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Cogongrass, Insect Biodiversity and Pine Decline

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Cogongrass, Insect Biodiversity and Pine Decline Nancy J. Loewenstein, Stephen F. Enloe, Sallie Martin and Ben Brunson Auburn University OBJECTIVES • Impacts of cogongrass infestations on insect communities of southeastern pine forests • Influence of cogongrass management strategies on insect diversity and abundance • Influence of cogongrass on susceptibility of pines to pine decline COGONGRASS, ITS MANAGEMENT AND INSECT BIODIVERSITY (STUDY 1) • Study sites: – 10-year-old planted longleaf pine forests – one in Mobile county, one in Baldwin county, AL – Heavily infested with cogongrass (90-100% cover) – Sandy loam soils • Treatments: – Prescribed fire – Glyphosate – Seeding with mix of native species – Control • Design: – Split plot with CRD – 10 X 10 m plots – 5 replicates per treatment – Non-cogongrass control PRESCRIBED FIRE TREATMENT • Block containing half of the plots was burned in March of 2010 • Good weather conditions to minimize fire severity Still got a bit hot! NJL NJL burned unburned GLYPHOSATE TREATMENTS • April, 2010 - 6 weeks post-burn, pre-flowering , regrowth 12-18” • 2.5% v/v • October, 2010 – regrowth 18- 36” • 4.0% v/v • both treatments applied with a single nozzle backpack sprayer at 55 GPA and 20 PSI SEEDING WITH NATIVE PLANTS • Plots were lightly disked • Broadcast sown • April 2010 • Feb 2011 2010 SPECIES LIST common sunflower Helianthus annuus 35% switchgrass 'Carthage' Panicum virgatum 32% purpletop tridens Tridens flavus 10% partridge pea Chamaecrista fasciculata 15% dixie ticktrefoil Desmodium tortuosum 2% largeflower tickseed Coreopsis grandiflora 2% grey headed coneflower Ratibida pinnata 2% blackeyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta 2% 25 PLS per acre …. $15.81 per lb .... $395 per acre Seed source: Ernst Conservation Seeds OCTOBER 2010 • Coverage of native plants was not high •Cogongrass recovery was fairly strong • Prompted retreating with glyphosate … reseeding in 2011 1=1-2.5%, 2=2.5-10%, 3=10-25%, 4=25-50%, 5=50-75%, 6=75-100% B=burned, G=glyphosate, S=seeded, U=unburned 2011 SPECIES LIST Virginia wild rye Elymus virginicus 19% Indian grass Sorghastrum nutans 19% purpletop tridens Tridens flavus 12% broomsedge Andropogon virginicus 10% partridge pea Chamaecrista fasciculata 30% lance-leaved coreopsis Coreopsis lanceolata 2% perplexed ticktrefoil Desmodium perplexum 2% greyheaded coneflower Ratibida pinnata 2% blackeyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta 2% white wingstem Verbesina virginica 2% spurred butterfly pea Centrosema virginianum 1% 9 PLS per acre …. $22.9 per pound …. $206 per acre Seed source: Roundstone Native Seed 2011 SPECIES RICHNESS 2011 COGONGRASS COVER 40 6 July 5 30 Class 4 20 Sown 3 July Natural October 2 Species Richness Species 10 1 Cogongrass Cover Cogongrass Cover 0 0 B BG BS BGS U UG US UGS B BG BS BGS U UG US UGS 40 October • Seeding increased diversity only when combined 30 with glyphosate treatment • Seeding alone did not reduce cogongrass cover 20 • Seeding may have helped reduce cogongrass cover on the plots that were burned and treated with Species Richness Species 10 glyphosate 0 B=burned, G=glyphosate, S=seeded, U=unburned B BG BS BGS U UG US UGS 1=1-2.5%, 2=2.5-10%, 3=10-25%, 4=25-50%, 5=50-75%, 6=75-100% INSECT COMMUNITIES • Generalist predators (e.g., ants, predaceous beetles and spiders) can serve as bioindicators of sustainability of forest management techniques • Parasitic hymenoptera and hover flies (Syrphidae) respond to vegetation complexity and are useful indicators of landscape- level changes in vegetation • Hereafter referred to as ‘Natural Enemies’ References: Maeto et al., 2009; Maleque et al. 2009 INSECT SAMPLING • 5 pitfall traps (15 cm funnel traps) were placed in each plot • Insects collected every 2 weeks between March and Oct of 2010 and 2011 • Sweep sampling conducted on the same schedule sorting cleaning identifying Back at the lab … NATURAL ENEMIES CAPTURED BY SWEEP SAMPLING • No main effect of fire • Some significant treatment and interaction effects (treatments and fire) … a lot of variation Blue=cogongrass, red=glyphosate, yellow=seeded, • Awaiting results from non- purple=glyposate and seeding cogongrass controls NATURAL ENEMIES CAPTURED BY PITFALL TRAPS • No significant treatment effects Mostly fire ants Mostly fire ants ROOT FEEDING BARK BEETLES BEETLES ( BARK ROOT FEEDING Number of insects 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 10 15 0 5 5/15/2011 5/22/2011 5/29/2011 6/5/2011 6/12/2011 6/19/2011 6/26/2011 7/3/2011 H 7/10/2011 ylastes 7/17/2011 7/24/2011 7/31/2011 spp. 8/7/2011 8/14/2011 ) 8/21/2011 8/28/2011 9/4/2011 9/11/2011 9/18/2011 9/25/2011 10/2/2011 10/9/2011 10/16/2011 10/23/2011 LOBLOLLY PINE DECLINE • Increasingly important issue in Southeast • Caused by a complex of abiotic and biotic stressors • Stressed trees attract root-feeding bark beetles and weevils – Hylastes salebrosus – Hylastes porculus – Hylastes tenuis – Hylastes opacus * – Dendroctonus terebrans – Hylobius pales – Pachylobius picivorus * non-native FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS • The bark beetles vector wood staining fungi associated with pine decline – Leptographium terebrantis – Leptographium procerum – Leptographium serpens * – Grosmannia huntii * – Ophiostoma spp. * non-native COGONGRASS AND PINE DECLINE (STUDY 2) • Does cogongrass increase tree stress? • Does cogongrass impact bark beetle population levels? • Does cogongrass increase susceptibility to pine decline? • Study site 80 miles northwest of the 1st study • 13-year-old loblolly pine plantation • fertilized in 2006 and 2010 • thinned to 70 BA in 2009 • 10 plots with cogongrass, 10 plots without INSECT SAMPLING • Bi-weekly collections from panel and pitfall traps • Bark beetles and weevils identified and counted • 10% of pitfall insects “rolled” on select media to check for vectoring of fungi PLOT AND TREE DATA • Tree vigor measurements for each plot – DBH – Height – Age – Growth Increment (5 and 10 year) – Basal Area – Crown Ratings – Foliage Sampling – Resin sampling (volume and terpene composition) • Presence of fungi on root samples – Root cores sampled from 2 roots from each of 6 trees per plot – Core is plated on media to test for presence of the 6 fungi listed in previous slide INSECT COLLECTIONS - TOTAL HS-Hylastes salebrosus BTB Other IG XF 3% 3% XP 3% HT- Hylastes tenuis 1% HPO 9% 5% HPO- Hylastes porculus GM 2% IG- Ips grandicolis XCR BTB- Dendroctonus terebrans 9% XF- Xyleborus ferrugineus XP- Xyleborus pubescens XS 5% GM- Gnathotrichus materiarius HP PP XCR- Xylosandrus crassiusculus 1% 2% XS- Xyleborinus saxesenii HT 5% HS 52% HP- Hylobius pales PP- Pachylobius picivorus Other- several Ambrosia species 68% of observed insects were species of interest POPULATION TRENDS 2000 1800 Hylastes salebrosus 1600 1400 1200 1000 of of insects Cogon 800 # Non-Cogon 600 400 200 0 POPULATION TRENDS 70 Pachylobius picivorous 60 50 40 Cogon 30 # of # of Insects Non-Cogon 20 10 0 FUNGAL ISOLATES DATA BTB HPO HS HT HP PP Total Total Rolled 26 96 260 107 42 107 638 Total Fungal 7 7 17 7 17 6 61 Isolates % Insects 27 7 7 7 10 6 10 Infected BTB – Dendroctonus terebrans, HPO – Hylastes porculus, HS – Hylastes salebrosus, HT – Hylastes tenuis, HP – Hylobius pales, PP – Pachylobius picivorus • More trees from the cogongrass infested sites had fungus in their root systems But … • Loblolly on cogongrass infested sites did not produce more resin, although resin analysis may reveal differences in resin composition • No outward signs of pine decline at this time … but, the trees are still young PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS • Ecologically based integrated treatment • Seeding alone had little impact on cogongrass cover • Seeding, when combined with burning and glyphosate treatments, may contribute to control and restoration efforts • Response of insect communities (‘natural enemies’) to cogongrass and its treatment is as yet unclear • Several root feeding beetles were found in greater abundance in cogongrass infested pine stands • ~10% were infected with the fungi associated with pine decline • more tree roots had fungal infections in infested plots • no overt signs of pine decline in the stands at this time Acknowledgements • Co-PI’s: • Dr. Lori Eckhardt - Forest Entomology and Pathology, AU … (Ben Brunson’s advisor) • Dr. David Held – Entomology and Plant Pathology, AU … (Sallie Martin’s advisor) • Research Tech: Joe Borden • 2011 Plant Surveys: Gina Todia – Wetland Resources, Environmental Consulting • Study sites: Tommy Swearingen, Austin Rainwater, The Westervelt Company • Funding : USDA-CSREES-AFRI Biology of Weedy and Invasive Species Competitive Grant Program .
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  • New Reports of Exotic and Native Ambrosia and Bark Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Ohio

    New Reports of Exotic and Native Ambrosia and Bark Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Ohio

    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 40 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2007 Numbers 3 & Article 10 4 - Fall/Winter 2007 October 2007 New Reports of Exotic and Native Ambrosia and Bark Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) From Ohio Danielle M. Lightle Ohio State University Kamal J.K. Gandhi University of Georgia Anthony I. Cognato Michigan State University Bryson J. Mosley Ohio State University David G. Nielsen Ohio State University See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Lightle, Danielle M.; Gandhi, Kamal J.K.; Cognato, Anthony I.; Mosley, Bryson J.; Nielsen, David G.; and Herms, Daniel A. 2007. "New Reports of Exotic and Native Ambrosia and Bark Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) From Ohio," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 40 (2) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol40/iss2/10 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. New Reports of Exotic and Native Ambrosia and Bark Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) From Ohio Authors Danielle M. Lightle, Kamal J.K. Gandhi, Anthony I. Cognato, Bryson J. Mosley, David G. Nielsen, and Daniel A. Herms This peer-review article is available in The Great Lakes Entomologist: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol40/iss2/10 Lightle et al.: New Reports of Exotic and Native Ambrosia and Bark Beetle Species 194 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol.