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Religious Foundations of Group Identity in Prehistoric Europe: the Germanic Peoples
PETER BUCHHOLZ Religious Foundations of Group Identity in Prehistoric Europe: The Germanic Peoples Any reader of Heimskringla ("circle of the earth"), the history of the kings of Norway by the great 13th century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson, will be struck by the enormous weight which the author attaches to religion. This refers both to Christianity and to pagan phenomena which preceded and even co-existed with it for some time. Snorri's work should, in my view, be ascribed a relatively high source value, if only because it is demonstrably based on older traditions either fixed in poetry or transmitted as oral prose. Öral tradition is of course not the topic of the present paper (cf. Buchholz 1980; Buchholz 1991), but the preservation of such traditions alone, many of which contain religious material, does indeed show that society or parts of it attached sufficient importance to such phenomena as to commit them to memory, parchment, runic signs or pictorial representation. The last scribe or "author" may of course have had considerable antiquarian interests, as is evident e.g. in some of the mythic poems of the Elder Edda, but such interests cannot be regarded as the cause for the existence of the myth, but only as one of the reasons for its preservation. We shall hopefully glimpse something of the role of myth in Germanic societies in the course of my paper. Leaving Myth aside for the moment, I want to stress that ÖN prose material, including Heimskringla, shows a marked interest in the concrete manifestations of cult (which, for paganism as seen through Christian eyes at least, definitely includes magic) and belief. -
Show Transcript
Season 1, Episode 1: Pilot February 3, 2020 Show Transcript Why the Flag Welcome to the show about the most colorful four-letter word in the English dictionary: Flag. We’re a podcast that explores the stories behind the flags – and how these symbols effect the world, our history, and ourselves. I’ve been interested in flags since I was a child. Growing up, I would spend a part of almost every summer visiting my family the Swedish countryside in a place called Myggsjön – or mosquito lake – and every June 21, we had a huge midsummer party in the center of the village. The place was always decorated with flowers and people dressed in traditional outfits and we got to run around in the forest – it was a really great place to just be a kid. But with all the head-dresses and songs and horse sausage and pickled herrings, I was always most intrigued by the abundance of the flag. On top of the midsummer pole and in front of every house and in every window, you would find the big, bright yellow cross splashed across the blue horizon – this admiration and celebration of Swedish flag was something that always captured my imagination. And of course, like many kids from my elementary school, I spent the other half of the summer at a Jewish sleepaway camp in upstate New York. Every morning, rain or shine, we stood at attention, lined up by bunk, to first sing O Say Can You See as we raised the Stars and Stripes, then O Canada for our northern friends with their peaceful red maple leaf – and without fail, for the main course, we sang Hatikva, the national anthem for the state of Israel, as we raised the flag with our Magen David, the Star of David, to its place of honor. -
Cgpt1; MAGNA GERMANIA; CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BOOK 2, CHAPTER 10; FACT OR FICTION
cgPt1; MAGNA GERMANIA; CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BOOK 2, CHAPTER 10; FACT OR FICTION SYNOPSIS The locations of some +8000 settlements and geographical features are included within the text of Claudius Ptolemy‟s „Geographia‟. To control the text and ensure readers understood the methodology there-in utilised it is evident that Claudius Ptolemy determined a strict order and utilisation of the information he wished to disseminate. That strict methodology is maintained through the first 9 chapters of Book 2, but the 10th chapter breaks all of the rules that had been established. Chapters 11 to 15 then return to the established pattern. Magna Germania was basically unknown territory and in such a situation Claudius Ptolemy was able to ignore any necessity to guess thus leaving an empty landscape as is evinced in Book 3, chapter 5, Sarmatian Europe. Why in an unknown land there are 94 settlements indicated in Germania when the 3 provinces of Gallia have only a total of 114 settlements, is a mystery? And, why does Claudius Ptolemy not attribute a single settlement to a tribal group? It appears there are other factors at play, which require to be investigated. BASIC PTOLEMY When analysing a map drawn from the data provided by Claudius Ptolemy it is first necessary to ensure that it is segregated into categories. Those are; 1) reliable information i.e. probably provided via the Roman Army Cosmographers and Geometres; 2) the former information confirmed or augmented by various itineraries or from Bematists; 3) the possibility of latitudinal measurements from various settlements (gnomon ratios); 4) basic travellers tales with confirmed distances „a pied‟; 5) basic sailing distances along coastlines and those which can be matched to land distances; 6) guesses made by travellers who did not actually record the days travelled but only the length of time for the overall journey; 7) obscure references from ancient texts which cannot be corroborated. -
A Case Study of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and the Kalkriese Archaeological Site
The Culture of Memory and the Role of Archaeology: A Case Study of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and the Kalkriese Archaeological Site Laurel Fricker A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH HONORS DEPARTMENT OF GERMANIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN April 18, 2017 Advised by Professor Julia Hell and Associate Professor Kerstin Barndt 1 Table of Contents Dedication and Thanks 4 Introduction 6 Chapter One 18 Chapter Two 48 Chapter Three 80 Conclusion 102 The Museum and Park Kalkriese Mission Statement 106 Works Cited 108 2 3 Dedication and Thanks To my professor and advisor, Dr. Julia Hell: Thank you for teaching CLCIV 350 Classical Topics: German Culture and the Memory of Ancient Rome in the 2016 winter semester at the University of Michigan. The readings and discussions in that course, especially Heinrich von Kleist’s Die Hermannsschlacht, inspired me to research more into the figure of Hermann/Arminius. Thank you for your guidance throughout this entire process, for always asking me to think deeper, for challenging me to consider the connections between Germany, Rome, and memory work and for assisting me in finding the connection I was searching for between Arminius and archaeology. To my professor, Dr. Kerstin Barndt: It is because of you that this project even exists. Thank you for encouraging me to write this thesis, for helping me to become a better writer, scholar, and researcher, and for aiding me in securing funding to travel to the Museum and Park Kalkriese. Without your support and guidance this project would never have been written. -
Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74-10,982
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. White the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
CHAPTER ONE — Aspects of Political and Social Developments in Germania and Scandinavia During the Roman Iron Age
CHAPTER ONE — Aspects of Political and Social Developments in Germania and Scandinavia during the Roman Iron Age 1.1 Rome & Germania 1.1.1 Early Romano-Germanic Relations It is unclear when a people who may be fairly labelled ‘Germanic’ first appeared. Dates as early as the late Neolithic or early Bronze Ages have been suggested.1 A currently popular theory identifies the earliest Germanic peoples as participants in the Jastorf superculture which emerged c. 500 bc,2 though recent linguistic research on early relations between Finno-Ugric and Germanic languages argues the existence of Bronze-Age Germanic dialects.3 Certainly, however, it may be said that ‘Germanic’ peoples existed by the final centuries bc, when classical authors began to record information about them. A fuller analysis of early Germanic society and Romano-Germanic relations would far outstrip this study’s limits,4 but several important points may be touched upon. For the Germanic peoples, Rome could be both an enemy and an ideal—often both at the same time. The tensions created by such contrasts played an important role in shaping Germanic society and ideology. Conflict marked Romano-Germanic relations from the outset. Between 113 and 101 bc, the Cimbri and Teutones, tribes apparently seeking land on which to settle, proved an alarmingly serious threat to Rome.5 It is unclear whether these tribes 1Lothar Killian, Zum Ursprung der Indogermanen: Forschungen aus Linguistik, Prähistorie und Anthropologie, 2nd edn, Habelt Sachbuch, 3 (Bonn: Habelt, 1988); Lothar Killian, Zum Ursprung der Germanen, Habelt Sachbuch, 4 (Bonn: Habelt, 1988). 2Todd, pp. 10, 26; Mark B. -
The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. -
Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE Tacitus Was Probably Born in 56 Or 57 CE in Northern Italy Into an Equestrian (Minor Noble) Family. He
Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE As to the Germans themselves, I think it probable that they are Tacitus was probably born in 56 or 57 CE in Northern Italy into an indigenous and that very little foreign blood has been introduced either by equestrian (minor noble) family. He had quite a successful career in invasions or by friendly dealings with neighbouring peoples. For in former Roman public service, holding both military and civil offices, culminating in becoming the proconsul of the Roman province of Asia, 112-113 CE. He times it was not by land but on shipboard that would-be immigrants wrote a several literary and historical works, many of which criticize faults arrived; and the limitless ocean that lies beyond the coasts of Germany, and in Roman society by comparing them to others. Germania is not a travel as it were defies intruders, is seldom visited by ships from our part of the story, nor even a personal account. Instead, Tacitus drew upon earlier writers, and possibly talked to contemporaries who had been there to world. And to say nothing of the perils of that wild and unknown sea, who compile an ethnographic and geographical description of Germania would have been likely to leave Asia Minor, North Africa, or Italy, to go to (which includes parts of present-day France and Germany), especially the Germany with its forbidding landscapes and unpleasant climate - a country customs and culture of the various tribes who lived there, whom the Romans generally called “barbarians.”1 that is thankless to till and dismal to behold for anyone who was not born 1. -
Die Varusschlacht Und Kalkriese
dafür schaffen, dass Menschen beruflichen ihnen auch dabei helfen, die Krisen und Schat- Erfolg haben, Einfluss besitzen und sich lieben. tenseiten ihres Lebens zu bewältigen.“ - Aber was uns genauso wichtig ist: Wir wollen Johannes Haas , Düsseldorf Die Varusschlacht und Kalkriese An die 700 Theorien zur Lokalisierung der strierung der bis dahin gefundenen römischen Varusschlacht des Jahres 9 n. Chr. wurden Münzen, weil er glaubte, die Entscheidung zur erstellt, die alle von dem Ort ausgingen, an Frage der Örtlichkeit der Varusschlacht liege dem der jeweilige Theorieurheber lebte. So bei den Münzen. „Wie können “, schreibt er schreibt Timpe von der „bizarren Neigung so gegen Einwender, „Gold- und Silbermünzen in vieler Schulmeister und Landpastoren, das dem Umfang in die Erde kommen, dass noch Varusschlachtfeld vor der eigenen Haustür heute Jahr aus Jahr ein sie daraus hervorgezogen zu identifizieren “ (S. 730). Bereits Theodor werden? “ (S. 211). Zudem seien alle Münzen Mommsen hatte sich über den gleichen Eifer der unter Augustus geprägt worden, ihre Erhaltung „deutschen Localforscher“ amüsiert, die mit sei gut und weise auf kurze Umlaufszeit. „Die ihren „beliebten patriotisch-topographischen Goldfunde im Venner Moore sind eine numis- Zänkereien die kleinen und großen Klatschblätter matisch schlechthin einzig dastehende Thatsache, füllen und durch Kirchthurmcontroversen die welche einen außerordentlichen Vorgang als unbefangenen Zuschauer erheitern “ (S. 202). Erklärungsgrund fordert “ (S. 236). Mommsen und der mit ihm zusammenarbeitende Mommsen wie Menadier folgern die stattge- Numismatiker Julius Menadier hatten zur Loka- habte Schlacht „dort, wo der weit vorspringende lisierung der Schlacht in eigenen Publikationen Kalkrieser Berg mit dem von der Gegenseite allerdings einiges zu sagen. sich nähernden großen Moore einen Paß von Bereits im 18. -
Romanization - Discourse and Changing Concepts
Romanization - discourse and changing concepts An analysis of altering interpretations of Roman-native cultural encounters, their participants and dynamics August Baugstø Hanssen One of two papers delivered as part of a Master Thesis in Archaeology Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo Spring 2009 Preface From the initial outset of my work three things seemed abundantly clear – I was to write two smaller papers instead of one, they should deal with completely different themes and utilize somewhat differing approaches. One was written in English and deals with the concept of Romanization. The subject was chosen as a result of my growing scepticism toward inherent elements within classical studies connected with the mechanics that have given Roman culture pre-eminence in the shaping of our own past and present culture. The other topic, which sets out to scrutinize three different museums with the goal of bringing forth some perspectives on exhibition practice at the planned historical museum in Oslo, grew out of an interest in the Viking ship debate as well as a growing curiosity in exhibition practices. This paper was also an attempt to further myself a bit from the classical tradition and focusing on a more hands-on approach alleviating more pragmatic perspectives. It seemed only natural to write this paper in Norwegian. However, things seldom work out the way you plan, and sometimes that’s not all that bad. As the work progressed common themes crystallized and made their way into both papers in a way that felt natural. They are both deeply rooted in the conviction that archaeology is a discipline firmly established within the humanities, whether we deal with the evolution of theoretical apparatus or the contextualizing of objects within the museum. -
Romans and Barbarians in Tacitus' Battle Narratives
ROMANS AND BARBARIANS IN TACITUS’ BATTLE NARRATIVES by RYAN MICHAEL SEEGER (Under the direction of Dr. Susan Mattern-Parkes) ABSTRACT The purpose of the study is to examine how Tacitus constructs ethnic stereotypes, namely those of the Romans and of the barbarians, in his battle narratives. The first section of the study explores his descriptions of technical aspects of the battle narrative, such as topography, use of weaponry, battle formations, and sieges. The second section examines the value judgments that Tacitus makes about the combatants and their actions, discussing the themes of discipline and virtus, as well as the leaders’ ability to lead by example and stifle dissent. In his descriptions of both the technical and the “moral” aspects of battle, Tacitus shapes his Romans quite differently from his barbarians. Tacitus constructs identities in his battle narratives possibly to satisfy his audience’s expectations or to make the scenes more understandable. Such constructions indicate that ethnocentrism plays an important role in Latin historiography, revealing racial prejudice in Roman society. INDEX WORDS: Tacitus, battle narratives, Roman army, barbarians, ethnicity. ROMANS AND BARBARIANS IN TACITUS’ BATTLE NARRATIVES by RYAN MICHAEL SEEGER B. A., Appalachian State University, 1998 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2002 © 2002 Ryan Michael Seeger All Rights Reserved ROMANS AND BARBARIANS IN TACITUS’ BATTLE NARRATIVES by RYAN MICHAEL SEEGER Approved: Major Professor: Susan Mattern-Parkes Committee: James Anderson Erika Thorgerson-Hermanowicz Electronic Version Approved: Gordhan L. Patel Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2002 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several people were instrumental in the completion of this thesis. -
Arminius: the Limits of Empire Free Ebook
FREEARMINIUS: THE LIMITS OF EMPIRE EBOOK Robert Fabbri | 384 pages | 01 May 2017 | ATLANTIC BOOKS | 9781782397007 | English | London, United Kingdom Arminius: The Limits of Empire - Robert Fabbri - Google книги Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. NOOK Book. Picking their way along the edge of a ploughed and sown field, a rode cleared out of the surrounding forest by the sweated labour of generations gone by, the Arminius: The Limits of Empire descended the hill and skirted an area of marshland fed by a river flowing into the reed-lined lake beyond. A gentle breeze rippled its surface; it glistered silver and gold in the westering sun in stark contrast to the conifer-swathed hills encircling it. The sweet scent of so many trees' resinous sap infused the warm air and gave the name to this high range of hills in the heart of Germania Magna: Harzland in the language of the Cherusci tribe — the Land of Sap. The approach of armed men caused no consternation for Thumelicatz and his kin, as tied to the tips of their spears were branches of beech with freshly sprouted leaves, the sign of peaceful intent. Nonetheless, the dozen men living within the compound had retrieved their weapons from the longhouse at its centre and now stood on the walkway that ran the length of the palisade surrounding the small settlement.