CHAPTER II THE TYPES OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN THE LYRICS BY BRUNO MARS’S SONG IN DOO WOPS & HOOLIGANS ALBUM
2.1 The Characteristic of Bruno Mars Bruno Mars is an artist or soloist multitalented which has many won many awards, such as the International Male Artist of the Year in the NRJ Music Awards (2013), International Female Solo Artist in BRIT Awards (2012), Favorite Male Artist in the People's Choice Awards (2012), Best International Act in Mobo Awards (2011) and many others. She sang at a time can play music. Her musical style genre of R & B, hip-hop, raggae, and pop, and instruments such as drums and guitar brought. When he shows, he usually always use the flagship hat, which he wears a little wonky but still cool with curly hair and a slightly brownish color of his skin makes it look like a perfect man. The Style of language used Bruno Mars tend to excessive language, as he too extol the girls, many partial song bruno mars the female devotee. Perhaps because he felt his fans many androgynous women or teenage girls. 2.2 Doo-Wops & Hooligans album Doo-Wops & Hooligans is the debut studio album by American singer-song writer Bruno Mars, released on October 4, 2010. Mars writing and production team The Smeezingtons were credited with writing all songs and serve as the album's executive producers. The album's title refers to doo-wop music and was chosen to reflect simplicity, as well as appeal to both males and females. Doo-Wops & Hooligans charted at number three on the Billboard 200 and in the top ten of music charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics. The usage of a wide variety of influences was noted by critics, with musical comparisons made to Michael Jackson, Jason Mraz and Little Richard. The album received a total of seven nominations for the Grammy Awards in 2011 and 2012 including Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album. Mars embarked on a US headlining tour throughout November and December 2010 to promote the album. Doo-Wops & Hooligans was announced the third biggest- selling album of 2011 in the UK, selling approximately 1,214,420 copies. The album has sold over 6 million copies worldwide. On the title of the album, Mars said, that „Doo-wop‟ is a very special word for him. Because he grew up listening to his dad who, as a Fifties rock & roll head, loved doo-wop music. And than doo wop songs come from a time back in the day when there were no trics, we just needed a beautiful melody, we needed a beautiful voice, and we needed to connect, so the 'doo-wop' part is for the women. But then because, on this album, Mars have records that women are going to relate to and men are going to relate to, the doo-wops are for the girls and hooligans are for the guys. 2.2.1 Grenade Grenade is a song performed by American singer-songwriter and producer Bruno Mars from his debut studio album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010). The song was recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles, while the mixing of the track was finished at Larrabee Sound Studios, in North Hollywood. A pop song with a R&B style, “Grenade” incorporates The Smeezingtons characteristic beats and shynts, the instrumentation used in the song includes keyboards, bass and software drums. The song's lyrics carry a message of unrequited love, Mars was inspired by a song with simillar lyrical themes played by Benny Blanco to him. When Mars with his friend Benny Blanco and he was playing with mars some songs, and Benny played Mars song that a lyric like “the one in Grenade” Benny said, this band is not signed, this is CD that was not released. Mars said to Benny, that mars can relate to that so much, Mars want to take that and make it his own. Mars was in contact with the dude , and Mars started writing with his version, basically, it is a heartbreaking, heartbreak song, and he think everyone can relate to that “ you are so in love with this woman and you do not understand, what am I doing wrong? What am I not giving to you? I will go as far as putting a bullet n my brain for you, and why can no I get that kind of love in return” that is the Mars statement about historical or bakground of his song Grenade. Grenade has been well received by critics. Lamb gave a review of four-and-a- half stars out of five, praising Mars' vocals and emotional lyrics on a track that cements his position as the top new artist of 2010. Critical reception has been mostly positive, with reviewers praising the vocals and emotional lyrics of the heartbreak song. It has peaked at number one in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his third number-one single both in the United States and on the United Kingdom. Worldwide, it was the ninth best selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 12.2 million copies. So far, it has sold over 10.6 million copies worldwide becoming one of the best selling digital singles of all time. 2.2.2 Just The Way You Are Just the way you are is the song performed by Bruno Mars. The song was written by The Smeezingtons, Khalil Walton and Needlz and produced by The Smeezingtons, and Needlz. It was released in the United States on December 14, 2009. It has also received airplay from AOL Radio‟s New Pop First station. The track was added to BBC Radio 1 A Playlist in the United Kingdom, and was released in the United Kingdom on September 19, 2010 as “Just the Way You Are (Amazing)” The song was written by The Smeezingtons, Khalil Walton, and Needlz. Bruno said of the song, “It took me months to come up with „Just the Way You Are‟. I wasn't thinking of anything deep or poetic. I was telling a story. Get ready to fall in love!” He added, “I‟m a big fan of songs like Joe Cocker‟s “You Are So Beautiful” and Eric Clapton's “Wonderful Tonight” songs that go straight to the point. You know, there's no mind-boggling lyrics or twists in the story - they just come directly from the heart. And to me “Just The Way You Are” is one of those songs. There is nothing mind-blowing about it. I'm just telling a woman she looks beautiful the way she is and, let's be honest, what woman doesn't wanna hear those lyrics?” that is the Bruno Mars say. The corresponding music video was directed by Ethan Lander and was shot in September 2010 in the downtown of Los Angeles. The video begins with Kelley listening to “Just the Way You Are” on her Walkman as Mars walks in. Mars stops the tape player, removes the cassette tape and begins singing his song. As the instrumental portion of the song begins, Mars pulls the media out of the cassette tape and arranges the media into letters forming his name followed by the song title. As the song continues, he forms a picture of a drum, again on the table, using the tape media. Additional images of similar construction follow throughout the video including a portrait of Mars as well as one of Kelley blinking her eyes and smiling as Mars continues singing. Most of the images shown are animated, including a bell which Mars rings with his fingers in synchronization with the chimes near the end of the song. Lastly, Mars finishes the song while singing and playing an upright piano while Kelley watches and smiles. The video was inspired by the artwork of Erika Iris Simmons.
2.2.3 Our First Time Our First Time (OFT) was one of the first widely popularized Internet hoaxes. Eighteen-year-olds Mike and Diane made a public announcement declaring they were to lose their virginity. OFT (Our First Time), which promoted itself as a free public service educational website, followed Mike and Diane day by day from July 18 to July 21, 1998 through HIV tests, condom selection, and telling their parents about their decision. So many millions of people attempted to view the site that the server crashed. The Internet Entertainment Group agreed to host it in exchange for links to their pornographic content. The synopsis Our First Time, In the song tells of a man with a woman in a room that is very old, they were chatting and they looked at each other, and in their minds who will start to do something for the first time they did. They have the same thoughts, but for the start, they are still very nervous. They do not need clothes, because they have a plan to do something. She was also ordered to treat her like a soft ice cream. That is the background story of the song lyric Our First Time who perform by Bruno Mars. 2.2.4 Runaway Baby Runaway Baby is a song by Bruno Mars, which appears on his debut studio album Doo-Wops & Hooligans. It was written by Mars and Brody Brown and produced by The Smeezingtons. The song peaked at number 19 on the UK (United Kingdom) Singles Chart on October 30, 2011, after Mars performed the song on The X Factor results show on October 30, 2011. “Runaway Baby” was used as the opening theme for the film Friends with Benefits. The song was also used for a trailer of the movie Escape From Planet Earth in 2013. 2.2.5 The Lazy Song The Lazy Song is a song recorded by American singer-song writer Bruno Mars for his debut studio album Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010). Development of “The Lazy Song” began one day Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine were hanging around the studio and didn‟t feel like working and had not written a song for a few days and we were kind of burnt out and did not feel like working. We felt lazy. K‟naan was in the studio with us, and the four of us suddenly came up with this idea. K‟naan added, After that we had a really hard time getting the groove and the drums to sit right. Once you have one piece of the puzzle, like when you realise that a drum track is good, you can add other things in after that. Mars wrote the song in collaboration with singer-songwriter, K‟naan and his production team The Smeezingtons, who also produced the track. Musically, “The Lazy Song” has been described as borrowing “heavily from roots reggae”, while lyrically it is an anthem to laziness. The Lazy Song was described as borrowing heavily from roots reggae and having a moderate reggae groove. The Lazy Song also reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100, while it topped the charts in Denmark and charted on most international markets within the top five. It reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. Cameron Duddy and Mars directed the accompanying music video, in which Mars hangs out with five dancers with monkee masks while jest around in his underwear. Worldwide, it was one of the best selling digital singles of 2011 with sales of 6.5 million copies. Mars performed The Lazy Song on The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour (2010–12), and occasionally on The Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013–14). 2.2.6 Marry You Mars wrote the song along with his production team The Smeezingtons, who also produced the track. “Marry You” incorporates influences of Raggae and R&B. Lyrically, the song sees Mars singing about a spontaneous marriage idea. Marry You was written by Mars, Phillip Lawrence and Ari Levine, was produced by The Smeezingtons. Marry You is a love song, about a couple when they go to Las Vegas, and spontaneously decide to get married. Lawrence confessed “It was more of a racy kind of idea, as opposed to this classic marriage tune it has become.” It is three minutes and fifty seconds long. In an interview with Philip Lawrance, he explained the concept behind the song “When we were coming up with that song, we had this image of a slow-mo video in Vegas of a couple running, and she‟s in her gown and he‟s in his tux, the wedding party is behind them and everyone‟s raging. This sort of crazy, daring, wedding feeling. It was more of a racy kind of idea, as opposed to this classic marriage tune it has become.” He added We always thought it was a good song and catchy, but we didn‟t think it would affect pop culture the way that it has. The first time we saw one of those YouTube videos, it changed everything for us. We were almost in tears, just the power of music, the power of what it is we can create. These ideas, words, and lyrics and how they can get into the fabric of society and affect people‟s lives in such an amazing way. 2.2.7 Talking to The Moon Talking to the Moon is a song by singer-songwriter Bruno Mars, from his debut studio album, Doo0Wops & Hooligan (2010), included as its seventh track. The song was written by Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine, Albert Winkler and Jepp Bhasker, while being produced by The Smeezingtones and co-produced by Bhasker. It was conceived as a big power jazz ballad. Throughout its lyrics, Mars' describes a failed relationship. Talking to the Moon was first recorded by Mars for his debut Extended Play, It’s Better If You Don’t Undersdtand, released on May 11, 2010 under Fueled by Ramen. Ari Levine from The Smeezingtons stated that “Talking To The Moon” was one of his favorite songs on the album Doo-Wops & Hooligans. He explained that, “We only had the first verse and the horns, but we knew that it was great. We then had three different bridges and we spent a lot of time trying to find out which one was the best.” Talking to the Moon is a jazz power ballad that lasts for three minutes and twenty-eight seconds. It was written by Albert Winkler, Jeff Bhasker, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine and produced by the latter two. With a stripped-down production, its instrumental is essentially composed of the sounds of drums and piano. Lyrically, Mars depicted feelings of loneliness, lost and hope as he sings it of in the chorus: “Talking to the moon or Try to get to you or In hopes you're on the other side or Talking to me, too”, and as the song carries on, it shows a vulnerable side of the singer with soft, sincere lyrics, about a lost love that has now gone. The lyrics reveal the singers' desire as he "hopes his former flame is talking to the moon just as he is. 2.2.8 Liquor store blues Liquor store blues is the song by Bruno Mars as singer, The song was released a promotional single from his debut studio album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans. He wrote the song with production team The Smeezingtons and Damian Marley, who also lent his vocals to the song. This song about a fed up guy finding solace in drink is the second single by American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars, taken from his debut album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans. This reggae-tinged jam features reggae artist Damian Marley (Welcome to Jamrock). Mars told 4Music: "Being from Hawaii, the Marleys are royalty. Damien is incredible and he is got the talent to back it up. He is not riding his fathers fame. He is the truth. I thought it would be a dream come true if I could get one of my idols to be on this song." That is Damien statement. The song's lyrics include such couplets as “I'll take one shot for my pain, one shot for my sorrow or get messed up today, I'll be okay tomorrow.” With perfect timing right after the track hit the Internet, news broke of Mars getting arrested for cocaine possession in Las Vegas. 2.2.9 Count on me Count on Me It was written by Mars, and Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine of production team The Smeezingtons, who also handled the song's production. The song has been released as a radio single in Australia and New Zealand, serving as the overall fifth single from Doo-Wops & Hooligans. This song tells that. Mars here is a man who can be relied upon by her lover. When a loved one needs help then Mars ready to offer himself to rely on. The point in this is a free song a man's willingness to help her or her lover in every way. 2.2.10 The other side The other side is a song by Bruno Mars, this song written by Philip Lawrence, Jeremy Ruzumna, Bruno Mars, Ari Levine, Michail Caren, Patrick Martin Stumph. The background of this song is about vampire, for serious. It just makes away too much sense. When it is featured in break dawn But the other side of this bakground is about the drugs or something similar related to seedy nightlife, maybe also a mental isue. Because issuess, (“straight” also refers to someone who doesn‟t party / do drugs. This usage was more popular before the word took on the meaning of heterosexuality. Bruno Mars has an old school vocabulary, so it make sense that he would use “straight” to mean someone who refrains from drugs.) 2.3 The Definition of Figurative language There are many kinds of literature in English/ literature itself can be divided into some part such as poem, drama and prose. In their process of writing, some literary words contain a lot of figurative language. Translating figurative language cannot be done word by word based on dictionary. There are many definition about figurative language. In easier definition of figurative language is language that contain images. It is mean the writer or speaker describes something through the use unusual comparison, for effect, interest, and to make things clearer. The result of using the technique is the creation of interesting images. Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. Figurative language, in comparison, uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular linguistic point. Figurative language is very common in poetry, but is also used in prose and nonfiction writing as well. Figurative language change the literal meaning to make a meaning fresh or clea, to express complexity, to capture a physicalor sensory effect or to extend meaning figurative language should not be taken literally. We have to look beyond the literal meaning of the words to other meanings to connotation of the words. At state by Giroux and Williston (1974 : 10), figurative language is language which departs from the straight forward use of the words. It creates a special effect, clarifies an idea, and makes writing more colorful and forceful. Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpration. A good translator should understand types of meaning that exist in the texts, because it is understood that there are many types of meaning. True meaning of words is found of resolving what peope do with them, not what they say about it, and the context will determine them. Each language has its own idiomatic way of expressing meaning through lexical itemsuch as idioms, secondary meaning, metaphor, and figurative meaning. Figurative language can look based on sentence structure is like Keraf (1996 : 124) said sentence structre can be foundation for creating the figurative language. The sentence structreis how sentence has a sub sentence which is important in the sentence. The sentence structure devided be three part based the character. The first character is periodic, if the important part or the idea has emphasis in the last sentence. The second character is not boisterous, if the emphasis sentence in the first sentence. And the third character is sentence proportional, it is the sentence has two sentences or more which are some position. The other definition about figurative language is according to M. H. Abrams (1999 : 96), figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what users of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some speacial meaning or effect. Figures are some times described as primarily poetic, but they are integral to the functioning of language and indispensable to all modes of discourse. So that figurative language is a language that makes things more dramatic and more make life a poem, novel, or song lyric. Figurative language usualy called by figure of speech it is a broad for a large variety of uses of words, phrases clauses and sentences to achieve desired affect in meaning, sound and style (Wordsworth, 1965 : 258). Figure of speech is also defined as deviation in the use of words from literal sense or from simple and commond practice. Figurative language has connotative or implied meaning that we could not find in the dictionary as a denotative meaning. Figure of speech are non-literal ways of saying things: that is, the words have to be interpreted in order to understand the intended meaning. (Elder, 2004 : 292) Figure of speech has a connotative meaning, in Aristotle articles about considered epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, dithyrambic poetry and music to be imitative, each varying in imitation by medium, object and manner. For example, music imitates with the media of the rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. The writer use figurative language for the same reason that we use it in evreyday conversation : to convey ideas in a clear, colorful, and forceful manner. For example, in a newspaper, magazine article, novel. These examples of figurative language are only a few of the many types found in literature. Figurative language encourages the raader to bridge gaps between ideas, fill in details, make associations, and form mental pictures. All of these uses of the imagination are highly statisfying, for there is great enjoyment in understanding what has not been spelled out for us. Figurative language is means of clarifying unclear and unfamiliar ideas. It makes the abstract real. For example, when D.H. Lawrence describes a bat as “a black glove thrown up at the light and falling back,” he is painting a figurative word picture which makes the bat real, Figurative language adds emotional impact to writing. When W.H. Auden writes, “I‟ll love you dear, I‟ll love you / till China and Africa meet,” he shows much more emotion than if he had written, “I will love you, dear, for a long time.” Thus, through figurative language, writers expree emotion and viewpoint. Every figure of speech is created in a different way, has its own unique appearance, and is used for special purposes. It is not important for you to recognize each figure of speech, but we should be able to understand and appriciate them in your reading. According to Simon and Schuster, figure of speech use words for more than their literal meanng. Figurative language creates comparisons and connections that use one idea or image to enhance or explain another. The types of figurative of speech are symbol, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, metonymy, alliteration, paradox, personification, idiom. 2.4 The Types of Figurative Language In literature, the figurative language is an expression belonging to a literary language. Language that uses words or expression with a meaning that is different from the literature interpretation. The habitual use of literary forms such as hyperbole, simile, personification that used in writing a song lyric. Here the writer will discuss only the most common figurative language : 2.4.1 Symbol One of the common figures of speech is the symbol. According to Robert Di Yanni (2002 : 715), a symbol is any object or action that represent something beyond itself. A symbol is a concrete object used to represent an abstract idea, in other words, something which stands for something else, for example, the flag is the symbol of a country. And the wedding ring is a symbol of marriage. Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. Sometimes, however, an action, an event or a word spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. For instance, “smile” is a symbol of friendship. Similarly, the action of someone smiling at you may stand as a symbol of the feeling of affection which that person has for you. Symbols do shift their meanings depending on the context they are used in. “A chain”, for example, may stand for “union” as well as “imprisonment”. Thus, symbolic meaning of an object or an action is understood by when, where and how it is used. It also depends on who reads them. Symbolism gives a writer freedom to add double levels of meanings to his work: a literal one that is self-evident and the symbolic one whose meaning is far more profound than the literal one. The symbolism, therefore, gives universality to the characters and the themes of a piece of literature. Symbolism in literature evokes interest in readers as they find an opportunity to get an insight of the writer‟s mind on how he views the world and how he thinks of common objects and actions, having broader implications. In literature some symbol have been used so often that they have become accepted as a symbol of life. A flower or a butterfly is usually a symbol of delicate and fragile beauty. 2.4.2 Personification Personification is a part of figurative language. A writer can either say something literally, or figuratively. If it's literal, then the words mean exactly what they say. But the meaning of figurative words is hidden behind description. When a writer uses figurative language, the description brings a deeper meaning and understanding to the words. One fun way to remember the definition is to think: 'if' a 'person' goes on 'vacation' (person-if-ication), then something else may take his or her place. Personification is a type of figurative language where non-humans are given human characteristics. In this lesson, we will look at a few examples of how personification is used in literature. Personification is a figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to animal or an object . personification consist is giving attribute of human being to an animal, an project, or concept ( Perrin, 1983 : 39). Personifictaion is the technique of giving a non-human thing human qualities such as hearing, feeling, talking, or making decision. Writer use personification to emphasize something or make it stand out. Personification makes the material more interesting and creates a new way to look at every day things. For example : My Teddy bear gave me a hug The old pumpkin sat with a frown on its face 2.4.3 A Simile Simile (and metaphors) are comparisons which use symbols. The simile is the most common figure of speech involving a comparison between two unlike entities. In the simile, unlike the metaphor, the resemblance is explicitly indicated by the words “like,” “as,” or “than.” The common heritage of similes in everyday speech usually reflects simple comparisons based on the natural world or familiar domestic objects, as in “He eats like a bird,” “He is as smart as a whip,” or “He is as slow as molasses.” In some cases the original aptness of the comparison is lost, as in the expression “dead as a doornail.” In the simile, in fact, it is depend on similes so much that they become worn- out very quickly. Similes like “cold as ice,” “busy as a bee,” and “soft as silk” have lost their effectiveness. A simile expresses an idea by comparing two things that are unlike inmost respect but are like in a certain way. The words like or as are always used in simile. For example, in the sentence The daw glittered like jewels, dew and jewels are two defferent things, but the idea is that dew sparkles with flashes of many colors just as jewels do. In the expression, “Jill swims like a fish,” tha grace and ease of Jill‟s movement are compared to the movements of a fish. Literally, it would be impossible for Jill to swim like a fish because she is human. In a literal sense, than, the comparison is meaningful and effective, allowing the reader to see Jill‟s movements clearly. Not every expression with “like,” “as,” or “than” is automatically a simile, however. “Jack looks like an athlete” is not a simile because jack is too similar to an athlete for effective comparison. But “jack runs like a Gezelle” is a simile because two different things are being compared with one similarity between them speed. According to Chris Baldick (2001 : 237) an explicit comparison between two different things, actions, or feelings, using the words „as‟ or „like‟, as in Wordsworth‟s line: The lion purred like a kitten You look as cold as a popscile I wondered lonely as a cloud A very common figure of speech in both prose and verse, simile is more tentative and decorative than metaphor. A lengthy and more elaborate kind of simile, used as digression in a narrative work, is the Epic simile. A simile expresses an idea by comparing two things that are unlike in most respect but are a like in certain way.the words like or as are always used in simile. 2.4.4 Metaphor Unlike the simile which depends on „like‟, „as‟, or „than‟, the metaphor is a direct comparison which does not require special key words. According to Robert Di Yanni (2002 : 709) Metaphor as “an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars”. Metaphor, then are stronger than similes because the object or persons compared are same. The thing is described as thought it were something else. Metaphors are a natural outgrowth of speech, but like similes, metaphors, too, are authors attempt to create fresh metaphors which give power and excitement to their ideas. For example, when Tomas Wolfe writes that “Fire drives a thorn of emory in the heart,” he is comparing the vividness of fire to the sharpness of a thorn. The mention of “heart” stirs the emotions and intensifies the image. Not all direct comparisons are metaphors. Saying that a man is a hero is not a metaphor, but saying that he is a lion when fighting is a metaphor because the man is associated with a symbol of unusual strength and bravery. Thus, authors try to make their metaphors perceptive and appealing. The metaphor states a fact or drawsa verbal picture by the use of comparison. A simile would say you are like something, a metaphor is more positive it says you are something. You are what you eat Her eyes were diamonds 2.4.5 Hyperbole Hyperbole is figure of speech which employs exaggeration. Hyperbole differ from exaggeration in that is extreme or excessive. Sometime is used for comic purpose. But more often is used seriously. Hyperbole can produce a very dramatic effect (Russel Reaske 1996 : 34) Hyperbole or overstatement is exaggeration in language. Overstatement is so common that we have come to expect it as a natural part of colosful speech and writing. The example : He has so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all He is older than the hills I will always love you for a thousand years. Like all figures of speech, oversatatement may be used in a variety of ways. It may create humor or seriousness, stimulate the imagination or restrain it. Evoke sympathy or despair, and so on. Like other figures of speech, overstatement is found in all stype of writing, except scientific report where literal language must be used. 2.4.6 Understatement or Litotes or Meiosis Understatement or meiosis i the opposite of overstatement, but interestingly enough, it is used for the same purpse: to capture the reader‟s attention and to give ideas color and emphasis. Understatement uses language which is opposite to what is expected or less than expected. The success of unerstatement lies in the reader‟s ability to fill in the truth. The language in understatement is deliberately gentler, milder, or weaker than the situation calls for. for example, we might read that a reception given to a foreign diplomat was “anything but friendly.” A careful reader is quick to interpret the understatement, “anything but friendly” to mean “cool,” “unfriendly,” or even “hostile.” Such an understatement is effective for its unexpectedness. The American humorist Artemus Ward once said that a man who holds his hand for half an hour in a lighted fire will experience “a sensation of excessive and disagreeable warmth.” The statement is a good example of understating the truth in language which is much less forceful than the action suggests. 2.4.7 Anaphora Anaphora is repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. Anaphora is coherent figurative which is function affirming the sentence. Based on etymolog Anaphora is from the greek “ carrying back”. Example : I need a drink, I need a lot of life insurance, I needed a home in the city. 2.4.8 Methonymy Methonymy is the substitution of award closely associated with another word. In place of that other world. Accroding to Perrine (1983 : 576), methonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant. Shortly, methonymy is kinds of figurative language which is characterized by the substitution of a term naming object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself. Example : There are many mouths to feed in my family The pen is mightier than the sword 2.4.9 Synecdoche Synecdoche is a figure of speech that mentions a part of something to suggest the whole. It is expressed a part stands for a whole, an individual stand, for a class and material stand for a thing so. It is uses a part of an object to stands the whole thing. Example : Do you have your wheel’s man? Rice is very expensive? His parents bought him a new set of wheels 2.4.10 Assonance Assonance is identity or similarity in sound between internal vowel in neighboring words. Based on etymology, assonance is from Latin “sound”. The other meaning of assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within non-rhyming words. Example : We can have some more 2.4.11 Oxymoron Oxymoron is figure of speech that deliberately uses two contradictory ideas. This contradiction creates a paradoxical image in the reader or listener‟s mind that generates a new concept or meaning for the whole. Example : A living Death Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind A deafening silence Make haste slowly Bitter – sweet Based on theexplanation above, an oxymoron uses two words that flatly contradict each other in one sentence. These polar opposite words are meant to give obvious hints to the underlying meaning of the sentence. 2.4.12 Idiom Accordng to Webster‟s Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself either grammatical (as no, it wasn‟t me) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meaning of its elements. Example : “Monday week for “the Monday a week after next Monday” 2.4.13 Alliteration and Onomatopoeia Two figures of speech which are based on the sounds of words are onomatopoeia and alliteration. Onomatopoeia, expresses the sounds made by the thing described. Examples are “buzz,” “crunch,” “tinkle,” “gurgle,” “sizzle,” “hiss,” “splash,” and “crash,” to mention a few. From Edgar Allan Poe was have the lines “Hear the ... silver bell! Or how they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, or in the icy air of night. “Onomatopoeia and alliteration are like fine spices: used sparingly they add flavour and depth to writing. The poetic statement, “Beat! Beat! Drums-blow! Bugles! Blow! Is an example of sound-words, and it is also a good example of alliteration. Alliteration is the repetition of the first letters or sounds in words. This figure of speech is used to create special effect or establish a particular mood or feeling. The following are examples of alliteration. The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example : She sells seashells by the seashore. The sweet of bitter bark and burning clove. Forest’s ferny floor 2.4.14 Allegory According to Robert Di Yanni (2002 : 717), Allegory is a form of narrative in which people, places, and happening have hidden or symbolic meaning. All allegory differs from symbolism in establishing a strict system of correspondences between details of action and pattern of meaning.
2.4.15 Paradox Paradox is a statement whose two parts seem contradictory yet make sense with more thought. Paradox attracts the reader‟s or the listener‟s attention and gives emphasis. According to Perrin in Dian (1983 : 603) paradox is an apprearance contradiction that is nevertheless some how true statement of group of statement that seems to lead a contradiction or to situation that defies intuition. According to Russel Reaske ( 1996 : 38), paradox is the result when a poet presents a pair of idea, words, images, or attitudes which are appear to be self contradictory. It may appear that these opposites are contradictory. Paradox often underlines of possibility that both may be true. In a short definition Paradox is a statement or proposition which is self contradictory, unreasonable, or illogical. Example : Is this statement is a lie They have ears but not hear 2.4.16 Rhyme The form and structure of poetry also feature rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound. For example the popula elementary rhyme Twinkle, twinkle little star a How I wonder what you are a Up above the world so high b Like a diamond in the sky b Star and are go together or rhyme, while high and sky also go together, or rhyme. The pattern or sequence in which the rhymes occur or are arranged is called rhyme scheme. This is the essence of using the letters a and b to group similar sounds together. In the example given above, it is a a b b . it is possible to have a b a b. a b c b, a b b a or even more complicated rhyming patterns in poems.
2.5 The Analysis of The Type of Figurative Language in Bruno Mars’s Lirics 2.5.1 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Grenade GRENADE No Sentences Types of Figurative
1. Easy come easy go 1, that's just how you live2 1. Anaphora Oh, take, take, take1 it all but you never give2 2. Rhyme Should've known you was trouble from the first kiss 3. Alliteration Had your eyes wide open1, why were they open1? Gave you all I had and you tossed it in the trash3 You tossed it in the trash3, you did To give me all your love is all I ever asked 2. I'd catch a grenade1for ya2 1. Hyperbole Throw my hand on a blade1for ya2 2. Anaphora I'd jump in front of a train1for ya2 You know I'd do anything1for ya2 3. Black, black, black1 and blue, beat me 'til I'm numb 1. Anaphora Tell the devil I said, hey, when you get back to where 2. Assonance, methapor you're from 3. Symbol Mad woman, bad woman, that's just what you are, yeah2 You'll smile in my face then rip the brakes out my car3 4. If my body was on fire1 1. Rhyme Ooh, you'd watch me burn down in flames 2. Assonance, Anaphora You said you loved me, you're a liar1 'Cause you never, ever, ever2 did, baby 5. No, you won't do the same1 1.Anaphora You wouldn't do the same Ooh, you never do the same No, no, no,oh
2.5.2 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Just The Way You Are JUST THE WAY YOU ARE No Sentences Types of Figurative 1. Her eyes, her eyes1 1. Anaphora Make the stars look like they're not shining2,3 2. Methapor Her hair, her hair1 3. Rhyme falls perfectly without her trying3 4. Hyperbola She's so beautiful4 And I tell her everyday (yeahh) 2. I know, I know1 1. Anaphora When I compliment her she won't believe me And it's so, it's so1 Sad to think that she don't see what I see But everytime she asks me "Do I look okay?" 3. When I see your face Hyperbola There's not a thing that I would change 'Cause you're amazing Just the way you are 4. And when you smile1 1. Symbol The whole world stops and stares2 for a while3 2. Alliteration 'Cause girl you're amazing, Just the way you are4 3. Rhyme 4. Hyperbola 5. Her lips, her lips1 1. Anaphora I could kiss them all day if she let me2 2. Rhyme Her laugh, her laugh1 3. Hyperbola she hates but I think it's so sexy2 She's so beautiful3 And I tell her everyday
2.5.3 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Our first time OUR FIRST TIME No. Sentences Types of figurative 1. Don't it feel good1babe2 1. Anaphora Don't it feel good1baaby2 2. Rhyme Cause, it's so brand new babe2 It's so brand new baaby.2 2. And now now1 here we are (here we are) 1. Anaphora In this big old empty room 2. Rhyme Staring at each other, who's gonna make the first move? Been doing our thing for a minute2 And now both our hearts are in it2 The only place to go, is all the way (ah, whoo) 3. Is that alright? Anaphora Is that okay? Girl, No need to be nervous Cause, I, got, you, all, night Don't you worry bout a thing (no no no) 4. Just go with it, go with it, go with it (and I will go Anaphora real) Slow with it, slow with it It's our first time Go with it, go with it, go with it (and I will go real) Slow with it, slow with it It's our first time 5. Clothes are not required1 1. Rhyme for what we got planned1 2. Hyperbola, simile Oooh girl you're my desire1 your wish is my command1 Treat you like a princess2 oooh girl you're so delicious Like ice cream on a sunny day gonna eat you before you melt away (babe)
2.5.4 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Run Away Baby RUN AWAY BABY No. Sentences Types of Figurative 1. Ah yeah, 1. Anaphora Well, lookie here, lookie here1 2. Rhyme Ah, what do we have?2 Another pretty thang ready for me to grab2 2. But little does she know 1. Personification, That I'm a wolf in sheep's1clothing2 Methapor 'Cause at the end of the night 2. Rhyme It is her I'll be holding2 3. Run, run, runaway, runaway1, baby 1. Anaphora Before I put my spell on you2 2. Rhyme You better get, get, get away, get away1darling 'Cause everything you heard is true2 4. Your poor little heart will end up alone1 1. Rhyme 'Cause Lord knows I'm a rolling stone1 2. Anaphora So you better run, run, run away, run away2, baby 5. Ah yeah 1. Anaphora Well, let me think, let me think1 2. Rhyme Ah, what should I do2? So many eager young bunnies That I'd like to pursue2 6. Now even now1 they eating out2 1. Anaphora The palm of my hand 2. Rhyme There's only one carrot2 And they all gotta share it
2.5.5 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric The Lazy Song THE LAZY SONG No. Sentences Types of Figurative 1. Today I don‟t feel like doing anything Rhyme I just wanna lay in my bed Don‟t feel like picking up my phone So leave a message at the tone Cus today I swear I'm not doing anything 2. I'm gonna kick my feet up then stare at the fan1,2 1. Hyperbola Turn the Tvee on 2. Rhyme Throw my hand in my pants2 Nobodys gon‟ tell me I cant 3. I'll be lounging on the couch just chillin in my 1. Rhyme snuggie1 2. Anaphora Click to MTV so they can teach me how to dougie1 Cus in my castle I'm the freakin man Oh Oh Yes I said it, I said it, I said it2 cus I can 4. Do some P 90 X Rhyme Meet a really nice girl Have some really nice sex And she's gonna scream out This is great, yeah (Oh my God this is great) 5. I might mess1 around and2 1. Alliteration Get my college degree2 2. Rhyme I bet my old man2 Will be so proud of me2 But sorry pops, you'll just have to wait
2.5.6 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Marry You MARRY YOU No. Sentences Types of Figurative 1. It's a beautiful night1, 1. Personification We're looking for something dumb to do. Hey baby, I think I wanna marry you. 2. Is it the look in your eyes, Rhyme Or is it this dancing juice? Who cares baby‟s I think I wanna marry you. 3. Don't say no, no, no1,no-no2; 1. Anaphora Just say yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah-yeah1 2. Rhyme And we'll go, go, go1go-go2 3. Metaphora If you're ready, like I'm ready3. 4. I'll go get a ring let the choir bells sing like oooh Hyperbole So whatcha wanna do? Let's just run girl. 5. If we wake up1 and you wanna break up1 that's cool. 1. Assonance No, I won't blame you 2. Anaphora It was fun girl. Just say I do, Tell me right now baby,2 Tell me right now baby. 2
2.5.7 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Talking To The moon TALKING TO THE MOON No. Sentences Types of Figurative 1. I know you're some where out there Anaphora Some where far away I want you back I want you back 2. My neighbors think I'm crazy Anaphora But they don't understand You're all I had You're all I had 3. At night when the stars light up my room1 1. Rhyme I sit by myself talking to the moon.1,2 2. Personification Trying to get to you In hopes you're on the other side talking to me too. Or am I a fool who sits alone talking to the moon? 4. I'm feeling like I'm famous1 1. Simile The talk of the town2 2. Alliteration They say I've gone mad3 3. Anaphora Yeah, I've gone mad3 4. Symbol But they don't know3 what I know3 Cause when the sun goes down Someone's talking back3 Yeah, they're talking back3
2.5.8 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Liquor Store Blues LIQUOR STORE BLUES No. Sentences Types of Figurative 1. Standing at this liquor store, whiskey coming through 1. Personification my pores1 2. Simile Feeling like I run this whole block2 3. Symbol Lotto tickets, cheap beer3, that's why you can catch me 4. Alliteration here Tryin' to scratch my way up to the top4 2. 'Cause my job's got me going no where Rhyme So I ain't got a thing to lose Take me to a place where I don't care This is me and my liquor store blues 3. I'll take one shot for my pain Rhyme One drag for my sorrow I get messed up today I'll be okay tomorrow 4. Me and my guitar tonight singing to the city lights Symbol Tryin' to leave with more than what I got 'Cause 68 cent just ain't gonna pay the rent So I'll be out until they call the cops 5. Here comes Junior Gong, I'm flying high like 1. Simile superman1 2. Idiom And thinking that I run the whole block I don't know if it's just because pineapple kush between my jaws2 Has got me feeling like I'm on top 6. Feeling like I woulda stand up1 to the cops2 1. Anaphora And stand up1 to the big guys, because de whole lot a 2. Rhyme dem saps2 All de talk dem a talk and dem fly make no drop Nuff ghetto youth cannot escape the trap
2.5.9 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric Count On Me COUNT ON ME No. Sentences Types of Figurative 1. If you ever find yourself stuck in the middle of the 1. Hyperbole sea1 2. Symbol I'll sail the world to find you1 If you ever find yourself lost in the dark2 and you can't see I'll be the light to guide you1. Find out what we're made of When we are called to help our friends in need 2. You can count on me like one, two, three, I'll be there Anaphora And I know when I need it I can count on you like four, three, two, you'll be there 'Cause that's what friends are supposed to do, oh yeah , oooooh oooooh , yeah yeah 3. If you're tossin` and you're turnin' and you just can't Alliteration fall asleep I'll sing a song beside you And if you ever forget how much you really mean to me Everyday I will remind you Find out what we're made of When we are called to help our friends in need.
2.5.10 The Analysis of the type of figurative in the Song Liric The Other Side THE OTHER SIDE No. Sentences Types of Figurative 1. Truth of the matter is I'm complicated Metaphora You're as straight as they come You go 'bout your day, baby While I hide from the sun 2. You know I, I've been waiting on the other1side2 1. Anaphora And you, all you gotta do is cross the line 2. Rhyme I could wait a whole lifetime but you just gotta decide2 You know I, I've been waiting on the other1 Waiting on the other1 side 3. If they say life's a dream call this insomnia1 1. Rhyme 'Cause this ain't Wonderland, it damn sure ain't 2. Methapor Narnia1 And once you cross the line, you can't change your mind Yeah, I'm a monster but I'm no Frankenstein2
2.6 The most dominant figurative language in Doo Wops & Hooligans album by Bruno Mars. In this bellow are the types and the dominant of figurative language used in doo woops & hooligans album.
Grenade No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Anaphora 4 2. Rhyme 2 3. Alliteration 1 4. Hyperbole 1 5. Assonance 2 6. Methapor 1 7. Symbol 1 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song lyric grenade is 14 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used is anaphora, because in the lyric of grenade there are some repititions of the same words at the beginning of clause.
Just the way you are No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Anaphora 3 2. Simile 1 3. Rhyme 3 4. Hyperbole 4 5. Symbol 1 6. Alliteration 1
Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song just the way you are is 14 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used is rhyme and hyperbole, because in this song so many exaggeration and some repetition of the same sound.
Our first time No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Anaphora 4 2. Rhyme 3 3. Hyperbole 1 4. Simile 1 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song our first time is 9 types of figurative language, and the most dominant figurative language used is anaphora, because in the lyric of our first time there are some repititions of the same words at the beginning of clause.
Runaway baby No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Anaphora 5 2. Rhyme 6 3. Personification 1 4. Methapor 1 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song runaway baby is 13 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used is rhyme, because in this song there are some repetition of the same sound.
The lazy song No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Rhyme 5 2. Hyperbole 1 3. Anaphora 1 4. Alliteration 1
Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song runaway baby is 8 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used is rhyme, because in this song there are some repetition of the same sound.
Marry you No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Personification 1 2. Rhyme 2 3. Anaphora 2 4. Methapor 1 5. Hyperbole 1 6. Assonance 1 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song marry you are is 8 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used is rhyme and anaphora, because in this song there are some repetition of the same sound and the repetition of the same words.
Talking to the moon No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Anaphora 3 2. Rhyme 1 3. Personification 1 4. Simile 1 5. Alliteration 1 6. Symbol 1 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song talking to the moon is 8 types of figurative language, and the most dominant figurative language used is anaphora, because in the lyric of our first time there are some repititions of the same words at the beginning of clause.
Liquor store blues No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Personification 1 2. Simile 2 3. Symbol 2 4. Alliteration 1 5. Rhyme 3 6. Idiom 1 7. Anaphora 1 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song liquor store blues is 11 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used is rhyme, because in this song there are some repetition of the same sound. Count on me No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Hyperbole 1 2. Symbol 1 3. Anaphora 1 4. Alliteration 1 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song count on me is 4 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used in this song are draw, they are hyperbole, symbol, anaphora, and alliteration. Hyperbole because there are some exaggeration. Symbol because there are some object or action that represent something beyond itself, like smile is symbol of friendship. Anaphora because there are some repititions of the same words at the beginning of clause. Alliteration because there are some repetition of the same initial letter, sound, and group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters.
The other side No Types of figurative language Total of figurative language 1. Methapor 2 2. Anaphor 1 3. Rhyme 2 Based on the data above, total of figurative language usedin the song the other side is 5 types of figurative language and the most dominant figurative language used is rhyme and methapor, because in this song there are some repetition of the same sound and the direct comparison. After researcher analyze the dominant of figurative language used in doo wops & hooligans album, the most dominan used in this album are rhyme and anaphor. Because in every songs, after researcer analyze in every song always used rhyme and anaphor.