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Street Children and Adolescents in Ghana: a Qualitative Study of Trajectory and Behavioural Experiences of Homelessness

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Street Children and Adolescents in Ghana: a Qualitative Study of Trajectory and Behavioural Experiences of Homelessness See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283275319 Street Children and Adolescents in Ghana: A Qualitative Study of Trajectory and Behavioural Experiences of Homelessness Article · February 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s40609-015-0039-8 READS 41 1 author: Kwaku Oppong Asante University of KwaZulu-Natal 32 PUBLICATIONS 106 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Kwaku Oppong Asante letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 08 June 2016 Glob Soc Welf (2016) 3:33–43 DOI 10.1007/s40609-015-0039-8 Street Children and Adolescents in Ghana: A Qualitative Study of Trajectory and Behavioural Experiences of Homelessness Kwaku Oppong Asante1 Published online: 20 October 2015 # Springer International Publishing 2015 Abstract This study was conducted to understand the lived Centre for Human Settlement (2007) defines street children experiences of street children and adolescents. Using a qualita- as any individual for whom the street (including unoccupied tive approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with dwellings) have become their place of living and/or source of 16 purposively selected homeless children and youth (with a livelihood, inadequately protected and supervised by respon- mean age of 14 years) from the Central Business District of sible adults. In Ghana, there are concerns that the high number Accra, Ghana. Thematic analysis showed that disorganised of street children and adolescents could become a public and broken homes, following family members to the city and health issue. The streets’ environment in which they reside the desires for freedom from parents were identified as the contribute to them being deprived of basic human needs such factors that push children to the street. Notwithstanding the as access to food, clothing, education and health facilities main reasons for being homeless, participants’ behaviours on (Orme and Seipel 2007). Their vulnerability is further the street exposes them to severe behavioural and health risks compounded by the lack of HIV education, as well as sexual problems including substance and alcohol use, sexual harass- and reproductive health for adolescents as these occur within ment and rape, violence and violent-related behaviours and the school context in Ghana (Awusabo-Asare et al. 2006)with perceived public stigma. These findings underscore the need few activities directed at out-of-school marginalised youth, for an effective community parenting programme that focuses including homeless youth. on parental and proactive family reconciliation skills, and the In urban centres like Accra, street children work mainly as provision of supportive structures to help youth access physical porters and sales workers and sometimes as child commercial and mental health services from providers. sex workers (Anarfi 1997;Oduro2012). These activities ex- pose them to great risks such as violence, sexual abuse, seri- Keywords Street children and adolescents . Health risk ous physical and psychological harm and sexually transmitted behaviours . Survival . Qualitative . Ghana infections including HIV and AIDS. What compounds the already difficult situation worse is that these homeless youth in general are seen as a societal burden and not necessarily in need of protection, care and love (Quarshie 2011). As a vul- Introduction nerable group of people, homeless youth are exposed to various adverse conditions on the street, and exploring how Homeless children and youth are globally considered as one they live and thrive in such conditions would enable us to of the most vulnerable populations. The United Nations better understand the lives of street children in order to help them improve their living conditions while on the street, and * Kwaku Oppong Asante to help them successfully leave the streets. [email protected] Previous studies in Ghana suggest that street-connected children have less knowledge about sexuality than other youths (Anarfi 1997; Wutoh et al. 2006). Furthermore, they 1 Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, are more likely to engage in unprotected sex and other high- Durban 4041, South Africa risk sexual behaviour as a means of survival (Anarfi 1997; 34 Glob Soc Welf (2016) 3:33–43 Oduro 2012), and are seen as a societal burden and socially could have helped explore the experiences and circumstances stigmatised due to their state of homelessness (Quarshie of these homeless youth (Molla 2012). 2011). There is, however, sparse literature that has explored Homelessness is a result of multiple factors in complex more holistically the lived experiences of street youth in associations, and as such, there is no single reason that can Ghana. This qualitative study was therefore conducted to ex- be identified as the cause. However, most of the reasons can plore the lived experiences of street children and adolescents be categorised into three broadly-related factors: push factors, in Accra, Ghana. The findings of the present study could in- pull factors and the desire for freedom from parental control form policy guidelines for ensuring access to health services (CAS 2010;Oduro2012; Ward and Seager 2010). Push fac- and to guide mental health promotion interventions among tors refer to factors or circumstances that compel young chil- homeless youth. dren and adults to live on the street. Some of these factors include abuse from family relatives, death of family relatives and family disintegration/breakdown including divorce Literature Review (Boakye-Boaten 2008;CAS2010; Huges et al. 2010; Ward and Seager 2010). Studies conducted in South African and Under this section, the prevalence of the street/child homeless- Uganda of homeless children revealed that the death of a sin- ness and possible contributory factors to the problem are gle or both parents were evident in over 79 and 75 % of the discussed. This is followed by examining health risk behav- explanations given by participants interviewed about why iours and their possible interactive effect, specifically violent- they left home, respectively (Ward and Seager 2010;Swahn related behaviours, substance use and abuse, and perceived et al. 2012). stigma. Pull factors on the other hand refer to urbanization experi- ences brought to young adults by their peers, and the prospects Prevalence and Contributory Factors to Children of seeking a better life (CAS 2010; Oppong Asante and and Adolescent Homelessness Meyer-Weitz 2015). Family poverty and the quest to improve theeconomicconditionsoffamilieshavebeendocumentedas There are estimated to be more than one billion children who key reasons given by street children for their state of home- are growing up on urban streets around the world, and these lessness (Orme and Seipel 2007). Poor infrastructure in the numbers are most likely to increase as the global population rural areas and the low quality of schools in the remote areas grows and as urbanization continues apace (UNICEF 2012). were identified as critical factors contributing to homelessness The statistics across Africa are quite staggering and alarming for children and young adults in Ghana and Mali (Hatløy and as there are about three million street children and youth in Huser 2005). Another reason why youth run way from home Africa (World Bank 2006), and as many as one million (of is the desire for freedom and escape from parental restrictions which a greater proportion had dropped out of school and a (Oppong Asante and Meyer-Weitz 2015). Oduro (2012)indi- significant number had never been to school) are believed to cated that some of the participants on the streets of Accra, be on the streets in Egypt (Consortium for Street Children Ghana revealed that their parents were of good socioeconomic (CSC) 2009). In Ghana, the prevalence of the phenomenon status but because of their desire for freedom, they ran away has increased from about 35,000 to 90,000 within the last from home. According to some participants interviewed in the 5 years in Accra alone (Accra Metropolitan Assembly study, the street offers so much freedom, that “you can do (AMA) 2014). The Catholic Action for Street Children whatever you like, and can even decide not to brush your (CAS 2010) headcount conducted in 2009 indicated that there teeth” (Oduro 2012,p.45). are about 35,000 and more street children in the Greater Accra region alone. Key child labour indicators from the Ministry of Violence and Violent-Related Behaviours Women and Children Affairs in 2011 indicated that over 50, 000 children are living and working on the streets with nearly Homelessness increases the risk for abuse of street youth 50 % in the Greater Accra region alone (MOWAC 2012). (Coates and McKinze-Mohr 2010; Edidin et al. 2012; The inability to get a consistent definition of homeless Slesnick et al. 2009). Compared with other young adults in youth might have contributed to the varied numbers of street the general population, street youth are at a higher risk for youth in Ghana, and globally as a whole. Some researchers violence and violence-related behaviours (Slesnick et al. (Edidin et al. 2012; Ennew and Swart-Kruger 2003) have 2009). The living conditions of homeless children and youth indicated that both the transient and nomadic nature contribute may compel them to exhibit violent behaviour themselves, or to the varied prevalence of homeless youth. Others have ar- to become victims of violent behaviour from the general pop- gued that the inflated and frightening figures could possibly ulation. One of the most often reported violent-related behav- push international donors to fund support programmes that iours among homeless youth is coerced sex/sexual harassment would help reduce the escalating number, something that with females often being the victims in these situations Glob Soc Welf (2016) 3:33–43 35 (Coates and McKinze-Mohr 2010; Kayembe et al. 2008; respondents considered homeless youth to be “an environ- Lockhart 2002; Nada and Suliman 2010; Oduro, 2012). In mental eyesore and not nice to be looked at” (p.
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