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CARLISM MUSEUM SCOPE 1 THE CARLISM AS A HISTORICAL MOVEMENT

Carlism: history and memory A wave of counter-revoluti onary The Carlism, a long history The Carlism is a historical movement movements The Carlism is a movement integrated that originated and developed in the past, Europe experienced a large number of in the European counter-revolutionary with a continuous presence in the collec- counter-revolutionary movements at the phenomenon. Both share some main fea- tive memory. The necessary time per- end of the 18th century and the beginning tures, such as the defense of the monar- spective and the historical reflection al- of the , and these acquired a chy and religion and the opposition to the low us to contemplate nowadays its evo- different nature depending on the time revolutionary rationalism. However, the lution until 1977. and place. In France, the Vendée and the Carlism has a characteristic feature: its Chouannerie, the Miguelite Wars in Por- duration in time. Its ability to adapt al- The revoluti on tugal, the Viva María and Sanfedistas in lowed its survival while the rest of coun- The term ‘revolution’ refers to the pro- Italy, and the Royalist movement and the ter-revolutionary movements faded dur- found changes that both Europe and Carlism in . ing the second half of the 19th century. North America experienced during the second half of the 18th century. It was a Ideas to defend a past world Navarra and the Carlism time in history when the privileges of the The led to the emer- Geographically, the Carlism became a pop- nobility and clergy were suppressed, the gence of a series of counter-revolution- ular movement in the north of Spain, in principles of freedom and equality were ary theorists who based their ideas in a particular in the Basque Country, Navarra introduced and a former strand of thoughts. and , and it was also welcomed and an implementation of a constitution- These included the English Edmund in other prominent areas in Valencia and al law were achieved. Burke (1729-1797) and the French Joseph Aragón, and at certain moments in his- de Maistre (1753-1821) as well as the Ab- tory, in Andalucía as well. This territori- Against the revoluti on bot Barruel (1741-1820). ality remained almost unaltered, chang- Part of the society at the time did not per- In Spain, the influence of these theo- ing only the volume of of this ceive these changes in a positive way. The rists was clearly perceived after the out- movement. Navarra represented one of ar- privileged sectors of the former Regime, break of the Independence War (1808) eas most intimately linked to the history of the nobility and clergy, as well as peas- thanks to the propaganda activity exer- Carlism, given its location, the identifica- ants and craftsmen showed an open op- cised by renowned religious such as Loren- tion with the idea of the defence and position for different reasons, and resist- zo Hervás (1735-1809), Francisco Alvarado the strategic possibilities derived from its ed the new social order. (1756-1814) and Rafael Vélez (1777-1850). geographical proximity to France.

2 SCOPE 2 THE CRISIS OF THE FORMER REGIME AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CARLISM

Spain before 1808 rebellion represented in fact an answer In arms to defend the King The ruling of Charles IV (1748-1819) was against the foreign occupation, and gave The end of the Independence War also marked by the French Revolution. an unequivocal national nature to the In- meant the triumph of the absolutism in In 1793 the Spanish started dependence War (1808-1814). the person of Ferdinand VII. However, a war against the revolutionary France. the revolutionary turn in 1820, and the The defeat forced the Spanish throne to The Europe created of the Constitution of Cádiz, ally with the French, situation that lat- by the Congress of Vienna triggered a royalist armed insurgency, er on, under , led to a conflict After Napoleon had been defeated, the which, despite not succeeding in restor- with England and the defeat of Trafalgar great European powers met during the ing the prior absolute King prerogatives (1805). In 1807 the Treaty of Fontaine- Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) to restore of Ferdinand VII, opened the way to the bleau was signed, officially recognising the political balance in the continent. French troops of the Holy Alliance, the the presence of French troops in Spain. Within this context, the of Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, Austria, Prussia and Russia constituted and meant the restoration of absolutism. Against France, defending God, the Holly Alliance, a union with a clear re- the King and the fatherland ligious character and with the main goal Royalist insurgencies against In 1808 there was a rebellion against of establishing the political bases on the Ferdinand VII the imperial troops in defence of the de- defence of the absolutist monarchies. Al- There were several ultra-absolutist in- throned King Ferdinand VII (1784-1833), though Spain did not constitute a Europe- surgencies during the last decade of Fer- who had just succeeded his father, and in an power at that moment, Ferdinand VII dinand’s VII ruling. The most important defence of an endangered religion. This clearly represented this type of monarchy. one was the movement of the Cataloni-

3 an malcontents (1827). For the first time there was a split among the members who had until then supported the King, and it is considered the origin of a radical differentiated line of thought who prefig- ured the Carlism.

A legal confl ict: the issue of succession The Carlism originated as a result of the legal dispute between Ferdinand’s VII Laya (foxough) Commemorative medal Pragmatic Sanction with brother and daughter, the Car- of the one hundredth force of law decreed by Iron | XVIII-XIX. anniversary of the x the King Carlos IV at the los María Isidro and Princess Isabella, It belonged to Francisco of Cádiz, 1812. On the request of the General over their legitimate right to the Spanish Espoz y Mina (1781-1836). obverse of the medal, Courts in 1789 and ordered throne. In 1789 the Pragmatic Sanction there is an equestrian to be published by his was used by Ferdinand VII to ensure the ‘In regard to the two representati on of the Regent Majesty . succession of his infant daughter Isabel- referred objects, please General Alburquerque. know that are dearly On the reverse of the , 1830. la, by allowing female succession to the regarded and appreciated medal there is a female throne. In this way, Carlos and the ul- since it is one of the two allegory of the Consti tu ti on tra-royalists were excluded from power. foot ploughs used by my that reads POLITICAL March 1830: Ferdinand VII publishes the husband to work his lands CONSTITUTION OF THE Pragmatic Sanction, which was approved before he fought in his SPANISH MONARCHY 1812, utmost eff ort to free the with the legend EXIRENUM by the parliament in 1789 and could not country from the shameful PROPUGNACULUM be enacted by Charles IV. The Pragmat- threat of foreign invaders, HISPANIAE AUTONOMICE. ic Sanction put an end to the Salic Law, changing his quiet and Ribbon with the Spanish whereby allowing female succession to virtu ous occupati on as a fl ag colours and a central the Spanish throne. As a result, the in- farmer for the honourable green rosett e. military career’. Lett er from fant Carlos María Isidro would be exclud- Espoz y Mina’s widow to Silver. ed from the throne succession line if his the Director of the Royal brother Ferdinand VII had children. Arti llery Museum of La October 1830: Princess Isabella is Coruña, 1852. born. September 1832: Ferdinand VII, ill and feeling under pressure by the gov- ernment, which was forecasting a civil war, repeals the Pragmatic Sanction. October 1832: Ferdinand VII, feeling unexpectedly recovered, cancels the de- cree repealing the Pragmatic Sanction. June 1833: the Infant Isabel swears as Princess of . September 29th 1833: Ferdinand VII dies. Isabella II, who was a minor, is pro- claimed Queen, and her mother, Maria Christina becomes regent Queen. The in- fante Carlos María Isidro did not accept his niece as legitimate Queen and this was the origin of the .

4 SCOPE 3 FIRST CARLIST WAR

Navarra aft er the First Carlist War It was embroidered by After the Convention of Vergara, the par- Doña María Francisca liament approved the Regulation on the de Braganza de Borbón, wife of Carlos V, at the Confirmation of the Fueros (Navarra and beginning of the war Basque provinces) on October 25th 1839. campaign in 1833. It was In this way, a process was initiated in an used by the Honor Guard attempt to reconcile the fueros with the escort. During the Second new liberal regime. The result was the ap- Carlist War, Carlos VII handed it to the Royal Royal banner proval of the Compromise Act in Navarra Corps of Mounted Guards. on August 16th 1841, known as ‘Ley Paccio- Generalísima flag of the Army of Carlos V The Infante nada’, which modified the Fueros status, Carlos María Isidro whereby Navarra was transformed from On the obverse, painted a kingdom into a foral province in Spain. medallion of Our Lady of Vicente López Portaña Sorrows with the legend. (Valencia, 1772- Madrid, This law was in force until 1982. 1850). GENERALÍSIMA OF THE ARMY OF CV Oil on canvas. Informati on in the interacti ve On the reverse, Royal Ca. 1823. of Spain and Collecti on of the Nati onal Golden Fleece. Museo del Prado. Madrid. Ott oman and silk velvet fi eld and silver and golden General Zumalacárregui silver metallic threads. Gustavo de Maeztu y Sequins and glass beading Whitney (Vitoria, 1887- in the shield embroidery. Estella, 1947). Fringe with golden metallic Paper coloured litography. thread. Graphic arts Fournier. 1936. Collecti on of the Carlist Party -EKA. Collecti on of the Council of Estella. Museo Gustavo de Madrid, 1830. Maeztu . Estella. Navarra.

5 SCOPE 4 INTERWAR PERIOD 1845-1872 Informati on in the interacti ve

6 SCOPE 5 SECOND CARLIST WAR

The zouaves were a class butt ons with the monogram The image of the pretender of light infantry soldiers of Carlos VII. Golden braids Transforming a complete stranger born linked to Algeria recruited in cuff s and collar. Captain abroad into a valid political candidate, by the French army in General rank insignia. who would become as well the icon of the Invasion of Algiers Wool and cott on lining. the defense of tradition, was the extreme in 1830. As of 1840 their difficult task that the Carlists undertook units were fully composed Ca. 1875. by French soldiers who in the person of Charles VII. The build- kept the Moorish sty le Collecti on of the Carlist ing of the image of the pretender was of uniform. The papal zouaves Party -EKA. a vital importance to propose his candi- were volunteer soldiers It is considered to be part dacy. The relevance that he acquired in defending the Papal States of the uniform that Carlos the different areas of the social and polit- in 1860. VII wore during the Batt le of This uniform belonged to Lácar (February 3rd 1875). ical life was closely linked to the need of Papal Zouave uniform transforming him into the symbol of the don Alfonso Carlos, who The uniform consists served in this unit obtaining Car lism. The projection of his image, his of kepi, vest with black the rank of Lieutenant. He anagram and his name literally filled all piping, golden butt ons created a unit of zouaves kind of scenarios and media. and embroidered red soldiers during the Second lati n cross. Short jacket Carlist War, who were part Informati on in the interacti ve with black piping, golden of their royal guard. cording and golden butt ons on the sleeves and black butt ons on the cuff s. Hand fan Pleated baggy trouser. Under the legend THE Sash (replica), belt (replica) LEGITIMATE KINGS, and gaiters (replica). portraits in ovals of Ma Hooded coat lined in red, de las Nieves, Carlos de decorated with cording on Borbón, Jaime de Borbón, the slit of the pockets, on the Margarita de Borbón and lower seem and on the front. Alfonso de Borbón. On the obverse, the legend GOD Double- breasted butt on FATHERLAND AND KING. rows with four golden Dolman ‘Attila’ Wooden sti cks and guards butt ons each. Blue jacket with black and leafs of printed and braided rosett es in the Wool and cott on cloth. painted paper. back. Braid trimming in the Collecti on of the Carlist front and double breasted Collecti on of the Carlist Party -EKA. butt oning with seven Party -EKA.

7 SCOPE 6 THE ART DURING WAR

Battle of the First Battle of Lácar Carlist War Enrique Estevan y Vicente Francisco de Paula Van (Salamanca, 1849-Madrid, Halen y Maff ei (Vic, 1927). 1810-Madrid, 1887). Oil on canvas. The priest Santa Cruz Oil on canvas. 1886. Elías Salaberria (Lezo, 1841. 1883-Madrid, 1952). Oil on canvas. Ca. 1928.

8 SCOPE 7 THE CARLISM BETWEEN CENTURIES

The Carlism in ti mes of peace unifying role of all the anti-revolutionary the party was based on the redefinition The Restoration (1874) meant the re- sectors that had played during the Sexenio of their ideology, the press (El Correo Es- turn of the Bourbon monarchic dynas- Revolucionario [six year revolutionary pañol starts being published in Madrid), ty to Spain, in the figure of Alphonse XII, period] (1868-1874), since the new mon- the different publications, the prolifera- son of Isabella II. This situation and the archy guaranteed the order and the pri- tion of assemblies, their active propagan- end of the Second War (1876) brought a macy of the Catholic Church. This result- da and on an increase of social presence. change to the Carlism as a movement. ed in different internal tensions between The traditionalist circles acquired a con- On the one hand, a war period that had Carlists and fundamentalists that de- siderable relevance and became the cen- started in 1833 ended, forcing the party rived in the fundamentalist split (1888). tre of the party life. The Marquis of Cer- (the Communion) to adapt to a new time ralbo (1845-1922) was the Carlist leading where the war was not the first way to Time for a politi cal transformati on figure at the time. express ideas. The most important Car- The fundamentalist split represented a list representative during this time was severe blow to Carlism, and the move- Times of violence Cándido Nocedal, (1821-1885), support- ment struggled to recover by going un- and internal tensions ed by the newspaper El Siglo Futuro. On der a total reorganisation and adopting After the crisis in 1898, there were at- the other hand, the Carlism had lost the new strategies. The modernisation of tempts of insurgency inside the Carlist

9 sculptor Eusebi Arnau movement, without any relevant result. collaborated regularly with The started with a new this workshop. It is as well a impulse to the party organisation, and parti cularly relevant piece the development of activities targeting for the Carlism given its meaning and its close link young people. These activities, like hik- to the pretender Jaime III. ing and target practice, which had main- The grip consists of a ly a physical exercise nature, acquired dragon with two fi gures a certain paramilitary overtone and in represented: Spain 1912 were the origin of the requeté, a symbolised by a female group which was aligned with the mass fi gure dressed with a tu nic politics and the climate of violence that and mural , and a Carlist soldier holding a were common during the interwar pe- sabre at rest with his right El Correo Español. riod between the two World Wars. After hand and a fl ag with the Traditionalist journal. Charles’ VII death in 1909, in Varese (Ita- royal coat of arms with January 6th 1894. No. 1598. ly), his son Jaime III had to face the inter- his left hand. In the centre nal opposition exercised by Juan Vázquez the dragon wears a shield enameled with three fl eurs de Mella. The different points of view re- de lys and on the base of garding the conservative , the scabbard the Carlist which were in the process of being cre- Sword of Honour of legend God, Fatherland, ated at that moment, the union of right Jaime III King in diamonds. forces and the First World War (1914- Gilt metallic guard, inlaid 1918) led to the schism mellista in 1919, with diamonds, citrine and the creation of the Catholic Tradi- quartz, rubies and fi re tionalist Party. enamels. Damascus steel blade | Black leather scabbard, with golden throat and chape. Eusebi Arnau (sculptor) – Masriera Hermanos (jewellers). Royal Arms Factory of Toledo, 1910. Private collecti on. Portrait of Carlos VII This sword of Honour was given to Jaime de Borbón Enrique Estevan y Vicente on January 15th 1911 by a (Salamanca, 1849- Madrid, Carlist commission led by 1927). the of Solferino, who Oil on canvas. travelled to the castle of Frohsdorf, residence of the Dedicati on on the upper pretender. left corner that reads: It is a piece of great ‘To my dearest and always value given its quality faithful. Tudela: and precious materials, E. del Casti llo de Piñeyro’ executed by the workshop of the brothers Masriera, 1880. one of the most important Collecti on of the Carlist representati ves of the Party -EKA. Catalan modernism. The

10 SCOPE 8 THE SECOND REPUBLIC (1931-1936)

The Traditi onalist Communion vs the ciency, activity and membership of these teaching was abandoned in favour, under reformism of the Second Republic organisations was spectacular. The mili- any political circumstance, of large land- The new republican regime accepted the tary tradition of the Carlism was strength- owners. This subordination to the inter- challenge of overcoming the common en moving quickly from their rejection to ests of big property led them to oppose the problems of Spain in modern history: an the reforms fostered by the republicans republican legislation on land, as shown elitist political system, militarism, privi- to the conspiracy and their participation by the activity of the National Catholic leges of the Catholic Church, centralism and the brutal repression of republicans, Land Confederation, which grouped thou- and large landownership. The Traditiona- working class, rural left political move- sands of rural banks and catholic unions list Communion openly opposed to all the ments and nationalists during the war. in the rural world. The representation of reforms fostered by the Republican Gov- landless labourers was practically inexist- ernment in 1931-1933: a democratic con- Traditi onalist ideology ent for the traditionalist politics. stitution, a land reform, the separation be- The Traditionalist Communion was tween Catholic Church and State, and as closely linked to the defence of the val- of June 1932, a rejection of the autonomy ues of the Catholic Church, the tradi- in the Basque provinces and Navarra and tional family and a religious education at Catalonia. school. It supported the capitalist order, large landownership, the public order The politi cal and military and the army, as well as the diverse char- reorganisati on of the Traditi onalist acters of the regions within the undisput- Communion ed Spanish sovereignty. This group of ide- The Traditionalist Communion consti- as was assumed by the whole traditional- tuted an authentic modern party organi- ist movement as an inalienable heritage sation: circles, regional and local assem- intimately linked to their identity, which blies, female organisations ‘margaritas’ had to be protected by all possible means. General Statute of the Basque State approved and youth organisations ‘pelayos’, press in the great Assembly of and an armed organisation, the requeté. The Traditi onalist Communion Basque Villages held in The Traditionalist Communion was pres- and the agricultu ral issue Estella (Lizarra) on June ent in many professional associations, so- When the Second Republic arrived, the 14th 1931. cioeconomic organisations, sports and ideology that the Carlism had defended Bilbao, E. Verdes Achirica leisure organisations. As of 1934, the effi- for decades based on the catholic social Press, 1931.

11 SCOPE 9 THE CIVIL WAR (1936-1939)

The politi cs of violence and political forces loyal to the Republic. coup, or who were participating as volun- as of July 1936 The Carlist authorities, together with the teers, in July 1936 became part of com- The traditionalist Communion backed insurgent army, the Guardia Civil and the bat units, the Tercios, and integrated in up the coup in July 1936, as it represented Falange Española, played a decisive role the insurgent army commanded by the the much awaited opportunity of putting in the bloody repression, with an active Generals Mola and Queipo de Llano. The an end to the government and the repub- involvement from the Carlist General As- Carlist militias played a major role in the lican regime. In the areas controlled by sembly of Navarra. insurgent plans and were decisive in the the military insurgents, Galicia, Navarra, victory during the campaign of the war , Castile and some areas in Andalu- The parti cipati on in in the North against republican forces. sia and ; there was a fierce politi- the nati onal insurgent army Around 60,000 Carlists fought during cal repression against the republican vot- Thousands of Carlists who were part the war as soldiers, commanded by Gene- ers, the public representatives and union of the requeté organisations before the ral Franco since summer 1936.

12 The politi cal subordinati on of the Carlism during the war The traditionalist Communion soon lost its independent nature once they were part of the counter-revolutionary coa- lition. The fact that their militias were assimilated into the regular army units and the ban on the creation of a Carlist Military Academy constituted previous steps towards an integration of the Tra- Guidon flag of the requeté of ditionalist Party into the sole legal politi- With this symbol cal party, and it merged with the Falange On the obverse, coat of you will rule arms of Pamplona fl anked Española y de las JONS in April 1937. Al- by Carlist soldiers: bugle Gustavo de Maeztu though the Carlism persisted as an ide- Uniform of soldier, standard bearer a requeté official (Vitoria-Gasteiz, 1887- ology, it was impossible to avoid the col- and infantry soldiers. Above Estella-Lizarra,1947). lapse of their political and organization- the coat of arms the legend (1936- Oil on canvas. al structure. ‘GOD, FATHERLAND, KING’ 1939) | Collecti on of the on the base ‘REQUETÉ OF Foundati on Jaureguízar. 1937. PAMPLONA’. Museum of Tabar. Navarra. Collecti on of the Museum On the reverse, the image The uniform consists of the of Navarra. Pamplona. of St. Michael of Aralar and following pieces: the coat of arms of the fi ve Red beret with an eight- merindades [administrati ve pointed star and badge term] of Navarra, from with the nati onal colours the left to the right, Olite, and the coat of arms of Tudela, Pamplona, Estella the Carlist Traditi onalist and Sangüesa, oil painted Communion. Wool and and legend on the upper enameled aluminium. part Reading ‘NOR JAUNGOIKOA BEZALA Shirt with the legend CTC, [Who else but God]’. rank sign, détente bala charm and the emblem of This piece is linked to the the 61st division of the Army organisati on of the requeté Corps of Navarra. Cott on and the margaritas in and wool cloth. Navarra during the years prior to the Spanish Civil Baggy trousers. Cott on. War. Straps to hold the weapon case. Leather. Field in white sati n silk. Oil painted moti ves. White socks (replica). Golden metallic thread Boots. Leather. fringe. It belonged to Renato Sáez On the obverse, signatu re Bermejo, commander of of María Isabel Baleztena. the Tercio of Oriamendi, a Carlist unit from Vizcaya in First quarter of the 20th the Army Corps of Navarra. centu ry. Reverse. Margarita with the banner fl ag of the requeté of Pamplona.

13 SCOPE 10 SEARCHING FOR THE PIECES OF THE TRILEMMA (1939-1957)

Convinced but disgruntled llo in Pamplona in 1945; the confinement ers, which created division and several In April 1939, the Carlism was for the and exile of Mauricio de Sivatte, 1939 and splinter factions: octavistas (followers of first time on the winning side. Some of 1940; José Luis Zamanillo, 1943, and the Charles VIII)–Carloctavistas–, Infanta’s their members joined enthusiastically Carlist chief delegate, Manuel Fal Conde Blanca son and Charles’ VII grandson, Franco’s regime, actively cooperating in –Ferreries, 1941–). The regent, Javier de which split up in 1943 and with a back- the creation and implementation of new Borbón , was captured by the nazis ground in the cruzadistas since 1932, but institutions, and participating in the re- and sent to Dachau. who had received the support of Fran- pression of those who had lost the war. co’s regime until 1948.His brother Anto- For many Carlists, some of the most im- Throne pretenders nio was also a pretender from 1953 until portant goals of the Carlist traditional- The figure of the King had disappeared 1961 as Charles IX); juanistas (who were ism had been achieved. However, other after the death of Alphonse Charles I on supporting Juan de Borbón, Alphonse’s part of the movement rejected the Uni- September 29th 1936. The Javier XIII son), also supported by Rodezno and fication, as it was considered negative de Borbón Parma was then regent while other leaders in Laussane in 1946 and against the restoration of which was a suitable candidate was selected, but definitely later in 1957 in Estoril ‘Estori- considered a traditional Spain and start- this made the institution lose their uni- los’–); there was also another Carlist sec- ed to show open opposition to the as- fying power, and although he was not ex- tor which considered the monarchic as- similation into the Franco regime, feel- cluded from the succession line, he was pect as something incidental (followers ing somehow a defeat in that victory, al- not decisively selected as pretender un- of Mauricio de Sivatte –sivattistas– since though they had not suffered the repres- til 1952. During those years, as a rejection 1948. In 1958 they created the Regencia sion that was inflicted on the losers. The to the regent, and under the protection Nacional y Carlista de Estella (RENACE), conflicts with FET y JONS increased (Be- of the Francoist Succession law issued which was persecuted for their open op- goña, August 16th 1942; plaza del Casti- in 1947, there were different pretend- position to Franco’s regime)

14 The Carlist masses The internal tension and the absence of a real leading figure led to discouragement and disorganization among the Carlists. It officially did not exist as a movement, their communication means were either hijacked or incorporated into the media of the regime, their organisations faded, many circles were closed and all public structures disappeared except the Conse- jo Nacional de la Comunión Tradiciona- lista, which was created in 1947. There were as well some clandestine Boletín de Orientación ¡Volveré! Portavoz de la Discourse and opinion groups, as the AET at University, and Tradicionalista [Bulletin of Comunión Carlista [I will sent by the Nati onal some documents criticizing the regime Traditionalist Approach] return! Agent of the Carlist Board of the Traditi onalist Communion] Communion on behalf of Second period, No. 5, as the Manifestación de ideales (1939) the Spanish Carlists to March 1950. Year VII, No. 118, January were published. H.R.H. the Regent Prince 25th 1954. The Carlists, with no politi- Orientación Press, Madrid. Don Francisco Javier de cal structures and either opposed to the Madrid. Borbón-Parma y Braganza new regime, or convinced about their tri- on May 30th 1952 during Collecti on of Jesús Martín his stay in for the umph, assumed the preservation of the Alías. XXXV Eucharisti c Nati onal memory of their movement against the Congress. authorities, which tried to attract them into their regime and also tried to take ownership of their memory. Montserrat, Quintillo, Villarreal, Haro or Montejurra, gathered these memories and held reli- gious ceremonies. Some other Carlists, more committed to the cause, tried to en- courage revisions and made some critical comments, but since the late fifties.

15 Collaborati onism and presentati on of Carlos Hugo In the fifties the Carlism agreed to ap- proach the Regime to achieve the suc- cession to the Spanish throne within the Francoism. In 1955 Manuel Fal Conde was replaced by Javier de Borbón Parma him- self and a General Secretariat led by José María Valiente, José Luis Zamanillo and Juan Sáenz-Díez. In 1957, the Junta de Gobierno de la Comunión Tradicionalis- ta was created. In 1960, Valiente was ap- pointed chief delegate and Zamanillo gen- eral secretary and in January 1965 Javier de Borbón Parma assumed definitely his role as pretender. This approach to the re- gime led to certain reluctance and also to a greater official tolerance: creation of the Círculo Cultural Vázquez de Mella in Ma- drid (1959) and, from there extended to all Spain; Hermandad Nacional de Anti- guos Combatientes de Tercios de Requetés (1962); Hermandad del Maestrazgo, of Ramón Forcadell (1962), or the Nation- al Carlist Congress in 1966 which estab- lished the bases to exercise the opposition. Some trade unions were created, such as the (Movimiento Obrero Tradicionalis- ta, MOC, Murcia 1963) and there were le- gal publications issued by the publishing house SUCCVM in Zaragoza, and an ex- tended periodical press (Siempre, 1958; Azada y Asta, 1960; Montejurra, 1960). It was in this context when the intro- duction of Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma as took place in Monte- jurra (1957). An active Secretariat consist- ing of Ramón Massó, Ángel Romera, José Mª de Zavala, Pedro Echeverría, José An- tonio Parrilla and Celestino García Mar- cos, launched a presentation and promo- tion campaign that included his residence in Madrid, his wedding to Irene of the Netherlands (1964) and other several SCOPE 11 activities. All members of the royal Carlist WITH OR AGAINST FRANCO family participated in this process. (1955-1968)

16 Ideological clarifi cati on Looking for a and resistance the Carlist masses A clear tendency at this stage was the ar- This renovation activity coincided in time rival of young people who had not had any with an expansion phase of the Carlism, relation with the Spanish Civil War, and masses of people gathering and a great- whose innovative proposals and activi- er presence in the media. The ‘javieris- ties from the AET were supervised by the mo’ encouraged the political affiliation, Secretariat with the support from Carlos and the channels for consultation and Presentation of Hugo de Borbón Parma. Pedro José Za- participation. The magazines or the sup- Carlos Hugo in Montejurra bala and the group in Zaragoza encour- port received by newspapers such as El Ignacio Ipiña. aged the ideological reflection since the Pensamien to Navarro since 1966, made Oil on Canvas. mid-seventies, and started a process of all these efforts visible, overcoming the ‘ideological clarification’, approaching a obstacles from splinter factions and an 1957. great part of the Carlism to socialist and increasing rivalry to take ownership of Carlism Museum. self-governance ideas. This group also their symbols and memory. In an atmos- based their reasoning in the ideas fos- phere of politicization, the ‘javierismo’ tered by the Second Vatican Council and took distance from the traditional mod- in the popular calls appealing for an ide- els, and called on an active participation. ological revision. This led to new divisions, but also to a po- The ideology based on the chances-col- litical learning process that was the seed laboration was progressively replaced by of new trade unions and political leader- a policy marked by the evolutionism and ship. the opposition, led by José María de Zav- ala. In 1968 Valiente was dismissed and the Carlism started its restructuration as a political party. This process generated suspicion and distrust in the Secretariat, which was dis- Margaritas. The crusade solved between 1966 and 1967, and also of the Carlist women crashed with more traditional factions, No. 17. which gradually divided and created Barcelona. their own organizations, sometimes with the support of the official regime. One of the most critical factions was led by Fran- cisco Elías de Tejada, separated since 1962, or by José Luis Zamanillo, since 1963. Other members promoted differ- ent groups, such as the Juntas Depura- doras and the Juntas de Defensa del Carl- ismo, el Círculo Aparisi y Guijarro, or the Centro de Estudios Históricos y Políticos General Zumalacárregui. This line was also supported by the Hermandad del Maestrazgo de Ramón Forcadell, and the figure of Sixto Enrique, Javier de Borbón Montejurra Parma’s son became his reference. Year III, No. 36, February. 1968.

17 SCOPE 12 THE CARLISM. BETWEEN THE TRADITIONALISM AND THE OPPOSITION TO FRANCOISM (1968-1977)

From javierismo to carloshuguismo The regime blocked some of the pub- or graffiti writing, and also due to violent In December 1968 the royal Carlist fam- lications issued by the Carlism, and even attacks by the Grupos de Acción Carlista ily was expelled from Spain. The ‘javie- fined some of them (for instance, the (GAC) who at the time held contact with rismo’ abandonned all support to the Re- carlist publication Esfuerzo Común pub- ETA. The Carlism also participated in the gime and promoted an ideological evo- lished in Zaragoza, was ironically re- trade union world, with the MOT and then lution, internally, by organizing differ- ferred to as ‘Secuestro común’ [common the FOS (Federación Obrera Socialista) ent Carlist congresses in Arbonne (1970, hijacked]). Another publication, El Pen- both closely related to CC.OO. 1971 and 1972), which were the origin to samiento Navarro, abandoned the ‘javier- The Carlist Party encouraged a total the Carlist Party and assumed socialist ismo’ in 1970 to align with traditionalist rupture with the regime and a democra- and self-governance principles. External- sectors until it disappeared in 1981. tization by socialist and self-governance ly, they participated in opposition plat- The Franco regime supported some ideas. They carried out an intense propa- forms against the Francoism, (Junta De- traditionalist options, like the Herman- ganda activity and published many doc- mocrática, Plataforma de Convergencia dad del Maestrazgo of Ramón Forcadell. trinal publications. The party focused on Democrática, Coordinación Democrática The opposition activity of the Carlism led the greatest possible activism in a struc- Española and Plataforma de Organismos to several arrests and processes as a re- ture of political fronts and assumed the Democráticos). sult of the participation in demonstration defense of a broad system of regional

18 autonomies, in line with their ‘foralis- The Hermandad del Maestrazgo tionalist followers to other political par- ta’ heritage. Nevertheless, the weight of was renamed Unión Social Monárqui- ties with Parliamentary representation. their historical tradition was a burden ca in 1975, Frente Institucional in 1976 The traditionalist sector, supported by for the new ideology to be accepted. and Partido Social Regionalista in 1977. Sixto Enrique and some internation- In the general elections in June 1977, Zamanillo promoted the Unión Nacion- al ultra-right movements launched the the Carlist Party was one of the few par- al Española, which was legalized in 1976 ‘operación ’, confirmed in ties which was not legalized, and they and later merged with Alianza Popular, the symbolic location of Montejurra. Al- participated through different platforms and the Comunión Tradicionalista was though the tension was clear, the Gov- that blurred their profile features (Mon- legalized in February 1977. In most cases ernment did not intervene, and on May tejurra. Fueros. Autonomía. Socialismo. Sixto Enrique led these movements, spe- 5th 1976 the activity of the aforemen- Autogestión, in Navarra and Guipúzcoa; cially after the of his father, tioned ultra-right movement caused Agrupación Electoral Carlista in Palencia Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma (1975). two deaths (Ricardo García Pellejero or Valladolid and Electors Carlins del Pais and Aniano Jiménez Santos) and several Valencià in Castellón). The outcome was Decline and confl ict wounded among those who had attend- extremely poor results. There was an open conflict between fac- ed the event organized by the Carlist Par- tions which supported a traditionalist ty. Some of the guilty were arrested but The Carlist traditi onalism ideology and those supporting a renew- they were amnestied in 1977. Those who during the Spanish Transiti on al of ideas. This rivalry was apparent in died in Montejurra were only recognized The splinter factions supporting tradi- the media, manifestos and political pam- as terrorism victims in 2003. tionalism that could participate in the phlets and progressively derived in phys- general elections did not obtain good re- ical violence. There was also a constant sults either. exit both from the Carlist Party and tradi-

Enbata Maestrazgo. God, Informe Montejurra´76 Fatherland, No. 455, May 12th Fueros, King Bayonne, Gayaumet. 1977. 1977. Year I, No. 1, July Imp. Photograv. du 1972. Sud-Ouest, Baiona. Castellón de la Plana, Mialfo.

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