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Leaf Structural Traits of Three Species of Qualea Mart

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Leaf Structural Traits of Three Species of Qualea Mart Ci. Fl., Santa Maria, v. 29, n. 3, p. 1082-1089, jul./set. 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509833080 ISSN 1980-5098 Artigos Submissão: 13/06/2018 Aprovação: 02/04/2019 Publicação: 30/09/2019 Leaf structural traits of three species of Qualea Mart. (Vochysiaceae) in a cerradão area in the Cerrado-Amazonian Forest transition Atributos estruturais foliares de três espécies de Qualea Mart. (Vochysiaceae) em uma área de cerradão na transição Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica Marcos José Gomes PessoaI, Jéssica Jeini GuisoniII, Priscila Fernanda SimioniI, Saulo PiredaIII, Vanessa XavierIV, Ivone Vieira da SilvaV Abstract Qualea genus is commonly found in different phytophysiognomies of the Brazilian Cerrado, growing in open ecosystems to closed forest areas, under high irradiances, fires, low availability of nutrients and seasonal water deficit. We compared the leaf structural traits ofQualea grandiflora Mart., Qualea multiflora Mart., and Qualea parviflora Mart., in a cerradão area in the Cerrado-Amazonian forest transition. Leaf samples were collected at Mário Viana Municipal Biological Reserve, in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso state, Brasil, and processed according to the usual techniques for optical microscopy. Thick cuticle, stomatal ridges, stomata distributed between the stomatal crypts, density and distribution of tector trichomes, hypodermis, isobilateral mesophyll with few intercellular spaces, abundance of sclerenchyma associated to vascular bundles and the presence of vascular bundle sheath extensions are typical anatomic traits of xerophytic environments. We found qualitative structural differences among the species, with Qualea grandiflora having stomata with ridges distributed among stomatal crypts, and the presence of a hypodermis in Qualea multiflora, and Qualea parviflora. The results suggest that the species are xeromorphic in the region of Cerrado-Amazonian transition having leaf adaptive traits to deal with the environmental variations of their habitat. Keywords: Xeromorphic characters; Leaf anatomy; Ecological anatomy Resumo Qualea é um gênero comumente encontrado em diferentes fisionomias do cerrado brasileiro, crescendo em ecossistemas abertos até áreas florestais fechadas, sujeitos à alta irradiância, incêndios, baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes e deficit hídrico sazonal. Comparam-se aqui, atributos estruturais foliares deQualea grandiflora Mart., Qualea multifloraMart., e Qualea parviflora Mart., em uma área de cerradão na transição entre os biomas Cerrado-Amazônia. Amostras foliares foram coletadas na Reserva Biológica Municipal Mário Viana, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso – Brasil, e processadas segundo as técnicas usuais para microscopia óptica. Cutícula espessa, cristas estomáticas, estômatos distribuídos entre as criptas estomáticas, densidade e distribuição dos tricomas tectores, hipoderme, mesofilo isobilateral com poucos espaços intercelulares, abundância de esclerênquima associado aos feixes vasculares e presença de extensões de bainha do feixe vascular são atributos anatômicos típicos de ambientes xerófilos. Encontraram-se diferenças estruturais qualitativas entre as espécies, com Qualea grandiflora apresentando estômatos com cristas distribuídos entre criptas estomáticas, e a presença de hipoderme em Qualea multiflora, e Qualea parviflora. Os resultados sugerem que as espécies são xeromórficas na região de transição Cerrado-Amazônia e que possuem atributos foliares adaptativos para lidar com as variações ambientais do seu habitat. Palavras-chave: Caracteres xeromórficos; Anatomia foliar; Anatomia ecológica I Biólogo(a), Msc., Doutorando (a) em Biologia Vegetal pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, Nº 524, PHLC, Sala 229 B, CEP 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. [email protected] (ORCID: 0000-0001-7424-2449) / [email protected] (ORCID: 0000-0002-1395-2866) II Bióloga, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Perimetral Rogério Silva, s/n, Jardim Flamboyant, CEP 78580-000, Alta Floresta (MT), Brasil. [email protected] (ORCID: 0000-0002-8779-0126) III Biólogo, Msc., Doutor em Biociências e Biotecnologia pela Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 - Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Brasil. [email protected] (ORCID: 0000-0002-2315-6492) IV Bióloga, Mestranda em Ecologia de Recursos Naturais pela Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 - Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes – (RJ), Brasil. [email protected] (ORCID: 0000-0002-8054-8978) V Bióloga, Drª., Professora Adjunto da Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Agrárias, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Perimetral Rogério Silva, s/n, Jardim Flamboyant, CEP 78580-000, Alta Floresta (MT), Brasil. [email protected] (ORCID: 0000-0003-0281-0608) Esta obra está licenciada sob uma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License. Pessoa, M. J. G.; Guisoni, J. J.; Simioni, P. F.; Pireda, S.; Xavier, V.; Silva, I. V. 1083 Introduction Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome, surpassed only by Amazonian Forest, and is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots due to its high number of endemic species that are threatened by habitat loss (MITTERMEIER et al., 2005). The term Cerrado has a regional connotation in Brazil, whereas the word “savanna” is more generic and widely applied to distinct types of savanna vegetation around the world (BATALHA; MANTOVANI, 2000). The Cerrado biome possesses forest, savanna and grassland formations (RIBEIRO; WALTER, 2008). Savanna formations constitute almost half of the Cerrado region (SILVA et al., 2006). Among the forest, savanna and grassland formations of Cerrado it is possible to find transitional vegetation subjected to different edaphic, climatic and pedological conditions (MARIMON-JUNIOR; HARIDASAN, 2005; RIBEIRO; WALTER, 2008), conferring to the biome recognition as the richest savanna in the world (MITTERMEIER et al., 2005). Cerradão is a forest formation of Brazilian Cerrado with sclerophyllous characteristics (RIBEIRO; WALTER, 2008). Occurs in both dystrophic and mesotrophic soils (MARIMON- JUNIOR; HARIDASAN, 2005) and its plants are subjected to different environmental conditions, such as seasonal fires, well-weathered soils with low nutrients availability and variation in the solar radiation (REATTO et al., 2008). Morpho-anatomical characteristics of plants are strongly influenced by environmental factors, particularly those associated with irradiance, amount of rainfall, soil type and elevation (FERREIRA et al., 2015). These factors vary in space and time and may act as conditioning factors for the establishment and growth of different plant species (FAHN, 1986). Leaves are the most exposed plant organs to these environmental conditions, and their modifications have been interpreted as adaptive responses to environmental changes (FAHN, 1986). Anatomical studies have revealed a great amount of variation in leaf structure of woody Cerrado species (ARIANO; SILVA, 2016; SIMIONI et al., 2017), mainly as a response to variation in light intensity, soil nutrient content and seasonal effects (JUSTO et al., 2005), which can, consequently, affect water use efficiency and carbon fixation (ROSSATO; HOFFMANN; FRANCO, 2009). We have considered that comparative studies have been increasingly used to diagnose how plants would respond to changes in the environmental conditions of their original habitat, and the possible adaptive strategies and the lack of anatomical and ecological studies for plant species in the region of transition between Cerrado and Amazonian Forest. Thus, this study aimed to compare the leaf structural traits of Qualea grandiflora, Qualea multiflora, and Qualea parviflora, in order to identify characteristics that confer to these species adaptive advantages in a Cerradão area in the transition between Cerrado and Amazonian biomes. Material and methods Leaf samples were collected in an area of Cerradão located at Reserva Biológica Municipal Mário Viana, in the municipality of Nova Xavantina (14º41'S, 52º20'W), in the eastern Mato Grosso state, a transition area between the Cerrado and Amazonian Forest biomes (MARIMON- JUNIOR; HARIDASAN, 2005). The area is a conservation unit of approximately 500 ha, has an average elevation of 340 m, and is characterized by savanna and forest physiognomies typical of Cerrado and pre-Amazonian Forest formations (MARIMON et al., 2006). The terrain is flat to softly-undulating. The soils of the region are classified as Red- Yellow Latosol and Yellow Latosol, predominantly dystrophic, alic, deep and well drained with a medium texture (REATTO et al., 2005). The soils in the study area have pH < 5, low levels of calcium and magnesium, and high levels of exchangeable aluminum (MARIMON-JÚNIOR; HARIDASAN, 2005). The climate is Aw, with an average annual rainfall of 1.600 mm and an average annual temperature of 24.4°C, with two distinct seasons: a cold dry season from April to September, and a warm and rainy season from October to March (ALVARES et al., 2013). Ci. Fl., Santa Maria, v. 29, n. 3, p. 1082-1089, jul./set. 2019 Leaf structural traits of three species of Qualea Mart. (Vochysiaceae) in a ... 1084 The study species, Qualea grandiflora, Qualea multiflora and Qualea parviflora, are part of the woody component of the Cerrado phytophysiognomy in Reserva Biológica Municipal Mário Viana (MARIMON-JÚNIOR; HARIDASAN, 2005). Five individuals of each species
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