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Home , Abutilon indicum, Aerva lanata, Ocimum americanum, Orthosiphon stamineus, Strychnos potatorum

ISSN: 2455-944X Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. (2019). 4(2): 12-23

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE ISSN: 2455-944X www.darshanpublishers.com Volume 4, Issue 2 - 2019 Review Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijcrbm.2019.04.02.003 Effect of Nephroprotective potentials of Siddha Medicinal Herbs – A current status.

Vijaya Nirmala R1, Abinaya R1. 1Post Graduate, Department of Gunapadam (Pharmacology), Govt Siddha Medical College, Chennai.

Abstract Siddha system of medicine is one of the medical treatments which bring out the effective treatment for various diseases. It constitutes herbal preparation without side-effects. Among the modern world Nephro toxicity is a major problem which has threadened the human population. Thus an attempt was made in this review to reduce the nephro toxicities. In this paper the author compile the review of certain herbs with their phyto-constitutions which can protect the kidney from its toxicity.

Keywords: Siddha, Nephro toxicity, Nephro-protective, Herbs

Introduction

Siddha system of medicine is the one of the traditional In recent decades there is an increased rate of medicinal system to mankind and they can prepared mortality have been seen. In order reduce the medicines through the siddha system more than 10000 increased risk Nephro toxicity an attempt was made to years ago[1]. compile this review. In this review author compile certain medicinal which protect the kidney by Siddha system of medicine in practiced particularly in inducing certain Nephrotoxic substances such as south Indian people. It maintains distinctive identity of Cisplastin, Gentamycin, Acetaminophen, Cadmium, own. This system closely identified with Tamil Fluride. The herbs which has the potential of civilization. This system constitutes with no toxic protecting the kidney are as follows lanata, effects of herbal preparations. The word Siddha comes Aegle marmelos, Acorus calamus, Anethum from Siddhi that means achievements. Siddhars were graveolens, indicum, Boerhaavia diffusa, the supernatural scientists with supreme knowledge[2]. Cassia auriculata, Carica papaya, Curcuma longa, Emblica officinalis , Ficus religiosa, Lepidium The substances which cause Nephroprotective actions sativum, Glycyrrhiza glabra , Moringa oleifera, must show the nephroprotective property against Nigella sativa, Rubia cardifolia Linn, nephrotoxicity which is induced by Cisplastin, sanctum, Pongamia pinnata , potatorum , Gentamicin. Naturally herbs have the curative Tamarindus indica, Withania somnifera. properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances. The ancient traditional literatures has prescribed various herbs for treating renal diseases[3].

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Nephrotoxicity agents: Streptomycin.Miscellaneous : Radiocontrast agents: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID’s): Many drugs, Chemicals and Certain diagnostic Ibuprofen, Indomethacin, Aspirin etc[4]. techniques are responsible for causing renal damage. Here authors have mentioned certain compounds Animal models used in experimental studies: which cause Nephrotoxicity. In Vivo Models: Heavy metals: Mercury, lead, Arsenic and  GM treated albino rat Bismuth.Antineoplastic agents :Alkylating agents:  Cisplatin treated albino rats Cisplatin, cyclophosphamide. Nitrosoureas:  Cisplatin treated rabbits Streptozotocin, Carmustine, Lomustine & Semustine.  GM treated guinea pigs Antimetabolites: Methotrexate, Cytosine Arabinose, 6-  Mercuric chloride treated mice thioguanine, 5-flurouracil.Antitumor antibiotics:  Ethylene glycol treated mice Mitomycin, Mithramycin, Doxorubicin. Biologic agents: Recombinant leukocyte and interferon. In Vitro Models Antimicrobial agents: Tetracycline, Acyclovir, Pentamidine, Sulphadiazine, Trimethoprin,  Vero cells[5] Rifampicin, Amphotericin B Aminoglycosides : Gentamycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin,

Table No:1 Chemical constituents of some nephroprotective plants:

English Parts S.No Botanical name Family Tamil name Chemical constituents name used Botulin, β-sitosterol, Amyrin, Hentriacontane, Campesterol, Stigmasterol, Whole 1. Aerva lanata Siruganpeelai Balipoovu[6] Kaempferol, Starch, Propionic acid, β- carboline-I, Aervoside, Aervolanine[7] Aegeline, Agelinine, Rutin, Sterol, β-sitosterol, β-D-glucoside, Mamesinine, Lupeol, Aegle marmelos Rutaceaeae Bael Holy Leaves 2. Villam Tannins, Phlobatannins, fruit tree[6] Flavonoids, Umbelliferone, Quercetin and Volatile oils[8].

Monoterpene, Aerial Sesquiterpene, Phenyl 3. Acorus calamus Araceae Vasambu Sweet flag[6] parts propanoid, Flavonoids, Quinone and basarone[9]. alkaloids, flavonoids, The dill, Anethum tannins, saponins, cardiac 4. Umbelliferae Sathakuppai Gardendill, graveolens seeds glycosides, terpenoids, Anet[6] anthocyanin[10] Indian mush Whole Saponins, Flavonoids and 5. Abutilon indicum Thuthi [6] [11] mallon plant Tannins .

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Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Hog weed, Triterpenoids, Lipids, 6. Boerhaavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Mookirattai [6] Root Pig weed Lignins, carbohydrates, Proteins and Glycoproteins[12].

Tannins, Di-(2-ethyl) Cassia auriculata Fabaceae The tanners Roots hexyl phthalate, Alkaloids, 7. Aavaarai cassia[6] Resins, Ca2+ and Phosphorous[13]. Flavanoids, Phenols, Alkaloids, Protein, Sterols, Terpenoids, 8. Carica papaya Caricaceae Pappaali Pappaya[6] Seed Carbohydrates, Steroids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpins and Saponins[14]. Curcumin, Turmeric oil, Terpenoids, 9. Curcuma longa Zingeberaceae Manjal Turmeric[6] Rhizome Curcumin (Terpene), Starch and Albumnoids[15]. Vitamin-C, Carotene, Nicotinic acid, Riboflavin, D-glucose, D-fructose, Myoinositol, a Pectin with D-galacturonic acid, Darabinosyl, D-xylosyl, L- rhamnosyl, G-glycosyl, D- manosyl, D-galactosyl, Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Indian Fruits 10. Nelli Embicol, Mucic and gooseberry[6] Phyllambic acid, Phellembin, Fatty acid, Leucodelphinidine, Procyanidin, 3-O-gallated Prodelphindin, Tannins, Ellagic acid, Lupeol and Oleanolic acid[16].

Peepul tree, Flavonoids, Amino acids 11. Ficus religiosa L Moraceae Arasu [6] Latex [17] Sacridfig and Tannins .

14 ISSN: 2455-944X Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. (2019). 4(2): 12-23 Volatile essential Fatty oils, Carbohydrate, Garden Lepidium Protein, Vitamin B- Brassicaceae cress, Seeds 12. sativum Aalivirai carotene, Riboflavine, Water [6] Niacin, Ascorbic acid, cress Flavonoids, Glycosides and Isothiocynates[18]. Glycyrrhizin, Glyciyrrhizic acid, Glycyrrhiza Indian Fabaceae Rhizomes Glycosides, Steroids, 13. glabra Athimathuram Jamaica [6] Glucose, Sucrose, Resin, liquorice Starch and Essential oil[19]. Vitamin A, Nicotinic acid, Ascorbic acid, Vitamin B, Fatty Horse acid, Glucose, Moringa raddish, 14. Moringaceae Murungai Seeds Sucrose, Citric acid, oleifera Drum Malic acid, stick[6] Succinic acid, Fumaric acid and Oxalic acid[20]. Alanine, L-Spinasterol, Arabic acid, Arginine, Amino acid, Aspargine, Black Aspartic acid, Carvone, Whole Nigella sativa Ranunculaceae cumin, Cystine, Cholesterol, 15. Karunjeeraaham plant Small Glutamic acid, Linoleic fennel[6] acid, Linolenic acid, Melanthin, Myristic acid, Oleic acid and Tannins[21]. Purpurin, Manjistin, Garancin, Purpuroxanthin, Resin, Rubia Indian Glucose, 16. Rubiaceae Manjitti [6] Root cardifolia Linn madder Sucrose, Triterpenes, Lucidine, Anthroquinine, Fattyacids and Gum[22]. Eugenol, Carvacrol, methyl ether, Carvacrol, Holy Ocimum Caryophyllene, Ursolic Basil, Leaves 17. sanctum Thulasi acid, Apigenin, Luteolin, Sacred Ascorbic acid, Carotene, basil[6] Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins and Tannins [23] Flowers Pongamol, Protien, Alkaloids, Pongamia Papilionaceae Indian Flowers Tannins, Sugar, Resin 18. pinnata Pungu Beech[6] and Fatty oil (Karanjin) [24].

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Flavanoids, Phenols, Saponins, Alkaloids, Strychnos Clearing Seeds Steroids, Tannins, 19. potatorum Thettran nut[6] Glycosides, and Lignins[25].

Polysaccharides, Balsamine, Catechin, Nasturtium, Tamarin, Phosphatidic Fruit acid, Phosphatidic choline, 20. Tamarindus indica Caesalpinaceae Puli Tamarind[6] pulp Ethanollamine, Serine, Inositol, Alkaloid, Citric acid, Tartaric acid and Pottasiumbitartrate[26]. Alkaloids (Somniferon), Withaminon, Wasamin, Sugars, Glycosides, Withania Solanaceae Winter Roots Amino acids, Essential 21. somnifera Amukkara Cherry[6] Oils, Withaniol, Hexatriacontane, Phyto sterol and oils[27].

Nephroprotective plants: Clade : Clade : 1. Aerva lanata Order : Sapindales Family : Rutaceae Kingdom : Plantae Subfamily : Aurantioideae Clade : Angiosperms Genus : Aegle Clade : Eudicots Species : marmelos[30] Clade : Core eudicots Order : Nephroprotective property: Family : Amaranthaceae Subfamily : Amaranthaceae Aqueous extract of the Aegle marmelos was Genus : Aerva administered with the doses of 250, 500 and 750 Species : lanata[28] mg/kg to the Wistar albino rats with gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. The aqueous extract of Aegle Nephroprotective property: marmelos shows a potent nephroprotective effect with normal serum creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen The ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata shows a potent level[31]. nephroprotective effect with cisplastin and gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity of either sex of white albino 3. Acorus calamus rats. The extract dose levels were with 75,150 and 300mg/kg shows with normal histopathology and Kingdom : Plantae biochemical parameters[29]. Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Monocots 2. Aegle marmelos Order : Acorales Family : Acoraceae Kingdom : Plantae Genus : Acorus Clade : Angiosperms Species : calamus[32]

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Nephroprotective property: Nephroprotective property:

The hydro alcoholic extract of Acorus calamus (HAE- On observing the clinical, experimental and AC, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) were given for 14 days immunological studies of Boerhaavia diffusa shows shows the nephroprotective effect[33] diuretic effect which is equivalent to furosemide. It increases serum proein level and decreases the 4. Anethum graveolens excretion of protein in nephrotic syndrome. Thus clinically it has been proved as a safer drug for Kingdom : Plantae nephrotic syndrome[39]. Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots 7. Cassia auriculata Clade : Order : Apiales Kingdom : Plantae Family : Apiales Clade : Angiosperms Genus : Anethum [34] Clade : Eudicots Species : graveolens Clade : Rosids Order : Fabales Nephroprotective property: Family : Fabaceae Genus : Cassia The aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens seeds Species : auriculata [40] with 0.5, 1 and 2g/kg/ body wt., p.o, for 8 days, shows a nephroprotective effect against gentamicin (80 mg/kg, i.p), induced nephrotoxicity in white albino Nephroprotective property: rats of either sex[35]. The alcoholic root extract of Cassia auriculata shows 5. Abutilon indicum a potent nephroprotective effect against cisplastin and gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity with normal blood Kingdom : Plantae urea and Creatinine levels and also the biochemical Clade : Angiosperms studies[41]. Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids 8. Carica papaya Order : Family : Malvaceae Kingdom : Plantae Genus : Abutilon [36] Clade : Angiosperms Species : indicum Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Nephroprotective property: Order : Brassicales Family : Caricaceae The Ethanolic extract of Abutilon indicum possess a Genus : Carica scavenging superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and Species : papaya[42] results reduction of lipid peroxidation in cisplastin induced nephrotoxicity shows a nephroprotective Nephroprotective property: effect on histopathological and biochemical [37] screening . An Ethanolic extract of Carica papaya shows Nephroprotective property of cisplastin (10mg/kg, 6. Boerhaavia diffusa i.p.) induced nephro toxicity was proven through gross behavioral studies, histopathological,renal function Kingdom : Plantae and biochemical studies. It also have scavenging Clade : Angiosperms activity, lipid peroxidation of kidney. Thus it shows Clade : Eudicots nephroprotective in nature[43]. Order : Caryophyllales Family : Nyctaginaceae Genus : Boerhavia Species : diffusa[38]. 17 ISSN: 2455-944X Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. (2019). 4(2): 12-23

9. Curcuma longa 12. Lepidium sativum

Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Monocots Clade : Eudicots Order : Zingiberales Clade : Rosids Family : Zingiberaceae Order : Brassicales Genus : Curcuma Family : Brassicaceae [44] Species : longa Genus : Lepidum Species : sativum [50] Nephroprotective property: Nephroprotective property: On treating with Curcumin in the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for 10 days in rats. It shows a potent The ethanolic extract of Lepidum sativum with nephroprotective effect on the histopathological and 400mg/kg shows a nephroprotective effect against [45] biochemical screening . cisplastin (5mg/kg, i.p.) induced nephrotoxicity [51]

10. Emblica officinalis 13. Glycyrrhiza glabra

Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Clade : Rosids Order : Malpighiales Order : Fabales Family : Malpighiales Family : Fabaceae Genus : Phyllanthus Genus : Glycyrrhiza [46] Species : emblica Species : glabra[52]

Nephroprotective property: Nephroprotective property:

The extract of Emblica officinalis shows a potent The extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra shows a potent nephroprotective effect with gentamicin nephroprotective effect with gentamicin [47] (150mg/kg/day) induced in female rats . (150mg/kg/day) induced in female rats[53].

11. Ficus religiosa L 14. Moringa oleifera

Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Clade : Rosids Order : Rosales Order : Brassicales Family : Moraceae Family : Moringaceae Genus : Ficus Genus : Moringa [48] Species : religiosa Species : oleifera[54]

Nephroprotective property: Nephroprotective property:

The methanolic extract of Ficus religiosa shows a The aquous ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera potent nephroprotective effect and curative effect with leaves (150 and 300 mg/kg) shows the potent cisplastin (5mg/kg, i.p.) induced nephrotoxicity with nephroprotective action against gentamicin induced [49] normal biochemical levels . nephrotoxicity[55].

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15. Nigella sativa 18. Pongamia pinnata

Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Clade : Rosids Order : Ranunculales Order : Fabales Family : Ranunculaceae Family : Fabaceae Genus : Nigella Genus : Pongamia Species : sativa[56] Species : pinnata[62]

Nephroprotective property: Nephroprotective property:

Nigella sativa oil (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ml/kg/day) was The ethanolix extract of Pongamia pinnata orally administered in rats with gentamicicin (80 flowers (300 &600mg/kg)was orally administeredin mg/kg/day i.m) induced nephrotoxicity. Thus the rats with cisplatin (5mg/kg ip) induced nephrotoxicity histo phathological and biochemical values shows that shows a potent nephroprotective effect with normal the oil of Nigella sativa have nephroprotective histopathological and biochemical screening[63]. effect[57]. 19. Strychnos potatorum 16. Rubia cardifolia Linn Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Clade : Asterids Order : Order : Gentianales Family : Loganiaceae Family : Rubiaceae Genus : Strychnos Genus : Rubia Species : potatorum[64] Species : cordifolia[58] Nephroprotective property: Nephroprotective property: The Ethanolic extract of seeds of Strychnos potatorum The hydroalcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia root shows nephroprotective effect against gentamicin possess the effect of nephroprotection against ethelene induced nephrotoxicity[65]. glycol induced urolithiasis which was proved by histopathological and biochemical screening[59]. 20. Tamarindus indica

17. Ocimum sanctum Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Eudicots Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Rosids Clade : Eudicots Order : Fabales Clade : Asterids Family : Fabaceae Order : Genus : Tamarindus Family : Lamiaceae Species : indica[66] Genus : Ocimum [60] Species : sanctum Nephroprotective property:

Nephroprotective property: The 70% aqueous ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica with a dose of 200mg/kg were given for three The seeds of Ocimum sanctum is useful in the [61] weeks with gentamicin 80mg/kg against treatment of urinary disorders . nephrotoxicity in male rabbit. The histopathological

19 ISSN: 2455-944X Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. (2019). 4(2): 12-23 and biochemical screening shows the potent 6. K.S.Murukaesa Mudhaliyar, Siddha Materia nephroprotective effect[67]. Medica (medicinal plants division), Indian medicine and homeopathy Dept, Chennai-600106 21. Withania somnifera 7. Annie Shirwaikar , Deepti Issac , S. Malini, “Effect of Aerva lanata on cisplatin and Gentamicin Kingdom : Plantae models of acute renal failure” Journal of Clade : Angiosperms Ethanopharmacology, 2004;9 :81–86. Clade : Eudicots 8. Kore KJ., Shete RV and Jadhav PJ., Clade : Asterids “Nephroprotective role of A. MARMELOS extract”, Order : Solanales International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Family : Solanaceae Chemistry, 2011; 1(3): 617-623. Genus : Withania 9. Palani S., Raja S., Praveen Kumar R., Soumya [68] Species : somnifera Jayakumar., Senthil Kumar B.,“Therapeutic efficacy of Pimpinella tirupatiensis (Apiaceae) on Nephroprotective property: acetaminophen induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in male albino rats”, International Cadmium induced nephro toxicity was prevented by Journal of PharmTech Research, 2009; 1 (3):925- Withania somnifera. Mice were given with cadmium 934. chloride with Aswagandha extract and Aswagandha 10.Pragati Srivastava, Rashmi Rao R, extract alone which was given (1.14g/kg body weight) Nephroprotective Effect of Anethum graveolens in for 20 days. lipid peroxidation shows that a Murine Model of Gentamicin induced Aswagandha has a ability of reducing nephro Nephrotoxicity, J Young Pharm, 2018; 10(2): 155- toxicity[69]. 158.pg no:1 11.Kakasaheb J. Kore, Dr. Rajkumar V.Shete. Effect of Abutilon indicum extract in gentamicin induced Conclusion nephrotoxicity, IJPRD,2011;Vol 3(7): October 2011 (73-79). In this review the authors provide certain numbers of 12.Surendra K.,Pareta., Kartik., Patra C., medicinal plants with its chemical constitutes which RanjeetHarwansh., Manoj Kumar., Kedar Prasad., helps to protect the kidney from nephrotoxic agents. Meena.,“Protective effects of Boerhaavia diffusa This review will provide footsteps for clinically in against Acetaminophen-Induced nephrotoxicity in nephrotoxicity patients. Rats”,Pharmacologyonline, 2011;2:698-706. 13.S. Annie, P.L. Rajagopal, S. Malini, “Effect of References Cassia auriculata Linn. Root extract on cisplatin and gentamicin-induced renal injury”, Phytomedicine , 12; (2005) 555–560. 1. Manavalan P and Gopal V.A. Comprehensive 14.Vinit Movaliyaa., Devang Khamarb & Manjunath Review on Neerizhivu Choornam - A Siddha Anti- Setty M., “Nephroprotective activity of aqueous Diabetic Polyherbal Formulation, Inter. j. of extract of roots in cisplatin induced phytotherapy, 2014; 4(1): 22-26. renal toxicity in rats”, Pharmacologyonline, 2011; 2. Narayanaswamy V. In: Introduction to the Siddha 1:68-74. System of Medicine. T. Nagar, Madras (Chennai): 15.Eduardo Molina-Jijon., Edilia Tapia., Cecilia Research Institute of Siddha Medicine; 1975. Zazueta., Mohammed El Hafidi., Zyanya Lucia 3. RamyaPydi et.al. Nephroprotective Medicinal Zatarain-Barron., Rogelio Hernandez-Pando., Plants – A review, International Journal of Omar Noel Medina-Campos Guillermo Zarco- Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2011; (1) Marquez., Ismael Torres., Jose Pedraza-Chaverri., 2:266-280. “Curcumin prevents Cr (VI)-induced renal oxidant 4. Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW. Disease of kidney, damage by a mitochondrial pathway”, Food and 5thed, 2, Published by Little Brown & Co,1993; Chemical Toxicology, 2011; FRB-10747: (1-15). 1031-1165. 16.http://farmacists.blogspot.com 5. Simmons C F,Bogusky R T, Humes H D, 1980 J of 17.Yogesh Chand Yadav., Srivastava D.N., Vipin Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Saini., SaritaSinghal., Seth A.K.,Sharadkumar., 214,709-15 Tejas K., Ghelani., Anujmalik.,“ Nephroprotective 20 ISSN: 2455-944X Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. (2019). 4(2): 12-23

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How to cite this article: Vijaya Nirmala R and Abinaya R. (2019). Effect of Nephroprotective potentials of Siddha Medicinal Herbs – A current status. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. 4(2): 12-23. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijcrbm.2019.04.02.003

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