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TERENO a Network of Terrestrial Long-Term Observatories in Germany

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TERENO a Network of Terrestrial Long-Term Observatories in Germany TERENO A network of terrestrial long-term observatories in Germany Steffen Zacharias Long-Term Perspective – The Keeling Curve C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, R. B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann, and H. A. Meijer, Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects, SIO Reference Series, No. 01-06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 88 pages, 2001. Keeling, C.D., T.P. Whorf, M. Whalen and J. van der Plicht. 1995. Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980., Nature 375:666–670, Page 2 Long-Term Perspective II – Decline of Moths in the Alice Holt Research Forest Forestry Commission Research Note. 2008. The Environmental Change Network at Alice Holt Research Forest, www.forestresearch.gov.uk Page 3 Long-Term Perspective III – Characteristic Time Scales for Climate Changes and Coupled Ecological and Social-Economical Processes IPCC 2001, Synthesis Report Page 4 Temporal Variability 100.00 g/L] g/L] µ µ Pmax - Value 15 [ 15 15 [ 15 1.00 - - - - PAHPAH 0.10 0.01 Dec 93 Dec 94 Dec 95 Dec 96 Dec 97 Dec 98 Dec 99 Time Entscheidung basierend auf Tagesmessung Grundwasserkörper ist ungefährdet Grundwasserkörper ist gefährdet Page 5 Why do we need a long-term perspective in environmental monitoring? • To improve the system understanding (temporal scales, complex interactions), • To identify relevant processes, • To determine “Exceptionality”, • To develop and validate describing models, • To predict/prognose developments in the observed systems – to identify “pattern” and to recognize potential significant trends early, • To test and optimize options for control, measures, and strategies for adaption And thereby • As precondition for a sustainable use of natural resources. Page 6 Environmental Monitoring – General Challenges • Identification and parametrization of system-relevant, physical/chemical/biological processes, • Scale -bridging and scale-dependent interactions, • Spatial heterogeneity of natural systems, • Temporal variability of natural processes, • Limited accessibility, • Spatial extension of systems to be observerd. Page 7 „Cascade of Uncertainty“ Emission Scenario Climate Forcing Global Climate Regional Climate Regional Impact Impact Assessment Change Change (downscaling) Uncertainty Nach Viner, D. (2002): A Qualitative Assessment of the Sources of Uncertainty in Climate Change Impacts Assessment Studies: A short discussion paper, Advances in Global Change Research, 10, 139-151. - verändert Page 8 Model Uncertainty and Environmental Monitoring Environmental monitoring – Reducing sources of model uncertainty, • Uncertainties regarding boundaries of the systems to be observed • Uncertainties regarding interactions between observed variables and errors of abstraction (e.g. by making false assumptions of system interactions) • Uncertainties regarding the parametrization (calibration) Insufficient, incomplete, or misleading monitoring and observation strategies are an essential source of uncertainties both in model development and model prediction Page 9 Long-Term Environmental Monitoring – “Cinderella Science” (Nisbet, 2007) • The required long-term funding is often difficult to ensure. • Gain of scientific knowledge demands a “long breath”. • The standards regarding a long-term quality assurance are high. • “’Pure’ Monitoring” versus “Discovery Science” Nisbet, E. 2007. Earth monitoring: Cinderella Science. Nature 450:789-790 Page 10 Climate Change in Germany Source: R. Glaser 2008: Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas – 1200 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen mit Prognosen für das 21. Jahrhundert. Page 11 TERENO – an initiative of the Helmholtz Association • To provide long-term environmental data in a multi-scale and multi-temporal mode • To study long-term influence of land use changes, climate changes, socioeconomic developments and human interventions in terrestrial systems • To analyse the interactions and feedbacks between soil, vegetation and atmosphere from the point to the catchment scale • To determine effective parameters, fluxes and state variables for different scales • Bridging the gap between measurement, model and management Page 12 TERENO – The concept • To bring together scientists from different scientific communities and to integrate disciplines HYDROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY • To exploit the availability of novel technologies and high performance computer facilities for terrestrial research • To establish common measurement platforms as the basis for long term data GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE sets OBSERVING SYSTEMS BIOLOGY PEDOLOGY • To combine observation and experimentation • To foster synergies within the research SOCIOECONOMIC area Earth and Environment and between ASPECTS Helmholtz-centers and national and international research organizations Page 13 TERENO – an initiative of the Helmholtz Association • Research Centre Jülich (FZJ) – TERENO Coordination • Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle (UFZ) • Research Center Karlsruhe (FZK) • German Aerospace Centre (DLR) • Helmholtz Centre Munich (GSF) • Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ) Page 14 Organization structure Scientific Steering Committee Representatives of the involved Helmholtz Centres Advisory Board Independent experts and cooperation partners TERENO Coordination Heye Bogena (FZJ) Steffen Zacharias (UFZ) Harald Kunstmann (FZK) Mike Schwank (GFZ) Coordination Teams CT Atmosphere CT Environmental Sensing CT Biosphere CT Data Management CT Pedosphere CT Integrative Modelling CT Hydrosphere Page 15 Remote Sensing Platform Hyperspectrum imagery campaigne 2008 Page 16 TERENO Vision and Challenge Prediciting terrestrial processes from remote information Multi-scale observations Terrestrial Processes using non-invasive and novel Technologies Evapotranspiration Data Fusion SMOS Upscaling SAR Soil moisture Runoff Weather- Radar Super Computing Radio- meter EM Data management Modelling Visualization Page 17 Boundaries and Gradients vs. related research topics Soil Moisture • Land use options Temperature Precipitation • Land management strategies Emission Urbanity • Habitat differentiation and biodiversity … • Mitigation potentials and limits of political Political borders structures Habitat borders Soil Type Pattern • Effects on water quality Flood Areas Groundwater Catchment • Socio-economic impacts Land Use Intersections … • Runoff and flood generation • Soil erosion • … Page 18 TERENO at the UFZ The Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory Page 19 The Hydrological Observatory Bode Page 20 Hydrological Observatory Bode Intensive Research Sites and Nested Monitoring Approach Blöschl &Sivapalan HP 1995 Page 21 The Bode Catchment & Intensive Research Sites Magdeburg Großes Bruch Halle Nested Monitoring and Data Assimilation Concept Samaniego et al., 2009 Page 23 Hohes Holz Improve understanding of energy, water and trace gas exchange in a changing environment Page 24 TERENO-ICOS • ICOS Mission: “To provide the long-term observations required to understand the present state and predict future behavior of the global carbon cycle and greenhouse gas emissions.” • 5 TERENO sites obtained additional funding to meet demands of ICOS standards • TERENO is partner in ICOS-D Page 25 Forest Site “Hohes Holz” Improve understanding of energy, water and trace gas exchange in a changing environment: net fluxes of energy and trace gases • Eddy-flux tower for observation of energy-, water- (eddy covariance) wind speed and direction and CO2-exchanges • Observations of water interception in crown and net and global radiation (direct, diffuse, reflected) litter, stem flow and throughfall, comparison to soil moisture pattern • Modeling of soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer ° air temperature (at several levels) processes canopy C interception H2O- and CO2- concentration (at several levels) photosynthetic active stem radiation temperatures (below at several levels stem and above canopy) sap flow flow precipitation (below and above canopy) forest floor interception °C soil heat flux, soil temperatures, soil moisture, soil respiration beech, birch & oak mixed forest Page 26 Opening of ICOS forest site Hohes Holz After almost five years of planning, several bureaucratic obstacles, and time- consuming, unpleasant surprises (the first and already procured tower was not allowed to be erected) the last of the three TERENO-ICOS sites in the Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory was opened in Summer 2014. • 50 m tower in a nature protection area in the Magdeburger Börde • Measurement of all components of the water and carbon cycle in a mixed beech forest (heigth ~ 40 m). Page 27 Temperate forest ecohydrology at TERENO site ‘Hohes Holz’ Ecohydrological observatories at the ‘Hohes Holz’ site are set up in three different tree clusters composed of different species and different understory cover with identical sensors. Research keywords/ topics/ questions: • Organization & time-stability of rainfall partitioning patterns • What properties influence partitioning of flow at different vertical levels? • Detecting seasonal cycles of sub-canopy rainfall organization. What are the implications under changing seasonality? • How temporally stable are re-organized sub- canopy rainfall patterns? „Hohes Holz“ Intensive TERENO site • Tracing rainfall partitioning patterns • How are the patterns of rainfall partitioning projected onto soil moisture and the deeper subsurface? • What are implications for deep percolation? Friesen, J., A. Köhler, A. Hildebrandt. 2011 Page 28
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