest termed the cardiac neural of these vessels. Labeled cells populate the crest is required in avian embryos to initiate reorganization aorticopulmonary septum and conotruncal cushions prior of the outﬂow tract of the developing cardiovascular to and during overt septation of the outﬂow tract, and system. In mammalian embryos, it has not been previously surround the thymus and thyroid as these organs form. experimentally possible to study the long-term fate of this Neural-crest-derived mesenchymal cells are abundantly population, although there is strong inference that a similar distributed in midgestation (E9.5-12.5), and adult population exists and is perturbed in a number of genetic derivatives of the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch and teratogenic contexts.
[Show full text]
Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 2032553’10 (1995) Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish CHARLES B. KIMMEL, WILLIAM W. BALLARD, SETH R. KIMMEL, BONNIE ULLMANN, AND THOMAS F. SCHILLING Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1254 (C.B.K., S.R.K., B.U., T.F.S.); Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 (W.W.B.) ABSTRACT We describe a series of stages for Segmentation Period (10-24 h) 274 development of the embryo of the zebrafish, Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. We define seven broad peri- Pharyngula Period (24-48 h) 285 ods of embryogenesis-the zygote, cleavage, blas- Hatching Period (48-72 h) 298 tula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, and hatching periods. These divisions highlight the Early Larval Period 303 changing spectrum of major developmental pro- Acknowledgments 303 cesses that occur during the first 3 days after fer- tilization, and we review some of what is known Glossary 303 about morphogenesis and other significant events that occur during each of the periods. Stages sub- References 309 divide the periods. Stages are named, not num- INTRODUCTION bered as in most other series, providing for flexi- A staging series is a tool that provides accuracy in bility and continued evolution of the staging series developmental studies. This is because different em- as we learn more about development in this spe- bryos, even together within a single clutch, develop at cies. The stages, and their names, are based on slightly different rates. We have seen asynchrony ap- morphological features, generally readily identi- pearing in the development of zebrafish, Danio fied by examination of the live embryo with the (Brachydanio) rerio, embryos fertilized simultaneously dissecting stereomicroscope.
[Show full text]
Understanding Paraxial Mesoderm Development and Sclerotome Specification for Skeletal Repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-Il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3
Tani et al. Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2020) 52:1166–1177 https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0482-1 Experimental & Molecular Medicine REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3 Abstract Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are attractive regenerative therapy tools for skeletal tissues. However, a deep understanding of skeletal development is required in order to model this development with PSCs, and for the application of PSCs in clinical settings. Skeletal tissues originate from three types of cell populations: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the sclerotome mainly through somitogenesis. In this process, key developmental processes, including initiation of the segmentation clock, formation of the determination front, and the mesenchymal–epithelial transition, are sequentially coordinated. The sclerotome further forms vertebral columns and contributes to various other tissues, such as tendons, vessels (including the dorsal aorta), and even meninges. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, extensive studies have been conducted. These studies have demonstrated that a gradient of activities involving multiple signaling pathways specify the embryonic axis and induce cell-type-specific master transcription factors in a spatiotemporal manner. Moreover, applying the knowledge of mesoderm development, researchers have attempted to recapitulate the in vivo development processes in in vitro settings, using mouse and human PSCs. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of mesoderm development and in vitro modeling of mesoderm development using PSCs. We also discuss future perspectives on the use of PSCs to generate skeletal tissues for basic research and clinical applications.
[Show full text]
Terminologia Embryologica
Terminologia Embryologica МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ ПО ЭМБРИОЛОГИИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА С ОФИЦИАЛЬНЫМ СПИСКОМ РУССКИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТОВ FEDERATIVE INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES (FIPAT) РОССИЙСКАЯ ЭМБРИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ НОМЕНКЛАТУРНАЯ КОМИССИЯ Под редакцией акад. РАН Л.Л. Колесникова, проф. Н.Н. Шевлюка, проф. Л.М. Ерофеевой 2014 VI СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 44 Facies Лицо Face 46 Systema digestorium Пищеварительная система Alimentary system 47 Cavitas oris Ротовая полость Oral cavity 51 Pharynx Глотка Pharynx 52 Canalis digestorius; Canalis Пищеварительный канал Alimentary canal oesophagogastrointestinalis 52 Oesophagus Пищевод Oesophagus▲ 53 Gaster Желудок Stomach 54 Duodenum Двенадцатиперстная кишка Duodenum 55 Ansa umbilicalis intestini Пупочная кишечная петля Midgut loop; Umbilical intestinal loop 56 Jejunum et Ileum Тощая и подвздошная кишка Jejunum and Ileum 56 Intestinum crassum Толстая кишка Large intestine 58 Canalis analis Анальный канал Anal canal 58 Urenteron; Pars postcloacalis Постклоакальная часть кишки Postcloacal gut; intestini Tailgut; Endgut 59 Hepar Печень Liver 60 Ductus choledochus; Ductus Жёлчный проток Bile duct biliaris 61 Vesica biliaris et ductus Жёлчный пузырь и пузырный про- Gallbladder and cystic cysticus ток duct 61 Pancreas Поджелудочная железа Pancreas 63 Systema respiratorium Дыхательная система Respiratory system 63 Nasus Нос Nose 64 Pharynx Глотка, зев Pharynx 64 Formatio arboris respiratoriae Формирование дыхательной Formation of системы (бронхиального дерева) respiratory tree 67 Systema urinarium Мочевая система Urinary
[Show full text]
Sonic Hedgehog a Neural Tube Anti-Apoptotic Factor 4013 Other Side of the Neural Plate, Remaining in Contact with Midline Cells, RESULTS Was Used As a Control
Development 128, 4011-4020 (2001) 4011 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 DEV2740 Anti-apoptotic role of Sonic hedgehog protein at the early stages of nervous system organogenesis Jean-Baptiste Charrier, Françoise Lapointe, Nicole M. Le Douarin and Marie-Aimée Teillet* Institut d’Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS FRE2160, 49bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 19 July 2001 SUMMARY In vertebrates the neural tube, like most of the embryonic notochord or a floor plate fragment in its vicinity. The organs, shows discreet areas of programmed cell death at neural tube can also be recovered by transplanting it into several stages during development. In the chick embryo, a stage-matched chick embryo having one of these cell death is dramatically increased in the developing structures. In addition, cells engineered to produce Sonic nervous system and other tissues when the midline cells, hedgehog protein (SHH) can mimic the effect of the notochord and floor plate, are prevented from forming by notochord and floor plate cells in in situ grafts and excision of the axial-paraxial hinge (APH), i.e. caudal transplantation experiments. SHH can thus counteract a Hensen’s node and rostral primitive streak, at the 6-somite built-in cell death program and thereby contribute to organ stage (Charrier, J. B., Teillet, M.-A., Lapointe, F. and Le morphogenesis, in particular in the central nervous system. Douarin, N. M. (1999). Development 126, 4771-4783). In this paper we demonstrate that one day after APH excision, Key words: Apoptosis, Avian embryo, Cell death, Cell survival, when dramatic apoptosis is already present in the neural Floor plate, Notochord, Quail/chick, Shh, Somite, Neural tube, tube, the latter can be rescued from death by grafting a Spinal cord INTRODUCTION generally induces an inflammatory response.
[Show full text]
The Derivatives of Three-Layered Embryo (Germ Layers)
HUMANHUMAN EMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY Department of Histology and Embryology Jilin University ChapterChapter 22 GeneralGeneral EmbryologyEmbryology FourthFourth week:week: TheThe derivativesderivatives ofof trilaminartrilaminar germgerm discdisc Dorsal side of the germ disc. At the beginning of the third week of development, the ectodermal germ layer has the shape of a disc that is broader in the cephalic than the caudal region. Cross section shows formation of trilaminar germ disc Primitive pit Drawing of a sagittal section through a 17-day embryo. The most cranial portion of the definitive notochord has formed. ectoderm Schematic view showing the definitive notochord. horizon =ectoderm hillside fields =neural plate mountain peaks =neural folds Cave sinks into mountain =neural tube valley =neural groove 7.1 Derivatives of the Ectodermal Germ Layer 1) Formation of neural tube Notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate. Cross section Animation of formation of neural plate When notochord is forming, primitive streak is shorten. At meanwhile, neural plate is induced to form cephalic to caudal end, following formation of notochord. By the end of 3rd week, neural folds and neural groove are formed. Neural folds fuse in the midline, beginning in cervical region and Cross section proceeding cranially and caudally. Neural tube is formed & invade into the embryo body. A. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 22. B. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 23. The nervous system is in connection with the amniotic cavity through the cranial and caudal neuropores. Cranial/anterior neuropore Neural fold heart Neural groove endoderm caudal/posterior neuropore A.
[Show full text]