TERENO A network of terrestrial long-term observatories in Germany

Steffen Zacharias Long-Term Perspective – The Keeling Curve

C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, R. B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann, and H. A. Meijer, Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects, SIO Reference Series, No. 01-06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 88 pages, 2001.

Keeling, C.D., T.P. Whorf, M. Whalen and J. van der Plicht. 1995. Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980., Nature 375:666–670,

Page 2 Long-Term Perspective II – Decline of Moths in the Alice Holt Research Forest

Forestry Commission Research Note. 2008. The Environmental Change Network at Alice Holt Research Forest, www.forestresearch.gov.uk

Page 3 Long-Term Perspective III – Characteristic Time Scales for Climate Changes and Coupled Ecological and Social-Economical Processes

IPCC 2001, Synthesis Report

Page 4 Temporal Variability

100.00

g/L] g/L]

µ µ

Pmax - Value 15 [ 15

15 [ 15 1.00

- - - -

PAHPAH

0.10

0.01 Dec 93 Dec 94 Dec 95 Dec 96 Dec 97 Dec 98 Dec 99

Time Entscheidung basierend auf Tagesmessung

Grundwasserkörper ist ungefährdet Grundwasserkörper ist gefährdet

Page 5 Why do we need a long-term perspective in environmental monitoring?

• To improve the system understanding (temporal scales, complex interactions), • To identify relevant processes, • To determine “Exceptionality”, • To develop and validate describing models, • To predict/prognose developments in the observed systems – to identify “pattern” and to recognize potential significant trends early, • To test and optimize options for control, measures, and strategies for adaption

And thereby

• As precondition for a sustainable use of natural resources.

Page 6 Environmental Monitoring – General Challenges

• Identification and parametrization of system-relevant, physical/chemical/biological processes, • Scale -bridging and scale-dependent interactions, • Spatial heterogeneity of natural systems, • Temporal variability of natural processes, • Limited accessibility, • Spatial extension of systems to be observerd.

Page 7 „Cascade of Uncertainty“

Emission Scenario Climate Forcing Global Climate Regional Climate Regional Impact Impact Assessment Change Change (downscaling) Uncertainty

Nach Viner, D. (2002): A Qualitative Assessment of the Sources of Uncertainty in Climate Change Impacts Assessment Studies: A short discussion paper, Advances in Global Change Research, 10, 139-151. - verändert

Page 8 Model Uncertainty and Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring – Reducing sources of model uncertainty, • Uncertainties regarding boundaries of the systems to be observed • Uncertainties regarding interactions between observed variables and errors of abstraction (e.g. by making false assumptions of system interactions) • Uncertainties regarding the parametrization (calibration)

Insufficient, incomplete, or misleading monitoring and observation strategies are an essential source of uncertainties both in model development and model prediction

Page 9 Long-Term Environmental Monitoring – “Cinderella Science” (Nisbet, 2007)

• The required long-term funding is often difficult to ensure.

• Gain of scientific knowledge demands a “long breath”.

• The standards regarding a long-term quality assurance are high.

• “’Pure’ Monitoring” versus “Discovery Science”

Nisbet, E. 2007. Earth monitoring: Cinderella Science. Nature 450:789-790

Page 10 Climate Change in Germany

Source: R. Glaser 2008: Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas – 1200 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen mit Prognosen für das 21. Jahrhundert.

Page 11 TERENO – an initiative of the Helmholtz Association

• To provide long-term environmental data in a multi-scale and multi-temporal mode

• To study long-term influence of land use changes, climate changes, socioeconomic developments and human interventions in terrestrial systems

• To analyse the interactions and feedbacks between soil, vegetation and atmosphere from the point to the catchment scale

• To determine effective parameters, fluxes and state variables for different scales

• Bridging the gap between measurement, model and management

Page 12 TERENO – The concept

• To bring together scientists from different scientific communities and to integrate disciplines HYDROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY

• To exploit the availability of novel technologies and high performance computer facilities for terrestrial research

• To establish common measurement platforms as the basis for long term data GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE sets OBSERVING SYSTEMS BIOLOGY PEDOLOGY • To combine observation and experimentation

• To foster synergies within the research SOCIOECONOMIC area Earth and Environment and between ASPECTS Helmholtz-centers and national and international research organizations

Page 13 TERENO – an initiative of the Helmholtz Association

• Research Centre Jülich (FZJ) – TERENO Coordination

• Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - (UFZ)

• Research Center Karlsruhe (FZK)

• German Aerospace Centre (DLR)

• Helmholtz Centre Munich (GSF)

• Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ)

Page 14 Organization structure Scientific Steering Committee Representatives of the involved Helmholtz Centres Advisory Board Independent experts and cooperation partners TERENO Coordination Heye Bogena (FZJ) Steffen Zacharias (UFZ) Harald Kunstmann (FZK) Mike Schwank (GFZ)

Coordination Teams

CT Atmosphere CT Environmental Sensing

CT Biosphere CT Data Management

CT Pedosphere CT Integrative Modelling

CT Hydrosphere

Page 15 Remote Sensing Platform

Hyperspectrum imagery campaigne 2008

Page 16 TERENO Vision and Challenge Prediciting terrestrial processes from remote information

Multi-scale observations Terrestrial Processes using non-invasive and novel Technologies Evapotranspiration Data Fusion SMOS Upscaling

SAR

Soil moisture Runoff

Weather- Radar

Super Computing Radio- meter

EM Data management Modelling Visualization

Page 17 Boundaries and Gradients vs. related research topics

Soil Moisture • Land use options Temperature Precipitation • Land management strategies Emission Urbanity • Habitat differentiation and biodiversity … • Mitigation potentials and limits of political Political borders structures Habitat borders Soil Type Pattern • Effects on water quality Flood Areas Groundwater Catchment • Socio -economic impacts Land Use Intersections … • Runoff and flood generation

• Soil erosion

• … Page 18

TERENO at the UFZ The /Central German Lowland Observatory

Page 19 The Hydrological Observatory

Page 20 Hydrological Observatory Bode Intensive Research Sites and Nested Monitoring Approach

Blöschl &Sivapalan HP 1995

Page 21 The Bode Catchment & Intensive Research Sites

Magdeburg

Großes Bruch

Halle Nested Monitoring and Data Assimilation Concept

Samaniego et al., 2009

Page 23 Hohes Holz Improve understanding of energy, water and trace gas exchange in a changing environment

Page 24 TERENO-ICOS

• ICOS Mission: “To provide the long-term observations required to understand the present state and predict future behavior of the global carbon cycle and greenhouse gas emissions.” • 5 TERENO sites obtained additional funding to meet demands of ICOS standards • TERENO is partner in ICOS-D

Page 25 Forest Site “Hohes Holz”

Improve understanding of energy, water and trace gas exchange in a changing environment:

net fluxes of energy and trace gases • Eddy-flux tower for observation of energy-, water- (eddy covariance) wind speed and direction and CO2-exchanges • Observations of water interception in crown and net and global radiation (direct, diffuse, reflected) litter, stem flow and throughfall, comparison to soil moisture pattern • Modeling of soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer ° air temperature (at several levels) processes canopy C interception

H2O- and CO2- concentration (at several levels)

photosynthetic active stem radiation temperatures (below at several levels stem and above canopy) sap flow flow precipitation (below and above canopy) forest floor interception °C soil heat flux, soil temperatures, soil moisture, soil respiration beech, birch & oak mixed forest

Page 26 Opening of ICOS forest site Hohes Holz

After almost five years of planning, several bureaucratic obstacles, and time- consuming, unpleasant surprises (the first and already procured tower was not allowed to be erected) the last of the three TERENO-ICOS sites in the Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory was opened in Summer 2014.

• 50 m tower in a nature protection area in the Magdeburger Börde • Measurement of all components of the water and carbon cycle in a mixed beech forest (heigth ~ 40 m).

Page 27 Temperate forest ecohydrology at TERENO site ‘Hohes Holz’

Ecohydrological observatories at the ‘Hohes Holz’ site are set up in three different tree clusters composed of different species and different understory cover with identical sensors.

Research keywords/ topics/ questions: • Organization & time-stability of rainfall partitioning patterns • What properties influence partitioning of flow at different vertical levels? • Detecting seasonal cycles of sub-canopy rainfall organization. What are the implications under changing seasonality? • How temporally stable are re-organized sub- canopy rainfall patterns? „Hohes Holz“ Intensive TERENO site • Tracing rainfall partitioning patterns • How are the patterns of rainfall partitioning projected onto soil moisture and the deeper subsurface? • What are implications for deep percolation?

Friesen, J., A. Köhler, A. Hildebrandt. 2011

Page 28 Intensive Site “Schäfertal Catchment“ Understanding the Functioning of the Terrestrial System Using Novel Observation and Modelling Techniques

. Monitoring & modelling of water fluxes at the small catchment scale . Biodiversity monitoring . Soil -landscape modelling

Page 29 Intensive Site “Schäfertal Catchment“ Understanding the Functioning of the Terrestrial System and Landscape Water Balance Using Novel Observation and Modelling Techniques

 lysimeters

 wireless soil water content monitoring network

 geophysical monitoring campaigns

 cosmic ray probes

point scale  airborne & space borne remote sensing (e.g. F-SAR & hyper- spectral RS campaigns)

Multi-scale approach for monitoring soil water content (& snow) small catchment scale

Page 30 Wireless Sensor Network for Soil Moisture Observation

Hillslope Scale

Monitoring of soil moisture dynamic at the hill-slope scale using novel methods - mobile EMI and wireless SM sensors

Page 31 Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensors (CRS) for Soil Moisture Observation • Representative field mean value of soil moisture • Continuous • Passive • Non-invasive • Low maintenance • Remote data transfer

Page 32 Intensive Site “ Dam” Understanding of dissolved organic carbon flux at the catchment scale

Page 33 Cross-continental consistency in DOC increase

Increase in DOC in >70% of studied lake systems

Monteith et al. 2007. Nature 450: 537-541

Page 34 Flux of dissolved organic carbon on the catchment scale Loss of organic carbon from soils

Schulze & Freibauer. 2005. Nature 473: 205-206

Loss of SOC: 66 - 550 g C m-2 a-1 (equals 8% of UK emmission of CO2 = CO2 reduction 1990-2002)

Page 35 Intensive Site “Rappbode Dam” Understanding of dissolved organic carbon flux at the catchment scale

• One of the intensive testsites within the hydrological observatory Bode • Integrative research on DOC dynamics in surface water systems (impact of land use and climate change on DOC dynamics and transformation processes) • Close collaboration with local water supply companies

temperature, conductivity, turbidity, nitrate, DOC

Page 36 TERENO SoilCan

• Experimental infrastructure to observe long-term effects of land use change and climate change on soils • Exchange of soil cores within the TERENO observatories along existing climatic gradients and in accordance with the projected climate change • 126 lysimeters across all TERENO observatories (30 lysimeters at three sites in the Harz/Central German Lowland observatory) • One of the experimental platforms for the EU-FP7 Project EXPEER (Distributed Infrastructure for EXPErimentation in Ecosystem Research)

Page 37 Intensive Test Site “Selke” Integrated field experiments to evaluate the factors controlling water flow and redox conditions in the hyporheic zone

Page 38 Intensive Site “Selke River” WESS /

Field monitoring & field laboratory • quasi -continuous monitoring of heads, temperature and EC in streambed and adjacent aquifer • travel time distributions from EC time series and ‚smart‘ (reactive) tracer techniques • high -resolution online oxygen profiling • field manipulations by e.g. pumping

after: Ingendahl, Borchardt, et al. 2009, Aquatic Sciences, 71:399-410 Schmidt, Vieweg, Trauth, Musolff, Fleckenstein et al. A. Künzelmann Online Water Quality Measurement Stations

Page 40 Water Quality Gradient within the River Network Example: SRP Rainscanner

Page 42 Identifying mechanisms and drivers: mesocosm experiments

Norf, Weitere, et al. 2011

Page 43 First Year of operation – The Global Change Experimental Facility

One of the largest experimental infrastructures in the world to observe the coupled effects of land use and climate change

Constructional Design (mobile roofs and walls) allows the manipulation of precipitation and simulation of drought. During night a warming of the plots can be achieved.

Page 44 Biodiversity and ecosystem function research

Baessler, C., M. Frenzel, S. Klotz. 2011 Assessment targets • Land use and landscape structure (based on GIS) • Soil (type, depth, quality, water retention) • Vegetation analyses (145 permanent plots - composition, productivity, functional types) • Organism groups (protocols of EU projects BIOASSESS and GREENVEINS) • Vascular plants → primary producers (overall biodiversity indicators) • Bees, Hoverflies → important pollinators (ecosystem service agents) • Butterflies → popular indicators for habitat quality, pollinators (TMD – Tagfalter Monitoring) • Birds → highly mobile, sensitive to Schäfertal – Extent of the biodiversity landscape context, integrative on monitoring site landscape scale • Genetic variation of selected species (microevolution; sensitive to landscape structure and land use intensity)

Page 45 Biodiversity Monitoring - Sites

Magdeburg

Arable land Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Halle

Leipzig

Page 46 Network of the palaeo-archives within TERENO Analysis of the long-term climate dynamics and landscape development

Eifel, NE-Germany & Lake Ammer • Work in progress at GFZ in cooperation with external partners and contributions from FZJ

Harz • Work in progress at UFZ in cooperation with TU Dresden • Work in progress at GFZ in cooperation with DAI and Uni Göttingen

Lake sediments

Tree rings

Page 47 Remote sensing plattforms

global & continental & regional

regional & local

local & plot

spatial domain vs. spatial pixel size!

Page 48 Ultralight-Plane and Hyperspectrum Imagery

Page 49 „Super“ Site Schäfertal Airborne EnvSens activities

RemSens method Sensor Operator Key parameter

Active microwaveSelke sub- catchmentF-SAR DLR Biomass, soil moisture Bode catchment (L-band)

Imaging spectrometer AISA DUAL (VIS, NIR) UFZ Phenological & physiological vegetation conditions Passive microwave PLMR TERENO Soil moisture, soil texture Selke information sub-catchment

~ 3 km Monitoring & experimental „super site“: Schäfertal ~ 10 km

Page 50 Soil Moisture Monitoring at the Intermediate Scale using Cosmic Ray Probes

All figures: Zreda et al. 2009

Page 51 TERENO data infrastructure design

Page 52 TERENO data policy

Page 53 4M Approach Monitoring-Mapping-Modeling-Multiple Use Database

Integrative loop of mapping, monitoring, Mapping modeling, and data mining as an integrated and evolutionary approach to adress the complexity and dynamics of the terrestrial system across scales (modified and extended 3M approach from Lin, 2010, )

Multiple Use Database

Modeling Monitoring

Page 54 TERENO Networking

Geological surveys CUAHSI ICOS NOHA Fluxnet

HYDROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY Environmental agencies Research Center

GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE OBSERVING SYSTEMS

Universities Water association BIOLOGY PEDOLOGY

SOCIOECONOMIC CZO LTER ASPECTS National park Lifewatch ANAEE ALARM LTSER

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