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Scal - y Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Laboratory, University
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Sally Wright, PE Sally Wright, PE Supported by the Supported by the The US Department of Energy The US Department of Energy
Wind Energy Wind Energy
Communit Community-Scale Renewable Energy Research
A Presentation to the communities of Aquidneck Island A Presentation to the communities of Aquidneck Island Renewable Energy Research Research Fellow, Renewable Energy Research Research Fellow,
Spirit Lake Schools, Iowa Schools, Lake Spirit Spirit Lake Schools, Iowa Schools, Lake Spirit
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
Agenda www.ceere.org/rerl Community-Scale Wind Power: Renewable Energy Research the community - decisions needs factual support for important the community - decisions needs factual support for important – Technology – Economics – Process / Next Steps – Impacts – Technology – Economics – Process / Next Steps – Impacts • Wind Power? Why • Community-scale wind Point of view: • Wind Power? Why • Community-scale wind Point of view: Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl 2 2 Why Renewables? Impacts of Fossil Fuels , CO , CO 2 2
Renewable Energy Research •NOx, SO •NOx, • Mercury, Dioxin, Particulates, CO • Spills, mountain top removal, ash, sludge, … Oil •NOx, SO •NOx, • Mercury, Dioxin, Particulates, CO • Spills, mountain top removal, ash, sludge, … Oil Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Why Renewables? Impacts of Fossil Fuels x 2 x
Renewable Energy Research – 2/3 SO – 1/4 NO – 2/5 CO – 1/3 Mercury pollution. • Electricity: Largest industrial source of air –Acid Rain –Acid 2
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl emissions in US from fossil-fuel power plants 2 Impacts of Fossil Fuels:
Renewable Energy Research Sulphur Dioxide – SO – 67 % of SO – rain acid – smog – smog triggers asthma attacks – rain harms lakes & streams, depletes soil nutrients, acid – damages trees, crops, historic buildings • it comes from: Where • Effects: • Health impacts: • Impacts: Environmental ? Try- info /air/concerns/ Want more http://www.epa.gov –Smog X
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl emissions in US X Impacts of Fossil Fuels: Nitrogen Oxides – NO
Renewable Energy Research from fossil fuel power plants. – 23% of NO – ground-level ozone (smog) – rain acid – smog triggers asthma attacks – rain, reduced visibility acid • it comes from: Where • Effects: • Health impacts: • Impacts: Environmental Anchorage Daily News
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Impacts of Fossil Fuels: Poisons & other emissions
Renewable Energy Research – brain damage, fetal damage – damage, immune deficiency Liver – poisonous; greenhouse gas •Mercury •Mercury • Dioxin • monoxide Carbon • Particulates, arsenic, lead, cadmium • water heats rivers & lakes Cooling • Spills, mountain top removal, ash, sludge, etc. Oil ? Try- info Want more www.epa.gov/globalwarming – Change Climate 2 Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl emissions from fossil 2 Impacts of Fossil Fuels: than normal into atmosphere than normal 2
Renewable Energy Research fuel-fired power plants more CO forests, wildlife, coastline Carbon Dioxide – CO –Warming – 40% of man-made US CO – greenhouse gas Predominant – earth’s carbon cycles - Disrupts – climate disruption: Global – level rise, Glacier melt, intensifying weather Sea – Impacts on: health, agriculture, water resources, • Where it comes from: • Effects: • Impacts: Environmental ? Try - info Want more m/channel/earth/climate-change http://www.newscientist.co
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Impacts of Fossil Fuels:
Renewable Energy Research greenhouse gases into the atmosphere will warm the planet. much the warming will be amplified by planetary feedbacks Climate Change – longer conjecture No • only disagreement is over precisely how The • scientists believe in the greenhouse effect. All • scientists accept that putting more All United States: 5 % of world population, but emits ~ 25 % of world’s greenhouse gases. Energy from low/zero emissions sources is the core of strategy. - conclusion of US Climate Change Technology Program, Sept ‘05 , the mammals are taking over,
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl The picture's pretty bleak, gentlemen. and we all have a brain about the size of walnut.
Renewable Energy Research Impacts of Fossil Fuels - Far Side: The The world's climates are changing At least our brains are the size of a cantaloupe Extraction
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Beyond emissions -
Renewable Energy Research • Coal & Mountain-top removal • drilling Oil More Impacts of Fossil Fuels: etc. Council • Club Sierra • Scientists: of Concerned Union • Law Foundation Conservation • Society Audubon National • Peace Green • Friends of the Earth • Fund Defense Environmental • Water Action Clean • Defense Resources Natural • Network Action Climate • Trust Environmental National
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Environmental Impacts produces more pollution Impacts of Fossil Fuels: industry in the US
Renewable Energy Research groups support wind power as one of the tools to reduce our energy’s impacts. groups support wind power as one of the tools to reduce our energy’s impacts. • Major environmental • Major environmental than any other single Electric power generation Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Why Renewables? Economic Reasons -
Renewable Energy Research • dependence on foreign oil Reduce Armed escorts of LNG tanker into Armed Boston Harbor. Source: Globe.
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Why Renewables? Economic Reasons -
Renewable Energy Research • Fossil fuels from unstable regions • Deficit Trade – No fuel-price volatility – US oil production is declining / “Peak Oil” – on Natural gas Over-dependence – & foreign policy Security – Economic – $ & jobs leaving the state RI • Renewable • Diversify energy portfolio • Reduce fossil fuel dependence • Domestic, local power Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Use & Production Impacts of our Energy energy choices have impacts • Air, water, radiation, strip-mining, habitat, wildlife …
Renewable Energy Research – Health – Economics – Security – Environmental – climate change, Global … etc. •All • can you compare them? How tp://www.externe.info/ Want more info? ht ExternE: European study based on costs: ExternE: European study based • morbidity & mortality Human Health, • Building Material • Crops • Global Warming • Amenity losses • Ecosystems
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl External Costs of Electricity
Renewable Energy Research Example: costs in Germany 2.6 Want more info? 0.9 1.0 Mean Median Maximum pacts_of_Environmen.pdf 1.0 0.4 30 0.4 0.4 3.9 e_studies_pdfs/CEEEP_Im 75
0.9 Laboratory, UMass Amherst 8.3 Technology 15 www.ceere.org/rerl 3.0 New Study Jersey 5.4 46 11 14 79 http://www.njcleanenergy.com/media/base_lin Cost of Externalities of Various Electric Technologies: Electric Various of Externalities of Cost External Costs of Electricity 7 Coal Oil Nat. Gas Nuclear Hydro Wind Solar Solar Wind Hydro Nuclear Gas Nat. Oil Coal Renewable Energy Research 16
5 0
35 30 25 20 15 10 External costs, cents/kWh costs, External source: www.njcleanenergy.com source: Laboratory, UMass Amherst change will
www.ceere.org/rerl • Not acceptable • sustainable - Not it …. No one solution is sufficient Renewable Energy Research – Status quo: Energy – & efficiency Conservation – energy Renewable • Environmental & Economical • Solutions Why Renewables? lists current REC prices lists current www.evomarkets.com ’s”) ’s”) Want more info?
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl States respond:
Renewable Energy Research – on New England Grid Anywhere – 1% new in 2007 … 14% new in 2019 – Renewable Energy Certificates (“REC – on New England Grid Anywhere – 1% new in 2007 … 14% new in 2019 – Renewable Energy Certificates (“REC Rhode Island et al. Require Renewables • Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) RI • RPS Massachusetts • states have an “RPS” ~18 • Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) RI • RPS Massachusetts • states have an “RPS” ~18 ME: 30% by 2000 ME: 30% by RI: 16% 2019 RI: 16% by MA: 4% new by 2009 new by MA: 4% CT: 10% 2010 CT: 10% by NJ: 6.5% by 2008 by NJ: 6.5% DC: 11% by 2022 by DC: 11% NY: 24% by 2013 by NY: 24% MD: 7.5% by 2019 by MD: 7.5% PA: 8% by 2020 by PA: 8% WI: 2.2% by 2011 WI: 2.2% by Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl TX: 2880 MW by 2009 TX: 2880 MW by IA: 105 MW CO: 10% by 2015 CO: 10% by
NM: 10% by 2011 by NM: 10%
MN (Xcel): 825 MW wind by wind by MN (Xcel): 825 MW 2015 by 2007 + 10% 18 States and Washington D.C.
Renewable Energy Research NV: 15% by 2013 by NV: 15% Existing State Renewable Portfolios HI: 20% 2020 HI: 20% by AZ: 1.1% by 2007 2007 by 1.1% AZ: CA: 20% by 2010 by CA: 20% *Or moon, in case of tides
Laboratory, UMass Amherst Source www.ceere.org/rerl Renewable Energy can deliver all the to fuel our economy
Renewable Energy Research replenished on a reasonable time-scale • derived from the sun* Ultimately • Capable of being electricity we need No one energy source 2 2 : : (Storage) (Storage) -Premium power H -Way of using -Carrier -Premium power H -Way of using -Carrier Fuel Cells Hydrogen Fuel Cells Hydrogen Electricity • • • • Laboratory, UMass Amherst Not renewable sources Not renewable sources Solar Thermal Geothermal Solar Thermal Geothermal • • • •
www.ceere.org/rerl Renewable, but not for Electricity in RI: Renewable, but not for Electricity in RI: Renewable Energy: PV PV Sources for Waves Ocean currents Tides
Waves Ocean currents Tides Renewable Energy Research – – – – – – Sunlight: Wind Biomass Landfill gas Hydro Ocean: Sunlight: Wind Biomass Landfill gas Hydro Ocean: • • • • • • • • • • • • Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Renewable Energy:
Renewable Energy Research Electricity Options for New England Wind – But limited resource – emissions Æ • sites are taken in NE Hydro: • Not yet feasible in N.E. Ocean: • important Landfill: • important Biomass: • PV: 5-25 x cost of wind • Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Wind Power Today
Renewable Energy Research Our primary renewable energy resource Grinding grain work
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl mechanical Wind Power Today (& yesterday): Wind Mills
Renewable Energy Research Pumping water Pumping water Wind mills do Laboratory, UMass Amherst Wind Generators or
www.ceere.org/rerl Wind Power Today: electricity
Renewable Energy Research Wind Turbines Generating Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Quick: 32% per year* Growth of Wind Energy
Renewable Energy Research *5-year average
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www.ceere.org/rerl Nationwide Growth of Wind Energy
Renewable Energy Research Capacity (MW) Capacity 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
Laboratory, UMass Amherst Installed MW Installed MW
www.ceere.org/rerl Growth of Wind Energy Spurred by lowering costs Energy Cost Energy Cost Cost of Energy and Cumulative Domestic Capacity
1980Renewable Energy Research 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 *Year 2000 dollars 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
100 Cost of Energy (cents/kWh*) Energy of Cost Increased Turbine Size - R&D Advances - Improvements Manufacturing Laboratory, UMass Amherst Scale
www.ceere.org/rerl Wind Power Today: sized to a load not
Renewable Energy Research •Sized for the load •Normally – 1-30 kW – Net-metered – 660 kW – MW + 2 – Grid- connected – matched to a large load Usually •“Small”Wind •“Small”Wind •Large •Medium Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Scale - Height have all occurred since 1998; Wind Power Today:
Renewable Energy Research (50 – meters ) 80 (74 – meters) 119 • height : 160’ Hub - 260’ • tip : 240’ Blade - 390’ 19 of the warmest 20 since 1980. 19 of the warmest Three warmest years on record Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Scale - Height Wind Power Today:
Modern commercial turbines on land Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Scale - Length Wind Power Today:
Renewable Energy Research Transportation– tower sections ~50’ long • • Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Scale - Length Wind Power Today:
Renewable Energy Research Transportation – blades 75-130’ long • • Egypt
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Scale – Footprint Wind Power Today:
Renewable Energy Research Diameter ~10-15’ Cut-Out Cut-Out Speed (mph)
Rated Power Wind Speed (m/s) Wind
Laboratory, UMass Amherst Wind Turbine Power Curve Power Turbine Wind Cut-in speed 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 11 22 34 45 56 67 www.ceere.org/rerl -
800 600 400 200
Technology 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 (kW) Power Wind Power Today:
Renewable Energy Research can we make, at a given wind speed? Power curves • tell us: how much power
* year per Hours 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Cut-Out Speed (mph)
Rated Power Wind Speed (m/s) Speed Wind
Laboratory, UMass Amherst Wind Turbine Power Curve Turbine Power Wind Cut-in speed
www.ceere.org/rerl 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 11 22 34 45 56 67
*duration based on Rayleigh distribution with distribution of a mean speed wind 7 m/s on Rayleigh *duration based
- Technology 800 600 400 200 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 (kW) Power Wind Power Today:
Renewable Energy Research make the best of the available wind Power curves are designed to • Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Energy Basics Talking Power
Renewable Energy Research … what happens when the wind doesn’t blow And • Power • Energy • factor Capacity • The Grid • A wind turbine is that? One nuclear plant big 1000 MW = Gigawatt: 1000 kW = Megawatt: Ten 100 watt light bulbs 1000 Watts = 1 kilowatt: How
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Energy Basics Talking Power of using / making energy
of light-bulb, machine… Renewable Energy Research – rate The – kilowatts, MW… Watts, HP • is: Power • Units: •Size Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Energy Basics Talking Energy
Renewable Energy Research kW? kilowatt-hours?? kW? kilowatt-hours?? month 600 kWh: for 10 hours 1 or 2 GWh: is that? Turbine for one year 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) much one household in Portsmouth Abbey’s Wind One 100-watt light bulb on How : :
Laboratory, UMass Amherst energy energy www.ceere.org/rerl – kWh the – kWh the energy energy Energy Basics resource resource Talking Energy energy energy x time x time Renewable Energy Research • not a power resource • not a power resource one's surroundings one's surroundings – Wind is an – based on Emissions – the ability to change oneself or – Kilowatt-hours, kWh, MWh –Size – Cost & savings based on – Wind is an – the ability to change oneself or – Kilowatt-hours, kWh, MWh –Size – Cost & savings based on – based on Emissions • is: Energy • Units: • Focus on the Energy • is: Energy • Units: • Focus on the Energy Power Rate kW, MW Gal / Min Engine HP $1,500,000/MW Installed capacity Power Rate kW, MW Gal / Min Engine HP $1,500,000/MW Installed capacity
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Energy Basics Energy Quantity kWh Gallons far? -How - of gas Gallon 12 ¢/kWh Cost & emissions Energy Quantity kWh Gallons far? -How - of gas Gallon 12 ¢/kWh Cost & emissions Talking about Energy & Power
Renewable Energy Research Unit Water analogy Car analogy- Cost example Grid Unit Water analogy Car analogy- Cost example Grid Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Capacity Factor Describing Energy: or, “What happens when the wind doesn’t blow?”
Renewable Energy Research • 28% capacity factor the Grid 660 kW generator size x 24 365 hours/year = 5,765,760 kW-hours/Year – ~ 1,600,000 kWh in Hull 2003 – CF: 20 - Typical 40% Æ • year @ 100%: Hypothetical • : 60% (depending on gas prices)
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Capacity Factor is not unique to wind power • base-loaded (e.g. large coal): 70-90%, • combined cycle natural gas, e.g. • US average toward the low end of that range •25% Dam: Hoover • 92% 2002 average:
Renewable Energy Research – plants Thermal – 30-80% Hydro: – PV in New England: 12-15%. – Nuclear 60% -100% or more • generators have capacity factors All • on purpose, resource, and technology Depending Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Talking about Energy The first important question: per year?” per year?” Renewable Energy Research does it make does it make “How many kWh “How many kWh
within of a power plant, 30 miles where the greatest health impacts are felt.
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Half a million Massachusetts children liveHalf a million Massachusetts What is a Grid? The Grid in New England:
Renewable Energy Research • the Generators All • the Loads (Everything that uses electricity) All • &Transmission lines connecting them Distribution ( ISO = “Independent System Operator”) System ( ISO = “Independent
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Who is it? The Grid in New England:
Renewable Energy Research • New England operates our grid ISO • Control room in Holyoke, western MA: gas/oil gas oil nuclear hydro coal import incinerators wood wind Source: ISO-New EnglandSource: ISO-New 2003 CELT Section I Summaries
Laboratory, UMass Amherst (Winter '02-'03)
www.ceere.org/rerl Generators New England Generating Capacity The Grid in New England:
Renewable Energy Research
www.nyserda.org/publications/wind_integration_report.pdf , or
Laboratory, UMass Amherst www.uwig.org
www.ceere.org/rerl The Grid Want more info? Try
Renewable Energy Research – very little effect on cost or reliability – much more is increasingly accepted And – very little effect on cost or reliability – much more is increasingly accepted And & Wind’s intermittency & variability • are already quite variable Loads • 10% wind: Adding • are already quite variable Loads • 10% wind: Adding as * http://www.iso-ne.com/Planning_Reports/Emissions/
Laboratory, UMass Amherst is the point: Want more info? See
made by wind, www.ceere.org/rerl *primarily. Other types of plants offset to a lesser degree Reliability The Grid ≠ kWh & Wind’s intermittency other generation a kWh is not made with fossil fuel
Renewable Energy Research – turbines have comparable availability Wind – For every • Intermittency • emissions Avoided ning_Reports/Emissions/ ning_Reports/Emissions/ http://www.iso-ne.com/Plan
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Want more info? See another “unit of energy” Describing Energy: Marginal Emissions Rate : 1.12 lbs/MWh : 1337.8 lbs/MWh : 1.12 lbs/MWh : 1337.8 lbs/MWh : 3.27 lbs/MWh : 3.27 lbs/MWh : 1,800 lbs : 1,100 tons. : 1,800 lbs x : 1,100 tons. 2 Renewable Energy Research : 5,300 lbs x 2 : 5,300 lbs 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 2 –SO –SO –NO –CO –NO –CO –SO –SO –NO –CO –NO –CO • New England Power Pool (NE-ISO) By • us the emissions change for RE & EE Tells • marginal average, 2002 Annual • Hull, 660 kW @ 28% CF E.g. • New England Power Pool (NE-ISO) By • us the emissions change for RE & EE Tells • marginal average, 2002 Annual • Hull, 660 kW @ 28% CF E.g. Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Department of Energy 1991) Department ( The Wind Resource – Is there enough wind to bother?
Renewable Energy Research – wind Denmark: ~20% from – Germany, 30% of demand Schleswig-Holstein, – Navarra, Spain, 50% – Dakota, Kansas and Texas could power the US North –On-land – – Offshore more than our consumption much Yes, very significant: • World • US Resource • England’s indigenous energy resource New * http://www.iso-ne.com/Planning_Reports/Emissions/
Laboratory, UMass Amherst Want more info? See
www.ceere.org/rerl *primarily. Other types of plants offset to a lesser degree The Grid: Summary: Wind Works
Renewable Energy Research – reduces emissions – can make a significant amount of our energy – has been successfully integrated into power grids a kWh is not made with fossil fuel • power - Wind • every kWh made by wind, For Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl The Wind Resource –
Renewable Energy Research Where is Rhode Island’s Resource? Coast Hills Offshore Coast Hills Offshore • • • • • • 7-7.5 m/s 1.59 million kWh/yr 1.59 million 6.5 -7 m/s For Comparison: For Comparison: (at 50m) Hull: ~6.8 m/s
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl 5.5-6 m/s The Wind Resource – Does Wind Speed Really Matter? Renewable Energy Research Siting Siting energy here than here Æ energy here than here Æ • •Yes! • ~75% more Expect • •Yes! • ~75% more Expect Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Community Wind
Renewable Energy Research RERL_Case_Study_Hull_Wind_One.pdf ns/published/communityWindFactSheets/
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl http://www.ceere.org/rerl/publicatio Community Wind Examples: Municipal Electric Co. - owned
Renewable Energy Research ~28 % capacity factor) www.hullwind.org/ or Æ ( • MA Hull, • V47, 660 kW Vestas • 262’ to high school • 788’ feet to nearest home • 1.5 million kWh/year http://www.windshare.ca/
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Co-op owned Community Wind Examples:
Renewable Energy Research – Citizen environmental group – GWh/yr (~250 homes) 1.8 – 94m tall – 200 meters to nearest household – Citizen environmental group – GWh/yr (~250 homes) 1.8 – 94m tall – 200 meters to nearest household • Renewable Energy Co-operative Toronto • 50/50 partnership: WindShare & Toronto Hydro • Lagerwey 750 kW • Renewable Energy Co-operative Toronto • 50/50 partnership: WindShare & Toronto Hydro • Lagerwey 750 kW r community wind profiles ity/projects.htm for othe
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www.ceere.org/rerl School-owned See www.windustry.com/commun Community Wind Examples:
Renewable Energy Research interest loans electricity use; excess energy sold to local utility off, revenue will be used for school programs. • IA, High School Eldora, • 750-kW turbine • with no- Purchased low- & • the school’s Offsets • When the loans are paid allNews.htm for more on MinWind I & II allNews.htm for more on MinWind
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Farmer-owned See http://www.windustry.com/newsletter/2002F Community Wind Examples:
Renewable Energy Research – 11 turbines (NEG Micon/Vestas) – 9 LLC’s – 85% Farmer-owned – one can own more than 15% No – $198,000 Cost – “hardest part” • MinWind Model • Co-op based By-laws • Hired a lawyer for LLC • a consultant for PPA Hired Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Town Sponsored Community Wind Examples:
Renewable Energy Research – On town land – owner Turbine – lease to town Pays – Unless municipal utility – On town land – owner Turbine – lease to town Pays – Unless municipal utility any generator any generator • Example • law: hard for town to own MA •RI: • Example • law: hard for town to own MA •RI: Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Siting matters Community Wind Economics:
• factor Capacity • production Energy • road building • access costs site • foundation costs Renewable Energy Research – Wind speeds – cost Installed – Maintenance costs • Siting affects: 4¢/kWh 4¢/kWh payback simple
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl about 6 years Ä : a Vestas V47, 6.8 m/s Community Wind Economics: Per your Power Purchase Agreement (PPA):
4. Federal tax credit (PTC)Gross income per kWh Gross annual income Renewable Energy Research 1.8 ¢/kWh $ 132,800 $/Year 8.3 ¢/kWh 1. Make energy2. Sell the energy 3. Sell your REC's (Massachusetts RPS): 2.5 ¢/kWh 1,600,000 kWh/year How do you make money with electricity? • Example • pay for maintenance, operation & insurance - Then and equipment • If cost was $770,000 Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Your mileage will vary! Community Wind Economics:
Production Incentive Renewable Energy Research or REPI - Energy Renewable – kWh back Pay –Sell – REC’s Sell – Tax credit (PTC) Fed. community ownership • Can be a Revenue Source • “income streams” Three • & financing matter Siting • risks & benefits of Weigh Laboratory, UMass Amherst (kWh) with costs
www.ceere.org/rerl value Community Wind: m tower for one year + Steps to siting a wind turbine – use & environmental concerns Land – rights & access; Transmission access Land Capital –Raise – to market the power: PPA Plan – To compare Why? 40 –How? Renewable Energy Research 2.Community involvement 3.Evaluate sites 4.Financial 5. Permitting, Zoning, FAA 6. EPC, O&M: Select turbine / go out to bid; negotiate contract 1.Measure resource Vane Vane Vane Anemometer Anemometer Anemometer
Laboratory, UMass Amherst Why
www.ceere.org/rerl Wind Resource Monitoring:
Renewable Energy Research – production Energy – benefit Environmental – benefit Economic • potential benefits Understand • i.e Reduce risk • focus Community • Spec & order equipment Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Equipment Wind Resource Monitoring: • wires Guy • Temporary • No foundation
Renewable Energy Research – & Vanes Anemometers – 134 foot (40 m) tower – Logger •Met tower: •Met Laboratory, UMass Amherst How
www.ceere.org/rerl Wind Resource Monitoring:
Renewable Energy Research – Owned by RERL – by DOE Supported – to towns Loaned – fits in a pickup Equipment – Constructed on site – with a battery powered winch Lifted – 2 days Typically • Equipment • Installation by RERL Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Does the met tower have to be Wind Resource Monitoring: in the same place as wind turbine?
Renewable Energy Research different siting requirements than met towers. • yes, but… Ideally • turbines have Wind Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Questions?
Renewable Energy Research • Community Wind • Economics • Siting • Technology Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Wind Power: Impacts & Issues • Property Values • Visual •Noise •Birds • Environmental Impact Net
Renewable Energy Research - need facts to make important decisions Communities - Hold wind power to comparable standards as other human activities - wind with what it replaces: fossil fuels Compare Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Property Values Impacts of Wind Power:
• view shed of wind projects In • Compared to similar sites • report: www.repp.org full Renewable Energy Research Values” (http://www.repp.org/articles/static/1/binaries/wind_online_final.pdf) – 25,000 property transactions – “The Effect of Wind Development on Local Property – evidence of reduced value No • study In-depth Laboratory, UMass Amherst Visual
www.ceere.org/rerl Impacts of Wind Power: the US had a dangerous posure to mercury.
Renewable Energy Research aesthetics local support Æ ownership Not • Local input / control • level of prenatal ex 15% of babies born in Laboratory, UMass Amherst Visual
www.ceere.org/rerl frequency & intensity. Impacts of Wind Power: ers – floods, droughts,
Renewable Energy Research • Visualizations windstorms – growing in are Weather-related disast Abbey & listen! Go to Portsmouth
Laboratory, UMass Amherst relatively quiet 3x hub-height away from houses • turbines are Modern • of thumb – Rule about stay Noise
www.ceere.org/rerl Impacts of Wind Power:
Renewable Energy Research turbines: turbines:
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl modern modern Birds, Overview Impacts of Wind Power:
Renewable Energy Research per turbine, year per turbine, year US national average for Two-three birds US national average for Two-three birds (per household)
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Birds, Comparative our power was from wind, would be 10% of the Impacts of Wind Power: all
Renewable Energy Research impact of house cats – If E.g. - impacts of fossil fuel power Reduces – Much smaller than bird mortality by cars accepted human activities than what it replaces • impact is lower Wind’s • relative to Small Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl 2 Decades & Millions of $ research Have led to changes in design and siting: What has changed since Altamont? Impacts of Wind Power:
Renewable Energy Research Birds: – can avoid blades, as they do cars birds – roosted on old truss towers birds – out of flight paths •Slower •Slower • towers Tubular •Upwind •turbines & Taller Fewer Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Birds & Wind Power: Audubon supports wind
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Birds, Summary Impacts of Wind Power: – Beard, National Audubon Society Dan "Audubon appreciates and supports responsible wind project development.”
Renewable Energy Research Supported by all major environmental groups • birds per turbine, year One-three • positive environmental impact - Net ttp://www.mass.gov/envir/ej/EJ_Policy_English.pdf
Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Net Impacts, Mass. has an environmental justice policy - h into Boston harbor: Globe.
Renewable Energy Research Avoided Impacts & Environmental Justice • Environmental • Health • Security Sources: escorts of LNG tanker Armed Asthma inhaler: Sierra Club. Asthma Oiled water fowl: Anchorage Daily News. Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Land Use & Planning Impacts of Wind Power
Renewable Energy Research roads/logging/wind turbines – Planning: which areas are off-limits to • conservation Land • impact is visual Primary he expansion of windfarms
Laboratory, UMass Amherst 87% of Americans support t (national survey by Yale University’s Center of Environmental Law and Policy)
www.ceere.org/rerl Net Impact Impacts of Wind Power
Renewable Energy Research by benefits – other impacts dwarfed All global/regional benefits • impact is visual Primary • local impacts, Balancing * *primarily. Other types of plants to a lesser degree a kWh not made with fossil a kWh not made * Laboratory, UMass Amherst Recap
www.ceere.org/rerl Wind 101 • emissions Reduces • kWh made with wind is Every
Renewable Energy Research – All energy forms have environmental consequences – Wind power – one of lowest-impact energy forms – Wind replaces fossil fuels – Can make a significant amount of our energy – Jobs, trace deficit, price hedges, diversity • Energy status quo – U.S. change / will must • is good for the Environment Wind • is good for the Economy Wind Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Tour a Wind Facility
Renewable Energy Research – 2 turbines – of Boston East – base of the Cape Cod Canal At – 2 turbines – of Boston East – base of the Cape Cod Canal At • Abbey Portsmouth • MA Hull, • Mass Maritime Academy • Abbey Portsmouth • MA Hull, • Mass Maritime Academy Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl www.ceere.org/rerl/about_wind/ – www.ceere.org/rerl/ – Wind Fact sheets: Community – 413-545-4359 – of accessible, technical information Lots – AWEA: www.awea.org – Power America: www. windpoweringamerica.gov Wind – Utility Wind Interest Group : http://www.uwig.org – www.me3.org Links: – Database of State Incentives for R.E. www.dsireusa.org •Others: • Energy Research Laboratory Renewable • www.windpower.org For More Information
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherst
www.ceere.org/rerl Community-Scale Wind Energy for Aquidneck Island
Renewable Energy Research to work for Rhode Island and for providing some of these slides & graphics Planning Commission – Dolen & the Aquidneck Island Tina – US DOE/NREL for supporting RERL Thanks to: Sally Wright, PE, Renewable Energy Research Laboratory [email protected] 413-545-4359 Wh/year ¢/kWh ¢/kWh ¢/kWh ¢/kWh $/Year 4 2.5 1.8 8.3 Economics 1,600,000 $ 132,800 Impacts
Laboratory, UMass Amherst Resource
www.ceere.org/rerl Questions Questions - “Wind Power can fund schools”
Renewable Energy Research Technology Community Community