Forensic Psychology
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Forensic Psychology Forensic Psychology Concepts, debates and practice Second edition Edited by Joanna R. Adler and Jacqueline M. Gray This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Published by Willan Publishing 2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN Published simultaneously in the USA and Canada by Willan Publishing 270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016 © The editors and contributors 2010 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting copying in the UK issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. First published 2010 ISBN 0-203-83330-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978-1-84392-414-2 paperback 978-1-84392-930-7 hardback British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Contents Notes on contributors xiii Introduction xxv 1 Forensic psychology: some concepts and debates about practice 1 Joanna R. Adler and Jacqueline M. Gray References 12 Section 1 Investigation and Prosecution 15 2 Miscarriages of justice: what can we learn? 17 Rebecca Milne, Sam Poyser, Tom Williamson and Stephen P. Savage Introduction 17 What is a miscarriage of justice? A definition 18 Miscarriages of justice: a history. Concerns about police competence 19 Miscarriages of justice as a driver for change 23 Safer UK justice? 27 Miscarriages of justice in the United States of America 29 USA and UK similarities and differences 31 Minimising miscarriages of justice 32 References 33 Appendix 36 v Forensic Psychology 3 The interpretation and utilisation of offender profiles: a critical review of ‘traditional’ approaches to profiling 38 Laurence Alison, Emma Barrett and Louise Almond The plausibility of traditional approaches to offender profiling 40 Assumptions underlying traditional approaches to profiling 40 The evaluation of profiles 43 The interpretation of profiles 45 The process of investigation 48 Stories and profiles 50 Case-based reasoning in criminal investigation: novice and expert 51 References 53 4 UK police interviews with suspects: a short modern history 58 John Bearchell Drivers for change in police interviewing practices 59 The introduction of the Investigative Interviewing (PEACE) Training Course 65 Emerging findings of attitudes to police interviews of suspects 67 Conclusion 71 References 71 5 The investigation and prosecution of rape 74 Jacqueline M. Gray and Anna Gekoski Introduction 74 The legal context 75 The problem of attrition 76 Rape myths in court 78 Secondary victimisation 81 The problem with consent 85 Summary and conclusions 88 References 89 Section 2 Testimony and Evidence 93 6 The effect of gender in the courtroom 95 Blake M. McKimmie and Barbara M. Masser Overview 95 Gender stereotypes 96 vi Contents Pre-trial hearings 97 Jury trials 98 Why does gender have such an impact? 109 Challenges and conclusions 112 References 114 7 ‘Without fear or favour, prejudice or ill will’: magistrates’ sentencing decisions 123 Pamela Ormerod and Joanna R. Adler Background: magistrates’ roles 123 How do magistrates reach sentencing decisions? 128 Integrating different approaches 136 Conclusion 139 References 139 8 Eliciting evidence from eyewitnesses for court proceedings 145 Mark R. Kebbell and Elizabeth A. Gilchrist Background 145 Examination in court 145 Factors having an impact on witness accuracy 146 Witness credibility 151 Special measures for vulnerable witnesses 155 Conclusions 156 References 157 9 The ageing eyewitness 162 Rachel Wilcock Interviewing 164 Identification 167 Aiding identification performance 171 Perceptions of older eyewitnesses 174 Conclusions 175 References 175 10 Safeguarding vulnerable and intimidated witnesses at court: are the ‘special measures’ working? 181 Graham M. Davies Special Measures 182 Vulnerable or intimidated witnesses 184 Special Measures in action 187 vii Forensic Psychology Are Special Measures enough to ensure justice for vulnerable victims? 192 Conclusions 195 References 195 Section 3 Serious and Persistent Offending 199 11 Life-course persistent offending 201 Alex R. Piquero and Terrie E. Moffitt Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy 202 How do race and gender fit into the taxonomy? 204 Research on Moffitt’s taxonomy 206 Challenges to Moffitt’s theory 214 The way forward: future research topics 215 Updated readings 218 References 219 12 Stalking 223 Lorraine Sheridan and Graham M. Davies A new crime? 223 What is stalking? 225 The victims of stalking 228 The perpetrators of stalking 230 Stopping stalking 232 Conclusions 237 Updated readings 238 References 240 13 Forensic psychology and terrorism 245 Margaret A. Wilson and Lucy Lemanski Introduction 245 Terrorism, crime and war 246 Rational choice 249 Predictability and profiling 250 Crime, terrorism and mental disorder 252 Pathways into terrorism 254 Fear of crime and fear of terrorism 257 The role of the media 258 Conclusions 259 References 260 viii Contents 14 Aetiology of genocide 264 Agnieszka Golec de Zavala and Joanna R. Adler Defining genocide 264 Psychological explanations for genocide 267 Performing the act 275 References 278 Section 4 Treatment as Intervention 283 15 Treatment of offenders classified as having Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder 285 Alex Lord Background 285 The development of DSPD 286 DSPD selection criteria and assessment issues 287 Assessing psychopathy in relation to DSPD 289 Assessing risk in relation to DSPD 290 Providing treatment to individuals meeting DSPD criteria 291 Potential iatrogenic effects of treatment and responsivity issues 294 Potential effects of working on DSPD and relevant staff skills 297 Conclusions 300 References 302 16 Anger control group work with forensic psychiatric inpatients: theories and practical applications 306 Lara Arsuffi Psychological theories of anger and aggressive behaviour 306 Outcomes of different anger management studies 311 The Triple C (Cool, Calm and Composed) Programme 316 Conclusions 323 References 324 17 Developments in treatment for drug misuse offenders 329 Nicholas LeBoutillier and Beverly Love Introduction 329 Defining drug misusing offenders 331 The development of intervention and treatment programmes 333 ix Forensic Psychology Dual diagnosis and drug misusing offenders 339 The UK Government’s response to drug misusing offenders 340 Example DIP success story: Brian 342 Example DIP success story: Danielle 343 Conclusion 344 References 345 Section 5 Intervention and Prevention 349 18 Intimate partner violence: current issues in definitions and interventions with perpetrators in the UK 351 Elizabeth A. Gilchrist and Mark R. Kebbell Introduction 351 What’s in a name? 352 How much is there? 353 Do women do as much as men? 355 Theories and evidence 358 Are there different types of intimate partner violence? 362 Interventions 364 Conclusions 369 References 369 19 Effective programmes to prevent delinquency 378 Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington Individual and family programmes 379 Peer, school and community programmes 385 Conclusions 392 References 396 20 Parenting projects, justice and welfare 404 Anthony H. Goodman and Joanna R. Adler The history of youth justice: the move from welfare to a justice model 407 Drawing in the parents: the legal context of children and parenting 409 Parenting projects in practice 412 Parental responsibility and child protection 415 Conclusion 418 References 419 x Contents 21 The challenge of managing prejudice and hate in offending behaviours 423 Liz A. Dixon and Joanna R. Adler Definitions 424 Prevalence and experiences 425 Aetiology 429 Criminal justice and policy responses 431 Interventions 433 References 438 Section 6 Punishment and Corrections 443 22 What role does punishment play in deterring crime? Practical, theoretical and ethical perspectives 445 Sarah Marsden Political and public debate 446 Theoretical approaches to punishment 448 Practical operation of punishment 449 ‘What works?’ 451 Ethical considerations in the application of punishment 453 Governance and punishment 455 Criminologies of everyday life 456 Conclusions 458 References 460 23 Women in prison 466 Nancy Loucks Backgrounds of women in custody 466 Backgrounds of abuse 468 Characteristics 471 Issues for women in custody 474 Conclusion 481 References 482 24 Self-harm in prisons: dominant models and (mis)understandings 486 Lisa Marzano Dominant constructions of prisoner self-harm: a review of the literature 488 Implications for practice 496 References 501 xi Forensic Psychology 25 Post-corrections reintegration: prisoner resettlement and desistance from crime 508 Ros Burnett Developments in resettlement work 509 Desistance from crime 513 Adopting a desistance framework in rehabilitative and resettlement agendas 516 The ‘self’ and ‘relationship’ in the process of desistance 517 Concluding thoughts 522 References 524 26 Psychology in the UK National Offender Management Service: prisons and probation 529 Graham Towl Introduction 529 End of a booming era of growth for forensic psychology? 530 Historic changes 532 The 2003 strategic framework for psychological services in prisons and probation 533 Reflections upon ‘psychology’ in prisons and probation