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Factors Influencing Recruitment of Walleye and White Bass to Three Distinct Early Ontogenetic Stages Jason A

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Factors Influencing Recruitment of Walleye and White Bass to Three Distinct Early Ontogenetic Stages Jason A University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit -- Staff ubP lications Unit 2016 Factors influencing recruitment of walleye and white bass to three distinct early ontogenetic stages Jason A. DeBoer University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Kevin L. Pope U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaff Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons DeBoer, Jason A. and Pope, Kevin L., "Factors influencing recruitment of walleye and white bass to three distinct early ontogenetic stages" (2016). Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit -- Staff Publications. 219. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaff/219 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit -- Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2016: 25: 504–517 Ó 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH Factors influencing recruitment of walleye and white bass to three distinct early ontogenetic stages Jason A. DeBoer1, Kevin L. Pope2 1Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, 3310 Holdrege St, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA 2U.S. Geological Survey—Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, 424 Hardin Hall, 3310 Holdrege St, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA Accepted for publication April 11, 2015 Abstract – Determining the factors that influence recruitment to sequential ontogenetic stages is critical for understanding recruitment dynamics of fish and for effective management of sportfish, particularly in dynamic and unpredictable environments. We sampled walleye (Sander vitreus) and white bass (Morone chrysops)at3 ontogenetic stages (age 0 during spring: ‘age-0 larval’; age 0 during autumn: ‘age-0 juvenile’; and age 1 during autumn: ‘age-1 juvenile’) from 3 reservoirs. We developed multiple linear regression models to describe factors influencing age-0 larval, age-0 juvenile and age-1 juvenile walleye and white bass abundance indices. Our models explained 40–80% (68 Æ 9%; mean Æ SE) and 71%–97% (81 Æ 6%) of the variability in catch for walleye and white bass respectively. For walleye, gizzard shad were present in the candidate model sets for all three ontogenetic stages we assessed. For white bass, there was no unifying variable in all three stage-specific candidate model sets, although walleye abundance was present in two of the three white bass candidate model sets. We were able to determine several factors affecting walleye and white bass year-class strength at multiple ontogenetic stages; comprehensive analyses of factors influencing recruitment to multiple early ontogenetic stages are seemingly rare in the literature. Our models demonstrate the interdependency among early ontogenetic stages and the complexities involved with sportfish recruitment. Key words: life history; ontogeny; Sander vitreus; Morone chrysops; irrigation reservoir 0 during spring: ‘age-0 larval’; age 0 during autumn: Introduction ‘age-0 juvenile’; and age 1 during autumn: ‘age-1 Fish recruitment refers to the size, age or develop- juvenile’) is critical for understanding recruitment mental stage at which a fish surpasses a certain dynamics of fish and for effective management of benchmark (Everhart et al. 1975). Autumn age-0 fish sportfish (Ludsin & DeVries 1997; Hoxmeier et al. are often considered an acceptable stage to measure 2006; Kaemingk et al. 2014a). These factors are recruitment (Willis 1987), however, age-1 abundance more identifiable if fish abundances are monitored is a more conservative estimate that considers over- during each of the early ontogenetic stages from winter mortality (sensu Pratt & Fox 2002), among hatch to recruitment (Forney 1976), as survival grad- other factors. Successful recruitment is often consid- ually increases with progression through early onto- ered to be a function of a series of successfully navi- genetic stages; mortality rates for freshwater fish gated sequential events or stages (Neill et al. 1994). larvae average 15% per day, although mortality rates Determining the factors that influence recruitment to for juveniles are often an order of magnitude less sequential ontogenetic stages or benchmarks (i.e. age (Houde 2002). Correspondence: J. A. DeBoer, Illinois River Biological Station, Illinois Natural History Survey, 704 N Schrader Ave, Havana, IL 62644, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 504 doi: 10.1111/eff.12229 Recruitment of walleye and white bass First-year survival, and therefore year-class Nebraska irrigation reservoirs are dynamic (DeBoer strength (i.e. the relative number of individuals in a et al. 2013), despite considerable effort by the cohort), of fish is often less consistent in dynamic Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (NGPC) and unpredictable environments because abiotic and stocking walleye and managing reservoirs for walleye biotic environmental factors can interact to affect and white bass. Age-0 walleye feed on zooplankton year-class strength of fish (Boehlert & Mundy 1988; and macroinvertebrates (Hoxmeier et al. 2004), but Hansen et al. 1998; Daskalov 1999; DeBoer et al. shift to piscivory as soon as they are able (Gala- 2013; Uphoff et al. 2013; Kaemingk et al. 2014b). rowicz et al. 2006). Age-0 white bass feed primarily For a particular cohort, environmental regulation of on zooplankton, although they will utilise more year-class strength likely begins before that cohort insects and fish as the summer progresses, including even hatches; environmental factors can affect paren- age-0 gizzard shad (Michaletz et al. 1987; Schultz tal fish condition and thus reproductive investment et al. 2002; Willis et al. 2002). Diet overlap between by adult fish (Baltz & Moyle 1982; Johnston & walleye and white bass can be highly variable at both Leggett 2002; DeBoer et al. 2015). Dynamic abiotic the larval and juvenile stages (J. DeBoer unpublished conditions – including temperature and water levels – data), although diet overlap in and of itself does not can decrease survival of deposited eggs (Walburg result in competition, as abundant prey can preclude 1972; Groen & Schroeder 1978; Colby et al. 1979; food limitation. Nonetheless, in years when preferred Schaeffer & Margraf 1987). After hatching, age-0 zooplankton abundance is low and suitable alterna- fish survival and growth are often positively corre- tive prey is scarce, larval walleye and white bass may lated to habitat temporal stability and food availabil- compete with each other (Michaletz et al. 1987; Beck ity (Houde 1987; Mion et al. 1998; Hoxmeier et al. et al. 1998), as well as with age-0 gizzard shad 2004); fish in reservoirs are especially vulnerable (Michaletz et al. 1987; Quist et al. 2004; Sullivan during the age-0 larval and age-0 juvenile stages, et al. 2011), and other fishes (e.g. yellow perch often due to unpredictable water-level fluctuations for (Perca flavascens), Michaletz et al. 1987; freshwater which reservoirs – particularly irrigation reservoirs drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), Sullivan et al. 2012; and their patterns of annual drawdown – are known black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), Pope et al. (June 1977; Quist et al. 2003; Olds et al. 2011). A 1996; Galinat et al. 2002) and juvenile walleye and high reservoir flushing rate can lead to low zooplank- white bass prey on age-0 gizzard shad (Hartman & ton abundance (sensu Watson et al. 1996; Kalff Margraf 1992; Einfalt & Wahl 1997; Michaletz 1997; 2003), which could reduce food availability for age-0 Schultz et al. 2002; Willis et al. 2002; Quist et al. fish at a critical stage. Compounding the difficulty of 2003; Olson et al. 2007). However, diet overlap locating prey in dynamic abiotic conditions, age-0 between age-0 walleye and white bass may be limited fish may also contend with hyperabundant competi- depending on selective feeding traits (Bulkley et al. tors such as gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) 1976) or diet divergence (Willis et al. 2002), which (Michaletz et al. 1987; Dettmers & Stein 1992). Fail- could result from differences in spawning seasons for ure to consume enough prey restricts growth and adult walleye and white bass (DeBoer et al. 2013). may thus prevent age-0 fish from making ontogenetic There is a need for more large-scale, multilake shifts, which are often necessary to consume higher studies (Hinch et al. 1991); abiotic variance is prob- energy prey that increase growth rates. Age-0 fish in lematically reduced with smaller spatial and temporal temperate climates must survive this myriad of envi- scales. Irrigation reservoirs are inherently perturbed ronmental challenges prior to the onset of winter, as systems, which compounds the difficulty of our study undersized – and thus often undernourished – indi- because even fish populations in unperturbed systems viduals in a cohort often perish during
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