DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Polymer Compounding: Raw Materials, Volume 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Polymer Compounding: Raw Materials, Volume 1 Introduction to Polymer Compounding: Raw Materials, Volume 1 Dr. Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian Introduction to Polymer Compounding: Raw Materials, Volume 1 Dr. Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian A Smithers Group Company Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 http://www.polymer-books.com First Published in 2014 by Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, UK ©Smithers Information Ltd., 2014 All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this publication may be photocopied, reproduced or distributed in anyform or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior permission from the copyright holder. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of any material reproduced within the text and the authors and publishers apologise if any have been overlooked. ISBN: 978-1-90903-060-2 (hardback) 978-1-90903-062-6 (ebook) Typeset by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Contents Preface ........................................................................................ ix 1 Introduction ......................................................................... 1 References ............................................................................ 2 2 Polymer Materials ................................................................ 5 2.1 Classification ................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Thermoplastics Polymeric Materials ................. 6 2.1.2 Polyethylene ..................................................... 6 2.1.3 Polypropylene ................................................... 7 2.1.4 Polystyrene ....................................................... 8 2.1.5 Polyvinyl Chloride ............................................ 9 2.1.6 Biodegradable Polymers ................................. 10 2.1.6.1 Poly(ε-caprolactone) ........................ 11 2.1.6.2 Polylactic Acid ................................. 12 2.2 Engineering Polymers ................................................. 13 2.2.1 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ....................... 13 2.2.2 Polymethyl Methacrylate ................................ 14 2.2.3 Nylon ............................................................. 15 2.2.4 Polycarbonate ................................................. 16 2.2.5 Polyesters ....................................................... 16 2.2.5.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate ............. 17 2.2.5.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resins .......... 18 iii Introduction to Polymer Compounding: Raw Materials, Volume 1 2.3 Thermoset Polymeric Materials .................................. 18 2.3.1 Phenol Formaldehyde ..................................... 19 2.3.2 Epoxy Resins .................................................. 20 2.4 Summary .................................................................... 20 References .......................................................................... 20 3 Polymer and Additives ........................................................ 27 3.1 Classification of Additives .......................................... 27 3.2 Ageing and Degradation ............................................ 28 3.2.1 Stabiliser ......................................................... 28 3.2.1.1 Thermal Stabiliser ............................ 28 3.2.2 Antioxidants ................................................... 29 3.2.2.1 Degradation ..................................... 30 3.2.2.2 Ageing ............................................. 30 3.2.2.3 Ultraviolet or Oxidation .................. 31 3.2.3 Light Stabilisers .............................................. 32 3.2.4 Flame Retardants ........................................... 33 3.2.5 Smoke Suppressants ....................................... 34 3.3 Physical Properties Modification ................................ 35 3.3.1 Plasticisers ...................................................... 35 3.3.2 Lubricants ...................................................... 36 3.3.2.1 Internal Lubricants .......................... 37 3.3.2.2 External Lubricants ......................... 37 3.3.3 Nucleating Agents .......................................... 39 3.3.4 Processing Aids ............................................... 39 3.3.5 Mould-release Agents ..................................... 40 3.3.6 Curing Agents ................................................ 41 3.3.7 Slip Additives ................................................. 42 3.3.8 Antistatic Agents ............................................ 42 iv Contents 3.3.8.1 Internal Antistatic Agents ................ 43 3.3.8.2 External Antistatic Agents ............... 43 3.3.8.3 Ion Dispersion Agents ...................... 44 3.3.9 Antifogging Agents ........................................ 44 3.3.10 Coupling Agents ............................................. 45 3.3.11 Antimicrobial Agents ..................................... 46 3.4 Economics .................................................................. 47 3.4.1 Foaming Agents .............................................. 47 3.4.2 Fillers and Reinforcements ............................. 48 3.4.2.1 Calcium Carbonate .......................... 49 3.4.2.2 Reinforcements ................................ 49 3.4.3 Pigments ......................................................... 50 3.4.4 Colorants ....................................................... 50 3.5 Summary .................................................................... 51 References .......................................................................... 51 4 Polymer Blends ................................................................... 61 4.1 Polymer Blends .......................................................... 61 4.1.1 Morphology ................................................... 62 4.1.2 Physico-chemical Properties ............................ 63 4.1.3 Thermal Degradation ..................................... 63 4.2 Immiscible Polymer Blends ......................................... 63 4.3 Commercial Blends .................................................... 64 4.3.1 Polyolefin Blends ............................................ 64 4.3.2 Polystyrene Blends .......................................... 65 4.3.3 Polyvinyl Chloride Blends ............................... 65 4.3.4 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Blends ........... 67 4.3.5 Polymethyl Methacrylate Blends ..................... 67 4.3.6 Polyester Blends .............................................. 67 4.3.7 Polyamide Blends ........................................... 68 v Introduction to Polymer Compounding: Raw Materials, Volume 1 4.3.8 Polycarbonate Blends ..................................... 68 4.4 Waste Plastic Blends ................................................... 69 4.5 Summary .................................................................... 70 References .......................................................................... 71 5 Polymer Composites ........................................................... 77 5.1 Essentials of Polymer Composites .............................. 77 5.2 Thermoplastic Polymeric Composites ........................ 79 5.3 Thermoset Polymeric Composites .............................. 80 5.3.1 Fibre-reinforced Composites ........................... 80 5.3.1.1 Curing ............................................. 81 5.4 Applications ............................................................... 82 5.5 Polyolefin Composites ................................................ 83 5.6 Highly Filled Elastomers ............................................ 83 5.7 Polyamide 6 Composites ............................................ 84 5.8 Natural Fibre Composites .......................................... 84 5.9 Wood Plastic Composites .......................................... 85 5.10 Phenol-formaldehyde and Urea-formaladehyde ......... 86 5.11 Shortcomings ............................................................. 86 5.12 Summary ................................................................... 86 References .......................................................................... 87 6 Polymer Compounding – Requirements ............................. 93 6.1 Fundamentals of Compounding ................................. 93 6.2 Essentials of Compounding ........................................ 94 6.2.1 Ingredients ...................................................... 94 6.2.2 Formulation ................................................... 95 6.2.3 Morphology ................................................... 95 6.2.4 Polymer Melt .................................................. 95 6.2.5 Processing Requirements ................................ 96 6.2.6 Temperature ................................................... 97 vi Contents 6.3 Melt Compounding .................................................... 97 6.3.1 Masterbatch ................................................... 98 6.4 Blender Mixing .......................................................... 99 6.4.1 Compounding of Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride ..... 99 6.5 Devolatilisation ........................................................ 100 6.6 Importance of Compounding ................................... 101 6.7 Optimisation ............................................................ 101 6.8 Regrind ...................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plasticulture in California Vegetable Production
    PUBLICATION 8016 Plasticulture in California Vegetable Production WAYNE L. SCHRADER, UC Cooperative Extension Vegetable Farm Advisor, San Diego County Plasticulture is the art of using plastic materials to modify the production environ- UNIVERSITY OF ment in vegetable crop production. Plasticulture began in the 1950s and early 1960s with the introduction and use of plastic films, mulches, and drip irrigation systems. CALIFORNIA Vegetable growers frequently use plastics in pest management, stand establishment, Division of Agriculture harvesting, and postharvest handling operations, and in containers for marketing. and Natural Resources Plasticulture system components can include http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu • plastic mulches to control soil temperature, control weeds, and repel insects • plastic films for erosion control, soil fumigation, or solarization • row covers for temperature control, wind or frost protection, and insect exclusion • drip irrigation for improved water management and for the application of chemi- cals (chemigation) and fertilizers (fertigation) during irrigation • plastic windbreaks • plastic barriers against vertebrate pests Plasticulture has developed into management systems that allow growers to achieve higher-quality produce, superior yields, and extended production cycles. Growers using plasticulture can produce vegetables for markets during the winter, early spring, and late fall that would otherwise be impossible to address. Benefits of plasticulture include • earlier production (7 to 30 days earlier) • increased
    [Show full text]
  • Checking out on Plastics III
    Checking Out on Plastics III January 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABOUT EIA ABOUT GREENPEACE EIA UK CONTENTS 62-63 Upper Street, With support from John Ellerman We investigate and campaign against Greenpeace defends the natural Executive Summary 4 London N1 0NY UK Foundation. environmental crime and abuse. world and promotes peace by Introduction 6 T: +44 (0) 20 7354 7960 investigating, exposing and Background 7 “We aim to advance the wellbeing Our undercover investigations E: [email protected] confronting environmental abuse Methodology 8 of people, society and the natural expose transnational wildlife crime, eia-international.org and championing responsible Summary of results 10 world by focusing on the arts, with a focus on elephants and solutions for our fragile Targets 12 environment and social action. tigers, and forest crimes such as Environmental Investigation Agency UK environment. The plastic packaging footprint 13 We believe these areas can make illegal logging and deforestation for UK Charity Number: 1182208 Own-brand versus branded reductions 14 an important contribution to cash crops like palm oil. We work to Company Number: 07752350 Overall trends in this year’s survey 16 wellbeing.” safeguard global marine ecosystems Registered in England and Wales Retailer snapshot: highlights and lowlights 18 by addressing the threats posed Plastic bags 20 by plastic pollution, bycatch Single-use items 24 and commercial exploitation of Fruit and vegetables 28 whales, dolphins and porpoises. Reuse and refill 30 Finally, we reduce the impact of Recycling and recycled content 32 climate change by campaigning Online 33 to eliminate powerful refrigerant Convenience retailers 34 greenhouse gases, exposing related Conclusions 35 illicit trade and improving energy Recommendations 36 efficiency in the cooling sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasticulture –A Key Step to Second Green Revolution
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2299-2315 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-11 pp. 2299-2315 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article Plasticulture –A Key Step to Second Green Revolution Afroza Akhter1*, Ambreen Nabi1, Ajaz. A. Malik1, Sayed Azrah Indrabi1, Amreena Sultan1, Insha Javeed1 and Tariq. A. Bhat2 1Department of Vegetable Science, 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar- 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The green revolution within India commenced in the early 1960‟s that led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh due to adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of high yielding varieties, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilizers. To remain self- sufficient in food grains, we need another green revolution or rather a greener revolution. Innovative agro practices need to be adapted towards transformation of Indian agriculture to precision farming practices, which will result in stretching our K e yw or ds agro input resources manifold to increase agricultural productivity in both quantity Plasticulture, and quality. Plasticulture applications are one of the most useful indirect Green revolution, agricultural input, which hold the promise to transform Indian agriculture and bring Soil , Precision farming and the “Second Green Revolution”. Plasticulture is defined as the use of plastics in productivity agriculture, horticulture, water management, food grain storage etc. Plasticulture includes all kinds of plant or soil coverings ranging from mulch films, row coverings, low tunnels to greenhouses.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Incorporation of Controlled-Release
    INCORPORATION OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZER IN A SEEPAGE IRRIGATED TOMATO FERTILITY PROGRAM IN FLORIDA By LUTHER C. CARSON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 1 © 2014 Luther C. Carson 2 To my parents and my family 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. Monica Ozores-Hampton, for her guidance and support throughout my doctoral program. I am also thankful to my supervisory committee, Dr. Sartain, Dr. Obreza, Dr. Morgan, and Dr. Sargent, who provided time, comments on my project, and laboratory space and supplies in which to conduct research. A special thanks goes to the staff of the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center’s Vegetable Horticulture Laboratory (Kiran, Aline, Joel, Ozzy, Dago, and Stacy) and the staff of the Soil Fertility and Turf Grass Nutrition Laboratory (Dolly, Nahid, and Dawn) for their assistance during my laboratory research. I am grateful to Garguilo Farms for their invaluable contributions to my research. Finally, I thank my family and friends for the love and support that they have given during my PhD, which has given me the inspiration to complete this degree. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Checking out on Plastics II: Breakthroughs and Backtracking from Supermarkets ABOUT EIA ABOUT GREENPEACE
    Checking Out on Plastics II: Breakthroughs and backtracking from supermarkets ABOUT EIA ABOUT GREENPEACE We investigate and campaign Greenpeace defends the natural against environmental crime and world and promotes peace by abuse. Our undercover investigations investigating, exposing and expose transnational wildlife crime, confronting environmental with a focus on elephants, pangolins abuse and championing and tigers, and forest crimes such as responsible solutions for our illegal logging and deforestation for fragile environment. cash crops like palm oil. We work to safeguard global marine ecosystems EIA UK by addressing the threats posed 62-63 Upper Street, by plastic pollution, bycatch and London N1 0NY UK commercial exploitation of whales, T: +44 (0) 20 7354 7960 dolphins and porpoises. Finally, E: [email protected] we reduce the impact of climate eia-international.org change by campaigning to eliminate powerful refrigerant greenhouse GREENPEACE gases, exposing related illicit trade Canonbury Villas, and improving energy efficiency in London N1 2PN, UK the cooling sector. T: + 44 (0) 20 7865 8100 E: [email protected] November 2019 greenpeace.org.uk 2 CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Background 5 Methodology 6 Results of supermarket ranking 8 Summary of survey responses 10 Conclusions 30 Recommendations 32 Glossary 34 References 36 3 Executive Summary Our throwaway convenience culture costs the earth. Resources are being extracted, manufactured and transported to be used just once. Ever-growing mountains of mixed plastic waste are impossible to recycle and are usually dumped in landfill sites, incinerated or leaked into the natural environment. There has been an unprecedented level of public and political focus on the plastic pollution crisis in recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Assessment of China's Plastic Bag Policy
    Buffalo Environmental Law Journal Volume 18 Number 2 Article 4 4-1-2011 B.Y.O.B. (Bring Your Own Bag): A Comprehensive Assessment of China's Plastic Bag Policy Mary O'Loughlin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/belj Part of the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation Mary O'Loughlin, B.Y.O.B. (Bring Your Own Bag): A Comprehensive Assessment of China's Plastic Bag Policy, 18 Buff. Envtl. L.J. 295 (2011). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/belj/vol18/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Buffalo Environmental Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. B.Y.O.B. (BRING YOUR OWN BAG): A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF CHINA'S PLASTIC BAG POLICY Mary O'Loughlin* Table of Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................ ....... 297 A. Abstract ................................. 297 B. Policy Implementation ....................... 298 C. Policy Enforcement. ................... ...... 298 D. Public Response ..................................298 E. Policy Effects. ......................... .... 298 F. Future Prognosis ..............................299... II. THIS REPORT: REPORT STRUCTURE AND METHODOLOGY .... 299 III. THE POLICY ................................... ......... 299 A. China's Plastic Bag Policy ................ ..... 299 B. China's Overuse of Plastic Bags ................. 301 C. China's Government's Rationale for Limiting Plastic Bag Use . ............................... ...... 302 D. Successful Plastic Bag Reduction Policies in Ireland and Washington .................................. 303 IV. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ............................ 305 A. Partial Policy Implementation .................. 306 B. Stores Implementing the Policy ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Student Entrepreneurship Scheme in Plastic Waste Management for K-12 Educational Institutions
    International Management Review Vol. 14 No. 2 2018 Sustainable Student Entrepreneurship Scheme in Plastic Waste Management for K-12 Educational Institutions Dr. U Faisal Department of Management Studies, Kannur University, India E-mail: [email protected] Gopakumar T P Doers’ Education Lab Pvt. Ltd. Business Incubation Center, Kannur University, India E-mail: [email protected] Muneer T.K. Department of Management Studies, Kannur University, India E-mail: [email protected] [Abstract] Plastic products have become an integral part of our daily life as a basic need. It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million Tons per year globally. The quantum of waste is considerably increasing day by day due to increase in population and developmental activities and indiscriminate littering and disposal. In this paper, we explore the scope of K-12 school student Inclusion to address the issues of Waste Management. The students will be bringing recyclable plastic waste to their schools on a daily /weekly basis. A Management Information System developed and stored in the Cloud will be used by the schools. The School authorities make the input of the details of waste collected by each student and equivalent value-based points will be allotted to them. These points thus generated become savings for the students. Students can convert these points for the purchase of educational products such as Skill Development tools, Information and Communication and Technology applications, Project kits etc. It can also be used for some entrepreneurial initiatives to be undertaken in the school. Students also become familiar with e-commerce activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Configuration and Plasticulture Effects on Growth
    HORTSCIENCE 48(12):1496–1501. 2013. (Francescangeli et al., 2006). In artichoke, Miguel et al. (2004) evaluated early- and late- maturing cultivars at 0.6 · 1.67 m and 1.2 · Planting Configuration 1.67 m (in-row · between-row). Increas- ing planting density increased early but not and Plasticulture Effects on total yield for early cultivars, whereas it did not affect either early or total yield for late Growth, Physiology, and Yield cultivars. Santoiemma et al. (2004) reported that yield of artichoke was unaffected by within- of Globe Artichoke row plant spacing of 0.5 to 1.4 m, although Daniel I. Leskovar1,2, Chenping Xu, and Shinsuke Agehara the total number of heads per unit area in- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas creased with closer spacing. Also Mauro et al. (2011) found that total head number based on A&M University System, 1619 Garner Field Road, Uvalde, TX 78801 area planted increased and early harvest yield Additional index words. Cynara cardunculus, earliness, ‘Green Globe Improved’, ‘Imperial decreased with increasing plant density over 2 Star’, photosynthesis a range of 1.0 to 1.8 plant/m . In terms of planting configuration, Sayre (1959) found Abstract. Globe artichoke is typically grown in Mediterranean and coastal areas. Because that tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) of the high profitability as a specialty crop, demand to develop production systems plants in twin rows produced a high-quality optimized for other semiarid and water-limited regions is rising. Field experiments were crop with few fruit defects as compared with conducted over three seasons (2008–09, 2010–11, and 2011–12) in southwest Texas to standard single rows.
    [Show full text]
  • Social World Sensing Via Social Image Analysis from Social Media
    PART II PART 2: PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT 115 22 TRANSNATIONAL META-NARRATIVES AND PERSONAL STORIES OF PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT VIA SOCIAL MEDIA Shalin Hai-Jew 117 118 PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT Abstract Daily, people interact with plastic, a human-made material that may last for generations in the soils, the air, and the water, with health effects on humans, animals, and the environment. What are the transnational meta-narratives and personal stories of plastics on social media—on (1) a mass-scale digitized book corpus term fre- quency search, (2) social video sharing site, (3 and 4) two social image sharing sites, (5) a crowd-sourced online encyclopedia, (6) a social networking site, (7) a microblogging site, and (8) a mass-scale search term analysis based on time-based associations with correlated search terms? This work samples macro-scale stories of innovation (biodegradable plastics, bacteria that consume plastics), of lowering consumption, of plastic collection and recycling, of skimming the oceans of dumped plastics, and of mass-scale public awareness. There are also countervailing narratives of high consumption, resulting in overflowing landfills, plastics dumping on mountains and in rivers, and microplastics in people’s bodies. Key Words Post-Consumer Plastics, Recycling, Plastics Management, One Health, Microplastics, Social Media, Transnational Meta-Narra- tives, Transnational Personal Stories PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT 119 Introduction Humanity is said to live in the current Plastic Age (Yarsley & Couzens, 1945, as cited in Cózar, et al., July 15, 2014, p. 10239). Indeed, plastic is ubiquitous and a part of daily life for most peo- ple around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Pollution Plastics Public Disclosure Authorized
    Agricultural Pollution Plastics Public Disclosure Authorized Why Care about the Use of Plastics in Figure 1: Plastic Debris in the Pacific Agriculture? Although the agricultural sector is not the largest user of plastics,1 their rapid appearance on farms the world over is quietly turning into a substantial pollution con- cern. Versatile and economical as they are, plastics are found all over farms. From machines to mulches, they are the stuff of bags and tubs, of tubes and tools, of tags and trays, and of pots and twine. Plastic films are used to cover greenhouses and hug plants around the root zone (see figure 9). Other kinds of plastics are used as Public Disclosure Authorized ingredients in chemicals. Farms use millions of tons of Source: © The Ocean Cleanup. plastics each year, costing them billions of dollars, a tes- tament to how useful they are. To the extent that they est concern in parts of the ocean where these wastes are can help to save water, dissuade pests, suppress weeds concentrating (up to 580,000 pieces per km2). Yet deadly with less reliance on chemicals or fire, and save fuel plastic masses such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch by lightening equipment and containers, some of their (see figures 1 and 6)—a vortex of floating plastic waste wide-ranging benefits include ecological ones. Yet more that is twice the size of France and killing wildlife on than unsightly, discarded plastics can damage farmland its way2—represent mere islands in the sea of plastic and cause harm to humans and wildlife alike, making waste that has already accumulated in the ocean.3 Most their celebrated durability a long-term pollution and agricultural plastics do not biodegrade (within a human public health worry.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plasticulture Industry's Commitment Toward Circularity
    Alliance for Nature The plasticulture industry’s commitment toward circularity. To share a vision for a new plasticulture Bernard Le Moine President APE Europe APE UK Alliance for Nature Agriculture : a key sector Without plastics major production will be jeopardized: Fruit and vegetable, animal production, textile (cotton...) Plasticulture in Tons Tons % % Europe New Used Vegetable production Greenhouses 117 000 17% 146 250 13% Plasticulture in Tons Tons Small tunnels 56 310 8% 112 620 10% % % Used Mulching 77 150 11% 231 450 20% Europe New Bio 3 000 0% - 0% Oxo 8 000 1% - 0% Total Films 533 310 75% 900 595 78% Irrigation pipe <400µ 20 000 3% 24 000 2% Tube with driper 20 000 3% 24 000 2% Total pipe 40 000 6% 48 000 4% Non woven 5 000 1% 10 000 1% Total net 54 500 8% 79 950 7% Protective net 4 500 1% 4 950 0% Total Twines 80 000 11% 120 000 10% Total 310 960 44% 553 270 48% LDPE 573 310 81% 948 595 Animal production - PEHD 54 500 8% 79 950 Silages 120 950 17% 181 425 16% PP 80 000 11% 120 000 Stretch film 145 900 21% 218 850 19% Bale net 50 000 7% 75 000 7% Twine 80 000 11% 120 000 10% Total 396 850 56% 595 275 52% Gran total 707 810 100% 1 148 545 100% APE UK Alliance for Nature The multiple advantages of plastics in agriculture - Resource efficiency (costs, pesticides, fertilizers, water, energy, land…) - Increase production in quantities and quality - Reduce the environmental impact of the agricultural production APE UK Alliance for Nature Miraculous Material Source CAAS APE UK Alliance for Nature Without a proper end-of-life management, agri-plastic may cause severe damage to the environment: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • PLASTICS MATERIALS and MACHINERY EXPORT GUIDE a Reference for U.S
    PLASTICS MATERIALS AND MACHINERY EXPORT GUIDE A Reference for U.S. Exporters in the Plastics Industry Prepared by: U.S. Commercial Service, Commercial Specialists and the CS Manufacturing Team March 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS U.S. Commercial Service Support for U.S. Exporters 4 Country Snapshots: European Union 8 Argentina 12 Brazil 16 China 20 Croatia 27 Czech Republic 31 Egypt 34 France 36 Germany 43 Hungary 49 Facilitating Today’s India 52 Israel 58 Innovations, While Helping Jordan 63 S a feguard Tomorrow Kazakhstan 66 Mexico 76 Your Experts for plastics material selection, testing Poland 80 and certification Russia 85 For more than 120 years, UL has been a trusted safety partner to Spain 91 governments, manufacturers, retailers and consumers. UL has been testing plastics since 1941. We work closely with plastic industry Sweden 94 stakeholders to maintain and enhance existing UL Standards, Turkey 97 establish new Standards, and develop certification and testing United Kingdom 101 programs that address emerging technologies and product applications. Discover our unsurpassed capabilities in plastics Vietnam 106 technology, capacity, quality and expertise. U.S. Commercial Service Offices in the United States 112 www.ul.com/plastics 3 UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2015 U.S. COMMERCIAL SERVICE SUPPORT FOR U.S. EXPORTERS: ABOUT THE MARKET BRIEFS: The U.S. Commercial Service is the export promotion agency of the United States Department of This is a “Plastics Market Briefs” booklet produced by the U.S. Commercial Service. It contains insights Commerce. We provide a wide range of services and programs to help U.S.
    [Show full text]