Traditional Ojibway Resources in the Western Great Lakes Item Type Report Authors Zedeño, M. Nieves; Stoffle, Richard, W.; Pittaluga, Fabio; Dewey - Hefley, Genevieve; Basaldú, R. Christopher; Porter, Maria Publisher Bureau of Applied Research in Applied Anthropology Download date 08/10/2021 04:05:32 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292680 TRADITIONAL OJIBWAY RESOURCES IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES Final Report May 1, 2001 BUREAU OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN ANTHROPOLOGY The University of Arizona in Tucson TRADITONAL OJIBWAY RESOURCES IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INVENTORY IN THE STATES OF MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, AND WISCONSIN Final Report May 1, 2001 Prepared For Michael J. Evans National Park Service Midwest Region Prepared by M. Nieves Zedeflo Richard W. Stoffle Fabio Pittaluga Genevieve Dewey -Hefley R. Christopher Basaldú Maria Porter Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology The University of Arizona in Tucson TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vii List of Tables x CHAPTER ONE STUDY OVERVIEW 1 Project History 3 Structure of the Research 3 Phase I - Overview 4 Phase II - Tribal Meetings and Contemporary Resource Needs Assessments 4 Phase III - Site Visits and Interviews 4 Work Products 5 Report Review Process 6 CHAPTER TWO RESEARCH METHODS 7 Phase I - Overview 7 Information Sources 7 Ethnographic Resource Inventory 8 Phase II - Tribal Meetings and Contemporary Natural Resource Needs 8 Phase III - Site Visits and Interviews 9 On- location Meetings with Park Officials 10 Site Visit Schedule and Tribal Sign -up 10 Field Activities and Methodological Adjustments 10 Data Collection Procedures 11 Data Coding 14 Data Analysis and Write -up 14 CHAPTER THREE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES 15 Ecosystem and Cultural Landscape 16 Ecosystem 16 Cultural Landscape 18 Layering Cultural Landscapes 19 Ecological Stewardship 20 Science and the Human Ecosystem Interface 21 Creating Useful Ecosystem Social Science 23 i Working Together 23 Shortfall Studies 24 CHAPTER FOUR HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF OJIBWAY LAND USE IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES REGION 26 Prehistoric Background 26 Migration (chi -bi- moo -day -win) 27 European- Ojibway Interaction in the 1600s 28 Ojibway Sociopolitical Organization and European Colonization 30 The Huron -IroquoisWar 30 The Fox Wars 32 The Ojibway -Dakota Conflict 33 The Fur Trade 34 The American Period: Treaties and Reservations 36 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 36 The Treaty of Greenville, 1794 37 The Treaty of Springwells, 1815, and Treaty of Saginaw, 1819 37 The Ottawa- Chippewa Treaty of Washington, 1836 38 American Reservation and Assimilation Years 38 CHAPTER FIVE OJIBWAY TRADITIONAL RESOURCE USES 41 The Southwestern Ojibway 41 The Annual Cycle 42 Individual Life Cycle 43 Ceremonial Activities 48 Traditional Resource Uses 49 The Meaning of Plants in Ojibway Culture 49 Wild Plant Use Complexes 49 Wild Rice Complex 50 Maple Sugar Complex 52 Other Edible Plants 52 Cultivated Plants 54 Non -food Complexes 54 Medicinal Plants 56 Herbal Medicine Practitioners 58 Animal Resources 58 Animal Use Complexes 59 Hunting and Trapping 59 Fishing 63 Wild Fowl Uses 64 Other Animal Uses 65 Mineral Resources 65 Copper in Prehistory 65 Historic Copper 65 Silver 67 Lead 68 ii Red Pigments 68 Natural Dyes 69 Clays 69 Pipestones 69 Use of Landscape Features 70 A Classification of Landscape Features 70 CHAPTER SIX FROM HISTORICAL VIEWS TO CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS: THE OJIBWAY PERSPECTIVE 74 Contemporary Ojibway Self Voicing 74 Leaflets 74 Video and Radio 76 Museums and Interpretive or Visitor Centers 76 Libraries and Archives 76 Ethnohistories 77 Range of Contemporary Ojibway Resources 78 Responding to Contemporary Ojibway Views 81 Cultural Landscape Instrument 81 Site Specific Instrument 82 Introduction to the Data Chapters 83 CHAPTER SEVEN SLEEPING BEAR DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE 84 The Park and its Resources 84 Physiography and Geological History 84 Vegetative Communities 86 Associated Fauna 89 Mineral Resources 91 Archaeological Resources 91 Aboriginal Settlement in the Sleeping Bear Region and Vicinity 94 Village Life and Demography in Traverse Bay Region 95 Indian Citizenship: Treaty of Detroit, 1855 97 The Traverse Bay Bands During the Logging Era 99 The Road to Federal Acknowledgment 101 Contemporary Land and Resource Use at the Park 101 Platte River 102 Bass Lake 107 North Manitou Island 111 CHAPTER EIGHT PICTURED ROCKS NATIONAL LAKESHORE 116 The Park and its Resources 116 Geological History 116 Vegetative Communities 118 Associated Fauna 120 Mineral Resources 122 iii Archaeological Resources 122 Aboriginal Settlement and Demography 124 The Upper Peninsula under France 127 Treaties and Political Change (1836 -1934) 130 Cultural Affiliation at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 132 Contemporary Uses of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 133 Hurricane River 133 Sable Falls 137 Beaver Basin 142 Miners Beach 145 Miners Castle 150 South Bay 155 CHAPTER NINE APOSTLE ISLANDS NATIONAL LAKESHORE 163 The Park and its Resources 163 Physiography and Geological History 163 Vegetative Communities 165 Animal Resources 167 Mineral Resources 167 Archaeological Resources 167 Resource Distribution in the Mainland and in the Islands 168 Aboriginal Settlements on the Apostle Islands and Vicinity 172 Village Life and Demography prior to 1660 AD 172 Village Life and Demography after 1660 AD 173 Establishment of the Reservation System 176 Treaty of 1837 177 Treaty of 1842 177 Treaty of 1854 178 State of Wisconsin v. Morrin, 1980 178 Lac Courte Oreilles v. Voigt, 1983 178 Lac Courte Oreilles v. Wisconsin, 1991 178 Contemporary Resource Use of the Apostle Islands 179 Outer Island 179 Oak Island 183 Manitou Island 186 Raspberry Island 189 Stockton Island 192 CHAPTER TEN VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK 197 The Park and its Resources 199 Physiography and Geological History 199 Plant and Mycological Resources 200 Animal Resources 201 Aquatic Resources 201 Archaeological Resources 202 iv Aboriginal Settlements during the French Period 208 The Rainy Lake Region under England 209 Early American Period 211 Treaties and Reservations 212 Changes in Subsistence and Resources 215 Contemporary Resource Use in Voyageurs National Park 217 Chief Woodenfrog Island on Kabetogama Lake 217 Namakan Lake 221 Rainy Lake 227 CHAPTER ELEVEN OJIBWAY CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES 233 Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Cultural Landscapes 233 Landscapes and Places 234 The Meaning of Spaces Between Places 235 Interaction and Landscapes 237 Ojibway Cultural Landscape Responses 238 Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore 238 Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 240 Apostle Islands National Lakeshore 242 Voyageurs National Park 244 A Summary of Ojibway Cultural Landscapes 247 Components of Ojibway Cultural Landscapes 249 Holy Land 249 Storyscapes and Songscapes 250 Ecoscapes 251 Regional Landscapes 251 Landmarks 251 CHAPTER TWELVE CONCERNS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESOURCE PRESERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 252 General Concerns 253 Water 253 Plants 253 Animals 253 Fish 253 Archaeology 253 Geology 253 Park -Specific Concerns and Recommendations 254 Resource Concerns at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore 254 Management Recommendations for Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore 254 Resource Concerns at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 255 Management Recommendations for Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 255 Resource Concerns at Apostle Islands National Lakeshore 256 Management Recommendations for Apostle Islands National Lakeshore 257 Resource Concerns at Voyageurs National Park 258 Management Recommendations for Voyageurs National Park 258 V Summary of Management Recommendations for All Parks 259 Recommendations for Further Research 260 Bibliography 261 Appendix A 302 Appendix B 306 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1Study Area 2 Figure 4.1Map of Ojibway migration by Benton -Banai (1988) 29 Figure 4.2Sales of merchandise to Shingwokauce from Fulford (1992) 35 Figure 7.1Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore 85 Figure 7.2 The Platte River Basin 103 Figure 7.3Ethnographer and American Indian consultants at the Platte River mouth and beach 103 Figure 7.4Bass Lake 108 Figure 7.5Remnants of beaver activity at Bass Lake 108 Figure 7.6Lake Manitou 113 Figure 7.7Tribal representative examines use scars on a birch tree 113 Figure 8.1Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 117 Figure 8.2Hurricane River Basin 136 Figure 8.3Ojibway consultant examines the site's plants 136 Figure 8.4Sable Falls 138 Figure 8.5Consultants at the Beaver Basin 144 Figure 8.6 Trees growing on rocks 144 Figure 8.7View from Miners Beach 146 Figure 8.8Interview at the ledge and spring location 146 Figure 8.9Miners Castle 151 Figure 8.10Detail of the formation where the painted cupule is found 152 vii Figure 8.11Ojibway consultant explains connections between Miners Castle and beach 152 Figure 8.12Sketch of the Grand Island Band villages (LeVeque papers) 156 Figure 8.13Interview at the Sand Point swamp 156 Figure 8.14 The old Sand Point cemetery 158 Figure 8.15 The Sand Point cemetery today 158 Figure 8.16 Munising Falls 159 Figure 9.1Apostle Islands National Lakeshore 164 Figure 9.2Close -up of a giant tree, Outer Island 181 Figure 9.3Consultants from Red Cliff stand near an old beaver dam, Outer Island 181 Figure 9.4Interview is underway at Oak Island 184 Figure 9.5Ojibway consultant at Manitou Island 187 Figure 9.6Raspberry Island 190 Figure 9.7A consultant is interviewed at Raspberry Island 190 Figure 9.8Trail marker tree 193 Figure 9.9Stockton Island sloughs 194 Figure 9.10 Stockton