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AB Method of Irrigation Without Water 1 Article Irrigation after Joseph and my corr 11 14 07 AB Method of Irrigation without Water (Closed-loop water cycle) Alexander Bolonkin C&R, 1310 Avenue R, #F-6, Brooklyn, NY 11229, USA T/F 718-339-4563, [email protected], http://Bolonkin.narod.ru Abstract Author suggests and researches a new revolutionary idea for a closed-loop irrigation method. He offers to cover a given site by a thin closed film with controlled heat conductivity and clarity located at an altitude of 50 – 300 m. The film is supported at altitude by small additional atmospheric overpressure and connected to the ground by thin cables. Authors show that this closed dome allows full control of the weather in a given region (the day is always fine, the rain is only at night, no strong winds). The average Earth (white cloudy) reflectance equals 0.3 - 0.5. That means the Earth loses about 0.3 - 0.5 of the maximum potential incoming solar energy. The dome (having control of the clarity of film and heat conductivity) converts the cold regions to subtropics, hot deserts and desolate wildernesses to prosperous regions with a temperate climate. This is a realistic and cheap method of evaporation-economical irrigation and virtual weather control on Earth at the current time. Key words: Global weather control, gigantic film dome, converting a cold region to subtropics, converting desolate wilderness to a prosperous region. Introduction 1. Precipitation 1. General information about precipitation. The extant amount of water in Earth’s hydrosphere in the current era is constant. The average annual layer of Earth’s precipitation is about 1000 mm or 511,000 km3. 21% of this (108,000 km3) falls on land and 79% (403,000 km3) on oceans. Most of it falls between latitudes 20o North and 20o South. Both polar zones collect only 4% of Earth’s precipitation. The evaporation from the World-Ocean equals 1250 mm (450,000 km3). 1120 mm returns back as precipitation and 130 mm by river inflow. The evaporation from land equals 410 mm (61,000 km3), the precipitation is 720 mm. The land loses 310 mm as river flow to the oceans (47,000 km3). These are average data. In some regions the precipitation is very different. 2. A desert is a landscape form or region that receives very little precipitation. Deserts are defined as areas that receive an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm (10 in). In the Köppen climate classification system, deserts are classed as (BW). Deserts take up one-third of the Earth's land surface. They usually have a large diurnal and seasonal temperature range, with high daytime temperatures (in summer up to 45 °C or 113 °F), and low night-time temperatures (in winter down to 0 °C; 32 °F) due to extremely low humidity. Water acts to trap infrared radiation from both the sun and the ground, and dry desert air is incapable of blocking sunlight during the day or trapping heat during the night. Thus during daylight all of the sun's heat reaches the ground. As soon as the sun sets the desert cools quickly by radiating its heat into space. Urban areas in deserts lack large (more than 25 °F/14 °C) daily temperature ranges, partially due to the urban heat island effect. Many deserts are shielded in rain by rain shadows, mountains blocking the path of precipitation to the desert. Deserts are often composed of sand and rocky surfaces. Sand dunes called ergs and stony surfaces called hamada surfaces compose a minority of desert surfaces. Exposures of rocky terrain are typical, and reflect minimal soil development and sparseness of vegetation. 2 Bottomlands may be salt-covered flats. Eolian processes are major factors in shaping desert landscapes. Cold deserts (also known as polar deserts) have similar features but the main form of precipitation is snow rather than rain. Antarctica is the world's largest cold desert (composed of about 98 percent thick continental ice sheet and 2 percent barren rock). The largest hot desert is the Sahara. Deserts sometimes contain valuable mineral deposits that were formed in the arid environment or that were exposed by erosion. Rain does fall occasionally in deserts, and desert storms are often violent. A record 44 millimeters (1.7 in) of rain once fell within 3 hours in the Sahara. Large Saharan storms may deliver up to 1 millimeter per minute. Normally dry stream channels, called arroyos or wadis, can quickly fill after heavy rains, and flash floods make these channels dangerous. Though little rain falls in deserts, deserts receive runoff from ephemeral, or short-lived, streams fed considerable quantities of sediment for a day or two. Although most deserts are in basins with closed or interior drainage, a few deserts are crossed by 'exotic' rivers that derive their water from outside the desert. Such rivers infiltrate soils and evaporate large amounts of water on their journeys through the deserts, but their volumes are such that they maintain their continuity. The Nile River, the Colorado River, and the Yellow River are exotic rivers that flow through deserts to deliver their sediments to the sea. Deserts may also have underground springs, rivers, or reservoirs that lay close to the surface, or deep underground. Plants that have not completely adapted to sporadic rainfalls in a desert environment may tap into underground water sources that do not exceed the reach of their root systems. Lakes form where rainfall or meltwater in interior drainage basins is sufficient. Desert lakes are generally shallow, temporary, and salty. Because these lakes are shallow and have a low bottom gradient, wind stress may cause the lake waters to move over many square kilometers. When small lakes dry up, they leave a salt crust or hardpan. The flat area of clay, silt, or sand encrusted with salt that forms is known as a playa. There are more than a hundred playas in North American deserts. Most are relics of large lakes that existed during the last ice age about 12,000 years ago. Lake Bonneville was a 52,000 kilometers² (20,000 mi²) lake almost 300 meters (1000 ft) deep in Utah, Nevada, and Idaho during the Ice Age. Today the remnants of Lake Bonneville include Utah's Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, and Sevier Lake. Because playas are arid landforms from a wetter past, they contain useful clues to climatic change. When the occasional precipitation does occur, it erodes the desert rocks quickly and powerfully. Winds are the other factor that erodes deserts—they are slow yet constant. A desert is a hostile, potentially deadly environment for unprepared humans. The high heat causes rapid loss of water due to sweating, which can result in dehydration and death within days. In addition, unprotected humans are also at risk from heatstroke and venomous animals. Despite this, some cultures have made deserts their home for thousands of years, including the Bedouin, Touareg and Puebloan people. Modern technology, including advanced irrigation systems, desalinization and air conditioning have made deserts much more hospitable. In the United States and Israel, desert farming has found extensive use. The Great Sandy Desert has nearly all its rain during from monsoonal thunderstorms or the occasional tropical cyclone rain depression. Thunderstorm days average 20-30 annually through most of the area (Burbidge 1983) although the desert has fairly high precipitation rates due to the high rates of evaporation this area remains an arid environment with vast areas of sands. Other areas of the world, which see these rare precipitation events in drylands, are Northwest Mexico, South West America, and South West Asia. In North America in the Sonoran and 3 Chihuahuan desert have received some tropical rainfall in the last 10 years. Tropical activity is rare in all deserts but what rain does arrive here is important to the delicate ecosystem existing. Fig.1. Mahktesh Gadol, an erosional basin in the Negev Desert of southern Israel.213 kb. 3.Arid. In general terms, the climate of a locale or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. As a result, environments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. The expression 'available water' refers to water in the soil in excess to the wilting point. The air over a hot desert may actually contain substantial amounts of water vapor but that water may not be generally accessible to plants, except for very specialized organisms (such as some species of lichen). 'Lack of water' refers to use by plants. The water that is actually present in the environment may be sufficient for some species or usages (such as climax vegetation), and grossly insufficient for others. Aridity, the characteristic nature of arid climates, may thus depend on the use of the land. Regards to the presence of life, what is more important than the degree of rainfall is the fraction of precipitation that is not quickly lost through evaporation or runoff. Attempts to quantitatively describe the degree of aridity of a place has often led to the development of aridity indexes. There is no universal agreement on the precise boundaries between classes such as 'hyper-arid', 'arid', 'semi-arid', etc. If different classification schemes and maps differ in their details, there is a general agreement about the fact that large areas of the Earth are considered arid. These include the hot deserts located broadly in sub-tropical regions, where the accumulation of water is largely prevented by either low precipitations, or high evaporation, or both, as well as cold deserts near the poles, where water may be permanently locked in solid forms (snow and ice).
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