Characterizing Soils for Hazardous Waste Site Assessments
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Formación De Neologismos En Ciencia Del Suelo
Formación de neologismos en Ciencia del Suelo Formation of Soil Science neologisms Formação de neologismos em Ciência do Solo AUTORES Received: 01.06.2012 Revised: 19.06.2012 Accepted: 20.06.2012 @ 1 Porta J. [email protected]. cat RESUMEN 2 Desde el Congreso de Roma de 1924, en el que la comunidad cientí!ca decidió utilizar la expresión Villanueva D. Soil Science en lugar de Pedology o Edaphology, no se ha llegado a establecer criterios para la formación en español de neologismos referentes! "# al estudio del suelo."$%#& En inglés, los nuevos términos se forman dando prioridad a la raíz griega ! " frente a la raíz # . Este criterio, que se ha consolidado !!"#" con el uso, no tiene en cuenta que en griego el término se"$%#& re!ere al suelo sobre el que se anda y @ Corresponding no al suelo en el que crecen las plantas, expresado por el término # . En el presente trabajo, desde Author una perspectiva etimológica, semántica y de pragmática lingüística, se proponen criterios para la 1 Sociedad Española formación de neologismos en español o al establecer equivalencias en español de voces introducidas de la Ciencia del en inglés. El análisis se basa en voces de autoridad; en elementos etimológicos; en aspectos de am- Suelo. Universitat de Lleida. Rovira Roure bigüedad fonética y ortográ!ca; en la revisión de equivalencias entre términos similares en español, 191, 25198 Lleida, inglés y francés; en el ámbito universitario; en la denominación de las sociedades y revistas cientí!cas; España. y en aspectos de buen gusto idiomático en determinados ámbitos geográ!cos del español. -
National University of Engineering Ge111
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM GE111 – EDAPHOLOGY I. GENERAL INFORMATION CODE : GE111 – Edaphology SEMESTER : 5 CREDITS : 03 HOURS PER WEEK : 04 (Theory – Practices – Laboratory) PREREQUISITES : GE102 – Geography CONDITION : Mandatory II. COURSE DESCRIPTION Concept and importance of edaphological soil and its interest for Engineering. Detailed knowledge of the components, physical and chemical properties, genesis, classification and principles of cartography, of natural soils and anthropogenic urban soils. Principle of soil evaluation, as a starting point in studies of environmental planning, territorial planning and environmental impact assessment. Finally, it is intended that students understand the importance of soil as a non-renewable resource and the degradations to which its inappropriate use leads; It is also intended to train in the corrective and rehabilitating measures of degraded soils. III. COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course the student will: Organizes data for proper analysis and interpretation and calculations (soil densities, physical chemical and biological properties). Explains and determines the genesis of the soil, the physical properties of the soil, geo reference, physiographic units. Understand and apply densities, to determine the consistency of the soil, the probability of resistance in an earthquake. Interpret and perform types of soil sampling to take to the laboratory to determine their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Build models to determine the degree of contamination, is determined by the parameters, using the LMOs, ECAs, In soils. IV. LEARNING UNITS 1. SOIL GENESIS / 4 HOURS Objective of soil science: Interest in Engineering. Genesis. Pedological and edaphological approach. Factors of soil formation. Climate action. Properties of the soil affected by the climate. -
Soil Quality: Why and How?
Geoderma 114 (2003) 145–156 www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma Soil quality: why and how? Douglas L. Karlena,*, Craig A. Ditzlerb, Susan S. Andrewsa a USDA-ARS National Soil Tilth Laboratory, 2150 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011-4420, USA b National Soil Survey Center, 100 Centennial Mall North, Lincoln, NE 68508-3866, USA Abstract The soil quality concept evolved throughout the 1990s in response to increased global emphasis on sustainable land use and with a holistic focus emphasizing that sustainable soil management requires more than soil erosion control. The concept includes two areas of emphasis—education and assessment—both based soundly on principles of soil science. Soil quality test kits, farmer-based scorecards, visual assessment procedures, fact sheets, and video presentations were developed as educational materials because many people have no basis to recognize, understand or appreciate the complexity of soil resources. Assessment tools for indexing soil quality at various scales were pursued to show the multiple functions (e.g. nutrient and water cycling, filtering and buffering of contaminants, decomposition of crop residues and other organic matter sources, and recycling of essential plant nutrients) that soils provide as the foundation for sustainable land management. Worldwide research and technology transfer efforts have increased awareness that soil resources have both inherent characteristics determined by their basic soil formation factors and dynamic characteristics influenced by human decisions and management practices. Soil quality assessment and education are intended to provide a better understanding and awareness that soil resources are truly living bodies with biological, chemical, and physical properties and processes performing essential ecosystem services. -
1 Depth of the Vadose Zone Controls Aquifer Biogeochemical Conditions and Extent of Anthropogenic Nitrogen Removal Szymczycha B
Depth of the vadose zone controls aquifer biogeochemical conditions and extent of anthropogenic nitrogen removal Szymczycha B1, 2*, Kroeger KD2, Crusius J3, Bratton JF4 1Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland 2USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 3USGS at UW School of Oceanography; 1492 NE Boat St.; Box 355351; Seattle, WA 98195 4LimnoTech, 501 Avis Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA *corresponding author Keywords: Excess air, recharge temperature, MIMS, groundwater discharge, dissolved organic carbon, denitrification Abstract We investigated biogeochemical conditions and watershed features controlling the extent of nitrate removal through microbial dinitrogen (N2) production within the surficial glacial aquifer located on the north and south shores of Long Island, NY, USA. The extent of N2 production differs within portions of the aquifer, with greatest N2 production observed at the south shore of Long Island where the vadose zone is thinnest, while limited N2 production occurred under the thick vadose zones on the north shore. In areas with a shallow water table and thin vadose zone, low oxygen concentrations and sufficient DOC concentrations are conducive to N2 production. Results support the hypothesis that in aquifers without a significant supply of 1 sediment-bound reducing potential, vadose zone thickness exerts an important control of the extent of N2 production. Since quantification of excess N2 relies on knowledge of equilibrium N2 concentration at recharge, calculated based on temperature at recharge, we further identify several features, such as land use and cover, seasonality of recharge, and climate change that should be considered to refine estimation of recharge temperature, its deviation from mean annual air temperature, and resulting deviation from expected equilibrium gas concentrations. -
Soils and Soil-Forming Material Technical Information Note 04 /2017 30Th November 2017
Soils and Soil-forming Material Technical Information Note 04 /2017 30th November 2017 Contents 1. Introduction to Soils ........................................................................................................................ 2 2. Components and Properties of Soil ................................................................................................ 7 3. Describing and Categorising soils .................................................................................................. 29 4. Policy, Regulation and Roles ......................................................................................................... 34 5. Soil Surveys, Handling and Management ..................................................................................... 40 6. Recommended Soil Specifications ................................................................................................ 42 7. References .................................................................................................................................... 52 “Upon this handful of soil our survival depends. Husband it and it will grow our food, our fuel, and our shelter and surround us with beauty. Abuse it and the soil will collapse and die, taking humanity with it.” From Vedas Sanskrit Scripture – circa 1500 BC The aim of this Technical Information Note is to assist Landscape Professionals (primarily landscape architects) when considering matters in relation to soils and soil-forming material. Soil is an essential requirement for providing -
Vadose Water
Nimmo J R. (2009) Vadose Water. In: GeneAuthor's E. Likens, personal (Editor) copy Encyclopedia of Inland Waters. Volume 1, pp. 766-777 Oxford: Elsevier. Vadose Water J R Nimmo, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. Introduction the porous medium in an oven until the weight is constant, and then calculate how much water was The term vadose is derived from the Latin vadosus, in the soil from the difference between the dry weight meaning ‘shallow.’ In this sense, however, it refers to and the initial wet weight. Other methods in wide- shallow depths beneath the land surface, not shallow spread use have advantages, such as being less disrup- portions of surface water bodies. The vadose zone is tive. Neutron scattering is commonly used for frequently called the unsaturated zone, and some- monitoring y as a function of depth in the field. This times the zone of aeration, as its pore space usually method is based on the high effectiveness of water, contains air as well as water. The vadose zone extends among the various components of the wet soil, in from the land surface to the water table (the lowest slowing neutrons. Commercially available equipment water table if there is more than one). has a neutron source and detector housed in a cylin- Prediction of the transport rates of water and other drical probe that can be lowered to various depths in substances within the vadose zone is critical to infil- a lined hole. Another way to monitor y in the lab or tration, runoff, erosion, plant growth, microbiota, field is by measurement of the dielectric constant of contaminant transport, aquifer recharge, and dis- the medium, usually by time-domain reflectometry charge to surface water. -
Unsaturated Zone Flow Processes, in Anderson, M.G., and Bear, J., Eds., Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences: Part 13--Groundwater: Chichester, UK, Wiley, V
Nimmo, J.R., 2005, Unsaturated Zone Flow Processes, in Anderson, M.G., and Bear, J., eds., Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences: Part 13--Groundwater: Chichester, UK, Wiley, v. 4, p. 2299-2322, doi:10.1002/0470848944.hsa161, http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ehs/articles/hsa161/frame.html. 150: Unsaturated Zone Flow Processes JOHN R NIMMO United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, US Water flow in the unsaturated zone is greatly influenced by unsaturated hydrostatics (water content, energy, pressure, and retention) and by unsaturated hydrodynamics (diffuse flow and preferential flow). Important multiphase processes include the transport of gases, nonaqueous liquids, and solid particles. Numerous means are available for determination of unsaturated conditions and properties, both measurement (of moisture state, water retention, and dynamic characteristics) and through various formulas and models that are mostly empirical in nature, but in some cases incorporating insight into unsaturated-zone physical processes. Applications to practical problems include models and techniques relating to distributions of water and energy, fluxes at the land surface, inputs, outputs, and fluxes within the unsaturated zone, all of which are frequently complicated by heterogeneity and preferential flow. Further scientific advance requires new measurement techniques and theoretical constructs that more adequately represent the important physical processes within practical modeling schemes. INTRODUCTION flow. The next section presents techniques for obtaining quantitative values of properties that influence unsaturated The unsaturated zone, sometimes called the vadose zone or flow, by direct measurement and by indirect means. The zone of aeration, plays several critical hydrologic roles. As third major section describes some of the main hydrologic a storage medium, it is a zone in which water is immediately applications related to flow in the unsaturated zone. -
Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: an Indian Commentary
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280114947 Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary ARTICLE · JULY 2015 DOI: 10.2136/sh14-08-0011 DOWNLOADS VIEWS 21 27 1 AUTHOR: Tapas Bhattacharyya International Crops Research Institute for Se… 110 PUBLICATIONS 848 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Tapas Bhattacharyya Retrieved on: 19 August 2015 provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by Published July 17, 2015 Review Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary T. Bhattacharyya,* P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, and D.K. Pal More than 50 yr ago US soil taxonomy was adopted in India. Since then many researchers have contributed their thoughts to enrich the soil taxonomy. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) as a premier soil survey institute has been consistently using benchmark soil series to understand the rationale of the soil taxonomy, keeping in view the soil genesis from different rock systems under various physiographic locations in tropical India. The present review is a humble effort to present this information. ne of the fundamental requirements of any natural science minerals, higher categories of soil classification were conceptu- Ois to classify the proposed bodies or the objects stud- alized (Duchaufour, 1968). The concept of genetic profiles was ied (Joel, 1926). Soils do not exist as discrete objects like plants used in early and current Russian soil classification schemes and animals but occur in nature as a complex and dynamic (Gerasimov, 1975; Gorajichkin et al., 2003). -
Basic Soil Properties
Soil: Definition and Basic Properties Allen Hayes, Soil Scientist, NCDA, Division of Soil & Water Conservation Soil Defined: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service ▪ “Soil…is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface, occupies space, and is characterized by one or both of the following: ▪ horizons, or layers, that are distinguishable from the initial material as a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy and matter ▪ or the ability to support rooted plants in a natural environment.” (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) Soil Defined: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service ▪ “…a natural body…” ▪ Forms naturally in terrestrial ecosystems ▪ Not man-made Soil Defined: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service ▪ “comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases…” Soil Defined: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service ▪ “…occurs on the land surface,…” ▪ “…occupies space…” ▪ Has “horizons, or layers, that are distinguishable from the initial material as a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy or matter, or ▪ Has “the ability to support rooted plants in a natural environment” Soil Formation (briefly) ▪ Soil vs. Dirt ▪ Soil forming factors ▪ Parent material, climate, biology, relief and time ▪ North Carolina has about 400 soil series ▪ United States has about 20,000 soil series Soil Defined ▪ “Nature has endowed the Earth with glorious wonders and vast resources that man may use for his own ends. Regardless of our tastes or our way of living, there are none that present more variations to tax our imagination than the soil, and certainly none so important to our ancestors, to ourselves, and to our children.” -Dr. -
Evaluating Contaminant Flux from the Vadose Zone to the Groundwater in the Hanford Central Plateau: SX Tank Farm Case Study
PNNL-23737 RPT-DVZ-AFRI-026 Evaluating Contaminant Flux from the Vadose Zone to the Groundwater in the Hanford Central Plateau: SX Tank Farm Case Study September 2015 M.J. Truex M. Oostrom G.V. Last C.E. Strickland G.D. Tartakovsky PNNL-23737 RPT-DVZ-AFRI-026 Evaluating Contaminant Flux from the Vadose Zone to the Groundwater in the Hanford Central Plateau: SX Tank Farm Case Study M.J. Truex M. Oostrom G.V. Last C.E. Strickland G.D. Tartakovsky September 2015 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Executive Summary At the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Hanford Site, contaminants were discharged to the subsurface through engineered waste sites in the Hanford Central Plateau. Additional waste was released through waste storage tank leaks. Much of the contaminant inventory is still present within the unsaturated vadose zone sediments. The nature and extent of future groundwater contaminant plumes and the growth or decline of current groundwater plumes beneath the Hanford Central Plateau are a function of the contaminant flux from the vadose zone to the groundwater. In general, contaminant transport is slow through the vadose zone and it is difficult to directly measure contaminant flux in the vadose zone. Predictive analysis, supported by site characterization and monitoring data, was applied using a structured, systems-based approach to estimate the future contaminant flux to groundwater in support of remediation decisions for the vadose zone and groundwater (Truex and Carroll 2013). The SX Tank Farm was used as a case study because of the existing contaminant inventory in the vadose zone, observations of elevated moisture content in portions of the vadose zone, presence of a limited-extent groundwater plume, and the relatively large amount and wide variety of data available for the site. -
Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil Fertility
Agriculture 2013, 3, 629-659; doi:10.3390/agriculture3040629 OPEN ACCESS agriculture ISSN 2077-0472 www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture Review Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil Fertility Thomas W. Culliney Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA-APHIS, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-919-855-7506; Fax: +1-919-855-7595 Received: 6 August 2013; in revised form: 31 August 2013 / Accepted: 3 September 2013 / Published: 25 September 2013 Abstract: In terms of species richness, arthropods may represent as much as 85% of the soil fauna. They comprise a large proportion of the meso- and macrofauna of the soil. Within the litter/soil system, five groups are chiefly represented: Isopoda, Myriapoda, Insecta, Acari, and Collembola, the latter two being by far the most abundant and diverse. Arthropods function on two of the three broad levels of organization of the soil food web: they are plant litter transformers or ecosystem engineers. Litter transformers fragment, or comminute, and humidify ingested plant debris, which is deposited in feces for further decomposition by micro-organisms, and foster the growth and dispersal of microbial populations. Large quantities of annual litter input may be processed (e.g., up to 60% by termites). The comminuted plant matter in feces presents an increased surface area to attack by micro-organisms, which, through the process of mineralization, convert its organic nutrients into simpler, inorganic compounds available to plants. Ecosystem engineers alter soil structure, mineral and organic matter composition, and hydrology. -
Influence of the Vadose Zone on Groundwater Pollution- a Review DOI:10
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sri Shakthi SIET Journals /ijceae1916 ARTICLE 34256 REVIEW REVIEW Influence of the vadose zone on groundwater pollution- A review DOI:10. Banajarani Panda a, S. Chidambaram b* a Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India -608002. b Research Scientist, Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait. *Corresponding Author ABSTRACT: The vadose zone is the geologic profile that lies between the water table and sabarathinam.chidambaram@ the ground surface. It has low water content relative to the saturated zone and commonly gmail.com referred as the unsaturated zone. Recharge to the water table passes through the vadose (S. Chidambaram) zone and understanding transport through this region is critical in groundwater pollution studies. Groundwater pollution is controlled by a number of physical and chemical Received : 26-03-2019 processes which may retard or transform contaminants as they pass through the vadose Accepted : 05-05-2019 zone. Porous materials hold water under tension as a component of soil structure, ambient fluid pressures and other factors. When vadose zone water content is below saturation, leakage liquid as well as the dissolved materials passed on in it are retained. Hydrologically, the depth of unsaturated zone plays an important role in controlling water movement and contaminant transport from the land surface to the aquifer. The purpose of this study is to present an overview of the principles of fluid flow and moisture retention in the vadose zone and its influence on groundwater pollution. The study is presented in two parts: Part I includes descriptions of zones of soil moisture, basic principles of properties controlling the fluid distribution in pore spaces and how subsurface soil properties can be used to assess the leachate mobility.