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W. T. GALLIHER, JOHN POOLE, Chairman of the Board President

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For the first time in the history of the BUL¬ LETIN, its pages must record the death of a Presi¬ dent of the United States. And to its editors has fallen the melancholy duty of endeavoring to express the sorrowful appreciation of the mem¬ bers of the foreign service of a great career that has been abruptly ended. Mr. Harding was eminent for his high sense of duty—and for that he gave the last full measure of devotion. In his passing, the Diplomatic and Consular Service have lost a steadfast friend. He gave earnest consideration to the building up of the foreign service, which, as he clearly saw, was necessary in the general interests of the country; and he adhered strictly to the policies pursued by his predecessors for many years of appointing consular officers and diplomatic secretaries, after examination to determine their fitness, without re¬ gard to their political affiliations, and of promot¬ ing them for merit only, as indicated by their ef¬ ficiency records. He was greatly interested in the continued improvement of the Diplomatic and Consular Service, and gave his hearty support to the plan for reclassification, salary readjustment, interchangeability between the two branches, and a retirement system, all of which were embodied in the Rogers Bill which was considered by the Sixty-seventh Congress. Mr. Harding’s constructive contribution to the needs of the country in the trying period follow¬ ing the World War will long be remembered. He gave this unsparingly his time, his careful thought and his best efforts. What he might have achieved had he completed the term for which he was elected it is impossible to predict, hut the mea¬ sures he planned and believed in and labored for will doubtless be taken up by other hands and carried forward to fulfillment. LLETIN

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN CONSULAR ASSOCIATION

VOL. V, No. 9 WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER, 1923 America at the Meeting of the Opium Advisory Committee at Geneva By Consul Edwin L. Neville THE unrestricted use of opium, particularly traffic. Congress, however, did not follow this smoking opium, has always been recognized recommendation, but decided upon the complete as an abuse by the governments of territory suppression of the practice, of opium smoking. in the Fast East, where the practice is prevalent. The Act of May 3, 1905, set May 1, 1908, as the At different times different methods have been date upon which the importation of opium into adopted to deal with the evil. China has attempted the Islands for other than medicinal purposes to prohibit the cultivation and importation of should cease. opium and has frequently taken severe measures Meanwhile, it became evident that the com¬ against the traffickers in and users of the drug. plete suppression of the opium traffic in the The government’s efforts have never been effec¬ Philippines would be difficult so long as it was tive over very long periods of time, and other possible to smuggle opium into the Islands from governments have found it impracticable to pre¬ nearby places where the export of the drug was vent completely the transportation of opium. By legal. Accordingly, after some preliminary dis¬ the latter part of the 19th century the method cussion with the Governments of Great Britain usually in vogue in the Far East was controlled and Japan, a conference was called to meet at by means of a government monopoly. In some Shanghai on February 1, 1909, to discuss and places the government itself handles the drug, investigate the opium traffic from the international while in others, the monopoly is sold or farmed standpoint. The time was particularly opportune, out to private individuals. But in all places there China had decided, in 1906, to abolish the opium is government control. traffic, and had concluded an agreement with When the United States took over the govern¬ Great Britain in the early part of 1908 whereby ment of the Philippine Islands, there was a the export of opium from India to China was to monopoly of opium smoking of the type gener¬ be reduced by 10 per cent each year, and there ally obtaining throughout the Far East. The ques¬ seemed every prospect that the nations of the tion immediately arose as to the attitude to be earth were beginning to realize the need for a taken by the new government towards this situa¬ common understanding of the facts underlying the tion, and a commission was appointed to make an traffic in opium. investigation of the opium problem. The com¬ The investigations preliminary to and attend¬ mission made a number of recommendations, and ant upon the Shanghai Conference developed the suggested the advisability of the establishment of fact that opium smoking in the Far East was only- a svstem of state distribution and sale of prepared one phase of the opium question. It was found opium with a view to eventual abolition of the that the consumption of opium for the manufac- [2-9] AMERICAN CONSULAR, ftUIXEXITsT

A GROUP SHOWING THE AMERICAN DELEGATION Left to right: Edwin L. Neville, Bishop Brent. Mrs. Hamilton Wright, Honorable Stephen G. Porter, Sir John Jordan, Assistant Surgeon General Blue. ture of morphine and other opium derivatives in The Hague Convention is the basic agreement western countries was far larger than had been among the nations for the regulation of traffic in imagined and that the western world was con¬ narcotic drugs. The United States has had a lead¬ fronted with an opium problem at home. Accord¬ ing part in framing it, and an American delegate. ingly, in the spring of 1909 Congress passed an Bishop Charles H. Brent, was president of both act making the importation of opium into the the Shanghai Conference and the first Hague United States illegal, except for medicinal or Conference. The first conference at The Hague scientific purposes. This was the beginning of was followed by two other conferences, one in American domestic legislation in regard to nar¬ 1913 and one in 1914, at the latter of which it cotic drugs. was decided to open a protocol at The Hague, On September 1, 1909, the United States cir¬ open to all nations, whether party to the original cularized the Powers that had been represented at convent:on or not, whereby they could signify the Shanghai Conference suggesting the advisa¬ their adherence to the convention and their in¬ bility of a further conference on the opium ques¬ tention of putting it into effect by domestic legis¬ tion at which the nations should he represented by lation. men having plenary powers to frame treaty pro¬ The third Hague Conference closed in June, visions for the regulation of the opium traffic. 1914, and the outbreak of the World War shortly The suggestion was accepted, and on the invita¬ afterwards prevented further action for a num¬ tion of the Netherlands Government the confer¬ ber of years. The United States, however, enacted ence met at The Hague towards the close of 1911. legislation in December, 1914, designed to put the The results of this conference are embodied in convention into effect so far as concerns the do¬ The Hague Convention, a document to which the mestic use of narcotic drugs. International action attention of the Service has frequently been in¬ was held in abeyance during the period of the vited. Great Struggle. The war took its toll of men in [260] AMERICAN CONSULAR, j^ULLETIN all walks of life; and it is fitting here to speak of The Hague Convention where the drugs were the work of Dr. Hamilton Wright, who died in needed and where their distribution was properly France while engaged in the humanitarian task of controlled. relieving suffering. Dr. Wright had been a lead¬ As originally drawn, The Hague Convention ing spirit in the efforts of the United States to en¬ placed the repository of information in regard to list world support for the fight against opium. the narcotic laws of the various signatory powers He was a member of the American delegation at at The Hague, but did not set up any adminis¬ Shanghai and at The Hague, and was the framer trative machinery of an international character to of many of the provisions of the convention. To carry out its provisions. The first task of the his energy, patience and perseverance are due League’s Advisory Committee was to collect in¬ much of the progress that has been made in the formation. The committee held a number, of international control of the narcotics traffic. A meetings, but felt unable to make any decisive medical man by temperament and training, he died recommendations in regard to the Convention as he had lived, an example of all that is best in itself, in the absence of two of the principal signa¬ the profession to which humanity owes so much. tories, the United States and Germany. Accord¬ At the close of the war The Hague Convention ingly, these two nations were invited to participate was included in the Treaty of Versailles as one of in the work of the committee, irrespective of their the international agreements over the execution relation to the League. of which the League of Nations was given super¬ The Government of the United States accepted vision. Further, it was provided that ratification the invitation, and was represented in a consul¬ of the Treaty of Peace carried with it ratification tative capacity at the meeting of the Advisory of The Hague Convention. Committee at Geneva in May, 1923. The repre¬ The League of Nations organized a Committee sentatives were the Honorable Stephen G. Porter, of the League to advise the council in regard to chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the execution of The Hague Convention. The the PTouse of Representatives; Bishop Charles H. committee was originally composed of representa¬ Brent and Assistant Surgeon General Rupert tives of the Governments of China, France, Great Blue, of the Public Health Service. The wide¬ Britain, India (as a member of the League) spread public interest in the narcotics question, Japan, The Netherlands and Siam. These na¬ and the feeling in some quarters that the United tions were chosen because they were most inter¬ States Government was no longer active in the ested in the opium question. Later, Germany and opium s:tuat'on, made it opportune for our Gov¬ the United States were invited to send represen¬ ernment to show what action it had taken under tatives, because they were both large manufac¬ the terms of The Hague Convention, and to advo¬ turers of narcotic drugs, and also because they cate its own interpretation of the meaning of the had been signatory to the original Hague Con¬ convention. vention, and the United States had been largely The men selected for the purpose were excep¬ instrumental in obtaining international action in tionally familiar with the problem. Mr. Porter regard to the traffic. was the author of a resolution in Congress re¬ The war had resulted in the creation of a num¬ questing the President to urge the suppression of ber of new states in Europe and had radically opium poppy and coca leaf production to the altered the conditions of living of millions of point required for medicinal and scientific pur¬ people throughout the world. Further, it had de¬ poses. and had become acquainted with practically layed in other countries legislation which was all phases of the narcotics question in the United called for by international agreement, and The States in the course of his legislative investiga¬ Plague Convention suffered in company with many tion of the problem. Bishop Brent had, as pre¬ other instruments of humanitarian purport. Still, viously pointed out, been associated with the suo- some legislation had been enacted in different nress'on of the opium traffic since his days in the countries, and it was discovered that stringent Philippine Islands, when he had served on the domestic provisions were not sufficient to control Opium Commission appointed to investigate the the distribution of narcotic drugs. Finally, in monopoly there, and he subsequently served as 1922 our own import and export law was amended president of the Shanghai and first Hague Con¬ so as to prohibit all imports and exports of nar¬ ferences. Dr. Blue is well known to the Service, cotic drugs, except such imports of raw opium and his long connection with the Public Health and coca leaves as the Federal Narcotics Control Service and his familiarity with social and Board should find to be necessary to take care of hygienic questions made his appointment particu¬ the needs of the United States, and such exports larly appropriate. as the Board should permit to countries party to (Continued on page 277) [261] ©Clinedinst HERBERT C. HENGSTLER Chief of the Consular Bureau

[262] The Service Congratulates Mr. Hengstler

ON August 13, 1923, Mr. Herbert C. May you long continue to give your talents to the Hengstler, Chief of the Consular Bureau, betterment of the Service of our Government and completed his twenty-fifth year of service may all good fortune attend you. in the Department of State. During this entire As ever, period Mr. Hengstler has been connected with the Sincerely, your friend, Consular Bureau, and for more than sixteen years (Signed) WILBUR J. CARR. he has been its chief. Many persons in the De¬ Herbert C. Hengstler, Esquire, partment joined in tendering to Mr. Hengstler Chief, Consular Bureau, their congratulations and good wishes, and many Department of State, congratulatory telegrams and letters were received Washington, D. C. by him from Consular officers and others abroad. On August 11 the Executive Committee of the A letter of congratulation and appreciation was Consular Association met and passed the follow¬ also received from Mr. Carr, Director of the Con¬ ing resolution for and on behalf of the Associa¬ sular Service of which the following is the text: tion : August 13, 1923. RESOLUTION My dear Hengstler: %. WHEREAS, on August 13, 1923, Mr. Herbert On this twenty-fifth anniversary of your entry C. Hengstler, Chief of the Consular Bureau, De¬ on duty in the Department of State I send you partment of State, and Honorary Vice-President my warmest and most hearty congratulations. of the American Consular Association, completes The completion of twenty-five years of service in his twenty-fifth year of service to the Government a great Government Department is in itself a of the United States; and reason for congratulation, but you not only have WHEREAS, Mr. Hengstler has at all times served for that period and with a degree of loyalty labored faithfully and zealously to advance and and industry rare indeed in any field of activity promote the interests of the American Consular but your service has been marked by results which Service; be it now therefore may justly give you great satisfaction. Your Resolved, By the Executive Committee of the presence here has been of great value to the Gov¬ American Consular Association that the commit¬ ernment and to all who have worked with you. tee extend to Mr. Hengstler its happy felicitations On the Consular Service you have impressed your in connection with this anniversary, together with personality in an enduring manner and that Serv¬ an expression of the appreciation and gratitude ice has profited greatly from having been the entertained by all members of the Association for object of your incessant endeavor and the men in his untiring efforts in behalf of the Consular it generally recognize that as a fact as do your Service. fellow-workers here. Done in Washington, D. C., this eleventh day of August, 1923. And I should not be just to myself or to you if I should fail to record the debt which I per¬ NATHANIEL B. STEWART, sonally owe to you for the loyal and fine way in Chairman. which from the day you entered the Department EDWARD J. NORTON. EDWIN L. NEVILLE. you have worked with me and aided me. I shall always count our daily association as one of the Mr. Hengstler replied to the resolution in the privileges for which I am most deeply grateful. following terms: [263] August 15, 1923. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE To the American Consular Association. CROSS AWARDED CONSUL Gentlemen: HURLEY It is with difficulty that I can find words to con¬ vey the appreciation I feel at the exceedingly kind Consul John P. Hurley (Riga), now on leave expressions which, undeserved though I realize of absence in this country, has been awarded the they are, you have seen fit to extend to me on the Distinguished Service Cross for “extraordinary twenty-fifth anniversary of my arrival in the De¬ heroism in action at Villers-sur-Fere, France, July partment. 28, 1918.” The ceremony incident to the bestowal The changes which 1 have seen take place in the of the decoration was held in the office of the Consular Service during these twenty-five years Secretary of War, August 11, 1923; the presen¬ have been tremendous and far-reaching and it tation being made personally by Mr. Weeks. has been a great pleasure and privilige to be asso¬ The official citation, which accompanies the ciated with the Service in its reorganization and award, is as follows: growth during this period, and to feel that I have “John Patrick Hurley, captain, 165th Infantry, been aide to help in this even in a small way. 42nd Division. For extraordinary heroism in The friendly spirit of understanding and co¬ action at Villers-sur-Fere. France, July 28, 1918. operation which the members of the Service, indi¬ His company having reached its objective, he or¬ vidually and collectively, have always shown, and dered several patrols forward to silence several which is further evidenced by the resolutions by enemy machine guns which were causing heavy the Executive Committee of the American Con¬ casualties in his own and other companies of h's sular Association, has aided materially in over¬ battalion. The patrols meeting heavy casualties coming discouragements and difficulties and will from the intense enemy fire. Captain Hurley him¬ never be forgotten. It is a glorious feeling to he a self organized a patrol and led it forward. Wlrle part of such a Service. temporarily checked by the intense fire he crawled From my heart I thank you each and everyone. forward and rescued a wounded officer, carrying him to a place of shelter. Resuming the advance (Signed) HERBERT C. HENGSTLER. of the patrol, Captain Hurley was severely

\ wounded, but continued to direct the movement The BULLETIN is very glad to have this oppor¬ of his men, who, inspired by the great courage tunity on behalf of the Consular Association to and fortitude of their leader, pushed forward and acknowledge its appreciation of the untiring efforts captured the machine-gun nest killing or capturing of Mr. Hengstler in assisting to build up and the crews thereof.” maintain an efficient Consular Service and in con¬ stantly encouraging the individual members of the The BULLETIN extends its very hearty con¬ Service to greater effort. gratulations to Consul Hurley.

THE SPIRIT OF SERVICE SOUTH AMERICAN TENNIS By Consul General William Dawson By a Consul General at Large Several readers of the BULLETIN have asked During the war the best young men of the me if tennis on the West Coast of South America country sacrificed everything they had in order to is up to the standards set on the East Coast. It serve the United States for a few months. There is; in fact, it is considerably above the East Coast is today no better opportunity to devote a life of variety, at least as far as the Consular Service is useful service to our country than that offered by concerned. I had the greatest difficulty in con¬ .the Consular Service. The individual consular vincing Thompson at Concepcion and Gittings at officer representing his country abroad has it in his Santiago that etiquette requires that the inspector power to render at all times service equally use¬ win. As for Matthews at Antofagasta and ful and effective as that offered in time of war by Gaines at Caldera, they were deaf to any and all the soldier or the officer in an army of millions. arguments. Matthews is the champion of north¬ And yet how many men are prepared to sacrifice ern Chile, although Gaines, who is about to spend : the pecuniary advantages of a problematic busi¬ a few months at Antofagasta, will give h m H ness career in order to enter the Consular Service? hard fight for the title. [264] The Asphalt Lakes of Trinidad and Venezuela By Henry D. Baker, Consul at Trinidad

PART II company they were trying to oust from pos¬ THE asphalt lake of Venezuela, known as the session. Bermudez Lake, is not so readily accessible In the meantime armed guards, lookout towers to visitors as the Trinidad Lake, and very and searchlights were used at the lake to forestall few tourists have ever seen it. In addition to its raids on the property by rival interests. At one fame for containing asphalt deposits in size second time open warfare at the lake, with possible blood¬ only to those of the shed, was narrowly Trinidad Lake, this averted, for just as a lake is noted for the in¬ battle for possession ternational controver- was about to open, the s;es which it occasioned leaders of the hostile for more than a decade, parties were fortu¬ from 1897 to 1909, and nately able to fix up a for having been, during truce, pending refer¬ this period, a source of ence of the controversy trouble and threatened to the local courts. to become a serious When the question center of disturbance to came up for judicial the relations of peace hearing the original and good will ordina¬ concessionaries were rily subsisting between relying for the evidence the Republics of the to support their rights United States and Ven¬ on certain maps and ezuela. other documents, which The lake is controlled were being brought hv the General Asphalt from a distance by a Company of Philadel¬ special agent who was phia, which also oper¬ unable to arrive from ates the Trim'dad Lake. his long and d’fficult The Venezuela subsidi¬ journey in time for ary company is known opening of the court. as the New York and Judgment was appar¬ Bermudez Company ently about to be taken which obtained its con¬ against the company, cession in 1885, but met through lack of docu- with continual difficulty mentary evidence in through rival promoters Photo from R. G. Lcgge their favor, and request obtaining interlapping CONVEYING ASPHALT AT BERMUDEZ of the attorney for titles, and endeavoring LAKE postponement of the to encroach upon the hearing was refused. mining operations. The opposition interests in This attorney then retired for a few moments, re¬ their schemes to “jump” the lake, had taken ad¬ turning apparently in an epileptic fit, foaming at vantage of certain errors in measurements of the the mouth in a way that created the greatest con¬ original concession, these having been due to in¬ sternation, thus forcing adiournment of court. accurate measuring from a winding Indian trail. His recovery was postponed until arrival of the The new claimants measured their distances along evidence which he required. It was later revealed a good direct road which had been built by the that the froth so opportunely appearing from his [265] mouth had been managed through use of soap. the Gulf of Para, just opposite to Trinidad, the Although the particular litigation mentioned anticlinal formations of which apparently extend above appears to have terminated favorably to into Venezuela. But it can be readily reached only the New York and Bermudez Company, never¬ by a roundabout river trip, 40 miles up the San theless all sorts of difficulties were put in its Juan River and 7 miles up its tributary, the way by the imprisonment of its attorneys, and Guanoco, and then by a narrow-gauge railway removal of judges thought to lie favorably line, owned by the company controlling the lake. disposed toward pro¬ It is located in the tection of the just midst of a wild wilder¬ rights of the company. ness of swamp and In July, 1904, a Vene¬ jungle, in which all zuelan gunboat arrived kinds of interesting near the lake and the birds, r e p t i 1 es and property was taken over quadrupeds abound. by military force, partly I may briefly de¬ on the ground of fail¬ scribe my own trip ure to perform obliga¬ there about a year ago. tions under the conces¬ Leaving Port of Spain sion and partly for aid in the evening on the given to a recent revo¬ company’s steamer Vi¬ lution. The New York king, we were an¬ and Bermudez Com¬ Photo from H. D. Baker chored at sunrise off pany was kept out of AT THE BERMUDEZ LAKE the small Venezuelan possession of its prop¬ coastal town of Cris¬ erty for five years from 1904 to 1909. In the tobal Colon. Only about two miles away looms meantime, a former employe who had acted as very high the small island of Patos, which be¬ “informer” was put in charge as receiver, and the longs to Trinidad. The only inhabitant of this asphalt was shipped to rival interests in New island is a person whose sole occupation for York. which he receives any compensation is hoisting The confiscation, of course, was a matter of the Union Jack at sunrise, and hauling it down serious concern to the Department of State, and at sunset. There is considerable delay at Cris¬ a crisis gradually developed. The United States tobal Colon, awaiting custom house formali¬ Senate Foreign Relations Committee finally also ties, and every piece of luggage had to be sent took the matter in hand, calling upon the Depart¬ ashore for examination. Cristobal Colon has a ment of State to pro¬ rather mixed popula¬ duce all the documents tion, first of the aristo¬ in the controversy. cratic, military, and Fortunately, however, civil government, then of the soldiers and the questions involved peons. The jail, which were promptly and has been the terror of peaceably disposed of filibusterers, r e v o 1 u- by General Gomez, who. tionists and smugglers, during the absence of is naturally an object President Castro in of some interest, so I Germany in 1908, took requested permission of control of the Govern- the captain of the guard ment of Venezuela. outside to take a snap¬ General Gomez ordered Photo from H. D. Baker shot of it with my kodak. This was po¬ restoration of the prop¬ GETTING ASPHALT FROM UNDER WATER erty to its former own¬ litely refused, but I ers, and since then the relations of the American was told that the guard itself would have much interests operating the lake have been most cor¬ pleasure in being photographed, and so I gladly dial with the Government of Venezuela, as also took a snapshot of these Venezuelan soldiers with the Government of Trinidad. without showing the jail. During the regime The Bermudez Lake is distant in a direct line of the Dictator Castro about $1,000,000 was ex¬ only about 14 miles inland from the coast line of pended in the construction of a long concrete [266] jetty intended for accommodation of the largest banks, but soon get overtaken by the returning vessels, and to make this a sheltered port for waves of the wash. After 40 miles of this navi¬ the commerce of the entire valley of the Ori¬ gation in a westerly direction, we reached a small branch, the Guanoco, and up this we steamed for noco River and tributaries. But the work was about 7 miles, to the small town of Guanoco, never completed or put to any use whatever, where all the asphalt product of the Bermudez and has proved merely a huge waste of money. Lake is loaded into steamers, sufficiently large to Continuing the voy¬ navigate even to age from Cristobal America and Europe. Colon, we soon But the river at Guan¬ reached the mouth of oco is so narrow that the San Juan River, no fair-sized steamer which has its sources could turn in it, and in the Andean spurs the largest steamers to the northwest. It are towed stern first has a connection with up the river by a the delta of the Ori¬ smaller boat. It looks noco, about 30 miles strange indeed to see to the southeast, by ocean-going steamers what is known as the in this very narrow Caribe Channel. Al¬ river channel, partly though an ordinary arched by the tropical small-sized map of foliage of the wild Venezuela may not jungle. It is not the even indicate the pres¬ call of the wild, how¬ ence of the San Juan ever, curious and gor¬ River, yet in its lower geous as are its flora course it compares fa¬ and fauna, that brings vorably with the Ori¬ ships here from far noco in width and im- distant countries, but p r e s s i v e scenery. the call for the asphalt Around the bar of the of commerce. San Juan River are to About a mile from be found some of the Guanoco, and reached finest fishing and duck by the narrow-gauge shooting opportunities railway to the lake, is in this part of the a charming enclosure world. All kinds of of some good land, beautiful wild birds high above the swamp abound in countless and surrounded by numbers along this picturesque hills. Here river, including espe- are located the head¬ c i a 11 y flamingoes, quarters and bunga¬ egrets, pelicans, par¬ lows of the company’s rots, and macaws. staff, and here I put All the rest of the up for several days day and late into the pending my return to evening, the Viking Photo from R. G. Legge Trinidad. wended its tortuous LOCOMOTIVE CRANE AT BERMUDEZ LAKE Early the next way up this river with morning, with Mr. its great green jungles on each side, and moun¬ Legge, the company’s courteous local manager, I tains of the northern Andean range visible in went by one of the cars over the narrow-gauge the distance. Frequently as the wash of the railway, the remaining 7 miles to the Bermudez steamer would temporarily draw off the water lake, jungle and swamp being on both sides, until from the sandy banks, there would suddenly be the country opens into the large expanse of the revealed alligators who would rapidly scramble asphalt lake. out of their habitual inertia, and retreat up the (Continued on page 280) [267] _ AMERICAN CONSULAR, K«LLETIN

CALLERS AT CONSULAR OFFICES 1 CONSUL LLETIN The following is an outline of an informal talk , recently given to a class of Consular officers re¬ 11 Vol. v September, 1923 No. 9 | ceiving instruction at the Department: A Consular officer is a member of an organiza¬ PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN CON¬ tion to which he can contribute nothing but quality SULAR ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. ot service. The American Consular Bulletin is published monthly by the In certain professions, to be successful, one American Consular Association, and is distributed by the Asso¬ must ne an expert m an art or science; in others ciation to its members gratis. The Bulletin is also open to pri¬ vate subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of a well-developed mechanical ability is a prime req¬ $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Con- ' sular Bulletin, c/o Consular Bureau, Department of State, Wash¬ uisite. A salesman must possess a thorough ington, D. C. knowledge of the product he is offering, the ability The purposes of the Bulletin are (1) to serve as an exchange among American consular officers for personal news and for to illustrate its uses, its advantages, and he must information and opinions respecting the proper discharge of have a good general knowledge of markets and their functions, and to keep them in touch with business and administrative developments which are of moment to them; and commercial methods. But the essential factors in (2) to disseminate information respecting the work of the Con¬ sular Service among interested persons in the United States, the success of a Consular officer—whose duties including business men and others having interests abroad, and are many and varied—are adaptability, balance, young men who may be considering the Consular Service as a career. tact, sound judgment, rigid impartiality and in¬ Propaganda and articles of a tendeyitial nature, especially such tegrity, as well as a thorough general education as might be aimed to influence legislature, executive or adminis¬ trative action with respect to the Consular Service, or the and technical proficiency. A possession of these Depar'ment of State, are rigidly excluded from its columns. Contributions should be addressed to the American Consular attributes will enable an officer to render quality Bulletin, c/o Consular Bureau, Department of State, Washing¬ of service in the discharge of his duties. ton, D. C. Quality of service is conspicuous in dealing with the business public and with callers at Con¬ sular offices. Therefore, to you who are just entering the Service, it may be said that most of The American Consular Association your contact with callers will lie with persons who want something—an official service, information, assistance or advice. You must, in every case, OFFICERS WILBUR J. CARR Director of the Consular Service do all you can to give them full satisfaction. Honorary President In all your dealings with callers, you must al¬ HERBERT C. HENGSTLER Chief of the Consular Bureau Honorary Vice-President ways remember that tact, cheerfulness, courtesy Consul General HORACE LEE WASHINGTON President and justice are indispensable qualities. Consul General TRACY LAY Vice-President Tact has been defined as the adoption of Consul DONALD D. SHEPARD Secretary-Treasurer Consul General EVAN E. YOUNG Chairman method, manner, time and suggestion to the indi¬ Consul General EDWARD J. NORTON Vice-Chairman vidual personality of a caller, or person to be dealt COMMITTEES EXECUTIVE with, so that the best results may be secured. It Consul General NATHANIEL B. STEWART Chairman implies mental perception whereby ability is Consul General DBWITT C. POOLE secured to deal with others—not only without Consul General EDWARD J. NORTON Consul General TRACY LAY giving offense, but with the least friction. Tact Consul EDWIN L. NEVILLE implies not only understanding of human nature, RECEPTION hut knowledge of when and how to do things— Consul General AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM Chairman Consul EDWIN L. NEVILLE and also when and how not to do them. Consul FRANK C. LEE Consul LOWELL C. PINKERTON It often happens that persons visiting Consular

BULLETIN STAFF offices are confused; they are sometimes embar¬ Consul HARRY M. LAKIN Editor rassed; they are sometimes unable to state their Consul HASELL H. DICK ) . , Consul LOWELL C. PINKERTON J Associate Editors errand clearly and concisely. They have little Consul ADDISON E. SOUTHARD Business Manager knowledge of legal forms—and, in the cases of Consul HAMILTON C. CLAIBORNE Treasurer immigrants, they may be slow to comprehend the The American Consular Association is an unofficial and voluntary association embracing most of the members of operation of the Restrictive Immigration Act. In the Consular Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the dealing with all such persons, the Consular officer members of the Consular Service, to strengthen Service must be patient and tactful. spirit, and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the im¬ Tact may put peoples of other countries whole¬ provement of the Service. heartedly behind policies of our Government (Continued on page 276) [268] ASSIGNMENTS VISITING OFFICERS Consuls, Class IV. The following Consular Officers called at the Department on leave or en route to new posts Alfred R. Thomson, Madras. during the period from July 15 to August 13: Wallace J. Young, Regina. Carlton Bailey Hurst, Habana. Consuls, Class V. Claude I. Dawson, Mexico City. Charles R. Cameron, Hongkong. Otis A. Glazebrook, Nice. John K. Davis, Nanking. Paul Knabenshue, Beirut. Lowell C. Pinkerton, London. David J. D. Myers, unassigned. Leslie E. Reed, Bremen. Leslie E. Reed, London. Francis R. Stewart, Santiago de Cuba. John P. Hurley, Riga. K. de G. MacVitty, Auckland. Consuls, Class VI. Fred C. Slater, Corunna. Austin C. Brady, Saltillo. Harold R. Foss, Constantinople. Rudolph E. Schoenfeld, Berlin. Consuls, Class VII. Hugh C. McCarthy, Soerabaya. Hooker A. Doolittle, Marseille. E. Talbot Smith, Tientsin. Lester L. Schnare, Cartagena. Tames M. Bowcock, Rome. Howard F. Withey, Copenhagen. C. W. Loomis, Calcutta. Robert E. Learv, Palermo. Vice Consuls de Carriere. T. Howard D. West. Liverpool. Alexander P. Cruger, Messina. William A. Smale, Habana. Samuel J. Fletcher, Havre. Thomas B. Clark, Shanghai. Richard Ford, Penang. Herbert B. Monroe, Prague. Bernard F. Hale, Dundee. Foster H. Kreis, Shanghai. Loy W. Henderson, Queenstown. Alfred T. Nester, Naples. PROMOTIONS Frederick L. Thomas, Calcutta. Non-Career Officers Harry L. Troutman, Messina, Jose A. Armijo, Buenaventura. Non-Career Officers. Robert B. Bigelow, St. Gall. Edwin N. Atherton, Jerusalem. Lawrence F. Cotie, Cartagena. William N. Carroll, London. Elton N. Hoyt. Yarmouth. Percy G. Kemp, Almeria (temporary). Donald T. Jones, Plymouth. Ernest L. Monroe, Santiago de Cuba. Take R. Summers, Hongkong. Harry B. Ott, Ciudad Jaurez. John M. Vebber, Melbourne. L. Dale Pone. Kingston. Jamaica. John S. Williams, Leeds. ASSIGNMENTS DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS Gustav Papst, Jr., Lima. RESIGNED Tames Orr Denby, Athens. Ralph H. Bader, Consul, Class VI. Waldemar T. Gallman, Habana. Harold R. Foss. Consul, Class VII. Ravmond E. Cox, Department. Leroy R. Sawyer, Consul, Class VII. Richard B. Southgate. Department. Cathey M. Berry, Consular Agent. R. Henry Norweb, Tokyo. [269] The BULLETIN takes pleasure in announcing Mr. Fred R. Robinson, American Consul at the following births, and congratulates the parents Saltillo, Mexico, died suddenly at Utica, New upon the happy events: \ork, on July 22, 1923, while en route by auto¬ A son, Lewis Preston, was born to Vice Con¬ mobile from his post to his home in Boston. The sul and Mrs. Harold M. Collins, at Dublin, Ire¬ cause of his death has not been reported to the land, on June 15, 1923. Department, but it is presumed to have resulted from the strain of the long automobile trip. A son, George Leszek John, was born to Vice Mr. Robinson was born in Boston, Mass., May Consul and Mrs. Sabin Jean Dalferes, at War¬ 20, 1874. He was educated in Boston English saw, Poland, on February 25, 1923. High School and Boston University, and received A daughter, Pamela Joan, was born to Consul the degree of LL. B. at the latter in 1896. and Mrs. Frank Anderson Henry at Barcelona, After leaving college Mr. Robinson practiced Spain, on June 19, 1923. law in Boston for twenty-five years and was an officer in several business concerns in that city A son, Richard, Jr., was born to Consul and during that period. He was also for many years Mrs. R. F. Boyce, at Nassau, Bahamas, on Julv a member of the National Guard of Massa¬ 24, 1923. chusetts, and served two years with the United A son, James Edward, was born to Vice Con¬ States Army overseas, first, as commander of sul and Mrs. Peter J. Houlahan, at Buenos Aires, Battery B, 55th Artillery, which he took to Argentina, on June 17, 1923. France, and afterwards as Major in the Judge Advocate General’s Department. A daughter, Helen Louise, was born to Vice Mr. Robinson entered the Consular Service on Consul and Mrs. Harold S. Tewell, at North June 14, 1921, as Consul of Class VII, and was Bay, Ontario, on July 11, 1923. promoted to Consul of Class VI March 1, 1923. His record was marked by an unfailing devotion to his duties and to maintaining the ideals of the NECROLOGY Service. Mr. Rohinson is survived by a wife and two Mr. Carl R. Loop, American Consul at Malaga, minor sons. Spain, died at Catania, Italy, on July 29, 1923, after an illness of several months. His illness resulted from an infection of the Mr. George F. Bickford, formerly American lungs caused by impure sea water taken into them Consul at Antung, China, and unassigned since during the performance of an act of heroism in March 24, 1922, died of pneumonia at Centralia, saving a Sicilian girl from drowning off the coast Wash., on July 22, 1923. of Catania in the summer of 1922. He underwent Mr. Bickford became ill at his post three or four several operations for the purpose of getting rid years ago as a result of overwork, from which he of the infection, but without favorable result. never recovered. On account of his illness, he was Mr. Loop was born in New Ross, Indiana, Sep¬ given unlimited leave of absence in 1922 and re¬ tember 10, 1877. He was educated in the public turned to his home in the United States, where he schools and Butler College, Indiana, and the continued to reside until his death. Indiana Law School. He practised law in Indian¬ Mr. Bickford was born in Seattle, Wash., Au¬ apolis from 1902 to 1906, and from May, 1906. gust 12, 1889, and was educated at the Chehalis,. to February, 1907, when he entered the Consular (Wash.) High School and Wharton School of Service, he was manager of the Court Depart¬ the University of Pennsylvania. He entered the ment, Federal Union Surety Company, India¬ Consular Service as a student interpreter on napolis. March 10, 1911 ; was appointed Vice Consul and Interpreter June 17, 1913; was appointed Consul Throughout his career in the Service Mr. Loop of Class VII September 14, 1917; Consul of Class was conscientious and painstaking in the per¬ VI September 5, 1919, and relieved of assign¬ formance of all his duties, and was many times ment because of illness on March 24, 1922. commended by the Department for his work and Throughout his career as a consular officer, Mr. by business houses throughout the United States Bickford devoted himself unsparingly to the per¬ for the character of commercial information fur¬ formance of his every duty and to the mainte¬ nished by him. nance of Service ideals. Mr. Loop is survived by his widow and a Mr. Bickford is survived by his wife and two daughter aged sixteen. children, who reside at Newchang, China. [270] The Old Bridge at Chaochowfu By Consul Lester L. Schnare NEAR the eastern border of the Province of and lifting them into place with the elementary Kwangtung, China, at the foot of the moun¬ machinery then in use must have been no mean tains where the River Han emerges from one. It is suggested by modern engineers that the encircling ranges through which its waters flow they must have been hewn from the mountains at from their widespread sources in eastern Kwang¬ some spot near the river’s edge, brought down to tung and southern Fukien Provinces, stands the the bridge on boats and held there until an unusu¬ ancient and locally illustrious city of Chaochowfu, ally high flood lifted them to the height of the tops once the seat of government, the center of culture of the piers where they were then anchored and and the metropolis of all the country around. In dropped into place as the flood waters receded. all probability, it stood on or near the seashore Such a feat appears feasible, since the dykes along at the time it was founded many hundred years the river banks are actually higher than the bridge ago; indeed, it is named in the earliest treaties be¬ and the waters of the river cover the tops of the tween China and foreign countries as the port of piers at extreme flood periods. It is said that sev¬ this section of China at which foreign ships might eral piers were erected in the middle of the bridge call; but the silt-loaded waters of the river have where a pontoon bridge now accommodates the since built up from the bottom of the sea a plain traffic, but that the foundations of these piers were which, spreading fan-shaped from the city, now washed out so frequently that their restoration shuts it off from the sea at the nearest point by was abandoned. At present, therefore, the piers twenty miles of solid ground, so that the old city extend several hundred feet from each bank may no longer properly be called a seaport. With toward the center of the river, where a pontoon this distinction has also gone much of the business bridge, about two hundred feet long, takes the and prosperity to the younger and more active city place of the missing piers. of Swatow, situated nearer the sea at the edge of On top of each pier the little shops and houses the plain; but the older city retains, along with of artisans and tradesmen cluster thickly and pre¬ many historic landmarks and quaint customs, a cariously, and, were it not for the open spaces be¬ preeminence in matters of education and in popu¬ tween the piers, one might almost cross the bridge lation—for it is easily the largest city in Kwang¬ without knowing that he had left the city street. tung Province east of Canton. In these shops the artisans fashion before your Easily the most interesting structure in this eyes and display for sale scissors and knives; quaint city is the old bridge which is shown on farming implements of curious design; dippers, the cover of this number of the BULLETIN. It cups, baskets, fishtraps, hats, chopsticks and other was constructed many centuries ago—no one objects almost innumerable of the ubiquitous bam¬ seems to know exactly when, and a few hundred boo ; “Joss paper” for worship; cakes, sweet¬ years more or less apparently matters little in the meats and candies. You may watch a workman estimates of its age; but it seems fairly certain convert a thick disk of brass into a bowl or basin that it was standing when Columbus made his with no other tool than a hammer and an anvil. famous westward voyage, and quite probable that Vendors, resident and itinerant, offer for sale it may have been completed even before the Nor¬ articles of clothing and foods as various as the mans conquered and civilized their rude Saxon shops ashore. neighbors across the channel. It is quite unlike Across the bridge flows a steady stream of any other bridge of its size to be seen in this sec¬ traffic, all afoot; for no wheeled vehicle is known tion of China, and its construction is so unusual or used in this section of China except upon the that a description of it may be interesting. few modern, paved streets in Swatow or Chao¬ The piers of this old bridge are built of granite chowfu, where rickshas are used as passenger con¬ blocks from the nearby mountains. Each pier is veyances. The bridge lies on the overland route approximately thirty feet square, and their tops to Jaoping, Ungkung, Chao-an and Chanechow, stand about twenty-five feet above the water at important cities in Eastern Kwangtung and South¬ normal levels. The spaces between the piers are ern Fukien Provinces. bridged by two slabs of granite, each about three Far more interesting, however, is the traffic feet square and from fifty to sixty feet long. The which flows beneath the bridge. Huge Hakka task of transporting these huge pieces of granite boats, with wide, upturned prows and picturesqu0 [271] AMERICAN CONSULAR, BULLETIN

square sails like no other craft under the sun, signed to extend aid to a wrecked craft by reliev¬ come sailing swiftly down stream laden with bas¬ ing it of a portion of its cargo; hut it is a fact kets of porcelain from Ko-pe, destined to be sent that, as soon as a craft strikes a pier an alarm by coast steamer to Singapore or Java or Siam or, is given and a yelling, excited horde of eager plun¬ by junk, to nearer cities in China; laden with derers rushes out from shore, surrounds the huge bales of soft yellow paper from Southern wounded craft and quickly makes way with its Fukien to be made into “Joss paper” in Chao- cargo and pulls it to pieces, while the unfortunate chowfu and burned before some shrine or image, boatman or owner of the goods looks on help¬ or to become fat, double-leaved account books in lessly. It has happened not infrequently that a the shop of some merchant in China or the South boatman, ruined by such a catastrophe, has Seas or, perchance, in the laundry of some China¬ drowned himself in the river. man in America; laden with fat porkers from the Among the interesting legends that are told mountains to be turned into dainty dishes for the about this bridge is one concerning a wonderful feasts of the wealthy in the restaurants of Chao- essay that was composed by a famous ruler of chowfu or Swatow; laden wide with piles of fire¬ this district, some hundreds of years ago, and wood or dried twigs and grasses for fuel. While read by him, from one of the piers, to the croco¬ up the stream, the crafts which sailed so easily diles which then infested the waters of the River and swiftly down now slowlv and laboriously toil Han. So beautiful was the composition and so their weary way against the ceaseless current, moving its appeal, that the crocodiles—after, we pushed by long poles in the hands of a crew of must suppose, shedding a few tears!—were all four, six or eight boatmen, who make good use persuaded to leave the river and have never since of the footing afforded them by the wide prow of been seen in it. The famous essav is said to be the boat upturned at its peculiar angle expressly carved on a tablet which stands beside a pool, for their benefit. They are now laden with brown about one hundred miles up the river, where it sugar, newly made from the lowland canefields; was also read with identical results, we are told. with rice from Saigon or Siam; with peanut oil In the pool, they say, lie the bones of the very last from the crude oil mills of the lowlands; with crocodile seen in the river. As proof of the truth petroleum from America or Java; with Joss paper of this legend, if. indeed, anyone should be in¬ from Chaochowfu; and with salt from the salt clined to question its accuracy, it is pointed out fields along the coast. that, whereas it is known that the river was once Interesting also are the long narrow rafts of swarming with crocodiles, not one of these dan¬ timber that come floating down. Their small, gerous sauriarts is now to be found in its waters short logs have been gleaned from the mountain or, indeed, anywhere in these parts. sides and, frequently, carried many weary miles on the shoulders of men or women coolies at an enormous expenditure of effort. In the upper THE WAILS OF AN reaches of the river the rafts are wide and long with small shelters in the middle for the lumber¬ INSPECTOR men and huge sweeps at each corner to aid in Although I have missed earthquakes, I did not guiding them; hut just above this bridge they are escape an experience which to me was equally broken into the long narrow strips you now see heroic. I refer to my inspection of four of the so that they will pass between the piers. Down consular babies recently announced with a con¬ they come with the current, the lithe, sinewy brown gratulatory line by the BULLETIN. It was one of bodies of the naked lumbermen glistening in the the most embarrassing experiences of my trip sun as they strain at sweep or pole in their efforts and one against which none of the older inspectors to gir'de the raft safely between the piers. And had warned me, although their advice covered not without reason is anxiety written plainly on everything from malaria to shipwreck. I confess their faces as they approach the gauntlet, for the that the proper procedure for a consular inspec¬ passage is narrow, the clearance small, and the tor—unmarried, of course—when faced with a penalty for striking a pier severe; for it is the consular babv is a problem which I have not yet barbarous custom of this bridge and the people solved; the situation continues to be most painful who live on or near it that any craft which strikes to me. Presumably one eventually becomes accus¬ a pier mav lie plundered of its cargo and torn to tomed to babies; one Consul General, who has pieces! It does not appear whether this custom three in his immediate jurisdiction, actually is sanctioned as a penalty to prevent damage to touches them and even claims that he takes them the piers through carelessness on the part of the in his arms, although I did not see him perform boatmen, or has grown up out of a practice de- this feat. [272] CONSUL PEPYS July 21, 1670.-—This day being a lockal holi¬ A. H. BUCHAN, President & Treasurer day and the clarss released, did much pleasure Dixon - Buchan myselffe lying abedd and to the offys onlie short- tly befor noone, where I did mean to dygest and Tobacco Company compend into brief forme all circkularrs regard¬ INCORPORATED ing seafaring men. On colleckting them indeed Dealers and Exporters all together, did fall into a wondering and maze- Virginia-Carolina Leaf Tobaccos ment that there should be so much instrucktion- ing on such simple matters as spitals and wages (MULLINS, SOUTH CAROLINA, U. S. A.) and chirurgian’s fees for boat’s wains cracked OUR PACKING GUARANTEED skulls. “Laws,” thought I, “it would almost SAMPLES SENT ON REQUEST seem that I should bind up the fisticuffing fel- REFERENCES: PAGE TRUST COMPANY, lowe’s heads myselff or mayhap send wife Sarah Sanford,North Carolina,U.S.A. Codes Used: to the dock side with her linten bandages and FIRST NATIONAL BANK, ABC 5th Edition sperrits of hartsohron hartshorn.” Aye, and she Mullins, South Carolina, U.S.A. Leiber’s 5 Letter would give them a sound rating, too, such as they LONG ISLAND NAT’L BANK, Cable Address: are much in neede of. Oftimes have I pitied the Hicksville, Long Island, N. Y., U.S.A. “DIBUCO” poor garden man, an industrious fellowe enuff for a native of here, but given to taking overly of drams and grogs of a Sunday, when shee would tongue-lash him of a Monday morning, he stand¬ at where he is now (a good enough place it is in ing, sayeing nowt, but with down cast counte¬ trew realty, much better than this fever infeekted nance all alcokoholick and ashamed. Myselff, in place) and did much relate of the better positioun matter of course, after much perussal of afore- once held by him at the capital in the port and sayd circkulars and instrucktions, did come out docks offys althoughe it payd him less and the at ye same entrance whereat I went inn, namely, goodwife misliked the air so close the moun- that these circkularrs are meant at bottom to leave taignes. However, as well content with the most all to the Consul’s own best discretioun and luncheon, the Captain enjoying the patatties yet allow room, by an “albeit” or “however,” ex¬ (which for a wonder were well fryed and in ceeding and cunning well placed, for the Foreigne whollie fresh greace) and his cherroots not half Offys to rebuke the unlucky wighte should ought so bad, and I did gather fromm him as much in- go amiss and sylence should all go well by the formatioun of a trade nature as almost could be grace of God and the fryendlienesse of the lockal gotten from a trip to his town, my humble request authoryities. for the coach fare thither and returne from the July 29, 1670.—Today for lunch at an hostelry Contingentcies Allottment having beene refused. in town so far distant that I must take thither a August 10, 1670.—Busied myselff all this be- publick conveyance the cost of which was so great fore-noon with small odments all, however, re¬ it would have made it cheaper to have had this quiring some applickatioun of mynde—how the man, the Captain of a neighboring port, to my petteries do ackumulate! Towards closing hours own board to partake of a good meat pasty with did find myselff, alas, in a great humour and vex vegetubbles and a small bottle but Sarah would at the eldest Notary Clark and did give him a have none of it, the eldest being home from Miss tremendous wigging, over what was in realty but lePlace her schoole and somewhat boisterous by a tryvyal slip which I however in my bile did reasone of the unwonted freedom and Sarah un¬ magnifie into a blounder of proportiouns. Was willing to burden the new cooking maid so soon thankfulle after all for these small detayles, there with extra labors. But the Port Captain must being nothing which some how after alle in God’s be entertained and well, too, he having in his good Providence hath not somewhere somethyng hands to smoothe the way at his harbour for the of good, for by them was enabled without too skyppers of vessels and shyppers of goods from much strayning at my consciaunce to make validd home into that reggioun. On my return to the exckuse of them not to ackompanie Sarah to the offys founde the scriveners and darks awaiting tea-gaff at the Britysh and Colonyal recktory and at the dore and skyelarcking about for in my was yet not forced to remayn at them too long not haste to so distant an inn had taken the greate key to be able to stop an houre and a halffe on my of the outwards doore. The goode captain didde waye home at Toppy Fairfax his rooms at the never-ceasinglie lament the inikwities of the port Inn, where found (as I hadde expected) [273] Toppy himself in rare goode humor and three anser for, God wot, I was loath to remedie those other merchant of this place all very merrie of my so distant predecessor. Onlie towards eve around a table of preferaunce and a tot of Toppy’s the unluckie paypper was at last founde. most ecksellent good Iryshe. Was also able by Auguste 17, 1670.—Still musing this before- some adroyte and unconspickuous questing to noon on yesterdaye’s pother over the lost docku- ascertain some facks anent the lockal marckit for ment did make oathe to myselff no unluckie Coun waggon oyls and divers luherickants that will of sull wight coming at this port after me shall ever a surety go most well in a secktioun of a reportt blamifie me as I did yesterday beswear the one I have been meditating for long. Itt is to bee a time inckumbent here and resolved that all generoul survay of this Consular Districk which weightie dockumentes and transacktiouns shall be has not beene summoned for by the Forayne written and entered cleane and faire so soon as Offyse but whiche I earnestlie wish to make—and ever they be consummated into one goodlie large as fullie and authentickallie as may bee—since in¬ Booke—sorte of a Sundries Reckords Booke— deed methincks such report shoukle in all con- wheare they may he founde in later and even dis- sciaunce be rekwired of us Counsuls once in every tante yeares should it so come up that they be severall years on all that does transypre com- still of importaunce. Thus I do beleave there merciallie in our districks and that moughte in may be avoyded in the futur suche dustie rustling anie way affeckt our countries trade with these and turning over of antick packits and musty parts. bockses as yesterdaie so fretted us all. August 16, 1670.—My darks and scriveners did spend, alass, the larger portioun of today mak¬ During the period July 1 to 31, 1923, inclusive, ing diligent searche for an olde copie of a docku- 2,131 miscellaneous and general letters were re¬ mente attested before the fyrste Counsul at this ceived in the Department from Consulates for porte some score and many more years agone transmission to the addresses in the United States. whyche my Lord Chancellor doth now clamorous- Warsaw led with 383 and was followed by Riga lie demand. Having sins enuff of my owne to (352), Kovno (296), and Constantinople (127).

Conveniencing the Consul

11 -|HEN Duty or Pleasure calls the consul to the Nation's capital, the official and social environ¬ ment and the luxurious comfort at The Shoreham enable him to dwell in his own realm. Liberal Discounts to Diplomatic Representatives

15th and H Streets, N. W. Washington, D. C.

[274] A EODD NAME

There could be no higher incentive to fine workman¬ ship than the reputation Dodge Brothers Motor Car enjoys throughoutthe world. This good name is Dodge Brothers most priceless pos¬ session. It results in a cease¬ less, conscientious effort on their part to make the car even more worthy of this most desirableof all rewards.

DODGE BROTHERS, DETROIT

[275] (Continued from page 268) which they had not previously looked upon with STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK favor; it may smooth out difficult relationships and humanize forces which might otherwise be 26 Broadway New York harmful or antagonistic to American business in¬ terests. Tact is one of the greatest assets of the able Consular officer. Like good judgment, it is often, to a certain extent, an endowment. But it can be acquired—often unconsciously, as a result of dealing with all sorts and conditions of people. Lack of tact is always resented, even though the absence of hurtful motive be admitted. The tactless officer alienates the sympathy of his sub¬ ordinates, and is soon aware of this through act or by sensing alteration in their mental attitudes. This may in turn be resented as unfair by the of¬ ficer, who feels himself to have been governed in The Mark of Quality his acts by his best sense of justice. The result is further clash of wills and undesirable effect upon behavior and efficiency. Every officer will recall to himself individuals and instances in which tact¬ less methods have produced results the opposite of those desired, or where the exercise of tact has Socony been a constant factor for good or has dissipated situations which appeared to be very serious. Cheerfulness is part of the mental machinery necessary to getting desired results in your deal¬ ings with callers at Consular offices, and in your Products dealings with people upon whom you may call. It is an essential to high efficiency, for, when men are cheerful, they respond willingly to any call Illuminating Oils and give the best effort that is in them. Closely allied to the quality of cheerfulness is that of Lubricating Oils and Greases optimism. Then there is enthusiasm. Enthusiasm makes us do things with vim and vigor—not per¬ functorily because it is duty—but with a desire Gasoline and Motor Spirits and gladness to do them. It underlies Service Spirit. But, at the same time, you must be cau¬ Fuel Oil tioned about over-enthusiasm. Over-enthusiasm is sometimes dangerous, in that it may blind one Asphaltums, Binders and to vital miscalculations. In Benjamin Franklin’s philosophy occurs the maxim “Be sure you arc Road Oils right—then go ahead.” For a Consular officer, this might be amended by adding “and, while you Paraffine Wax and Candles are going ahead, be sure that you continue to be right.” Lamps, Stoves and Heaters Courtesy has been defined as the lubricant of human relations. Army Regulations recognize this fact when they say: “Courtesy among mili¬ Branch Offices in the Principal Cities of tary men is indispensable to discipline.” By cour¬ tesy is understood politeness, originating in kind¬ Japan Philippine Islands Turkey liness and good-breeding. It is a civility in which China Straits Settlements Syria a superior cannot afford to be outdone by a sub¬ Indo-China Netherlands India Bulgaria ordinate. It is often expressed quite as much by Siam South Africa Greece act and manner as bv words. It is discourteous, India Australasia Jugoslavia for example, for a Consular officer to stand and look, in a bored, tired manner, over a visitor's head while apparently listening to his statement. (Continued, on page 279) [276] AMERICA AT THE OPIUM ADVISORY COMMITTEE AT GENEVA (Continued from page 261) The committee met at Geneva on May 24, and after the preliminary arrangements of business were settled, the American propositions were sei forth by Mr. Porter and Bishop Brent as fol¬ lows : 1. If the purpose of The Hague Convention is to he achieved according to its spirit and true in¬ tent, it must be recognised that the use of opium products for other than medicinal and scientific purposes is an abuse and not legitimate. 2. In order to prevent the abuse of these drugs it is necessary to exercise the control of the pro¬ duction of raw opium in such a manner that there will be no surplus available for non-medicinal and Experience tion-scientific purposes. In support of these propositions, our legisla¬ Nothing counts in ocean-travel tion was cited as showing that the United States service like experience. Operations regarded all opium, coca leaves and their deriva¬ extending over more than 50 years tives as dangerous drugs. After some discussion, have witnessed the sound develop¬ the propositions of the United States were ment and sure growth of our accepted by the committee with the following famous Lines to their present com¬ reservation made by the representatives of manding position in the North- France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, The Atlantic passenger trade. These Netherlands, Portugal and Siam: Lines carried more than 210,000 The use of prepared opium, and the production, passengers across the Atlantic last export and import of raw opium for that purpose year, including more than one- are legitimate so long as that use is subject to third of all first-class passengers and in accordance with Chapter II of the Con¬ from New York to European ports. vention. The representative of India made a reserva¬ Headed by the world’s largest tion to the effect that the use of raw opium, as ship, Majestic, theHomeric, Olym¬ practised in India was not illegitimate under the pic the palatial, new Belgenland Convention. and the famous Big Four of our When The Hague Convention was drawn, it Liverpool service, our Fleets in¬ was recognized in the instrument that the use of clude 118 vessels totalling 1,238,000 smoking opium would have to be continued for tons. a time, but the Powers bound themselves to stop Our complete ocean services of¬ it as soon as possible. There was no mention in the Convention of the use of raw opium, as it fer five sailings weekly to English did not figure in international trade as a drug of ports, three to France and one each addiction. The committee, however, in adopting to Ireland, Belgium and Germany. the American proposals, suggested a further con¬ Accommodations to suit every ference of the opium and coca leaf producing purse and taste. countries and of the drug manufacturing countries to take measures for a reduction in the produc¬ tion of the raw materials and of the manufactured narcotic drugs derived from them. It further t&WHiTE STAR UNECT recommended a conference looking to a gradual AMERICAN Lna V- ,./ RED STAR LINI reduction and eventual abolition of the practice lafiiiUTiaMi MmMnu "MARIMI CWMXT of opium smoking. No. 1 Broadway New York It will thus be seen that the committee agreed

[277] (^ONSULAHfflLLETIN

with the American proposals and that the objections which arose had to do with the practical measures necessary to put them into effect. This is a long step forward, and shows that the world is alive to the menace. It represents a differ¬ ent point of view from that of only a few years ago, when many governments were un¬ willing to admit that

the non-medicinal use Photo from Edwin Salz of opium was a regret¬ American Consular Agency at Coquimbo, Chile, after table abuse. tidal wave of November 10, 1922

United States Steel Products Company 30 Church Street, New York, U. S. A. Cable Address “Steelmakers, New York”

Exporters of the Products of CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY ILLINOIS STEEL COMPANY NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE COMPANY TENNESSEE COAL, IRON & RAILROAD COMPANY AMERICAN SHEET & TIN PLATE COMPANY MINNESOTA STEEL COMPANY THE LORAIN STEEL COMPANY CANADIAN STEEL CORPORATION

Branch Offices at Birmingham, England London, England Santiago, Chile Bombay, India Mexico City, Mexico Sao Paulo, Brazil Brussels, Belgium Montreal, Canada Seattle, Washington Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic New Glasgow, Canada Shanghai, China Calcutta, India New Orleans, Louisiana Soerabaya, Dutch East Indies Concepcion, Chile Peking, China Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Glasgow, Scotland Port Elizabeth, South Africa Tokyo, Japan Havana, Cuba Portland, Oregon Toronto, Canada Durban, South Africa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Valparaiso, Chile Lima, Peru Rome, Italy Vancouver, Canada Los Angeles, California The Hague, Holland Winnipeg, Canada San Francisco, California

Warehouses at

Antwerp, Belgium Callao, Peru Santiago, Chile Bombay, India Cape Town, South Africa Sao Paulo, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic San Francisco, California Talcahuano, Chile Calcutta, India Valparaiso, Chile

[278] (Continued from page 276) An efficient Consular officer is never too tired or too busy to give courteous and interested atten¬ tion to all visitors at his office. You must show always by your attitude that you are at the serv¬ ice of your visitor; you must give him, tactfully, an opportunity to tell you what he wants; and then demonstrate by your interest, intelligence and cheerfulness that it is a pleasure for you to at¬ tend to him. Never listen in a perfunctory man¬ ner, no matter how busy you are; no matter how tiresome or unreasonable your visitor may be. In all your contact with visitors at Consular offices you must remember that the unforgivable sin— from the standpoint of the Department—is dis¬ courtesy. Whether you are dealing with someone you know, or with a total stranger, always be cour¬ teous. Your visitor may be a person of no impor¬ tance, but his presence in the Consulate and his request for your services—whether he is an American citizen or a citizen of another country-— entitles him to your consideration. His good opinion of the Consulate and of the Service is always to be desired.

Always, if you can, approach persons when you Photograph by United States see them enter the office or waiting in it. Greet Consul A. T. Haebcrle. them courteously and inquire whom they wish to Native Fruit Vendor, Azores see. Then direct the visitor to someone who can attend to him. Promptness, even in this detail, is Others—Why Not You? always pleasing. If your visitor requests a per¬ Frederick Simpich, Robert P. Skinner, Ernest sonal interview with the principal officer, and the Lloyd Harris, Harry A. McBride, Maurice latter should happen to be engaged, introduce P. Dunlap and Alexander Weddell—as well as yourself. You may say: “The Consul (or the Mr. Haeberle—have contributed photographs and Consul-General) is engaged just now. I am the articles to the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGA¬ Vice-Consul. Is there anything I may do for ZINE, thus adding zest and income to leisure hours. you ?” This is an invitation for you, too, to submit Finally, in his dealings with visitors at the Con¬ photographs of natives—at work or at play— and carefully prepared descriptions of the cus¬ sulate, a Consular officer must be just. The Con¬ toms and people at your post or in the terri¬ sular officer’s powers, in some matters, are great, tories you visit, for the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC and it is therefore essential that they be exercised MAGAZINE is eagerly seeking such material in with evenness and fairness. This is particularly every corner of the globe. true when he is dealing with prospective immi¬ All material accepted is paid for promptly at grants, or with applicants for visas, or with sea¬ attractive rates, and that which is unavailable is men. Regulations must be enforced strictly and returned promptly by insured post. firmly, but always politely and justly. Every ap¬ Brochure descriptive of material de¬ plicant for a visa—every seaman—no matter how sired and booklet about The Society much their insistence or, at times, unreasonable and Magazine mailed on request. demands may annoy you—must be given a square Address, The Editor. deal. In any matter of doubt or conflicting in¬ terest, all aspects of the case should receive patient and equal attention. Your decision must National Geographic be based on a full knowledge of the facts, yet a sympathetic element should be present. You must, Magazine in all cases, cultivate and hold the confidence of persons dealing with you. Above all, your sub¬ Washington, D. C., U. S. A. ordinates must be convinced of your desire to be fair and just with them. [279] ^ AMERICAN CONSULAR, BULLETIN

THE ASPHALT LAKES OF Notwithstanding its far greater area, this asphalt lake contains much smaller deposits than TRINIDAD AND VENE¬ the Trinidad Lake, for the depths of asphalt ZUELA here are only from 2 to 10 feet, whereas in Trini¬ (Continued from page 267) dad they are known to be at least 200 feet. About As the area of this lake is about nine times that one-tenth of the deposits here have already been of the Trinidad Lake, the landscape effect is shipped away. naturally much more impressive, especially as it is Instead of being a uniform product as at the bordered by forests with a background of moun¬ Trinidad Lake, the asphalt here varies from tains. The lake has also much more variation in almost a liquid form which oozes up from the its appearance and in the character of its asphalt. water and can be pulled out like seaweed, to Certain parts appear to have springs of soft greater degrees of hardness up to what is known asphalt bubbling with gas, the largest being about as glance pitch and coke pitch, which can be re¬ 7 acres in area. But outside of such places where moved only by blasting. The present production the material appears to be coming up from the of asphalt here is about 40,000 to 65,000 tons earth, the surface of the lake is covered with trees annually, as against about 100,000 tons for the and grassy vegetation which has to be cut off in Trinidad Lake. The Venezuela Government re¬ order to reach the asphalt. The amount of water ceives royalties of about 80 cents per ton of present is very great, and in digging1 out the asphalt produced. asphalt, the work is largely done by men almost The glance and coke asphalts, the former hav¬ up to their waists in water, who pick out with their ing a glassy appearance, have been formed implements and lift up big chunks of the product, through the agency of fires which occasionally carrying them to small cars which take them to the sweep over parts of the lake during the dry sea¬ larger cars of the narrow gauge railway to son. The coke pitch has been subjected to a more Guanoco. long trains being made up for such thorough baking than the glance pitch. The transportation. glance pitch is mostly taken for account of the

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It is literally true that in re- costing two and three times its liability, in smooth and spirited price. performance, in long life, the new Hupmobile is to be compared This has been true of all Hup- only with the finest cars pro- mobiles. Nothing else could duced today. account for the fact that the earliest models built 15 years In workmanship, in materials, ago are still in use in all parts of in precise measurements, there is the world. no substantial difference between this recent triumph of Hup- It is particularly true of this mobile engineering, and cars new model—the Series R-12.

[280] Venezuela Government, which mixes it with pow¬ esting species of fauna, and the company’s quar¬ dered coal into briquettes for fuel. The coke ters near Guanoco are now an important recruit¬ asphalt is used to operate the narrow gauge rail¬ ing station for many valuable zoological speci¬ way, machine shop and other industrial uses at mens collected for the zoos at Philadelphia and Guanoco, and during the war had a considerable New York, including all kinds of interesting export, some of it going even as far as Algeria, birds, reptiles and mammals, up to the size of which apparently was hard pressed to find such leopards and jaguars. good fuel elsewhere. Most of the asphalt pro¬ One extraordinary freak of zoology recently duced here, is about as soft as dough or putty, sent to Philadelphia, was the Mata-mata, which and of about the same consistency. was described to me by one of the staff at While there is considerable firm ground on the Guanoco to be a “cross between a turtle, an alli¬ Bermudez Lake, yet occasionally one may slightly gator and a nightmare,” and for ugly repulsive¬ sink into a sticky black mush, from which release ness, almost a record breaker for the animal king¬ may be only possible by letting heels and soles dom. It can move its tail inside of its shell like part with the rest of one’s boots. Sometimes a a turtle, but its long alligator shaped head cannot snake or small animal may attempt to meander be thus withdrawn for cover under the shell, but across this lake, and find itself on something akin can, however, be swung compactly against the to sticky fly paper, so that there is nothing to do side of the shell. Long, rough cones cover the by vainly strain and finally starve. Generally shell, and hideous wart-like protuberances the speaking, the asphalt is much softer here than at neck and head. the Trinidad Lake and requires care and prudence The use of lake asphalt from Trinidad and to walk over it, and especially where it is largely Venezuela has been much affected during the last inundated with water, one can get over it only by five or six years by competition with oil asphalts, following the trestles for the cars, or on boards especially for pavements. These oil asphalts are stretched over fairly solid places. the by-product residuum of the petroleum re¬ The vicinity of tlie lake abounds in many inter¬ fineries of Mexico and California, where the oils

Underwood Portable Give Wings to Words Many a man finds Because it is built that a quiet, unin¬ by the makers of the terrupted session world’s Standard with his Underwood Typewriter; because Portable at home it embodies features results in a better that are exclusively arrangement of his Underwood, this work next day, with Portable makes it perhaps an extra possible for anyone hour of leisure at the In its convenient carrying case, the to do Underwood Underwood Portable weighs 9% lbs. end. Make the odd and is 4% inches high. Typewriting any¬ minutes count! Price $50.00 where.

UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER COMPANY 1413 New York Avenue, N. IV. Washington, D. C.

[281] have an asphaltic base. However, the markets for building the tower of Babylon. It was used in lake asphalt outside the United States have de¬ mortar long before lime, and ancient buildings veloped considerably in the meantime. Moreover, cemented with asphalt mortar have been remark¬ in the United States, there has in recent years ably well preserved. The use of asphalt ceased been a rapid increase in the use of asphalt for during the Middle Ages, and was not revived until other than paving purposes. Consequently, the about 200 years ago, when discovery of asphalt rock deposits in Switzerland and France, gave a two lakes of Trinidad and Venezuela have been fresh impetus to its use. The first use of asphalt able to produce satisfactory financial returns, not¬ mastic was in laying sidewalks in Paris in 1838. withstanding the increasing competition of oil In the same year, successful experiments were asphalts. made in Germany with the use of asphalt, and Among the various asphaltic products now Professor Dietrich of Berlin, did a great deal in largely manufactured may be mentioned water¬ promoting its use for street paving. proofing asphalts, paints, fabrics and insulating When most people think of asphalt they think material, roofing asphalts, asphalt cement, slate only of its use for pavements, with little knowl¬ surface shingles with asphalt body, expansion edge of other important diversified uses. For in¬ joints, pipe coatings and asphalt rubber for com¬ stance the person driving in a motor car over an pounding with natural rubber. In the construc¬ asphalt pavement might be surprised to know that tion of large reservoirs, swimming pools, etc., and perhaps the tires of his car contain pure asphalt, also of floors below any water levels, the use of compounded with rubber and fabric. asphalt mastic laid over stone or concrete founda¬ The modern thorough development of the tions, acts as a seal coating and, expanding and asphalt industry is almost entirely an American contracting with climatic changes, obviates any accomplishment. The commercial value of the possible chance of seepage or leakage. famous lakes of Trinidad and Venezuela has been The use of asphalt for preserving valuable developed largely through American enterprise in objects was known to the ancient Egyptians, and perfecting useful asphaltic products, and Ameri¬ in Layard’s book, “Discoveries in the Ruins of can salesmanship in finding world markets for Nineveh and Babylon,” its use was mentioned in these products.

THIS map illustrates the world-wide distribution of Gar¬ goyle Products. In addition to the vast distribution in the United States,

RBf * Gargoyle Products are: Marketed in over 40 countries. Lubricating Oils Manufactured in 18 refineries and works (indicated by flags.) Stocked in over 600 warehouses. Aptdefer uck type tf soviet Obtainable at over 250 ports of call (indicated by dots.) Vacuum Service covers the world.

[282] SlobcrW&tmeke SECTIONAL FILING CABINET

“Built-To-Enduxe” STEEL OR WOOD “Built-To-Endure”

Most Artistic in Design, Durable in Finish, Efficient in Service—they are the Strongest Filing Cabinets male

3317-T. Top

S317%C. I. 46 One Row Section

1617% C. L 36 Quarter Section 1617 C. I. 36 Half Section 1617% C. 1. 46 Quarter Section

1617 V. L. 1617 C. 1. 46 Half Section Half Section

8317 V. L. Full Section

S817-B. 16 Base

A COMBINATION CAN BE ARRANGED TO INCLUDE EVERY FILING DEVICE These 33-Inch Width Wood Filing Cabinets and an Identical Line of Steel Filing Cabinets are the lines the Globe-Wernicke Co. has supplied the United States Government for many years. Made especially for the Government in accordance with the specifications of the General Supply Committee. The picture shows only a small part of the line. The complete lines include every filing device used in Govern¬ ment offices. The top of each Section and the bottom of each Section are closed in by air-tight, framed-in panels, exactly the same construction as the sides. The top, bottom, back and both sides, being absolutely solid, make each Unit not only a complete, •olid case, but vermin proof, non-warpable and dust-proof. These Units are the most compact, substantial and strongest Wood Filing Cabinet Sections ever built. Catalogue No. 800 Explains all Globe-Wernicke Filing Cabinets. Sbe 9lobeA^rniek« Co. WASHINGTON, D. C., SALESROOM 1218-1220 F STREET N. W. [283] To the Consular Representatives of the United States:

The United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company puts at your disposal its services in writing your bond. Special attention is given to the requirements of consular officers, our Washington manager, Mr. Lee B. Mosher, having formerly been in the Consular Service. When you have in mind any form of bond, this company will be pleased to write it for you. JOHN R. BLAND, President.

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company

RESOURCES OVER $34,000,000.00

Washington Branch Office Suite 327, Southern Building, 15th and H Streets, Washington, D. C.

CHARLES C. GLOVER MILTON E. AILES Chairman of the Board President The Riggs National Bank WASHINGTON. D. C. Pennsylvania Ave., opp. U. S. Treasury Dupont Circle 7th and Eye Streets N. W. 14th St. and Park Road 2477 Eighteenth Street

LETTERS OF CREDIT CABLE TRANSFERS TRAVELERS CHECKS SAVINGS DEPARTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE BOUGHT AND SOLD

Consular Representatives and visitors to Washington are cordially in¬ vited to avail themselves of our unexcelled Banking Facilities. A BANKING CONNECTION AT THE CAPITAL IS CONVENIENT. BANK BY MAIL Capital $1,000,000 Surplus $2,000,000 Resources over $30,000,000

[284] American Consuls Abroad This spring and summer probably more travelers are going abroad than have gone for the past 5

years. The great U. S. Government ships have 1—— — . .. been taxed to capacity to accommodate the eager throngs. This means new opportunities and new responsibilities for every American Consul. He should see that every American returns to America in an American ship. Recommend American Ships Contribute to the continued success of the American Merchant Marine,—your fleet. Rec¬ ommend American ships for passage to America to every prospective traveler; and to every busi¬ ness man for freight shipments. The ships are swift, luxurious—among the finest afloat. Their freight and passenger accommodations are unex¬ celled, their service and speed admit no superiors. You confer a great service to your Government and to all travelers when you recommend Amer¬ ican ships.

UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD Information Bureau Washington, D. C. WHAT YOUR CONSULS DO

y business man and, either directly or indirectly, every private citizen. TO'"hartS™ howISaUm gi3wed"S”ti«»‘i SncentrataJ in the Dep.rtn.snt o( State and then dietributed to the v.rious government.! agencies and to private concerns and individuals. . . . ,, . A Consul’s more important duties are; shown, but by no means all of them.