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Bilingualism, Codeswitching, Islamic Lecture Penghargaan. Tertentu ALIH KODE DALAM CERAMAH NOUMAN ALI KHAN Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Mataram Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan menemukan linguistik dan sosiolinguistik aspek dari alih kode English-Arabic dalam ceramah Nouman Ali Khan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Terdapat tiga ceramah yang digunakan sebagai data dalam bentuk video dan transkrip. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi struktur umum dan ciri linguistik, mengklasifikasikan jenis- kenis alih kode, dan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang memotivasi keberadaannya. Struktur umumnya adalah opening (salam^kalam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam). Ciri linguistiknya terdiri dari; intersentential switching (6%), intrasentential switching (78%), dan tag switching (16%). Jenis alih kode berhubungan dengan power dan solidarity. Faktor yang mempengaruhi alih kode adalah tujuan pembicara untuk; menunjukkan identitas sosial, membicarakan topik tertentu, mengutip, mengungkapkan rasa hormat dan solidaritas, dan mengharapkan penghargaan. Key words: Bilingualism, Codeswitching, Islamic Lecture ii A. INTRODUCTION Language is an important part of human’s life. People have many things in their feeling and thought which need to be expressed. In this case, language is the very crucial tool to express people’s feeling and thought. There are many languages spreading in the whole world. The variation of language leads people to use more than one language. Furthermore, in this modern era people are demanded to master more than one language. The use of two languages is called bilingualism and the people who use two languages are called bilingual. Besides, the use of more than two languages is called multilingualism and the people who used more than two languages are called multilingual. Lecture is one of many events in which the person who gives the lecture tend to use more than one language. The bilinguals tend to switch the language that she/he uses in giving a lecture. Specifically, in Islamic lecture, the speaker usually switch his/her first language into Arabic because Islamic lecture refers to Arabic. The switch phenomenon is called code-switching. This phenomenon leads some linguists to develop a framework of study in the code-switching which is the process of switching the code from one language to the other language. In the past few decades, the systematic study of code-switching has brought into scholarly attention the regularized nature of code-switching in terms of not only its structure, but also its sociolinguistic functions and meanings within discourse (Albirini:2010 p. 1). Generally, it is agreed that code-switching involves the alternation of two or more languages or even the alternation of the varieties of the language within a single speech or utterance. Code-switching sometimes exist in the conversation between the turns of different speakers, sometimes within a single turn between utterances, and even sometimes in a single utterance (Milroy and Musyken: 1995 p.7). 1 Code-switching has been approached from different perspectives. A large number of recent studies on code switching have focused on two aspects which are social and linguistic aspects (Rezaeian:2009 p.1). In terms of social aspect, code- switching is seen as bilingual speech behavior which is influenced by social factors such as age, gender, education, and the interaction among these social factors. On the other side, linguistically, code-switching is influenced by constraint and rules which govern its pattern (Rezaeian:2009 p.1). Besides, Riehl (2005 p.1) described the additional aspect which has not yet been widely considered, that is psycholinguistic aspect. According to the three aspects of code-switching phenomenon that is mentioned above, this study was pursued to focus on the description of linguistics and sociolinguistic aspect of English-Arabic code-switching phenomenon in Nouman Ali Khan’s Islamic lectures. Nouman was chosen to be the subject of this research since he is a young and energetic ustadz that study Al-Qur’an in the tafseer and commonly explain the Qur’an based on the linguistic and grammatical side of the Qur’an. Thus in his speech, he commonly change the code from English as his first language to the Arabic as the Qur’an language or his second language in terms of the topic, i.e. Al-Qur’an itself. Nouman is an American muslim. He is the founder and CEO of Bayyinah Tv where people study the Qur’an. Codeswitching was chosen to be observed since it is the dominant phenomenon that can be seen in Nouman’s speech, it also catch many researchers’ attention to conduct studies on the phenomenon. Nouman changed the language from English to Arabic in the same social setting. This can be seen in the following extract; a. In sha Allah in today’s khutba I would like to share with you a few Ayaat that belong to a very powerful surah and a short surah relatively of the Quran, Suratul Furqan! 2 b. You know in English translation they say, how blessed is the One, that placed a brilliant force of light, a brilliant thing in the sky, ja'ala fis sama_i buru_ja, Buruuj is actually a brilliant tower, that you can see from far away. c. In Suratul Rahman you will notice, Ar Rahman Allamal Quran and at the end of the Sura He says Tabaarakasmu Rabbika The extracts above were taken from Nouman’s Islamic lectures (as the third data of this research). Those indicate the existence of codeswitching in his Islamic lectures that were analyzed in this study. Nouman’s lectures, as a text, must have its structure. Since a text is a structured unit, it must be in coherent. The coherent or structural unit of the text helps people in understanding it as a text. Thus, the general structures of Nouman’s lectures, as a kind of text, were investigated in this study. Overall, this study involved the investigation on generic structure and linguistic features of codeswitching, types of codeswitching, and factors motivating the speaker to codeswitch his lectures. B. METH ODOLOGY a. Research Design This research used descriptive method. Descriptive research is focusing on describing how reality is, such in discipline like social geography which deals with the description of the spatial aspects of social phenomena (Voordt, et.al: 2002). In this case, codeswitching of Nouman Ali Khan’s preaching is one of social 3 phenomena in consideration of sociolinguistic and linguistic aspect that has been described in this research using descriptive method. b. Source of Data The sources of data in this thesis were taken from a social network which is www.youtube.com to get Nouman Ali Khan’s Islamic lectures videos, and its transcripts were taken from his official blog which consists of the collection of his Islamic lecture scripts, http//nakcollection.com/transcripts.html. c. Data Collection The data of this research were collected by documentation that allows the researcher to review all sources of data related to the theories of Code-switching. The documentations were three videos from www.youtube.com and three transcriptions from http//nakcollection.com/transcripts.html. d. Data Analysis In any research, analyzing the data is a way to think critically. The following were the steps that the researcher did in analyzing the data; 1. Identification In the identification stage, the researcher identified the generic structure and the general linguistic features of codeswitching in the data. 2. Classification In the classification stage, the researcher classified the several types of code- switching in terms of the data. 3. Explanation In the explanation stage, the researcher explained the factors that motivate Nouman to codeswitch his speech. 4 C. DATA DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS There are three lectures that used as the data of this research; 1. “Sexual Desires: Fornication and Zina”, a lecture in Qur’an Weekly with the length 11 minutes and 5 seconds (11:05). The video was downloaded on Monday, 11th July 2016 at 1:16:26 PM. This video can be directly downloaded in https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SS8ZEBr6sKo. 2. “Suratul Kahf: The People of The Cave”, a lecture in Young Muslim with the length 30 minutes and 22 seconds (30:22). The video was downloaded on Saturday, 23rd July 2016 at 10:34:02 AM. This video can be directly downloaded in https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=U0iujR0ui7A. 3. “Suratul Furqan: Being Peaceful and Grateful”, is a Juma’ah Khutbah with the length 29 minutes and 23 seconds (29:23). The video was downloaded on Monday, 1st February 2016 at 8:56:54 AM. This video can be directly downloaded in https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-3-TerCVH2w. 1. Generic Structure and Linguistic Features of Codeswitching a. Generic Structure This part is aimed at finding out how the speaker structured the messages that he delivered in his lectures which lies on the textual structure or generic structure of the text. The generic structure or textual structure of Nouman’s lectures is presented below: a. Lecture 1: opening (salam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam) 5 b. Lecture 2: opening (kalam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam) c. Lecture 3: opening (salam^kalam^introduction)^content^closing Based on the generic structure found in the three lectures, it can be inferred that the standard generic structure of Nouman’s lectures is opening (salam^kalam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam) b. Linguistic Features of Codeswitching This part presents the identification of general linguistic features that exist in Nouman Ali Khan’s Islamic lectures. This study found that the linguistic features which appear in the codeswitching phenomenon can be categorized into intersentential, intrasentential, and tag switching. Those features can be seen in the table below: Table 1: General Linguistic Features Categories No. CS Frequency Percentage % 1.
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