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Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness Presenting with Ptosis and Macular Pattern Dystrophy Olufunmilola Ogun, Claire Sheldon and Jason J.S

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Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness Presenting with Ptosis and Macular Pattern Dystrophy Olufunmilola Ogun, Claire Sheldon and Jason J.S RESIDENT & FELLOW SECTION Pearls & Oy-sters: Section Editor Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness Mitchell S.V. Elkind, MD, MS presenting with ptosis and macular pattern dystrophy Olufunmilola Ogun, PEARLS She had had hearing loss since her early 20s. An op- MBBS, MSc • Ptosis can occur with a variety of mitochondrial tometrist had noted asymptomatic retinal lesions Claire Sheldon, MD, syndromes, not just chronic progressive exter- about 10 years prior, without progression on subse- PhD, FRCSC nal ophthalmoplegia. quent visits; a retina specialist considered a diagnosis Jason J.S. Barton, MD, • Macular pattern dystrophy is highly character- of early age-related macular degeneration. She did PhD, FRCPC istic of maternally inherited diabetes and deaf- not have cardiac disease or diabetes. Her mother and ness (MIDD), and funduscopy should be a younger brother had early-onset deafness and the performed on all subjects with personal or fam- brother had diabetes. Correspondence & reprint Her visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes; color requests to Dr. Barton: ily history of diabetes and deafness. [email protected] vision and peripheral visual fields were normal. Fun- OY-STER duscopy showed an unusual macular dystrophy, with a perimacular ring of retinal atrophy in both eyes. • Only 15% of patients with MIDD have diabe- She had a mild ptosis in the right eye with poor lid tes at diagnosis, and diabetes may start at ages closure of both eyes. Eye movements were normal. ranging from the teens to the fifth decade. Audiology confirmed moderate sensorineural hear- Mitochondrial disorders can cause an array of neuro- ing loss. The rest of her neurologic examination was ophthalmologic manifestations such as ptosis, external normal. ophthalmoparesis, nystagmus, pigmentary retinopathy, Single fiber EMG of the frontalis muscle, EKG, and optic neuropathy.1 The m.3243AϾG point muta- and echocardiogram were normal. Muscle biopsy of tion in the mitochondrial genome, an alanine-to- the left vastus lateralis muscle revealed only subtle guanine transition at position 3243 of mitochondrial mitochondrial changes, with 1 ragged red fiber. Ge- DNA, in the MT-TL1 gene that encodes the tRNALeu netic analysis was positive for 3243 MELAS mtDNA (UUR), commonly presents as an encephalopathy ac- mutation, with 40% heteroplasmy. Investigations by companied by lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes an endocrinologist have so far revealed only an ele- (MELAS). Many mutation carriers, however, have a vated hemoglobin A1c on 1 occasion. wide range of neurologic, cardiac, endocrine, gastroin- testinal, and psychiatric symptoms, as well as other DISCUSSION Among mitochondrial disorders, mitochondrial syndromes.2 Another syndrome also ptosis is most notably a feature of chronic progressive associated with this mutation is maternally inherited di- external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). However, it can abetes and deafness (MIDD).3 Ptosis and ophthalmo- occur with other mitochondrial syndromes also. In a paresis are not generally seen in MIDD,4 with only 1 cohort of 153 subjects with the m.3243AϾG muta- report of 2 patients with ptosis in this condition.5 We tion, ptosis was found in 36 of 45 patients with present another patient with ptosis associated with MELAS, and in 10 asymptomatic carriers.1 Pigmen- MIDD and the m.3243AϾG mutation, in whom the tary retinopathy and CPEO are the classic neuro- key diagnostic feature was the macular pattern dystro- ophthalmologic features of Kearns-Sayre syndrome, phy typical of MIDD. but some patients with MIDD can also have similar pigmentary changes.2 However, our patient had a CASE REPORT A 54-year-old woman had right more severe and unusual macular pattern dystro- ptosis since her early teens (figure). This was stable phy,2,6 sometimes called a “peri-macular annular ret- for decades but began to worsen at age 40. Surgical inal atrophy”7 that is characteristic of many patients correction was attempted twice but ptosis recurred. with MIDD.3,4,8 Overall, about 85% of patients with From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (O.O., C.S., J.J.S.B.) and Medicine (Neurology) (O.O., J.J.S.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of this article. e54 Copyright © 2012 by AAN Enterprises, Inc. Figure Ocular signs of maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (A) Right ptosis. (B) Bilateral orbicularis weakness. (C) Macular pattern dystrophy, right fundus. (D) Macular pattern dystro- phy, left fundus. Note the characteristic ring of punched-out pale atrophic lesions surrounding the macula. MIDD have macular abnormalities.3 Fortunately, vi- There were 3 key features in this case. The first 2 sual symptoms are rare, consisting of decreased cen- were the personal history of deafness, and the family tral vision, poor night vision, or photophobia, and history of deafness and diabetes, which strongly raise only a minority show a decline in visual acuity with suspicion of a mitochondrial disorder underlying the time.2,7 Although our patient did not have diabetes, progressive ptosis. The third and most specific fea- this is true of about 15% of patients with MIDD, in ture was the macular pattern dystrophy, which whom diabetes may start at ages ranging from the pointed directly to the diagnosis of MIDD and an teens to the fifth decade.3,4 Asymmetric ptosis with m.3243AϾG point mutation. Macula pattern dys- mild reduction of upgaze has only recently been de- trophy is not a well-known entity, though its appear- scribed in 2 patients with MIDD.5 As yet, there is no ance is highly characteristic and it is easily visible on definitive treatment for MIDD: 1 study of 28 pa- funduscopy. Awareness of its appearance and signifi- tients reported that 3 years of coenzymeQ10 im- cance, coupled with careful review of the macula in proved insulin secretion and slowed hearing loss, but patients with a personal or family history of deafness, had no discernible effect on the retinopathy.9 Slow diabetes, or ptosis, will lead to the diagnosis of this progression of annular visual scotomata is said to be condition. the rule, with patients generally asymptomatic be- 2,7 fore the age of 50, and reductions in visual acuity rare. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS There is some evidence that the progression of hear- O. Ogun saw the patient, prepared the case report, and wrote the first ing loss may depend upon the degree of hetero- draft. C. Sheldon saw the patient, collected data, and edited the draft. J. plasmy of the mutation.10 Family members should be Barton saw the patient, obtained images, and made final revision. followed for the development of hearing loss, diabe- tes, renal problems, or cardiomyopathy.3 With the DISCLOSURE m.3243AϾG mutation, Wolff-Parkinson White J. Barton serves on the scientific advisory board for Vycor Medical. He has syndrome, stroke-like episodes, migraine headaches, received research grants from Michael Smith Foundation for Health Re- search, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, National Science and and seizures may also occur. Genetic counseling is Engineering Research Council, Canada Research Chair, Canadian Foun- advisable. dation for Innovation, National Institute of Mental Health, and National Neurology 79 August 7, 2012 e55 Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke. O. Ogun and C. Sheldon 5. Robberecht K, Decock C, Stevens A, Seneca S, De report no disclosures. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Bleecker J, Leroy BP. Ptosis as an associated finding in maternally inherited diabetes and deafness. Ophthalmic Genet 2010;31:240–243. REFERENCES 6. Sivaprasad S, Kung BT, Robson AG, et al. A new pheno- 1. Gronlund MA, Honarvar AK, Andersson S, et al. Oph- type of macular dystrophy associated with a mitochondrial thalmological findings in children and young adults with A3243G mutation. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2008; genetically verified mitochondrial disease. Br J Ophthal- 36:92–93. mol 2010;94:121–127. 7. Adjadj E, Mansouri K, Borruat FX. Mitochondrial DNA 2. Smith PR, Bain SC, Good PA, et al. Pigmentary retinal (mtDNA) A 3243G mutation associated with an annular dystrophy and the syndrome of maternally inherited diabe- perimacular retinal atrophy. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd tes and deafness caused by the mitochondrial DNA 3243 2008;225:462–464. tRNA(Leu) A to G mutation. Ophthalmology 1999;106: 8. Massin P, Virally-Monod M, Vialettes B, et al. Prevalence 1101–1108. of macular pattern dystrophy in maternally inherited dia- 3. Murphy R, Turnbull DM, Walker M, Hattersley AT. betes and deafness. GEDIAM Group. Ophthalmology Clinical features, diagnosis and management of maternally 1999;106:1821–1827. inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) associated with 9. Suzuki S, Hinokio Y, Ohtomo M, et al. The effects of the 3243AϾG mitochondrial point mutation. Diabet coenzyme Q10 treatment on maternally inherited diabetes Med 2008;25:383–399. mellitus and deafness, and mitochondrial DNA 3243 (A to 4. Michaelides M, Jenkins SA, Bamiou DE, et al. Macular G) mutation. Diabetologia 1998;41:584–588. dystrophy associated with the A3243G mitochondrial 10. Howes T, Madden C, Dasgupta S, Saeed S, Das V. Role of DNA mutation: distinct retinal and associated features, mitochondrial variation in maternally inherited diabetes disease variability, and characterization of asymptomatic and deafness syndrome. J Laryngol Otol 2008;122:1249– family members. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:320–328. 1252. e56 Neurology 79 August
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