ALIH KODE DALAM CERAMAH NOUMAN ALI KHAN

Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Mataram

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan menemukan linguistik dan sosiolinguistik aspek dari alih kode English-Arabic dalam ceramah Nouman Ali Khan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Terdapat tiga ceramah yang digunakan sebagai data dalam bentuk video dan transkrip. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi struktur umum dan ciri linguistik, mengklasifikasikan jenis- kenis alih kode, dan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang memotivasi keberadaannya. Struktur umumnya adalah opening (salam^kalam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam). Ciri linguistiknya terdiri dari; intersentential switching (6%), intrasentential switching (78%), dan tag switching (16%). Jenis alih kode berhubungan dengan power dan solidarity. Faktor yang mempengaruhi alih kode adalah tujuan pembicara untuk; menunjukkan identitas sosial, membicarakan topik tertentu, mengutip, mengungkapkan rasa hormat dan solidaritas, dan mengharapkan penghargaan.

Key words: Bilingualism, Codeswitching, Islamic Lecture

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A. INTRODUCTION

Language is an important part of human’s life. People have many things in their feeling and thought which need to be expressed. In this case, language is the very crucial tool to express people’s feeling and thought. There are many languages spreading in the whole world. The variation of language leads people to use more than one language. Furthermore, in this modern era people are demanded to master more than one language. The use of two languages is called bilingualism and the people who use two languages are called bilingual. Besides, the use of more than two languages is called multilingualism and the people who used more than two languages are called multilingual.

Lecture is one of many events in which the person who gives the lecture tend to use more than one language. The bilinguals tend to switch the language that she/he uses in giving a lecture. Specifically, in Islamic lecture, the speaker usually switch his/her first language into Arabic because Islamic lecture refers to Arabic. The switch phenomenon is called code-switching. This phenomenon leads some linguists to develop a framework of study in the code-switching which is the process of switching the code from one language to the other language.

In the past few decades, the systematic study of code-switching has brought into scholarly attention the regularized nature of code-switching in terms of not only its structure, but also its sociolinguistic functions and meanings within discourse (Albirini:2010 p. 1).

Generally, it is agreed that code-switching involves the alternation of two or more languages or even the alternation of the varieties of the language within a single speech or utterance. Code-switching sometimes exist in the conversation between the turns of different speakers, sometimes within a single turn between utterances, and even sometimes in a single utterance (Milroy and Musyken: 1995 p.7).

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Code-switching has been approached from different perspectives. A large number of recent studies on code switching have focused on two aspects which are social and linguistic aspects (Rezaeian:2009 p.1). In terms of social aspect, code- switching is seen as bilingual speech behavior which is influenced by social factors such as age, gender, education, and the interaction among these social factors. On the other side, linguistically, code-switching is influenced by constraint and rules which govern its pattern (Rezaeian:2009 p.1). Besides, Riehl (2005 p.1) described the additional aspect which has not yet been widely considered, that is psycholinguistic aspect.

According to the three aspects of code-switching phenomenon that is mentioned above, this study was pursued to focus on the description of linguistics and sociolinguistic aspect of English-Arabic code-switching phenomenon in Nouman Ali Khan’s Islamic lectures.

Nouman was chosen to be the subject of this research since he is a young and energetic ustadz that study Al-Qur’an in the tafseer and commonly explain the Qur’an based on the linguistic and grammatical side of the Qur’an. Thus in his speech, he commonly change the code from English as his first language to the Arabic as the Qur’an language or his second language in terms of the topic, i.e. Al-Qur’an itself. Nouman is an American muslim. He is the founder and CEO of Bayyinah Tv where people study the Qur’an.

Codeswitching was chosen to be observed since it is the dominant phenomenon that can be seen in Nouman’s speech, it also catch many researchers’ attention to conduct studies on the phenomenon. Nouman changed the language from English to Arabic in the same social setting. This can be seen in the following extract;

a. In sha Allah in today’s khutba I would like to share with you a few Ayaat that belong to a very powerful surah and a short surah relatively of the Quran, Suratul Furqan!

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b. You know in English translation they say, how blessed is the One, that placed a brilliant force of light, a brilliant thing in the sky, ja'ala fis sama_i buru_ja, Buruuj is actually a brilliant tower, that you can see from far away. c. In Suratul Rahman you will notice, Ar Rahman Allamal Quran and at the end of the Sura He says Tabaarakasmu Rabbika

The extracts above were taken from Nouman’s Islamic lectures (as the third data of this research). Those indicate the existence of codeswitching in his Islamic lectures that were analyzed in this study.

Nouman’s lectures, as a text, must have its structure. Since a text is a structured unit, it must be in coherent. The coherent or structural unit of the text helps people in understanding it as a text. Thus, the general structures of Nouman’s lectures, as a kind of text, were investigated in this study.

Overall, this study involved the investigation on generic structure and linguistic features of codeswitching, types of codeswitching, and factors motivating the speaker to codeswitch his lectures.

B. METH ODOLOGY a. Research Design

This research used descriptive method. Descriptive research is focusing on describing how reality is, such in discipline like social geography which deals with the description of the spatial aspects of social phenomena (Voordt, et.al: 2002). In this case, codeswitching of Nouman Ali Khan’s preaching is one of social

3 phenomena in consideration of sociolinguistic and linguistic aspect that has been described in this research using descriptive method.

b. Source of Data

The sources of data in this thesis were taken from a social network which is www.youtube.com to get Nouman Ali Khan’s Islamic lectures videos, and its transcripts were taken from his official blog which consists of the collection of his Islamic lecture scripts, http//nakcollection.com/transcripts.html.

c. Data Collection

The data of this research were collected by documentation that allows the researcher to review all sources of data related to the theories of Code-switching. The documentations were three videos from www.youtube.com and three transcriptions from http//nakcollection.com/transcripts.html.

d. Data Analysis

In any research, analyzing the data is a way to think critically. The following were the steps that the researcher did in analyzing the data;

1. Identification In the identification stage, the researcher identified the generic structure and the general linguistic features of codeswitching in the data. 2. Classification In the classification stage, the researcher classified the several types of code- switching in terms of the data. 3. Explanation In the explanation stage, the researcher explained the factors that motivate Nouman to codeswitch his speech.

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C. DATA DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

There are three lectures that used as the data of this research;

1. “Sexual Desires: Fornication and Zina”, a lecture in Qur’an Weekly with the length 11 minutes and 5 seconds (11:05). The video was downloaded on Monday, 11th July 2016 at 1:16:26 PM. This video can be directly downloaded in https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SS8ZEBr6sKo. 2. “Suratul Kahf: The People of The Cave”, a lecture in Young Muslim with the length 30 minutes and 22 seconds (30:22). The video was downloaded on Saturday, 23rd July 2016 at 10:34:02 AM. This video can be directly downloaded in https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=U0iujR0ui7A. 3. “Suratul Furqan: Being Peaceful and Grateful”, is a Juma’ah Khutbah with the length 29 minutes and 23 seconds (29:23). The video was downloaded on Monday, 1st February 2016 at 8:56:54 AM. This video can be directly downloaded in https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-3-TerCVH2w.

1. Generic Structure and Linguistic Features of Codeswitching a. Generic Structure

This part is aimed at finding out how the speaker structured the messages that he delivered in his lectures which lies on the textual structure or generic structure of the text.

The generic structure or textual structure of Nouman’s lectures is presented below:

a. Lecture 1: opening (salam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam)

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b. Lecture 2: opening (kalam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam) c. Lecture 3: opening (salam^kalam^introduction)^content^closing

Based on the generic structure found in the three lectures, it can be inferred that the standard generic structure of Nouman’s lectures is opening (salam^kalam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam)

b. Linguistic Features of Codeswitching This part presents the identification of general linguistic features that exist in Nouman Ali Khan’s Islamic lectures. This study found that the linguistic features which appear in the codeswitching phenomenon can be categorized into intersentential, intrasentential, and tag switching. Those features can be seen in the table below: Table 1: General Linguistic Features Categories No. CS Frequency Percentage % 1. Intersentential switching 24 6% 2. Intrasentential switching 298 78% 3. Tag switching 60 16% Total 382 100%

The table shows three categories of codeswitching which represents its linguistic features of all of the data. Based on the data, intersentential switching indicates the occurrence of a full clause or sentence of the Arabic language in the utterances. While, intrasentential switching represents the existence of words, phrases, or clauses in the middle of the utterances. And tag switching indicates the occurrence of tag in the utterances.

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The examples of those categories can be seen in the table below:

Table 2: General Linguistic Features Example

No. CS Examples 1. Intersentential switching - Wala taqtulunnafsallatii harramallahu illa bilhaq. Don’t kill any innocent person (Lecture 1) 2. Intrasentential switching - Innahum fitya or Innahum amanu birabbihim without the word fitya the sentence is completely fine (Lecture 2) 3. Tag switching - So he left. SubahanAllah! (Lecture 3) - SubhanAllah. That’s an incredible thing. (Lecture 3)

The predominant feature is intrasentential switching which featured the existence of words, phrases, and clauses in a single utterance. It is dominantly exist since the speaker generally explained the meaning of every single word or phrase of the verses. When he explained the words or phrases he usually repeated it several times, and they also commonly has correlation with other words and phrases which leads him to mention them in the same context, so that the occurrennce of intrasentential switching become more dominant than other features (i.e. intersentential and tag switching). The feature of intrasentential switching can be seen in the table below:

Table 3: Intersentential Switching Features

No. Level Frequency Percentage 1. Word 362 87% 2. Phrase 24 6% 3. Clause 30 7%

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Total 416 100%

2. Types of Codeswitching

In analyzing the types of codeswitching, there are two kinds of codeswitching that found in the data which are power related codeswitching and solidarity related codeswitching.

a. Power Related Codeswitching

In this study, the relationship between the speaker and the audiences indicates that the speaker has more power to control their relation and other factors that affect the audiences. Nouman can control the audiences (e.g. their minds, attention) with the topics he brought through the lectures and the way he delivered the topics by using some discourse strategies in language use (i.e. codeswitching use).

As Myers-Scotton (1988 p.73) stated that power can deals with those of the “rights” attributes and also power tends to rely on what participants bring to the interaction in terms of their sociolinguistics profiles. Moreover, it can be interpreted that he has power to control over the participants from his social background. As a high level of formal education at the right university, Nouman served as Arabic professor at Nassau Community College until ’06. As a practicioner in the right occupation also influence him to has power in his interaction in which he is the founder and CEO of Bayyinah, as well as the lead instructor for a number of Bayyinah courses including the ‘Fundamentals of Classical Arabic’ and ‘Divine Speech’. He has also taught Modern Standard and Classical Arabic at various venues for nearly 7 years with over 10,000 students nationwide.

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In the data, the speaker said “I wanted to share with you an ayah and some insights from this ayah, that belongs to surat al-isra', the 17th surah. This is the 32nd ayah. Wala taqraboo azzina innahu kana fahishatan wasaa sabeela.” This extract is taken from lecture 1 in data of this study. It is the introduction part of his speech. In the beginning of his speech, he shows his power to control the factors that may affect the people who watch his lecture by using discourse strategies as well as codeswitching. The part of codeswitching that shows his power dominantly was the intersentential part where the speaker quoted a full verse of the Qur’an which indicates his ability in memorizing the verses of the Qur’an over the other participants..

The phenomenon of switching the code from English to Arabic language in his lectures indicate his intent to show that he has ability to speak Arabic language and his ability in memorizing the Qur’an. Therefore, the use of Arabic language and verses in the Qur’an as Arabic language itself in his lectures, and related this kind of language use to his sociolinguistic profiles, it can be inferred that Nouman intent to share his power through his islamic lectures. His power can control and convince audiences to keep in mind that the speaker is right, and then it might influences the audiences’ point of view of life in terms of Islam, and also possibly change their behavior in life through the topic that the speaker brought in his lectures.

b. Solidarity Related Codeswitching

Given the Arabic language placement in the utterances and Islamic context, the pattern of switches to Arabic represents a bid for shared group membership or solidarity, with the audiences.

Solidarity-related codeswitching in this study indicates that among the speaker and audiences have solidarity. The speaker tries to suit himself to make solidarity with the audience through the language he used. He switches the code into Arabic language in his lectures to show that he is a muslim as well as the audiences. He used

9 some terms of Arabic language that familiar and commonly used among muslims to share group membership of Islam with the audiences.

The speaker used some familiar term of Arabic language that commonly used by muslim, which are:

(1). Some sahaba called them the equivalent of what the essential teachings that were given to Musa ‘alaihissalam (2). You know, one of the things we learn about shaytaan, is that is remarkable to me, is that he is extremely patient (3). So the mentality of the Muslims generally, especially of Muslim youth, isn’t supposed to be I have to save myself but actually I have to engage and I have to help the world become a better place (4). I am happy that Sheikh Omar talked about vigilance (5). You have no sense of direction - not in deen and not in dunya (6). As far as our religious maturity is concerned everyone of us should see ourselves next year, you know, from this Ramadan to next Ramadan, or you know what Ramadan is already over, so this December to next December, this winter to next winter, how am I gonna be a better Muslim. (7). The Ummah sure gonna revive through that (8). Get your Fajr right. (9). When a non-believer sees us pray, they don’t know what salat is. (10). When we go into Ruku, it’s like the expression of exhaustion (11). In Jum’ah I can take a reminder but not at home.

3. Factors Motivating Codeswitching

This part is the explanation of factors motivating English-Arabic codeswitching in Nouman’s Islamic lectures. The factors to switch the code involved his purposes of;

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1). Sharing social identity with his audiences; 2). Talking about particular topic; 3). Quoting somebody; 4). Expressing respect and solidarity; 5). Expecting rewards.

a. Sharing Social Identity with The Audiences

The data of the study found that Nouman codeswitches in his speech to indicate his identity as an ustadh. It can be seen from the language he used to talk about some particular topics which he quoted from the Qur’an in delivering his lectures.

“This is the 32nd ayah. Wala taqraboo azzinainnahu kana fahishatan wasaa sabeela. (lecture 1, line 3), “…Allah ’Azzwajal says. you know that Allah hurls. Bal naqzifu bil haq qi alal ba_tili fayadmauhu.” (lecture 2, line 18), “And Allah Azza wa jal says in this beautiful Ayat, Allah Azza wa jal says, Wa iba_dur rahma_nil lazina yamsu_na alal ardi hauna” (lecture 3, line 78). b. Talking About Particular Topic

The data in this research proves that Nouman codeswitches his speech because he talks about particular topic that is about Islam, especially the tafseer about some surahs in Qur’an. The topics are about; Suratul Isra’ in lecture 1; Suratul Kahf in lecture 2; and Suratul Furqan in lecture 3. In terms of the topic, it has a big prospect that Nouman will codeswitch his speech from the base language (i.e. English) into the second language (i.e. Arabic language) in order to make him easy to deliver his intent about the topic to the audiences.

Lecture one is about Suratul Isra in which Nouman introduced the topic at the beginning by saying “Assalamu’alaikum Qur’an Weekly. I wanted to share with you an ayah and some insights from this ayah, that belongs to Suratul Isra’, the 17th surah. This is the 32nd ayah. Walaa taqrobuzzinaa innahu kana fahishatan wasa

11 asabiila”. This introduction explain to us that topics is also can cause speaker to codeswitch his speech, in which when he says that he is going to deliver an ayah in suratul isra’ he then recited the ayah; “Walaa taqrobuzzinaa innahu kana fahishatan wasa asabiila”. Reciting the verse indicates the topic that he is going to deliver.

c. Quoting Somebody

Quoting somebody becomes one factor that influences someone to codeswitch from one language to another. In islamic lecture, especially, the speaker commonly quote some expressions from Qur’an or hadist. According to the data, it is found that Nouman also quotes some expressions from the Qur’an. It is proved from the extracts below:

“And when people start listening to the syaytaan – this is in the same surah, Allah says ‘inna ibadee laysa laka alayhimsultanun’ (lecture 1); “When it came to the people of the cave, these sleepers of the cave as they are called Asshabul Kahf, Allah ‘azza wa jal says ‘innahum fityatun’ (lecture 2); “And Allah ‘azza wa jal says in this beautiful ayat, Allah azza wa jal says ‘wa iba durrahma nil lazina yamsyu na alal ardhi hauna’ (lecture 3) d. Expressing Respect and Solidarity

One way to indicate respect and solidarity is using some familiar Islamic or Qur’anic expressions. The words commonly familiar to audiences as muslims so that when ustadh mention some words in Arabic, the meaning or the thing that the words refer to is immediately come into the audiences’ mind without needed any translation into English. In his lectures, Nouman used some of solidarity words by saying; “You know, one of the things we learn about shaytaan, that is remarkable to me, is that he is extremely patient” (lecture 1); “Not everybody here’s gonna be a mufti or an aalim

12 or whatever. But you have to be educated Muslims.” (lecture 2); “And Asr and Maghrib up here you can see the battle being won by the night.” (lecture 3).

e. Expecting Rewards

In Arabic language, there are some terms or expressions that incurred Allah’s rewards if we even only say those expressions. Then, it can be the possible factor that makes Nouman codeswitches his speech naturally. For examples; Allah ‘azza wa jal, ‘alaihissalam, shalallahu’alaihi wa sallam, subhan Allah, ma sha Allah, Alhamdulillah. The expressions of Alhamdulillah, ma sha Alah, subhan Allah, Allah ‘azza wa jal are some expressions of our praise, gratitude, and admiration to Allah of all of His gifts, that if we say that expressions we will have His rewards. Also, the expressions of ‘alaihissalam and sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam are the expressions to make du’a for the prophets, and we say that expressions after mentioning their names then Allah will give His rewards. This is the biggest motivation for every muslim to say some of that expressions in his/her daily life.

D. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 1. Conclusion

The result of this study can be inferred into some points below:

a. Analyzing speech as well as lecture, firstly, it is needed to analyze its generic structure. The generic structure of the lectures in this study was; opening (salam^kalam^introduction)^content^closing (open-up closing^salam). b. In the analysis of the linguistic features, it was found that codeswitching occur in intersentential switching (between sentences), intrasentential switching (within sentences), and tag switching. c. Intersentential switching is 6%, intrasentential switching is 78%, and tag switching is 16%. The dominant feature is intrasentential in which

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codeswitching occur in the level of words as the dominant (87%), phrases (6%), and clauses (7%). d. There are two types of codeswitching were involved; Power-related Codeswitching and Solidarity-related codeswitching. Power-related Codeswitching shows his power to control the participants in the lecture through the language he used in which he quoted some verses in the Qur’an that indicates that he is more than the audiences in the aspect of knowledge about Islam and ability in memorizing the Qur’an, while Solidarity-related Codeswitching is when the speaker used some familiar terms of Arabic language in his speech that commonly used among muslims communities, then it means that he is sharing solidarity to the audiences as muslim group membership. e. The last analysis was some factors that may cause the occurrence of codeswitching which are sharing social identity, talking about particular topic, quotating somebody, expressing respect and solidarity, and expectating rewards.

2. Suggestion In order to get more comprehensive understanding about codeswitching, it is sugegested that: a. The next researcher can observe all aspects of codeswitching since this study does not observe all aspects of codeswitching b. The next researcher should have more data and references in order to make the study more detail c. The other studies on codeswitching are expected with deeper analysis in order to have better understanding on it d. The other studies on codeswitching can be in broader field such as social media (facebook, twitter, etc), certain bilingual communities, etc

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e. The observation on codeswitching in other islamic lectures is also expected in order to have broader and deeper understanding on codeswitching in islamic lectures.

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