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ABSTRACT PARNSEN, WANPUECH. Use of Supplemental Amino Acids

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ABSTRACT PARNSEN, WANPUECH. Use of Supplemental Amino Acids ABSTRACT PARNSEN, WANPUECH. Use of Supplemental Amino Acids in Low Protein Diets on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Pigs. (Under the direction of Dr. Sung Woo Kim). The objectives of this research are: (1) evaluate the effects of supplemental amino acids (AA) in low crude protein (CP) diet with varying tryptophan (Trp) levels on growth performance, gut health, and AA transporters when compared to conventional high CP diets, (2) evaluate bioefficacy of liquid L-Lys in comparison to crystalline L-Lys HCl on growth performance of growing pigs, and (3) evaluate functional difference of liquid based L-Lys and crystalline L-Lys HCl on the growth performance, intestinal health, and intestinal integrity in newly weaned pigs. Experiment 1 (Chapter 2) investigated effects of supplemental AA on growing pigs fed low protein diets with varying Trp levels. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and is considered as 4th limiting amino acids in swine diets. However, tryptophan to lysine ratio in low crude protein diets have been suggested differently. A total of 90 pigs were allotted into 3 dietary treatments. Treatments were (1) negative control diet (NC: diet containing 18% CP with supplemental Lys, Met, and Thr), (2) positive control diet (PC: diet containing 16% CP supplemental Lys, Met, Thr and Trp), and (3) positive control diet supplemented with extra tryptophan (PCT: PC + 0.05% Trp). Collectively, use of supplemental amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp) in low CP diet and 0.05% additional Trp increased BW after wean, intestinal development and AA transporters in jejunum. Moreover, additional 0.05% Trp exceeding the NRC 2012 requirements enhanced intestinal tight junction proteins. Experiment 2 (Chapter 3) evaluated the effects of liquid L-Lys supplementation on growth performance in growing-finishing pigs compared with crystalline L-Lys HCl. Liquid L-Lys contains free form of lysine; however, it contains lower lysine content based on the product specification. Hence, these L-Lys products probably have different bioefficacy when they are supplemented in pig diets. In Exp. 1, A total of hundred and twenty six pigs were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments which were, CON: a control diet without supplemental Lys meeting 75% of SID Lys requirement, Level 1 diets with crystalline L-Lys HCl (C1) or liquid L-Lys (L1) meeting 82% of SID Lys requirement, Level 2 (C2 or L2) diets meeting 89% of SID-Lys requirement and Level 3 (C3 or L3) diets meeting 96% of SID Lys requirement. In Exp. 2, seventy two pigs in L2, L3, C2, and C3 were fed diets with 0.9% SID lysine and 6.75 mg/kg of ractopamine (Elanco, IN., USA) for 3 weeks. Collectively, these studies indicated that both L-Lys HCl and liquid L-Lys successfully provided needed lysine as shown in improve growth performance and there were no difference in bioefficacy between two sources of supplemental L-Lys. Experiment 3 (Chapter 4) evaluated functional difference of liquid based L-Lys and crystalline L-Lys HCl on the growth performance, intestinal health, and intestinal integrity in newly weaned pigs. Twenty four newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments. Two treatments were, (1) a diet supplemented with crystalline L-Lys HCl or (2) a diet supplemented with liquid based L-Lys. Collectively, this study indicates that liquid L- Lys supplementation improved intestinal health potentially by decreasing of systemic inflammatory status and improving jejunal morphology compared with the use of crystalline L-Lys HCl in newly weaned pigs. © Copyright 2018 Wanpuech Parnsen All Rights Reserved Use of Supplemental Amino Acids in Low Protein diets on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Pigs. by Wanpuech Parnsen A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Animal Science & Poultry Science Raleigh, North Carolina 2018 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Sung Woo Kim Dr. Terry Coffey Committee Chair _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Eric van Heugten Dr. Peter Ferket DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parent, Boorana Parnsen and Arporn Parnsen for their love and inspiration. I would like to express my special thankfulness to my family, Mallika Parnsen, for her love, support, and her patience throughout the entire period of my study, and my son Possawi Parnsen for his encouragement. Lastly, all brothers and sisters, for their unconditional support and best wishes. ii BIOGRAPHY Wanpuech Parnsen, son of Boorana Parnsen and Arporn Parnsen was born in Bangkok, Thailand on May 8, 1972 and he grew up in Nonthaburi, Thailand. He completed his elementary education at Anuban Nonthaburi School, Nonthaburi, Thailand in 1984 and completed his high school education at Surasakmontree School, Bangkok, Thailand in 1990. In May 1990, Wanpuech started his undergraduate education at Khon Kaen University (KKU), majoring in Animal Science and received his Bachelor of Science (Agriculture) in 1994. In 1997, Wanpuech was accepted by Graduate School of Kasetsart University (KU), Bangkok, Thailand. He obtained a Master of Animal Science in 1999. From 1999 to 2004, Wanpuech worked in the Feed Technology Office of Charoen Pokphand Group (Thailand) as Feed Technician. From 2005 to 2013, Wanpuech worked in the Charoen Pokphand Group (Malaysia) as General Manager, Feed Technology Department. In 2014, Wanpuech received a scholarship from the company to pursue his graduate education and was accepted by the Department of Animal Science of North Carolina State University under the direction of Dr. Sung Woo Kim. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who have supported me during these years, and I could not success without their kindly support. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to K. Phatanee Leksrisompong for her support and encouragement throughout the entire period of my graduate program. In addition, I would like to express my special thankfulness to my family and friends in Thailand and U.S.A for their support and encouragement. Especially, Pilailuk Thongprapai and her family members for their kindly support and advice since the first day I have studied in USA. To Dr. Sung Woo Kim, I am very grateful for his support and guidance during my program. You gave me the opportunity of studying in Animal Science, NCSU, guided me to work and think deliberately, and encouraged me at the moment when I had depression. In addition, taught me how to success in academic life and professional career. I also would like to thank my committee members: Dr. Eric van Heugten, Dr. Peter Ferket, Dr. Terry Coffey, and Dr. Min Kang for their supports and contributions to my research as well as their advice and share their experiences on my future career. I am grateful to all my colleagues in Dr. Kim’s Laboratory for their friendship, assistance, and encouragement during the last four years: Adsos Adami Dos Passos, Ana Sevarolli, Hongyu Chen, Inkyung Park, Jennifer Lee, Jiyao Guo, Lan Zheng, Leanne Brooks, Marissa Herchler, Yawang Sun, and Young Ihn Kim. Special thanks to Fabricio Castelini, Gang Liu, Jun Wang, Marcos Duarte, Naiana Manzke, Shihai Zhang, Steven Gregory, and Yinghui Li. iv I would like to thank Clay Byrd and Charles Salmon at the Swine Education Unit, Alma Terpening, Charles Carson, and Morris Dunston at the North Carolina Swine Evaluation Station, Tabatha Wilson at the Metabolism Education Unit and Shawn Bradshaw at the Feed Education Unit for their great support to my graduate program. I would also like to appreciate Jayne Yoder, Jennifer Knoll, Marian Correll, Whitney Wilson-Botts Dr. Mark Knauer and Dr. Ramon Malheiros for their kind help and support on my research. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………….... viii LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………….. x CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………….. 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 2 Nitrogen excretion from excessive dietary protein …………………………….. 3 Formulating low protein diet with supplemental amino acids …………………. 8 Supplemental amino acids used in feed industry and their biological functions………………………………………………………………………… 10 Scope of the current research …………………………………………………... 23 References ……………………………………………………………………… 24 CHAPTER 2: EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL AMINO ACIDS IN LOW CP DIETS WITH VARYING TRYPTOPHAN LEVELS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND GUT HEALTH IN GROWING PIGS …………………….. 38 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… 39 Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 41 Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………. 43 Results ………………………………………………………………………….. 47 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………… 49 References ……………………………………………………………………… 54 CHAPTER 3: EFFICACY OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIQUID L-LYSINE FOR PIGS IN COMPARISON TO CRYSTALLINE L-LYSINE HCl …………………… 69 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… 70 Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 72 Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………. 73 Results ………………………………………………………………………….. 76 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………… 77 vi References ……………………………………………………………………… 81 CHAPTER 4: FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE OF LIQUID L-LYSINE AND CRYSTALLINE L-LYSINE HCl ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, INTESTINAL HEALTH, AND INTESTINAL INTEGRITY IN NEWLY WEANED PIGS ……………………………………………………………………... 102 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… 103 Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 105 Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………. 107 Results ………………………………………………………………………….
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