A world bibliography of -plant interactions

Ralf C. Buckley

This is believed to be a relatively comprehensive bibliography of literature on ant-plant interactions up to and including '1981, but additions and corrections will be welcomed: please contact Ralf Buckley at the address given in the preface.

Abe, T, 1971. On the food sharing among 4 species of in a Autuori, M., 1940. AIgumas obsevaceos sobre formigas cultiva• sandy grassland. Part 1. Food and foraging behaviour. Jap. J. doras de fungo (, Formicidae). Revista Entomo• Ecol. 20: 219-230. logica, Rio de Janeiro 11: 215-26. Addicott, J. F., 1978. Competition for mutualists: aphids and ants. Autuori, M., 1942. Contribucao para 0 conhecimento da Sauva Can. J. Zool. 56: 2093-2096. (Alla spp), II. Sauveiro inieial (Alla sexdens rubropilosa, Allred, D. M. & Cole, A. e, 1979. Ants from Northern Arizona Forel, 1908). Archivos do Instituto biologico, Sao Paulo 13: and Southern Utah, USA. Great Basin Nat. 39: 97-102. 67-86. Amante, E., 1967. A formiga sauva Alla capiguara, praga das Autuori, M., 1950. Contribucao para 0 conhecimento da Sauva pastagens. Biologico 33: 113-20. (Alla spp). (V). Numero de formas aladas e reducao dos Amante, E., 1972. Inlluencia de algunes fatores microclimaticos sauveiros iniciais. Archivos do Instituto biologico, Sao Paulo sobre a formiga sauva Alla laevigata (F. Smith, 1958), Alla 19: 325-331. sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908, Alla bisphaerica Forel, 1908 Autuori, M., 1956. Contribucao opara 0 conhecimento da Sauva e Alla capiguara Goncalves, 1944 (Hymenoptera, Formici• (Alla spp.). (VI). Infestacao residual da sauva. Arehivos do dae). In: Formigueiros Localizados no Estado de Sao Paulo. Instituto biologico, Sao Paulo 23: 109-116. Sao Paulo. Ayre, G. L., 1957. Ecological notes on Formica subnitens Andersen, A. N., 1980. Seed Removal by Ants at a MaI/ee Site in Creighton (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Inseetes Soe. 4: Northwestern Victoria. Unpublished Honours thesis, Monash 173-176. University. Ayre, G. L., 1958. Some meteorological factors affecting the Andersen, A. N., 1982. Seed removal by ants in the mallee, this foraging of Formiea subnitens Creighton (Hymenoptera, volume. Formicidae). Insectes Soe. 5: 147-157. Ashton, D. H., 1979. Seed harvesting by ants in forests of Euca~yp­ Ayre, G. L., 1969. Comparative studies on the behavior of three tus regnans F. Mue11. in central Victoria. Aust. J. Ecol. 4: species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). II. Trail forma• 265-277. tion and group foraging. Can. Entomol. IDI: 118-128. Atsalt, P. R., 1981. Ant-dependent food plant selection by the Ayre, G. L., 1971. Preliminarystudies on theforagingand nesting mistletoe bulterfly Ogyris amaryllis( Lycaenidae). Oecologia48: habits of Myrmiea americana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in 60-63. eastern Canada. Z. Angew Entomol. 68: 295-299. Atsatt, P. R. & O'Dowd, D. J., 1976. Plantdefense guilds. Scienee Ayre, G. L. & Hitchon, D. E., 1968. The predation oftent caterpil• 193: 24-29. lars, Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Auclair, J. L., 1963. Aphid feeding and nutrition. Ann. Rev. by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Can. Ent. lOO: 823-826. Entomol. 8: 439-490. Ayyar, P. N. K., 1937. A new carton-building species of ant in Auld, T D. & Morrison, D. A., 1981a. Plant demography down South India, Crematogaster dohrni artifex Mayr. J. Bombay under. I. Zygote demography from conception to death. Nat. Hist. Soe. 39: 291-308. Abstr. XliIInt. Bot. Congr., 286. Sydney, August 1981. Auld, T. D. & Morrison, D. A., 1981b. Plant demography down Bailey, I. W., 1922. Notes on neotropical ant-plants. I. Cecropia under. II. interactions in seed production and dispersal. angulata sp. nov. Bot. Gaz. 74: 585-621. Abstr. Xli/Int. Bot. Congr., 286. Sydney, August 1981. Bailey, I. W., 1923. N otes on neotropical ant-plants. II. Tachigalia

Buekley, R. e (ed.), Ant-plant interactions in Australia. 143 © 1982, Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. paniculata Aubl. Bot. Gaz. 75: 27-41. Beattie, A. J., 1971. Pollination mechanisms in Viola. New Phytol. Bailey, I. W., 1924. Notes on neotropical ant-plants. III. Cordia 70: 343-360. nodosa Lam. Bot. Gaz. 77: 39-49. Beattie, A. J., 1981. Ants and gene dispersal in flowering plants. Baker, H. G., 1972. Seed weight in relation to environmental Abstr. XlIIInt. Bot. Congr., 286. Sydney, August 1981. conditions in California. Ecology 53: 997-1010. Beattie, A. J. & Culver, D. c., 1977. Effeets of the mound nests of Baker, H. G., 1978. Chemical aspects of the pollination ofwoody the ant Formica obscuripes on the surrounding vegetation. plants in the tropics. In: Tomlinson, P. B. & Zimmerman, M. Am. Midl. Nat. 97: 390-399. (eds.), Tropical Trees as Living Systems., Ch. 3. Cambridge Beattie, A. J. & Culver, D. c., 1981. The guild of myrmeeoehores Univ. Press, New York. in the herbaceous flora of West Virginia forests. Ecology 62: Baker, H. G. & Baker, 1., 1973a. Amino acid s in nectar and their 107-115. evolutionary significance. Nature 241: 543-545. Beattie, A. J., Culver, D. C. & Pudlo, R. J., 1979. Interaetions Baker, H. G. & Baker, 1., 1973b. Some anthecological aspects of between ants and the diaspores of some common spring flow• the evolution of nectar-producing flowers, particularly arni no ering herbs in West Virginia, USA. Castanea 44: 177-186. acid production in nectar. In: Heywood, V. H. (ed.), Taxono• Beattie, A. J. & Lyons, N., 1975. Seed dispersal in Viola (Viola• my and Ecology, 243-264, Academic Press, London. eeae): adaptations and strategies. Am. J. Bot. 62: 714-722. Baker, H. G. & Baker, 1., 1975. Studies of nectar constitution and Beeeari, 0., 1884-6. Piante Ospitatrici. Malesia., 2, 340. Tipogra• pollinator-plant coevolution. In: Gilbert, L. E. & Raven, P. H. fia del istitudo Sordo-Muti, Genoa. (eds.), Coevolution of and Plants, 100-140. Univ. Beek, S. D. & Reese, J. c., 1976. Inseet-plant interaetions: nutri• Texas Press, Austin. tion and metabolism. In: Wallaee, J. & Manseli, R. (eds.), Baker, H. G. & Baker, 1., 1978. Ants and flowers. Biotropica 10: Biochemieal Interactions Between Plants and . Recent 80. Adv. Phytochem .. 10: 1-40. Baker, H. G. & Baker, 1., 1980. Floral nectar constituents in Beekman, R. L. & Stueky, J. M., 1981 a. Extrafloral nectaries and relation to pollination type. In: Jones, C. E. & Little, J. (eds.), plant guarding in I. pandurata (L.). Bioscienee 31: 50. Handbook of Pollination Biology, in press. Beekman, R. L. & Stueky, J. M., 1981 b. Extrafloral neetaries and Baker, H. G., Opler, P. A. & Baker, 1.,1978. A comparison ofthe plant gu ardi ng in Ipomoea pandurata (L.). G.F.W. Mey. arni no-acid complements offloral and extrafloral nectars. Bot. (Convolvulaceae). Am. J. Bot. 68: 72-79. Gaz. 139: 322-332. Belt, T., 1874. The Naturalist in Nicaragua. Bumpas, London, Ballard, J. B. & Mayo, Z. B., 1979. Predatory potential of selected 403pp. ant species on eggs of Western corn rootworm. Environ. En• Bentley, B. L., 1976. Plants bearing extrafloral neetaries and the tomoi. 8: 575-576. associated ant community: interhabitat differenees in the re• Ballard, J. B. & Pruess, K. P., 1979. Seed selection by an ant, duction of herbivore damage. Ecology 57: 815-820. Pheidole bicarinata longula (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). J. Bentley, B. L., I977a. Extrafloral nectaries and protection by Kans. Entomol. Soe. 52: 550-552. pugnacious bodyguards. Ann. Rev. Eeol. Syst. 8: 407-427. Banks, C. J. & Nixon, H. L., 1958. Effects of the ant Lasius niger Bentley, B. L., 1977b. The proteetive function of ants visiting the (L.), on the feeding and excretion of the bean aphid, Aphis extrafloral nectaries of Bixa oreliana (Bixaceae). J. Ecol. 65: fabae Scop. J. Exp. Biol. 35: 703-711. 27-38. Barbier, M. & Delage, B., 1967. Le contenu des glandes pharyn• Benzing, D. H., 1970. An investigation of two bromeliad myrmec• giennes de la fourmi Messor capitatus Latr. (Hymenoptera, ophytes: Tillandsia butzii Mez, T. caput-medusae E. Morren Formicidae). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seanees de and their ants. Bull. Torrey. Bot. Club 97: 109-115. I'Academie des sciences, Paris, 264: 1520-1522. Benzing, D. H., Henderson, K., Kessel, B. & Sulak, J., 1976. The Barnweil, F. H., 1967. Daily patterns in the activity of the arboreal absorptive capacities of bromeliad trichomes. Am. J. Bot. 63: ant, Azteca alfari. Ecology 48: 991-993. 1009-1014. Baroni-Urbani, c., 1965. Sull'attivita di foraggiamento notturna Benzing, D. H., Seemann, J. & Renfrow, A., 1978. The foliar del Camponotus nylanderi. Inseetes Soe. 12: 253-264. epidermis in TilIandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) and its role in Baroni-U rbani, c., 1973. Simultaneous mass reeruitment in exotie habitat selection. Am. J. Bot. 65: 359-365. ponerine ants. Proceedings, Vllth International Congress of Bequaert, J., 1922. Ants in their diverse relations to the plant the International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Lon• world. Bu//. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 333-621. don, 10-15 September, 1973, 12-15. Bequaert, J., 1924. Galls that secrete honeydew. A contribution to Baroni-Urbani, C. & Kannowski, P. B., 1974. Patterns of the red the problem as to whether galls are altruistic adaptions. Bul/. imported fire ant settlement of a Louisiana pasture: some Brook~vn Entomol. Soe. 19: 101-124. demographic parameters, interspeeifie competition and food Berg, R. Y., 1959. Seed dispersal, morphology, and taxonomic sharing. Environ. Entomol. 3: 755-760. position of Seoliopus, Liliaceae. Skr. norske Vidensk-Akad. 4. Barrer, P. M. & Cherrett, J. M., 1972. Some faetors affeeting the Berg, R. Y., 1966. Seed dispersal of Dendromecon: its ecologic, site and pattern of leaf-eutting aetivity in the ant Atta eepha• evolutionary, and taxonomic significance. Am. J. Bot. 53: lotes (L.). J. Entomol., (A) 47: 15-27. 61-73. Barrett, c., 1928. Ant-house plants and their tenants. Victorian Berg, R. Y., 1969. Distribution, seed dispersal and evolutionary Naturalist, 133-137. history of Vancouveria (Berberidaceae). Abstr. XIInI. BOI. Beatley, J. c., 1974. Phenological events and their environmental Cong., 13. Seattle, Wash., USA. triggers in Mojave Desert ecosystems. Ecology 55: 856-863. Berg, R. Y., 1972. Dispersal ecology of Vancouveria (Berberida-

144 ceae). Am. J. BOI. 59: 109-122. tung von Samen und Bruchten. Bibliotheca BOI. 126: I-54. Berg, R. Y., 1975. Myrmecochorous plants in Australia and their Brian, M. V., 1955. Food collection by a Scottish ant community. dispersal by ants. AUSI. J. BoI. 23: 475-508. J. Anim. Ecol. 24: 336-351. Berg, R. Y., 1979. Legume seed and myrmecochorous dispersal in Brian, M. V., 1964. Ant distribution in a southern English heath. Kennedia and Hardenbergia (Fabaceae) with aremark on the J. Anim. Ecol.33:451-461. Durian theory. Norw. J. BOI. 26: 229-254. Brian, M. V., 1965. Sociallnsecl Populalions. Academic Press, Berg, R. Y., 1981. The role of ants in seed dispersal in Australian London. lowland heathland. In: Specht, R. L. (ed.), Healhlands and Brian, M. V., 1971. Ants and termites. In: Phillipson, J. (ed), Related Shrublands: Analylical Sludies, 41-50. EIsevier, Am• Methods of study in quanliIalive sai! ecology: population, sterdam. production and energy flow, IBP Handbook No. 18, pp. Bernstein, R. A., 1971. The Ecology ofAnls in Ihe Majave DeserI: 247-261. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. their Interspecific Relationships, Resource Utilization, and Brian, M. V. (ed), 1978. Produclion Ecology of Ants and Ter• Diversity. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Calif., Los Angeles. mites. Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, 399pp. Bernstein, R. A., 1974. Seasonal food abundance and foraging Brian, M. V., 1979. Habitat differences in sexual production by activity in some desert ants. Am. Nat. 108: 490-498. two co-existent ants. J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 943-954. Bernstein, R. A., 1975. Foraging strategies of ants in response to Brian, M. V., Clarke, R. T. & Jones, R. M., 1981. A numerical/ variable food density. Ecology 56: 213-219. mod el of an ant society. J. Anim. Ecol. 50: 387-405. Bernstein, R. A., 1976. The adaptive value of polymorphism in an Brian, M. V., Hibble, J. & Stradling, D. J., 1965. Ant pattern and alpine ant, Formica neorufibarbis gelida Wheeler. Psyche 83: density in a southern English heath. J. Anim. Ecol. 34: 180-184. 545-555. Bernstein, R. A., 1979a. Evolution of niche breadth in populations Brian, M. V., Mountford, M. D., Abbott, A. & Vincent, S., 1976. of ants. Am. NaI. 114: 533-544. The changes in ant species distribution during ten years post• Bernstein, R. A., 1979b. Schedules offoraging activity in species of lire regeneration of a heath. J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 115-133. ants. J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 921-930. Briese, D. T., 1974. Ecolagieal Studies of an Ant Community in a Bernstein, R. A. & Gobbel, M., 1979. Partitioning of space in Semi-arid Habitat (with Emphasis on Seed-harvesting Spe• communities of ants. J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 931-942. cies). Ph. D. Thesis, Australian National University. Billings, W. D. & Godfrey, P. J., 1967. Photosynthetic utilization Briese, D. T., 1982a. The effect of ants on the soil of a semi-arid of internai carbon dioxide by hollow-stemmed plants. Science saltbush habitat, Insectes Soe. 29: in press. 158: 121-123. Briese, D. T., 1982b. Relationship between the seed-harvesting Blatter, E., 1928. Myrmecosymbiosis in the Indo-Malayan flora. ants and the plant community in a semi-arid environment. J. Indian BOI. Soe. 7: 176-185. This volume. Blom, P. E. & Clark, W. H., 1980. Observations of ants (Hyme• Briese, D. T. & Macauley, B. J., 1977. Physical structure ofanant noptera, Formicidae) visiting extrafloral nectaries of the barrel community in semi-arid Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 2: 107-120. cactus FerocaeIus gracilis (Cactaceae) in Baja Caifornia, Mex• Briese, D. T. & Macauley, B. J., 1980. Temporai structure of an ico. Southwest Nat. 25: 181-196. ant community in semi-arid Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 5: Bohart, G. E. & Knowlton, G. F., 1953. Notes on food habits of 121-134. the western harvester ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Prac. Briese, D. T. & Macauley, B. J., 1981. Food collection within an Entomal. Soe. Wash. 55: 151-153. ant community in semi-arid Australia, with special reference to Boomsma, J. J. & de Vries, A., 1980. Ant species distribution in a seed harvesterso Aust. J. Ecol. 6: 1-19. sandy coastal plain. Ecol. Entomal. 5: 189-204. Brough, E. J., 1976. Notes on the ecology of an Australian desert Borch, C, 1928. Life histories of some Victorian Iycaenids. ViC!o species of Calomyrmex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). J. Aust. NaI. 45: 188-193. Entomal. Soe. 15: 339-346. Bowers, M. A. & Porter, S. D., 1981. Effeet of foraging distance Brown, E. S., 1959a. Immature nutfall of coconuts in the Solomon on water content of substrates harvested by Alla columbica Islands. I. Distribution of nutfall in relation to that of Ambly• (Guerin). Ecology 62: 273-275. peita and of certain species of ants. Bull. Entomal. Res. 50: Box, T. S., 1960. Notes on the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex 97-134. barbatus var. molefacieus, in south Texas. EcoloKI' 41: Brown, E. S., 1959b. Immature nutfall of coconuts in the Solomon 381-382. Islands. II - Changes in ant populations, and their relation to Boyd, N. D. & Martin, M. M., 1975. Faecal proteinases of the vegetation. Bull. Ent. Res. 50: 523-558. fungus growing ant, Alla lexana: their fungal origin and eco• Brown, J. H., 1973. Species diversity of seed-eating desert rodents logical significance. J. Insect Physiol. 21: 1815-1820. in sand dune habitats. Ecology 54: 775-787. Bradley, G. A. & Hinks, J. D., 1968. Ants, aphids, and Jack pine in Brown, J. H., 1975. Geographical ecology of desert rodents. In: Manitoba. Can. Entomal. 100: 40-50. Cody, M. L. & Diamond, J. M. (eds.), Ecologyand Evolutian Brantjes, N. B., 1981. Ant, bee and fly pollination in Epipactis of Communities, 315-341. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass. paluslris (Orchidaceae). Acta. Bot. NeerI. 30: 59-68. Brown, J. H. & Davidson, D. W., 1977. Competition between Breedlove, D. E. & Ehrlich, P. R., 1968. Plant-herbivorecoevolu• seed-eating rodents and ants in desert ecosystems. Science 196: tion: lupines and Iycaenids. Science 162: 671-672. 880-882. Bresinsky, A., 1963. Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhalts• Brown, J. H., Davidson, D. W. & Reichman, O. J., 1979. An stoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbrei- experimental study of competition between seed-eating desert

145 rodents and ants. Am. Zool. 19: 1129-1143. in the Aeaeia (wattles). Aust. Nat. 2: 198-199. Brown,J. H., Grover,J. J., Davidson, D. W. & Lieberman, G. A., Carroll, C. R., 1979. A comparativestudy of2 antfaunas: the stem• 1975. A preliminary study of seed predation in desert and nesting ant communities of Liberia, West Africa, and Costa• montane habitats. Eeology 56: 987-992. Rica, Central America. Am. Nat. 113: 551-562. Brown, J. H. & Lieberman, G. A., 1973. Resource utilization and Carroll, e. R. & Janzen, D. H., 1973. Ecology offoraging by ants. coexistence of seed-eating desert rodents in sand dune habi• Ann. Rev. Eeol. Syst. 4: 231-257. tats. Eeology 54: 788-797. Carroll, J. F., Kimbrough, J. W. & Whitcomb, W. H., 1981. Brown, J. H., Reichman, O. J. & Davidson, D. W., 1979. Grani• Mycophagy by Aphaenogaster spp. (Hymenoptera, Formici• vory in desert ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Eeol. Syst. 10: 201-227. dae). Proe. Entomol. Soe. Wash. 83: 326-311. Brown, W. L., 1960. Ants, acacias and browsing mammals. Eeol• Cates, R. G. & Orians, G. H., 1975. Successional status and the ogy 41: 587-592. palatability of plants to generalized herbivores. Ecology 56: Brown, W. L. & Taylor, R. W., 1970. Hymenoptera: superfamily 410-418. Formicoidea. In: CSIRO, The Inseets of Australia, 951-959. Champ, B. R. & Sillar, D. 1., 1961. Pellet your buffel seed and Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. thwart ants. Queensland, Agrie. J. 87: 583. Brues, e. T, 1924. The specificity of food-plants in the evolution Champ, B. R., Sillar, D.1. & Lavery, H. J., 1961. Seed-harvesting of phytophagous insects. Am. Nat. 58: 127-144. ant control in the Cloncurry district. Queensl. J. Agrie. Sci. 18: Brues, e. T, 1972. Insects, food and ecology. Dover Publ, New 257-260. York. Cherrett, J. M., 1968.The foraging behavior of Aita eephalotes Bucher, E. H. & Zuccardi, R. B., 1967. Significacionde los hormi• (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). I. Foraging pattern and plant gueros de Aita vollenweideri Forel co mo alteradores del suelo species attacked in tropical min forest. J. Anim. Eeol. 37: en la provineia de Tucuman. Aeta zoologica lilloana 23: 83-96. 387-403. Buckley, R. e. ms. Homopteran short-circuits acacias's ant de• Cherrett, J. M., 1972a. Chemical aspects of plant attack by leaf• fence. cutting ants. In: J. B. Harborne. (ed.), Phytoehemieal Eeology, Bullock, S. H., 1974. Seed dispersal of Dendromecon by the seed 13-24. Academic Press, London. predator Pogonomyrmex. Madrono 22: 378-379. Cherrett, J. M., 1972b. Some factors involved in the selection of Bullock, S. H., 1978. Plant abundance and distribution in relation vegetable substrate by Atta eephalotes (L.) (Hymenoptera, to types of seed dispersal in chaparra!. Madrono 25: 104-105. Formicidae) in tropical rain forest. J. Anim. Eeol. 41: 647-660. Burger, W. e., 1972. Evolutionary trends in the Central American Cherrett, J. M., Pollard, G. V. & Turner, J. A., 1974. Preliminary species of Piper (Piperaceae). Brittonia 24: 356-362. observations on Acromyrmex landolti (For.) and Atta laeviga• Burgett, D. M. & Young, R. G., 1974. Lipid storage by honey ant tal Fr. Smith) as pasture pests in Guyana. Trop. Agriculture 51: repletes. Ann. Entomol. Soe. Amer. 67: 743-744. 69-74. Burns, A. N., 1931. Habits and life histories of some Victorian Cherrett, J. M. & Seaforth, e. E., 1968. Phytochemicalarrestants Iycaenid butterflies. Vict. Nat. 48: 129-136. for the leaf-cutting ants, Atta eephalotes(L.) and Acromyrmex Burns, D. P., 1973. The foraging and tending behaviour of Doli• oetospinosus (Reich), with some notes on the ants' responseo ehoderus tasehenbergi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Can. En• Bull. Entomol. Res. 59: 615-625. tomoI. 105: 97-104. Chew, E. A. & Chew, R. M., 1980 .. Body size as a determinant of Butler, J. F., Camino, M. L. & Perez, T. 0., 1978. Boophilus small-scale distributions of ants in evergreen woodland, south• microplus and the fire ant Solenopsis germinata. Reeent Ad• eastern Arizona, USA. Inseetes Soe. 27: 189-202. vanees in Aearology 1: 469-472. Chew, R. M., 1977. Some ecological characteristics of the ants ofa desert shrub community in southeastern Arizona, USA. Am. Cammaerts, M.-e. & Cammaerts, R., 1980. Food recruitment Midl. Nat. 98: 33-49. strategies of the ants Myrmiea sabuleti and Myrmiea rugino• Chew, R. M. & Chew, A. E., 1970. Energy relationships of mam• dis. Behav. Processes. 5: 251-270. mais of a desert shrub (Larrea tridentata) community. Eeol. Campbell, M. H., 1966. Theft by harvesting ants of pasture seed Monogr.40: 1-21. broadcast on unploughed land. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. Anim. Chew, R. M. & de Vita, J., 1980 .. Foraging characteristics of a Husb. 6: 334-338. desert ant assemblage: functional morphology and species Campbell, M. H., 1982. Restricting losses of aerially-sown seed separation. J. Arid. Environ. 3: 75-83. due to seed-harvesting ants, this volume. Clark, J., 1934. Notes on Australian ants, with descriptions of new Campbell, M. W. & Gilmour, A. R., 1979. Reducing losses of species and a new genus. Mem. Nat. Mus. Via 8: 5-20. surface-sown seed due to harvesting ants. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. Clark, W. H. & Comanor, P. L., 1973a. The use of western Anim. Husb. 19: 706-711. harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex oecidentalis) seed stores by Campbell, M. H. & Swain, F. G., 1973. Factors causing losses rodents. Biol. Soe. Nev. Oeeas. Pap. 34: 1-6. during the establishment of surface-sown pastures. J. Range Clark, W. H. & Comanor, P. L., 1973b. A quantative examination Manage. 26: 355. ofspring foraging of Veromessor pergandei in northern Death Campbell, T. E .. 1970. Pine direet seeding not imperiled by Flori• Valley, California, USA. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Am. oa harvester ants. US For. Serv. Res. Note 108: 1-3. Midl. Nat. 90: 467-474. Campbell, T. E., 1974. Red imported fireant: a predatorof direct• Clark, W. H. & Comanor, P. L., 1973c. Notes on the interactions seeded longleaf pine. US For. Serv. Res Note. 179: 1-3. between individuals of two colonies of Pogonomyrmex oeci• Carne, W. M., 1913.·The secretion of nectar by extrafloral glands dentalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Entomologist 106: 277-278.

146 Clark, W. H. & Comanor, P. L., 1975. Removal of annual plants Culver, D. c., 1974. Species packing in Caribbean and north from the desert ecosystem by western harvester ants, Pogono• temperate ant communities. Eeology 55: 974~988. myrmex oecidentalis. Environ. Entomol. 4: 52~56. Culver, D. c., 1980. Thefate of Viola seeds dispersed by ants. Am. Clifford, H. T. & Drake, W. E., 1981. Pollination and dispersal in J. Bot. 67: 71O~714. / ea stern Australian heathlands. In: Specht, R. L. (ed.), Heath• Culver, D. C. & Beattie, A. J., 1978. Myrmecochory in Viola: lands and Related Shrublands: Analytical Studies. 51 ~60, EI• dynamics of seed~ant interactions in some West Virginia spe• sevier, Amsterdam. cies. J. Ecol. 66: 5 3~ 72. Cody, M. L., Fuentes, E. G., Glanz, W., Hunt, J. H. & Moldenke, Culver, D. C. & Beattie, A. J., 1980. The fate of Viola seeds A. R., 1977. Convergent evolution in the consumer organisms dispersed by ants. Am. J. Bot. 67: 71O~714. of Mediterranean Chile and California. In: Mooney, H. A., Curtis, J. D. & Lersten, N. R., 1978. Heterophylly in Populus (ed.) Convergent Evolution in California and Ch ile: Mediter• grandidentata (Salicaceae) with emphasis on resin glands and ranean climate Eeosystems.l. B. P. Synthesis Series. 5: 144~ 192. extrafloral nectaries. Am. J. Bot. 65: 1003~1O1O. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsberg. Czechowski, W., 1975. Bionomics of Formiea pressilabris Cole, A. c., 1932a. The ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cf., (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Ann. Zool. 33: 103~125. associated with plant communities. Ohio J. Sci. 32: 1O~20. Czerwinski, Z., Jakubczyk, H. & Petal, J., 1971. Influence ofant Cole, A. c., 1932b. The relation of the ant, Pogonomyrmex hilis on the meadow soils. Pedobiologia 1 1: 277~285. occidentalis Cr., to its habitat. Ohio J. Sci. 32: 133~ 146. Cole, A. c., 1934a. A brief account of aestivation and overwinter• Darwin, F., 1877. 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Additional references Lycaenidae, Dipteraand otherinsects to ants. Trans. Entomol. Soe. Lond. Parts IJJ. IV. Ales, D. c., Wiemer, D. F. & Hubbel, S. P., 1981. A natural Galle, L., 1980a. Dispersion of high density and nests in sandy-soil repellent of leaf-cutter ants. Proe. lowa Aead. Sci 88: 19. grassland ecosystems. A ela Univ. Szeged. A ela Biol. 26: Alvarado, A., Berish, C. W. & Peralta, F., 1981. Leaf-cutter ant 129-136. (Atta eephalotes) influence on the morphology of andepts in Galle, L., 1980b. Niche analysis and competitive st ra tegi es of Costa Rica. Soi! Sci. Soe. Am. J. 45: 790-794. grassland ants. Ae/a Univ. Szeged. Ac/a Bial. 26: 181--182. Atsatt, P. R., 1981. Lycaenid butterflies and ants: selection for Ito, Y. & Nagamine, M., 1981. Why a cicada, Mogannia minuta. enemy-free space. Am. Nat. 118: 638-654. became a pest of sugarcane: an hypothesis based on the theory Briese, D. T., 1982. Resource partitioning amongst seed-harvesting of escape. Eco!. Entomol. 6: 273--284. ants in semi-arid Australia. Aust. J. Eeol. 7: in press. King, T. J., 1981. Ant-hill vegetation in acidic grasslands in the Claassens, A. J. M. & Dickson, C. G. c., 1977. A study of the Gower Peninsula, South Wales, U.K. New Phyto!. 88: 559-572. myrmecophilous behaviour of the immature stages of A loeides Roepke, W., 1918. Zur Myrmekophile von Gerydus boisduvali /hyra(Lep.: Lycaenidae) with special referenee to the function Moore (Lep., Rhop., Lycaenid). Tijdschr. Entomol. 61: 1-16. of the retractile tubereles and with additional notes on the Sudd,J. H.& Lodhi,A. Q., 1981. Distributionofforagingworkers general biology of the species. Entomol. Ree. J. Var. 89: of the wood ant, Formic'a lugubris (Hymenoptera: Formi• 225-231. cidae), and their effeet on the numbers and diversity of other Daniels, G. 1976. The life history of Hypoehrysops theon medoeus Arthropoda. Bial. Conserv.20: 133-146. (Fruhstorfer) (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae). J. Aus/. Entomol. Wisdom, W. A. & Whitford, W. G .. , 1982. Theeffects ofvegetation Soe. 15: 197-199. change on ant communities of arid rangelands. Environ. Davidson, D. W.& Norton, S. R., 1980. Ant dispersal of diaspores En/omol.. in press. in some dominant perennials and semi-perennials of the Wood, T. K., 1977. Role ofparent females and attendant ants in Australianarid zane. Proe. Int. Congr. Syst. Evol. Biol., 2: 176. maturation of the treehopper, Entriia bacHiana (Homoptera: UBC, Vancouver. Membracidae). Sociobiology 2: 257-272. Farquharson, C. 0.,1921. Fiveyears' observations(l914-1918) on Wood, T. K., 1979. Sociality in the Membracidae (Homoptera). the bionomics of Southern N igerian insects, chiefly directed to Mise. Publ. En/omol. Soe. Am. II: 15-21. the investigation of lycaenid life histories and to the relation of

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