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Morpho Anatomical Studies of Leaves of Abutilon Indicum (Linn.) Sweet

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Morpho Anatomical Studies of Leaves of Abutilon Indicum (Linn.) Sweet Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S464-S469 S464 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb Document heading doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60255-X 襃 2012 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. Morpho anatomical studies of leaves of Abutilon indicum (linn.) sweet Ramadoss Karthikeyan, PannemVenkatesh, Nesepogu Chandrasekhar Department of Pharmacognosy, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi-522213. A.P. India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Objective: To evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters of the leaves of Abutilon indicum (Linn.) R 15 A 2012 eceived pril Sweet which wMethods:ill assist i n standardization, quality assurance, purity and sample identification of Received in revised form 27 April 2012 the species. The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of orgaResults:noleptic, Accepted 28 August 2012 microscopic, powder microscopic, leaf constants and fluorescence analysis. Available online 28 August 2012 Macroscopic study showed that the leaf shape -cordate, Size -2-4 cm long, Colour - Green, Odour -Characteristic, Taste -Characteristic, Surface - Smooth, Apex -Acute to acuminate, Lamina-Simple, Cordate, Reticulate, Dentate, Margin-Crenate-Dentate. The microscopic features of leaves were observed as covering trichomes, glandular trichome, vascular bundles, Keywords: crystals, stomata ,mucilage secretory cells adaxial epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy indicum mesophyll and lateral vein. Further the stuConclusion:dy was evaluated leaf constants, powder microscopy Abutilon (Linn.) Sweet, and fluorescence study of leaf powder. Various pharmacognostic characters Organoleptic observed in this study help in the identification and standardization of Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Pharmacognostic character Sweet. Powder microscopy Fluorescence analysis 1. Introduction a day, for 6 months until the day of marriage, for safe and quick pregnancy. The leaves can also be used to treat ulcers, headaches, gonorrhea & bladder infection.[2] The plant is Over the last decade there has been a growing interest very much used in Siddha medicines. In fact, the root, bark, in drugs of plant origin in contrast to the synthetics that flowers, leaves and seeds are all used for medicinal purposes [1] are regarded as unsafe to human and environment . by Tamils. The leaves are used as adjunct to medicines Abutilon indicum ( Indian Mallow) is a small shrub in the used for pile complaints. The flowers are used to increase A. indicum Malvaceae family, native to tropic and subtropical regions and semen in men [3].A methanol extract of had sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant [1] . In traditional [4] A. indicum some antimicrobial properties . A chemical compound, 毬 medicine, is used as a demulcent, aphrodisiac, -sitosterol, which has been identified as the active ingredient A. indicum laxative, diuretic, and pulmonary and sedative (leaves). The in many medicinal plants, is present in and a bark is astringent and diuretic; laxative, expectorant and petroleum ether extract provided larvicidal properties against demulcent (seeds); laxative and tonic, anti-inflammatory and the mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus [5]. Microscopy is anthelmintic (whole plant); analgesic (fixed oil); diuretic and an important tool for authentification of crude drugs and study [2] for leprosy (roots) . The whole plant is uprooted, dried and is of powdered drugs [5]. It is important to interpret morphological powdered. In ancient days, maidens were made to consume and anatomical descriptions of crude drugs as well as a spoonful of this powder with a spoonful of honey, once in characteristic features of drugs and adulterants of commercial significance [6]. Establishment of the pharmacognostic, *Corresponding author:Ramadoss KarthikeyanAssistant professor, morphological and microscopical characters of leaves and Department of Pharmacognosy, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi-522213. A.P. bark of the plant will assist in standardization, which can India Email: [email protected] guarantee quality, purity and identification of samples. Tel: 91-9966847127 Ramadoss Karthikeyan et al./Asian Paicfic Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S464-S469 S465 2. Materials and methods cytotochemical reactions were also obtained. The rendered pink colour to the cellulose walls, blue to the lignified cells, 2.1 Chemicals dark green to suberin, violet to the mucilage, blue to the protein bodies etc. wherever necessary sections were also All the chemicals used were of analytical grade and were stained with saffranin and fast green and iodine (for starch) . obtained from SD Fine Chemicals Mumbai and Qualigen For studying the stomatal morphology ,venation pattern and Chemicals ltd., Mumbai, India. trichome distribution , paradermal (sections taken parallel to the surface of leaf) as well as clearing of leaf with 5% 2.2 Collection of specimens sodium hydroxide’ or epidermal peeling by partial maceration employing Jeffery s maceration fluid (Sass ,1940) were prepared Abutilon indicum leaves were collected from Dharmapuri [6] . Glycerin mounted temporary preparation were made for and they were identified by Dr.P.Jayraman, Plant Taxonomist macerated/cleared materials. (Plant Anatomy Research Centre, Tamil Nadu).The specimen 2.7 Photomicrographs was deposited (Specimen no ANU/BOT2131/2011/AP). The leaves were collected and dried in shade and then coarsely powdered. Powders of leaves were examined for their microscopical Microscopic description of tissues or supplemented with characters. Care was taken to select healthy plants and for micrographs were necessary photographs of different normal organs. The required samples of different organs were magnifications were taken with Nikon Labphot 2 microscopic cut and removed from the plant and fixed in FAA (Formalin unit. For normal observations bright field was used for the -5ml+Acetic acid -5ml+70% ethyl alcohol -90ml).After 24 hours study of crystals, starch grains and lignified cells, polarized of fixing the specimens were dehydrated with graded series light was employed. Since these structures have birefringent of tertiary-butyl alcohol as per the schedule given by Sass property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark ,1940 [6]. Infiltrations of the specimens were carried by gradual backgrounds. Magnifications of the figures are indicated by the addition of paraffin wax (melting point 58-60曟) until TBA scale bars [9] solution attained super saturation .The specimens were cast 2.8 Powder microscopy into paraffin blocks. 2.3 Organoleptic evaluation The dried leaves were powdered and studied under microscope. Different staining reagents (such as iodine for Various sensory parameters of the plant material (such detection of starch grains and phloroglucinol for detection as colour, odour, size, shape, and taste) were studied by of lignified components) were used. A little quantity of root organoleptic evaluation bark powder was taken onto a microscopic slide; 1-2 drops of 0.1% w/v phloroglucinol solution and a drop of concentrated 2.4 Macroscopic evaluation hydrochloric acid were added and covered with a cover slip. The slide preparation was mounted in glycerol and examined Various macroscopic characters of fresh leaves of A.indicum under microscope. The presence of starch grain and calcium were recorded such as duration, type of leaf base, presence or oxalate crystal was detected by the formation of blue colour absence of petiole and characters of lamina. Lamina consists on addition of 2-3 drops of 0.01 M iodine solution [10]. The of characteristic features such as composition, incision, shape, characteristic structures and cell components were observed venation, margin, apex, base, surface and texture. and their photographs were taken using photomicrography. 2.5 Microscopic evaluation 2.9 Quantitative microscopy 2.9.1 Leaf Constants In microscopic evaluation, studies were conducted on both grounds qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative values such as palisade ratio, stomatal number, stomatal index and vein islet number were carried out 2.6 Qualitative microscopy on the pieces of lamina of the Abutilon indicum (Linn.)Sweet leaves [10] The paraffin embedded specimens were section with the help 2.9.2 Palisade ratio of rotary microtome. The thickness of the sections was 10- 12 micrometers .Dewaxing of the sections was by customary The average number of palisade cells beneath each upper procedure given by Johanson 1940 [7]. The sections were epidermal cell is termed as palisade ratio. Pieces of leaf about T 2 st’ained with oluidine blue as per the method published by mm square were cleared by boiling with chloral hydrate O Brien,et.al., 1964 [8]. Since Toluidine blue is a polychromatic solution for about 1 hour , mounted and examined with a stain, the staining results were remarkably good and some 100mm objective. Camera Lucida was fixed on the microscope. Ramadoss Karthikeyan et al./Asian Paicfic Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S464-S469 S466 Epidermal cells were traced on a paper fixed on the board. two hours .Then they are boiled with chlorinated soda and Firstly, groups of four epidermal cells were traced. Then left overnight and again boiled in chloral hydrate solution to the palisade cells lying beneath each group were focused clear them. Using the Camera-lucida and 10mm objective the and traced. The palisade cells in each group were counted. squares were drawn
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