UREA FERTILIZER PROJECT at RAMAGUNDAM by M/S RAMAGUNDAM FERTILIZERS & CHEMICALS LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY REPORT FOR NEW AMMONIA/ UREA FERTILIZER PROJECT AT RAMAGUNDAM BY M/s RAMAGUNDAM FERTILIZERS & CHEMICALS LIMITED

REPORT NO. A512-EI-1741-1501

APRIL 2015

Certificates

Contents of EIA Report

EIA STUDY FOR NEW AMMONIA/UREA Document No. FERTILIZER COMPLEX AT RAMAGUNDAM A512-EI-1741-14011 Rev. No. 0

CONTENTS OF EIA REPORT

SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………….…………...... I - XX

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT 2 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AND PROJECT PROPONENT 2 1.2.1 Project Proponent 3 1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4 1.3.1 Nature and size of the project 4 1.3.2 Location of the project 4 1.3.3 Justification for the project 5 1.3.4 List of industries around the project 7 1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 8 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 9 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 9 1.6.1 Contents of the Report 9 1.7 MOEF APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA 11 CHAPTER – 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.0 INTRODUCTION 23 2.1 RAMAGUNDAM FERTILIZER COMPLEX – AN OVERVIEW 23 2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 26 2.3 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE 39 2.4 RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED 40 2.5 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 44 2.5.1 Product specification 44 2.6 UTILITIES SYSTEMS 44 2.6.1 Details of offsite facility 49 2.7 NATURAL GAS RECEIPT FACILITY 52 2.8 FLUE GASES UTILIZATION 52 2.9 WATER BALANCE – FERTILIZER PLANT 52 2.10 ENVIRONMENT MITIGATION MEASURES 55 2.11 EXISTING FACILITIES TO BE USED 62 2.12 GROUNDWATER AND AQUIFER STUDY 64 2.13 FLOOD HAZARD ZONATION MAPPING 67 2.14 RAIN WATER HARVESTING 69 CHAPTER – 3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 72 3.1 INTRODUCTION 72 3.2 CLIMATE 72 3.3 LAND USE STUDY 72 3.3.1 Objectives of the Land Use study 72 3.3.2 Interpretation of satellite imagery 73 3.3.3 Methodology 73

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3.3.4 Area Statistics 73 3.4 METEOROLOGY 74 3.4.1 Methodology 75 3.4.2 Secondary data 75 3.4.3 Meteorology – Data generated at plant site 78 3.4.4 WIndrose diagram 79 3.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT 79 3.5.1 Selection of AAQ stations 80 3.5.2 Existing AAQ status and Standards 84 3.5.3 Results of ambient air quality 86 3.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 91 3.6.1 Noise Levels 92 3.6.2 Methodology of Noise Measurement 93 3.6.3 Site Description 94 3.6.4 Data Analysis 95 3.7 TRAFFIC 97 3.7.1 Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV) 98 3.7.2 Light Motor Vehicles (LMV) 98 3.7.3 Two-Wheeler 98 3.8 WATER ENVIRONMENT 98 3.8.1 Water Quality 99 3.8.2 Selection of water quality locations 99 3.8.3 Site Description 101 3.8.4 Sample collection and analysis 104 3.8.5 Method of Water Sampling 104 3.8.6 Surface and Groundwater Quality Data 105 3.8.7 Ground Water Quality Analysis 107 3.8.8 Surface Water Quality Analysis 108 3.9 SOIL ENVIRONMENT 110 3.9.1 Data Generation 110 3.9.2 Soil Sample Collection 110 3.9.3 Soil Data analysis 113 3.9.4 Type of Soil 114 3.9.5 Interpretation of Data 117 3.10 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 117 3.10.1 Forest Types 117 3.10.2 Cropping Pattern 118 3.10.3 Objectives of Ecological Studies 118 3.10.4 Methodology Adopted for the Survey 118 3.11 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 146 3.11.1 Methodology 147 3.11.2 Secondary Data Sources 147 3.11.3 District Profile and Salient Features 147 3.11.4 Study Area Profile and Perception Survey 157 CHAPTER – 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES 4.0 INTRODUCTION 175 4.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION 175 4.1.1 Construction Phase 175 4.1.2 Operational Phase 175 4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS BEARING 176 IMPACTS 4.2.1 Air Environment 177

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4.2.2 Water Environment 194 4.2.3 Noise Environment 203 4.2.4 Land Environment 208 4.2.5 Biological Environment 216 4.2.6 Socioeconomic Environment 217 4.2.7 Occupational Health and Risk 224 CHAPTER – 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 5.0 INTRODUCTION 227 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING PROCEDURE 227 5.2 OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING 228 5.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 228 5.4 OPERATION PHASE 230 5.4.1 Monitoring For Pollutants 231 5.4.2 Meteorology 231 5.4.3 Ambient Air Quality 231 5.4.4 Waste Water from Project Site 232 5.4.5 Ambient Noise 232 5.4.6 Ground Water Monitoring 232 5.4.7 Soil Quality Monitoring 232 5.4.8 Solid/Hazardous Waste Disposal 232 5.4.9 Socio-Economic Development 232 5.5 RESPONSIBILITY OF MONITORING AND REPORTING SYSTEM 234 5.6 SUBMISSION OF MONITORING REPORTS TO MoEF 234 CHAPTER – 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 237 6.1.1 Environmental Management At Planning Phase 237 6.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 237 6.2.1 Air Environment 238 6.2.2 Noise Environment 238 6.2.3 Water Environment 239 6.2.4 Land Environment 239 6.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 239 6.3.1 Air Quality 240 6.3.2 Noise Quality 241 6.3.3 Water Quality 241 6.3.4 Socio-economic 241 6.3.5 Biological Environment 241 6.3.6 Muck Disposal Plan 244 6.4 OPERATION PHASE 245 6.4.1 Air Environment 246 6.4.2 Noise Environment 246 6.4.3 Water Environment 246 6.4.4 Socioeconomic Environment 246 6.4.5 Biological Environment 247 6.5 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 253 6.5.1 Health 253 6.6 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 257 6.7 ENVIRONMENT CELL 259 6.8 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) 259 6.9 BUDGETARY PROVISIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 259

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MEASURES 6.9.1 Capital Cost for Environmental Protection – Proposed Project 259 6.9.2 Recurring Cost for Environmental Protection 260 6.10 QUALITY, SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 261 CHAPTER – 7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 7.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 263 7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 263 7.2 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 266 7.2.1 Onsite Emergency Plan 266 7.2.2 Hazard analysis 267 7.2.3 Hazards in Various Plants 271 7.2.4 Implementation of onsite emergency plan 272 7.2.5 Function Duties & Responsibilities of Key Persons 275 7.2.6 Post Emergency Activities 282 7.2.7 Safety Services 283 7.2.8 Emergency Medical Action Plan 284 7.2.9 Medical management for exposure to chemicals 288 7.2.10 Antidotes of Hazardous Chemicals 291 7.3 PROCEDURE/PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN FOR TANKERS FOR LOADING 291 & UNLOADING PURPOSE 7.3.1 Procedure for Filling BTAL Tankers 292 7.3.2 Procedure for Unloading BTAL Tankers 292 7.4 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF THE CONTRACT AND SUB CONTRACT 295 WORKERS 7.5 RISK ASSESSMENT 296 CHAPTER – 8 PROJECT BENEFITS 8.0 INTRODUCTION 298 8.1 ENERGY BENEFITS 298 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS 298 8.3 SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS 298 CHAPTER – 9 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS 9.0 INTRODUCTION 301

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LIST OF TABLES

SR. TABLE TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. NO. NO. 1. 1.1 Details of Environmental Setting 4 2. 1.2 Gaps between Consumption & Production of Urea 6 (Lakh Tons of material) 3. 1.3 Projected Demand Supply Gap for Urea (Million Metric 6 Tons) 4. 1.4 List of Industries around the project 7 5. 1.5 Compliance of approved TOR issued by MoEF 11 6. 2.1 List of Facilities in the fertilizer complex 25 7. 2.2 Header Conditions of Ammonia Plant 34 8. 2.3 List of Raw materials used in Fertilizer Complex 40 9. 2.4 Estimated Chemical Consumption – Licensor 1 43 10. 2.5 Table 2.5 Estimated Chemical Consumption – 43 Licensor 2 11. 2.6 Product specification of Fertilizer Complex 44 12. 2.7 Raw Water Consumption 45 13. 2.8 Power / Steam requirement of the fertilizer complex 51 14. 2.9 ETP Inlet Design Oily Effluent Quality 58 15. 2.10 ETP Inlet Design Sanitary Effluent Quality 58 16. 2.11 ETP Inlet Design CRWS Effluent Quality 58 17. 2.12 ETP Design Treated Effluent Quality 60 18. 2.13 Noise level measurement for Category A 61 19. 2.14 List of Catalysts Used in Ammonia Plant 61 20. 3.1 Land use classification and area statistic based on IRS 73 P6 satellite data 21. 3.2 Monthly Mean values of Meteorological Data (March, 76 2013 to February, 2014) 22. 3.3 Summarised Primary Meteorological data (Period: 78 March– June 2014) 23. 3.4 Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations 80 24. 3.5 Parameters sampling duration 84 25. 3.6 Ambient Air Quality – Methodology 84 26. 3.7 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (As gazetted on 85 18th Nov, 2009 at New Delhi) 27. 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (PM10) 86 28. 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (PM2.5) 87 29. 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (SO2) 87 30. 3.11 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (NO2) 88 31. 3.12 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (CO) 89 32. 3.13 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (Ammonia) 90 33. 3.14 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (Methane 90 Hydrocarbons) 34. 3.15 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (Non-methane 90 Hydrocarbons) 35. 3.16 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (Benzene) 91 36. 3.17 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A)) 95 [08th to 28th March, 2014] 37. 3.18 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A)) 96 [1st to 27th April, 2014]

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38. 3.19 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A)) 96 [1st to 27th May, 2014] 39. 3.20 Traffic data (08th to 30th March, 2014) 97 40. 3.21 Traffic data (1st to 29th April, 2014) 97 41. 3.22 Traffic data (1st to 29th May, 2014) 97 42. 3.23 Parameters & Methodologies adopted in assessing 105 Quality of Water 43. 3.24 Surface Water Quality of sampling locations 106 44. 3.25 Ground Water Quality of sampling locations 107 45. 3.26 Physio-chemical analysis of surface water 108 46. 3.27 Environmental Standards water quality criteria 109 47. 3.28 Method of soil sample analysis 113 48. 3.29 Classification of Soil 114 49. 3.30 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil (March 2014) 115 50. 3.31 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil (April 2014) 115 51. 3.32 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil (May 2014) 116 52. 3.33 Soil concentration and assessment of soil fertility 116 53. 3.34 Distribution of plants in the study area and its 120 surrounding 54. 3.35 Top fifteen dominant families in the study area 131 55. 3.36 List of birds in and around the study area 135 56. 3.37 Family wise distribution of birds 139 57. 3.38 List of butterflies in and around the study area 141 58. 3.39 Family wise distribution of butterflies in the study area 142 59. 3.40 List of amphibians recorded in the study area 142 60. 3.41 List of reptiles recorded in the study area 145 61. 3.42 Mammals recorded in the study area 145 62. 3.43 Population Composition of the study area 165 63. 3.44 Occupational Structure of the study area 166 64. 3.45 Literacy Levels of the study area 167 65. 3.46 Landuse breakup of the study area 168 66. 3.47 School, college and other educational institutes in the 150 area 67. 3.48 Educational & Medical facilities 151 68. 3.49 Irrigated area and drinking water facilities 152 69. 3.50 Electricity service connections- 2011 152 70. 3.51 Communication, Post & Telephone & Banking Facilities 152 (2011) 71. 3.52 Amenities (Educational facilities) 169 72. 3.53 Amenities and Medical facilities 170 73. 3.54 Amenities (Water, Post & Telegraph, Communication, 172 Banking and Electricity) 74. 3.55 List of Industries within study area 153 75. 3.56 Minerals and their production 155 76. 3.57 Demographic Profile of Study Area 157 77. 3.58 Gender Balance 158 78. 3.59 Literacy Level of the study area 159 79. 3.60 Literacy Level (male & female) 159 80. 3.61 Amenities in field study villages 161 81. 4.1 Impact identification from the proposed project 177 82. 4.2 Stackwise Emissions from Proposed fertilizer plant 189 83. 4.3 Predicted values of GLC for SO2, NOX and PM10 190 84. 4.4 Potential impacts and mitigation measures on air 195

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environment 85. 4.5 Waste water generation from fertilizer plant 198 86. 4.6 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on 200 water environment 87. 4.7 Typical Noise level of construction equipment 203 88. 4.8 Typical noise levels of different equipment 204 89. 4.9 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on 206 water environment 90. 4.10 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on 210 land environment 91. 4.11 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on 211 solid & hazardous waste environment 92. 4.12 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on soil 213 environment 93. 4.13 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on 218 biological environment 94. 4.14 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on 222 socioeconomic environment 95. 5.1 Environmental Monitoring Programme – Construction 229 Phase 96. 5.2 Proposed Environmental Monitoring during Project 229 Construction Stage 97. 5.3 Noise Level to be monitored 231 98. 5.4 Proposed Environmental Monitoring During Operational 233 Phase 99. 6.1 Elements of HSE Management System during EPC 240 Phase 100. 6.2 Summary of impacts and Environmental Management 242 Plan for Ramagundam fertilizer plant during construction phase 101. 6.3 List of tree species suggested for green belt 248 development 102. 6.4 Summary of impacts and Environmental Management 255 Plan for fertilizer plant during operation phase 103. 6.5 CREP compliance status for the Ramagundam 257 Fertilizer plant 104. 6.6 Total estimated budget for implementation of EMP 260

105. 6.7 Annual Budget of Environmental Management Plan 260 (Operation Phase) 106. 7.1 Vulnerable Units to be installed at Ramagundam 267 fertilizer complex 107. 7.2 Toxic effect of Ammonia 269 108. 7.3 Do’s and Don’ts during ammonia leakage 269 109. 7.4 Siren Timings for Different Emergencies as Per OISD- 273 116 Standard 110. 7.5 Post emergency activities and responsibilities of 282 concerned officers

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LIST OF FIGURES

SR. FIGURE FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO. NO. NO. 1. 1.1 Location of Fertilizer Plant, Ramagundam 5 2. 2.1 Block Flow Diagram of Fertilizer Plant 24 3. 2.2 Block Flow Diagram of the Ammonia Plant (steam 28 methane reforming process) 4. 2.3 Block Flow Diagram of the Urea Plant 36 5. 2.4 Mass balance of ammonia and urea plants 41 6. 2.5 Energy balance of ammonia and urea plants 42 7. 2.6 Water balance of Ramagundam Fertilizer Plant 54 8. 2.7 Overall layout of ETP – Ramagundam fertilizer plant 59 9. 2.8 Hydrogeology map of Karimnagar district 66 10. 2.9 Ground Water Development map of Karimnagar 68 district 11. 2.10 Schematic diagram of rainwater harvesting structure 70 12. 3.1 Land use land cover map within 10 km radius of 74 Fertilizer Complex 13. 3.2 Month wise Temperature (oC) (2013-14) 76 14. 3.3 Month wise Humidity (%) (2013-14) 77 15. 3.4 Ombrothermic Diagram (2013-14) 77 16. 3.5 Secondary Meteorological data –Wind Roses 78 17. 3.6 Primary Meteorological data –Wind Roses (Period: 79 March – May 2014) 18. 3.7 Map showing Ambient Air quality locations 81 19. 3.8 Ambient Air Monitoring Locations 84 20. 3.9 Graphical representation of PM10 & PM2.5 87 21. 3.10 Graphical representation of SO2 & NO2 88 22. 3.11 Graphical representation of Carbon Monoxide 89 23. 3.12 Map Showing Noise Sampling Locations 92 24. 3.13 Map Showing Noise Sampling Locations 93 25. 3.14 Traffic locations monitoring 98 26. 3.15 Map Showing Ground & Surface Water Sampling 100 Locations 27. 3.16 Ground Water Sampling Locations 102 28. 3.17 Surface Water Sampling Locations 103 29. 3.18 Map showing soil sampling locations 112 30. 3.19 Monitored soil sampling locations 113 31. 3.20 Soil texture diagram of the study area 114 32. 3.21 Different landforms surrounding the fertilizer plant 119 33. 3.22 Habit wise representations of plants from the study 132 area 34. 3.23 Photographs of different plant species collected during 135 study 35. 3.24 Wildlife sanctuaries and National Park map of Andhra 136 Pradesh 36. 3.25 Photographs of faunal species collected during the 144 study 37. 3.26 Population composition 147 38. 3.27 Occupational Status surrounding the study area 148 39. 3.28 Literacy levels surrounding the study area 149

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40. 3.29 Land use distribution Literacy levels surrounding the 150 study area 41. 4.1 Isopleths for 24hour Maximum Concentration values 191 of SO2 42. 4.2 Isopleths for 24hour Maximum Concentration values 192 of NOX 43. 4.3 Isopleths for 24hour Maximum Concentration values 193 of PM10 44. 5.1 HSE Organogram of the Organization 227 45. 9.1 Minutes of Meeting showing EIL as EIA Consultant 304 Organization accredited by NABET-QCI

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure Annexure Title No. I. MoCF letter on revival of Ramagundam Unit II. EAC approved Terms of Reference III. Schematic process flow diagrams IV. Layout of Gas Receipt Facility V. Overall Layout Plan of the Fertilizer complex & Township VI. Remote Sensing & GIS Thematic Maps VII. Detailed IMD Data VIII. Letter for allotment of water IX. Greenbelt area marked on layout X. Quality & HSE Policy XI. Risk Assessment Report XII. Material Safety Data Sheet XIII. Perception survey data sheets XIV. MoM of Public Hearing & addressed queries XV. Filled questionnaire for industry sector

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ABBREVIATIONS

AAQ Ambient air quality APHA American Public Health Association AWS Automated Weather Station BDL Below Detection Level BIFR Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BRPSE Board of Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises CARG Compound Annual Rate of Growth CBM Coal Bed Methane CCEA Cabinet Committee of Economic Affairs CIC Chief Incident Controller CMD Chairman and Managing Director CO Carbon Monoxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPP Captive Power Plant CPSE Central Public Sector Enterprise CRW Contaminated Rain Water CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CWS Cooling Water System DG Diesel Generator DO Dissolved Oxygen EC Environment Clearance ECA Essential Commodity Act EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIL Engineers India Limited EMC Environmental Monitoring Cell EMP Environmental Management Plan EMP Environmental Monitoring Programme ENT Ear, Nose and Throat EOI Expression of Interest EPC Engineering, Procurement and Construction ERDMP Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Plan ETP Effluent Treatment Plant FCC False Colour Composite FCIL Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited

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GLC Ground Level Concentration GoI Government of India GTG Gas Turbine Generator GW Ground Water HC Hydro-carbon HFCL Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited HMV Heavy Motor Vehicle HRSG Heat Recovery Steam Generator HSD High Speed Diesel HSE Health, Safety and Environment HTS High Temperature Shift ICB International Competitive Bidding IMD Indian Meteorological Data IRS Indian Remote Sensing IS Indian Standards ISCST Industrial Source Complex Short Term ISO International Organization for Standardization IWPA Indian Wildlife Protection Act JVC Joint Venture Company KLD Kiloliter Per Day LEL Lower Explosive Limit LISS Linear Imaging Self Scanner LMV Light Motor Vehicle LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LTS Low Temperature Shift MGD Million Gallon Daily MINAS Minimal National Standards MoCF Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change MTPD Metric Ton per Day NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NABET National Accreditation Board for Education and Training NFL National Fertilizer Limited NG Natural Gas NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NOX Oxides of Nitrogen OSBL Outside Battery Limit OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Association PAC Process Air Compressor PCU Passenger Car Unit PFR Pre-Feasibility report PM Particulate Matter

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PMC Project Management Consultant PPM Parts Per Million QCI Quality Council of India RA Risk Assessment RFCL Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited RH Relative Humidity SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SIA Social Impact Assessment SOI Survey of India

SOx Sulphur dioxide SPCB State Pollution Control Board TDS Total Dissolved Solids TEFR Techno-Economic Feasibility Report TOR Terms of Reference TPD Tons Per Day TSDF Treatment, storage and disposal facility TSS Total Suspended Solids USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency VES Visual Encounter Survey VOC Volatile Organic Compound WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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1.0 Executive Summary

The Executive Summary covers the following topics in brief:

1. Project Description 2. Description of Environment 3. Baseline data collection 4. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures 5. Environmental Monitoring Programme 6. Environment Management Plan 7. Additional studies 8. Project Benefits

1.1 Project Description

Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCIL), incorporated in January 1961, operated four fertilizer units namely Sindri (Jharkhand), Ramgundam (Andhra Pradesh), Talcher (Orissa) and Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh). Due to various reasons, all the units of FCIL continued to make financial losses. The company became financially sick and was referred to Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) in 1992. Subsequently BIFR gave its consent to wind up the company in the absence of any rehabilitation proposal. Finally, Govt. of India also approved the closure of fertilizer units.

In order to bridge the increasing gap between domestic production and demand of urea, Govt. of India on the recommendations of Board of Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises (BRPSE) in 2007-08, decided to revive the closed fertilizer units of FCIL and Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited (HFCL). Under the revival plan, the Govt. decided to award some units of FCIL to Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) on a nomination basis and it invited proposals from profit making PSUs for the revival of sick units of FCIL.

Subsequently, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (MoCF) conveyed the cabinet decision to undertake the revival of FCIL- Ramagundam Unit by National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) and Engineers India Limited (EIL) as consortium partners. Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited (RFCL) was incorporated on 14th January 2015 with Joint Venture of NFL, EIL & FCIL.

As per the Ministry of Environment, Forests& Climate Change (MoEFCC), New Delhi, any new project or modernization or expansion project need to have an Environmental Clearance from MoEF. In accordance with this, FCIL/NFL/EIL consortium decided to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. FCIL/NFL/EIL consortium submitted Form-I & Techno-Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR) to MoEF on November 21, 2013 for approval of Terms of Reference (TOR). The Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry) of MoEF approved the TOR on March 31, 2014 and directed FCIL/NFL/EIL consortium to conduct the EIA/EMP study based on the approved TOR and submit the same to MoEF for clearance.

Nature and size of the project

The proposed project consists of new ammonia and urea plant of 2200 MTPD & 3850 MTPD capacity respectively and related offsite and utility facilities considering utilization of the existing facilities to the maximum extent possible. The project shall be located in the existing premises of FCIL Ramagundam Unit in the free unencumbered available land.

The estimated capital cost for the proposed project is Rs 5465 Crores.

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The details of the facilities of Fertilizer Complex are given below in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 List of Facilities in the fertilizer complex

S. Facility Capacity No. GENERAL 1. Natural gas will be obtained from the East-West Pipeline Note-1 and its trunk line. It will be transported through a spur line of around 50 km from the trunk line. 2. Natural Gas Receiving & metering facilities Note-1 3. Natural Gas Knock out Facility (includes KOD for natural Note-1 gas) PROCESS UNITS 1. Ammonia Plant 2200 TPD 2. Prilled Urea Plant 3850 TPD UTILITY SYSTEMS 1. Raw water pipeline and pumping from source Note:2 2. Raw Water Storage & Pumping (Note-2) Corresponding to ~1600 m3/hr design capacity 3. Raw Water Treatment, Treated Raw Water Pumps Corresponding to ~1600 m3/hr design capacity 4. Fire Water System including Storage, Pumping & Fire Fighting System 5. Demineralized Water System including Polished Water (2+1) chains of 150 Storage & Pumping m3/hr capacity each 6. Condensate Polishing Unit (2+1) chains of 180 m3/hr capacity each 7. Recirculating Cooling Water System for Ammonia plant, 7 + 1 Cells of 4000 CPP & OSBL facilities m3/hr each 8. Recirculating Cooling Water System for Urea Plant 5 + 1 Cells of 4000 m3/hr each 9. Plant Air System 2175 Nm3/hr 10. Instrument Air System 1875 Nm3/hr 11. Inert Gas System 600 Nm3/hr 12. Flare System (HP) – Front End/Back End 13. Flare System (LP) – Ammonia Storage 14. Steam and Power Generation System (CPP) 2 nos. Frame VI (GT + HRSG) OFFSITE FACILITIES 1. Intermediate Product Storage : Ammonia Storage Ammonia Storage: (10000 + 10000) MT and associated facilities 2. Final Product Storage : Urea Silo (Urea Silo: 45000 MT existing to be used after refurbishing + 60000 MT additional capacity to be

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extended) 3. Urea Bagging & Loading Facilities 4. UAS Storage and Tanker Loading Facility 2 X 500 m3 Capacity 5. Process and Utility Interconnection Facilities - 6. Contaminated Rain Water Sewer/ Storm Water Sewer - 7. Waste Water Collection System - 8. ETP 300 m3 Capacity INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Plant Buildings - 2. Non-Plant Buildings - 3. Workshop etc. - 4. Fire fighting facilities 5. Train and truck loading facility Note-4 6. Township Note-5 OTHERS 1. Drinking water facility 2. Space provision for future facilities such as HNO3 and 100 KTPA of NH4NO3 to be kept. NH4NO3 and 80 Existing facilities reuse for those can be seen; hence KTPA HNO3 location should be suitably decided.

Notes:

1) Natural Gas Pipeline shall be part of Gas Supplier’s scope. 2) It is proposed that New Raw water Pumping system along with the existing raw water storage and pumping system shall be used after required refurbishment. a. A new pipeline of from Yellampalli barrage (Godavari river source) shall be considered up to existing raw water reservoir at Godavari basin. New raw water pumps will be considered at barrage. b. Raw water settling pond (68000 m3 capacity), treated water storage (2*13700 m3 capacity) can be used. c. New RW pumps at existing reservoir area shall be utilized for pumping RW from existing RW reservoir to site. d. Raw water PPL of 8 km from existing tap off shall be utilized (RCC 600 m2). e. New Raw Water Treatment facility shall be considered for total raw water requirement within complex. f. Treated raw water pumps within complex shall be considered for make-up of DM water, cooling water, service water, drinking water and fire water. g. Refurbishing/renovation of the existing facilities shall be considered. 3) Urea Silo (existing) of 45000 MT shall be used after necessary refurbishing. 4) Existing 10 km railway siding in plant premises shall be re-used. 5) Township: 1310 available quarters, guest houses, road, drain & sewerages shall be utilized after necessary refurbishing. 6) Existing Delay pond and Untreated & Treated effluent pond shall be utilized.

The power requirement for the new fertilizer complex will be met by utilizing full capacity of own Captive Power Plant (27.5 MW). However, DG sets are to be utilized in case of power failure and in emergency. The township power will be supplied from State Grid after refurbishment.

1.2 Description of Environment

In order to minimize the impact of the project on the environment, due attention is given for implementing effective pollution control measures.

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Air Environment

5 The technology licensors providing the ammonia and urea plants have start of the art technology to prevent or minimize air pollution. 5 The technologies are inherently energy efficient and best utilize energy integration and optimization resulting in minimum possible energy consumption per MT of ammonia and urea production and less pollutants generation from fuel burning. 5 Heat duty of reformer furnace is about 2/3rd of a conventional plant. i.e. Flue gas emissions and CO2 emissions are very less. CO2 produced in the process is converted to urea rather than sending it to atmosphere and thus contributing to green house effect. 5 Primary reformer is operated at less severe condition i.e. less fuel consumption and duty is transferred to secondary reformer. Nearly 100 % heat is recovered in secondary reformer compared to 40-50% from primary reformer. Heat recovered in secondary reformer is utilized in steam generation which makes ammonia plant self sufficient in steam and it becomes net exporter of the steam to Urea Plant and other offsite area. 5 Highly efficient Gas Turbines are proposed for driving various compressors as well as GTs in CPP. This shall further reduce the flue gas generation. All the Gas turbines shall utilize low NOx burners. 5 All the off-gases are utilized in the reformer for firing. In normal operation no gas is vented. 5 Prilling tower design comprises of natural draft of air, instead of forced/induced draft, resulting in urea dust emission lower than 50 mg/Nm3 in air. 5 Emissions from production plants are monitored to meet emission standards. 5 Fugitive leak detecting equipments are installed in plants. 5 Ammonia emissions from relief valves or pressure control devices from vessels or storages are collected and sent to a flare or to safe location. 5 Spilled /off-spec urea product is collected and recycled to the process. 5 Developing Green Belt: As Green cover acts as a natural sink to pollutants, RFC is already having a thick green cover in and around the plant & township area since inception. All efforts will be taken to minimize SO2 and other emissions from the fertilizer plant during design stage itself. The stack wise emission from the proposed fertilizer plant is given in table 1.3.

Table 1.3 Stackwise Emissions from Proposed fertilizer plant

Sl. Stack Physical Stack Exit Exit Pollutant emission No. Source Height Tip Dia. Velocity Temp. rate, (g/s) of Stack from (m) (m/s) (K) SO2 NOX PM10 Ground Level (m) 1. Primary 60 4.75 7.06 383.15 0.252 18.06 - Reformer Stack 2. GT/ HRSG 60 3.5 8.31 383.15 0.16 11.55 - Stack 3. Prilling 130 28 0.67 343.15 - - 20.83 Tower Vent

3 The predicted 24 hourly average maximum concentration for SO2 & NOX is 0.27 g/m & 23.0 g/m3 respectively. The predicted 24 hourly average maximum concentration for 3 PM10 is 7.3 g/m . This maximum concentration of SO2, NOX and PM10 is 1-3 km Northeast direction of the fertilizer plant. The predicted values of GLC for SO2, NOX and PM10 are provided in Table 1.4.

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Table 1.4 Predicted values of GLC for SO2, NOX and PM10

SO2 NOX PM10 Maximum Distance Maximum Distance Maximum Distance GLC from the GLC from the GLC from the g/m3 plant g/m3 plant g/m3 plant boundary boundary boundary (m) (m) (m) 24 hours 0.27 Outside the 23.0 Outside the 7.3 Outside the maximum fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer complex complex complex boundary boundary boundary

1 to 3 Km in 1 to 3 Km in 0.5 to 3 Km the North the North in the North East East East Direction Direction Direction

Water Environment

The additional fresh water required for the proposed project would be about 30500 KL/Day during normal operating conditions, which will be met from Yellampalli Barrage – Godavari river. FCIL has applied for the approval of water withdrawal and the same is pending with CE, Sripada Yellampally Project, Mancherial.

A comprehensive waste water management system is proposed in the fertilizer complex to treat the liquid effluent to meet the EC / State Pollution Control Board requirements. The capacity of the Effluent Treatment Plant to handle waste water is 300 m3/hr. The treated water from ETP and other treated sanitary water will be used for horticulture and gardening within the complex. The excess treated water will be discharged to the downstream of Godavari river.

Apart from the ETP, there are several other measures proposed to be incorporated in the process so as to minimize the impact on water environment during operational phase on the surrounding water bodies. Some of these measures are described in subsequent sections.

5 Paving the process areas to avoid contamination of soil/sub soil/ ground water in case of accidental spills/leakage of hydrocarbon liquids. 5 Removal of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia which are toxic, odorous and exhibit high oxygen demand by stripping the process sour water. 5 Effluent Recycle: In order to increase the reuse and recycle of treated effluent the same is proposed to be routed to the horticulture system. 5 Rain water harvesting schemes in Township. 5 A settling pond has been envisaged for raw water storage outside the fertilizer complex to facilitate sedimentation of solid particles, if any before transporting it into the complex for further usage.

Solid waste management

The following wastes shall be generated from the Complex: 1) Spent Catalyst 2) ETP Sludge 3) Waste Oil

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Spent catalysts form the major part of the solid wastes generated in the fertilizer complex. Catalyst wastes include nickel, iron, iron oxide/chromium oxide, copper oxide/zinc oxide and aluminum oxide. The catalysts used in the Ammonia Plant are listed in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5 List of Catalysts Used in Ammonia Plant

S. Section Catalyst Catalyst Volume Bulk No. Life (Years) (m3) Density Kg/m3 1. Hydro- 5 25.2 450-650 desulphurization 2. De-Sulfurization 1 46.2 950-1150 3. Primary Reformer 6 40.7 700-900 4. Secondary 5-10 65.27 1020-1220 Reformer 700-900 5. HT Shift 5 94.43 1020-1220 6. LT Shift 4 118.5 1040-1240 7. Methanation 8 27.7 800-1000 8. Ammonia 8 265.5 2500-3000 Synthesis 9. HTER 4 20.24 -

The following strategies are recommended for solid waste management:

The ETP Sludge shall be used as manure. The provisions of Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2008 will be complied with for spent catalysts. The Waste Oil generated shall be sold to authorized agencies.

1.3 Baseline data collection

The baseline data of existing environment viz. air, water, noise, soil, biological and land environment were collected and analysed. M/s Pragathi Labs and Consultant Private Limited, Secunderabad which is MoEF approved, was entrusted the task of establishment of environmental post monsoon data collection for one season. The analysis of environmental parameters for all components is described below.

Air Environment

A network of eight ambient air-sampling locations has been selected for assessment of the existing status of air environment within the study zone. Measurement of the actual PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, VOC, HC and non methane hydrocarbon levels were measured and analyzed. It has been observed that the average values of PM10 for all the monitoring 3 3 stations ranging from 59 to 85 µg/m . The PM10 lowest and highest values of 44 µg/m and 109 µg/m3 were observed at Plant site and Ganganagar (Godavarikhani) respectively. The 3 average values of PM2.5 for all the monitoring stations ranged from 40 to 50 µg/m . The PM2.5 lowest and highest values of 17 and 46 µg/m3 were recorded at Ranapur and Ganganagar (Godavarikhani) respectively.

3 The average concentration of SO2 is ranging from 9.5 to 26.7 µg/m . The lowest value SO2 recorded was 7.8 µg/m3 at Tekumatla and the highest value was 34.2 µg/m3 at Kazipalli. During the monitoring period, the average NOx concentration was within the range of from 12 to19.2 µg/m3. The lowest and highest NOx values were observed 8.3 and 25.6 µg/m3 at

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Plant site and Malkpur respectively. The average concentrations of CO were in the range of 0.44 to 0.66 mg/m3. The lowest and highest CO values were observed 0.13 and 1.44 mg/m3 at Tekumatla and Ganganagar (Godavarikhani) respectively.

The average concentrations of ammonia ranging from 11.9 to 18.7 µg/m3 (Table 3.13). The lowest value was observed 11 µg/m3 at Ganga Nagar-Godavari Khani where as the highest value was observed to be 19.4 µg/m3 at Tekumatla. Whereas ammonia concentration at plant site, Kazipalli, Malkpur were found to be below detectable limits. Methane Hydrocarbons average concentrations values are ranging from 1.9 to 2.6 ppm. Non methane hydrocarbons average concentrations were found to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 ppm. The average Non- methane hydrocarbons were 0.28, 0.20 and 0.38 ppm at Kazipalli, Malkpur and Ganga Nagar-Godavarikhani respectively. Remaining 5 locations (Plant site, Ranapur, allur, Sundilla, Tekumatla) the Nonmethane hydrocarbons are found to be below detectable limits.

Benzene concentrations are found to be below detectable limits in all stations except few samples collected at Kazipalli and Godavarikhani. The highest average Benzene concentration was 2.07 µg/m3 at Godavarikhani. The highest concentration was found at Godavarikhani (2.5 µg/m3) and lowest concentration is found at Kazipalli (1.00 µg/m3). Remaining other six locations (Plant Site, Ranapur, Allur, Malkupur, Sundila, Tekumatla) were found to be detectable limits.

Water environment

Water samples were collected at 8 locations for ground water and 8 locations for surface water sources. The pH of the ground water samples varies from 6.83 to 7.32. Total dissolve solids (TDS) were found to be in the range of 721 to 2251 mg/l. TDS of water samples collected at all locations were found to be exceeding IS 10500 desirable limit 500 mg/l. Hardness concentration was ranging from 404 to 1219 mg/l, which is indicating that in all the ground water samples hardness concentration is exceeding the IS 10500 desirable limit of 300 mg/l.

The pH of the surface water samples varying from 7.42 to 8.43, which is well within the IS 2296 limits 6.5 to 9.0. Total dissolve solids (TDS) were found to be in the range of 281 to 1021 mg/l which is indicating TDS found was well within the IS 2296 limits (1500 mg/l). DO was observed in the range of 4.53 to 7.1 mg/l. Chloride concentration were found to be in the range of 48 to 207.3 mg/l. Sulphate concentration was found to be in the range of 6 to 152 mg/l. Sulphate concentration in all samples are well within the IS 2296 limit 400 mg/l.

Noise environment

Noise levels have been monitored at four different points within the study zone. The hourly noise levels were within the stipulated level of 55 dB. The noise levels were within the stipulated level of 45 dB in night time.

During the study period, lowest and highest value of HMV per day in terms of Passenger Car Unit was found to be 49 and 1807 at Lakshminagar gate and 7 LEP Truck entry respectively. The lowest and highest value of LMV per day in terms of PCU was found to be 104 and 503 at Lakshminagar gate and FCI junction respectively. The lowest and highest value of 2 wheeler per day in terms of PCU was found to be 270 and 2324 at Lakshminagar gate and FCI Junction respectively.

Soil environment Four sampling sites were selected to understand physico-chemical and biological status of the soil. The soil in the study area generally consists of loam and silty loam

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soil. The pH of the soil extract varied from 6.9 to 7.84. The EC varied from 95 to 552 µS/cm. Nitrogen values ranged between 73 to 229 kg/ha. Nitrogen in the soil is found better quality at all the locations except Udaynagar. The Phosphorus levels ranged between 7.5 to 24.0 kg/ha indicating its presence is better quality except FCI Udaynagar. Soil potassium varied from 117 to 527 kg/ha shows the samples have medium to high concentration in all the locations except Udaynagar with low concentration. Agricultural crops such as paddy, cotton, and vegetables are grown surrounding the study area.

Land environment

The land use pattern in the area covered within 10 km radius was studied using remote sensing satellite images. The percentage of area distribution of land use land cover surrounding Ramagundam fertilizer complex is given in table 1.6. Nearly 48.4% of the study area is agricultural land followed by Built Up and Industrial Areas 25.6% of the total area.

Table 1.6 Land use classification and area statistic based on IRS P6 satellite data

Landuse Classes Area Percentage of (Ha) area distribution Agricultural Land More than one crop 7771.36 24.7 Single Crop 5224.13 16.6 Fallow Land 1546.26 4.9 Plantation 677.64 2.2 Built Up & Industrial Areas Built Up 3692.41 11.8 Built Up / Industrial / Mine 4344.95 13.8 Forest Forest 494.13 1.6 Wastelands Wastelands 4328.60 13.8 Waterbody Waterbodies 3336.01 10.6 Total 31415.51 100

Biological environment

The study was aimed at enumeration of the available flora and fauna resources and obtaining a broad representation of the existing floristic variations in and around the proposed project site. A total of 327 species of plants (including wild, ornamental and cultivated plants) belonging 77 plant families were documented and identified in the 10 km radial distance of the site. A total of 87 species of birds were observed during the present survey. Thirty-three butterfly species belonging to 6 families were recorded during the present study. Based on field observations and the available secondary information, a total of 5 species of amphibians, 18 reptiles and 15 mammals were recorded.

The study area did not record the presence of any critically threatened species. As per Ministry of Environment & Forests Notifications and local forest notifications, there are no wildlife/bird sanctuaries/national parks/ biospheres in 10-km of the project site.

Socio-economic environment

Effect of employment generation and additional transport requirements on local infrastructural facilities are adequately addressed for the project construction activities. Operational phase

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of the plant covers the entire life span of the plant. Hence the impacts of the operational phase extend over a long period of time. The RFCL ( Joint Venture of NFL, EIL & FCIL) Policy towards social welfare & community development aims at strengthening the bond between project authorities and local population in the vicinity of the fertilizer complex. In line with this policy, the positive impacts include opportunities for employment, improvement of transport facilities, enhancement of basic facilities in the areas of education, health, and infrastructure facilities.

1.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures

1.4.1 Air Environment

Identified sources of emissions are as follows:

Point Source Emissions: Proposed flue gas stack attached to boiler/furnace, flare stacks and reformer stacks attached to vent of reactors and process vessels. The impact due to operation of all the proposed plants is negligible beyond 1-3 km from the battery limit of the plant.

Fugitive Emissions: Hazardous chemicals and gases which will be stored and handled at fertilizer plants. Suitable control measures have been taken to control the fugitive emission (primary and secondary) during loading/ unloading, storage and handling of chemicals and the same will be followed for the proposed expansion.

Traffic & Line Source Emissions: From the proposed project, additional approximately 100 trucks per day will be required for carrying raw materials and finished products. This increase in traffic will be on National Highway no. 16 (NH-16), connecting project site to Nagpur. Increase in transportation will lead to increase in road traffic and vehicular emissions particularly CO & HCs.

Mitigation measures for air quality impacts:

5 Based on the latest green technology, well designed Air Pollution Control equipment will be installed; 5 Stacks with adequate height will be provided to ensure proper dispersion; 5 Online Sensors, Leak detectors will be provided at prominent point which will help in detection of abnormality. These will be linked to alarms and interlocks as safety precautions; 5 Operating procedures will be followed during regular plant operations, startup and shutdown; 5 Periodic maintenance of all APC equipment’s like scrubbers, absorption tower, bag filters, flash tanks, mist separator etc. will be carried out to ensure its efficient operation; 5 Monitoring will be done on regular basis; 5 Steady plant load will be maintained to reduce the air emissions; 5 Use of all type of PPEs like dust masks by workers will be ensured; 5 The engines and exhaust systems of all vehicles and equipment used will be maintained to meet exhaust emissions statutory limits and for all vehicles used on site, valid Pollution Under Control Certificates (PUC) will be ensured.

1.4.2 Noise Environment

Identified sources of noise generation are: 5 Operation of equipment like concrete mixtures, vibrators etc. during heavy fabrication work;

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5 Operation of various equipment like pumps, blowers, compressors, gas turbine, DG Sets and due to popping up of safety valves; 5 Vehicle movement during transportation of raw material and finished products.

Mitigation measures for noise and vibration impacts:

5 Procurement of equipment meeting prescribed noise standards; 5 Sufficient engineering control during operation of equipment and machineries shall be ensured; 5 Acoustical Enclosures with very high transmission loss rating for Gas turbines; 5 Room Acoustical Treatment at Compressor-House walls from the inside; 5 All Safety valves in the steam lines to be installed with in-line silencers; 5 Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) like ear plugs/muffs is to be given to all the workers at site and it will be ensured that the same are worn by everybody during their shift; 5 Temporary new approach road, at proposed site, can be constructed if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel; 5 Proper and timely maintenance of machinery and preventive maintenance of vehicles is to be adopted.

1.4.3 Water Environment

Ground Water

Impact on ground water quantity is not envisaged due to project as no ground water abstraction is proposed.

Identified sources which can impact ground water quality: 5 Discharge of treated effluent in Godavari river may affect the ground water quality.

Mitigation Measures: 5 Recycling and Reuse of treated waste water, thus lowering waste water generation and lowering the quantity of discharge to surface water bodies; 5 ETP and STP, with adequate process control, will be provided to treat waste water generated from proposed project; 5 Discharge of final treated effluent will be done after meeting statutory effluent discharge norms; 5 Quarterly monitoring of ground water samples in study area.

Surface Water Identified sources which can impact surface water: 5 During rainy season, storm water will be generated.

Mitigation Measures: 5 Separate storm water drains will be provided to ensure no effluent is mixed in storm water drains; 5 All chemical and fuel storage areas will have proper bunds; 5 Water from first rains of the season will be collected and diverted to ETP.

Waste Water

Identified sources of waste water: 5 During operation of various sections like Reformer & compressor units in Ammonia plant, HP, MP and LP sections of Urea Plants, blowdown & backwash of sand filters in cooling tower and from regeneration unit in DM Plant;

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5 Due to floor cleaning, washing and cleaning of equipment like heat exchangers, reactors, storage tanks, mixers etc.; 5 Domestic sewage will be generated.

Mitigation Measures: 5 Waste water / effluent generated from proposed plants will be treated at source and sent to guard pond. 5 Domestic sewage will be treated in proposed STP; 5 Recycling and reuse concept will be followed to reduce disposal quantity of treated waste water and also raw water consumption; 5 Proper operation and maintenance, periodic cleaning of ETP & STP will be done; 5 Proper sanitation facility will be provided for employees and workers during construction and operation phase; 5 Studies for Rainwater harvesting will be done and structures will be developed accordingly.

1.4.4 Land Environment

Land use and Land cover

5 Green cover existing at undeveloped site will be altered due to proposed site development activities. 5 Impacts regarding these activities will be in terms of permanent change in land use and land cover at proposed plant site. Change in aesthetic looks of the area from scrubby patch to industrial use is envisaged.

Mitigation measures for conserving land use and land cover will include the following:

5 The vegetation cover clearing should only be done on which construction is to take place and less disturbing the vegetation in adjacent areas; 5 Methods to be adopted for reuse of earth material generated during excavation; 5 Optimization of land requirement through proper site lay out design will be a basic criteria at the design phase; 5 Developing green area in and around project site.

1.4.5 Soil Conservation & Solid Hazardous Waste

Potential impacts on land environment due to proposed project are given below: 5 Clearance of scrub cover and top soil during site preparation; 5 Fuel leakages on soil during vehicular activities; 5 Leakages due to storage and handling of fuel, raw materials, solid hazardous waste; 5 Spillages from process operations during emergency situations; 5 Solid and hazardous waste generation due to operation of ETP, STP and various sections of plant.

Consequently impacts on land / soil will be negligible by implementing following mitigation measures:

5 On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes to be completely removed and recycled to the extent possible. Remaining material shall be disposed appropriately; 5 Proper care will be taken that there is no spill that would cause soil contamination; 5 Oil spillage will be collected and sent to ETP; 5 There will be no disposal of untreated effluent or sewage on land;

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5 Generated hazardous wastes during project operation will be transported to an authorized Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) site; 5 Hazardous waste storage areas will be impervious to water and will be designed to prevent leachate penetration; 5 The filling and packaging operation of the product will be fully mechanized to ensure no spillage is taking place; 5 The management to maintain records of contaminated waste on a regular basis.

1.4.6 Biological Environment

Potential impacts on biological Environment due to proposed project are: 5 Habitation fragmentation due to clearance of existing scrub cover during site preparation; 5 During construction phase, increase in deposition of dust and dust settling on the vegetation may alter or limit plant’s abilities to photosynthesize and/or reproduce.

Mitigation measures for conserving ecology and biodiversity will include the following: 5 The proposed greenbelt in the project area would increase the flora and fauna density in the area at the project site.

1.4.7 Socioeconomic Environment

Since the proposed project is being carried out within the existing FCIL premises, there will not be any displacement of people/property/land. Availability of existing infrastructure facilities like raw water line, township and availability of land will ensure sustainability of the proposed project. Due to the project activities, no remarkable negative impacts are envisaged. The upcoming project will bring job opportunities at large scale for the local people, during the construction phase and operation phase.

1.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme

The proposed environmental monitoring programme of the proposed fertilizer project is mentioned below Table 1.8.

Table 1.8 Proposed environmental monitoring programme for fertilizer plant

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temp., relative phase humidity and rainfall. Vehicle trips to be Vehicle logs Daily records minimized to the extent Possible. 2 Indoor air Pollutants such as CO, CO2 Monitoring of As per CPCB / contamination and VOCs to indoor air SPCB be reduced by providing pollutants such requirement adequate ventilation. as CO, CO2 and VOCs. 3 Noise Noise generated from Spot Noise Periodic during operation of DG set to be Level operation optimized and monitored. recording; phase DG sets are to be provided Leq(night), at basement with acoustic Leq(day), enclosures Leq(dn)

Generation of vehicular Maintain records Periodic during noise of vehicles operation phase 4 Water Quality Monitoring groundwater Comprehensive Once in a season and Water quality and levels around monitoring as Levels plant premises per IS 10500 5 Wastewater No untreated discharge to No discharge Periodic during Discharge be made to surface water, hoses in vicinity operation groundwater or soil. The of water courses. phase cleaning water shall be routed to nearby ETP. Take care in disposal of Discharge norms Periodic during Wastewater generated such for effluents as operation that soil and per ETP norms phase Groundwater resources are protected. 6 Maintenance Vegetation and greenbelt / No. of plants Periodic during of flora and green cover development. species operation fauna phase

7 Health Employees and migrant All relevant Regular check ups labour health check-ups. parameters including audiometry

8 Energy Usage Energy usage power Energy audit Annual audits and generation, air conditioning report periodic checks and other activities to be during minimized. Conduct annual operational phase energy audit for the terminals.

1.6 Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan in the design stage endeavors to mitigate the problems related to health, safety and environment at the process technology selection stage and at the design stage. The proposed fertilizer plant facilities have been designed taking into account all applicable standards/ norms both for regulatory and safety purpose. A summary of impacts, mitigation measures and proper environmental management plan for the proposed fertilizer plan during construction and operation phases is given in Tables 1.9 & 1.10 respectively.

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Table 1.9 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ramagundam fertilizer plant – construction phase

Element of Sl. Environmental Mitigation Activity/Aspect Impacts Environmental No Component Measures Management Plan 1 Air Environment Foundation Very less Dust Regular monitoring work conventional pollution will of levels of Digging, pollutants will be be conventional leveling work released during this suppressed pollutants as per Structural phase due to using water APPCB guidelines works construction works, sprinklers vehicle exhausts Periodic which will not cross maintenance the specified limits of machinery, heavy vehicles 2 Water Maintenance of Limited impact on Water Provision for Environment drainage and surrounding water requirement appropriate water supply bodies/aquatic through sanitary facility network for ecosystems/ground existing raw for construction sanitation and water due to soil water source workers waste water erosion, leaching, Proper generation waste water sanitation generation Waste water treatment through treatment plant 3 Land Land use change Land pollution Management Composting bio- Environment due to drilling, of small of solid degradable waste excavating magnitude due waste and disposal of to solid waste Management non bio- generation of excavated degradable waste Overburden solid and in land fills and construction Construction construction waste waste will be used waste will also for back filling be produced 4 Noise Noise from Noise level will be Noise Rules & Environment construction, more but within the protection regulations of heavy vehicle permissible limits measures Noise Standards movements Using ear will be followed muffs for Greenbelt workers while development for construction attenuating the noise levels

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Element of Sl. Environmental Mitigation Activity/Aspect Impacts Environmental No Component Measures Management Plan 5 Socio-economic Rehabilitation & More benefits to the Employment Facilitation of Environment resettlement local people opportunities hospital, school, to local skilled club etc. and unskilled Regular health people camp Development surrounding the of plant infrastructure, Implementation communication of CSR Policy s facility, drinking water supply, health etc. Social and cultural development 6 Biological Land use change Impact on flora Creation of Biological Environment and fauna will be landscape with Diversity Act and minimal plantation MoEF guidelines Less impact on Conservation for conservation river ecosystem of biodiversity of species will be followed Greenbelt development with more fruit bearing trees, avenue plantation etc. will be made

Table 1.10 Environmental Monitoring Plan for proposed fertilizer plant – operation phase

Element of Sl. Environmental Mitigation Environmental Activity/Aspect Impacts No Component Measures Management Plan 1 Air Environment Air emissions Insignificant impact Compliance to Control air (Conventional) as conventional standards emissions at Movement of pollutants emission Continuous source vehicles will be within the monitoring Treatment to permissible limits. reduce air emissions Regular monitoring of the levels of conventional pollutants as per SPCB requirements Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment 2 Water Operation of new Limited impact on Proper Liquid effluents Environment process units and surrounding water management discharge will utilities bodies/aquatic of active and be much below ecosystems/ground domestic discharge limits water waste water of CPCB norms

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Element of Sl. Environmental Mitigation Environmental Activity/Aspect Impacts No Component Measures Management Plan Rain water Treatment of harvesting domestic waste and reuse of water for irrigation of plantation/green belt Regular monitoring of the levels of conventional pollutants as per SPCB norms Implementation of rain water harvesting 3 Land Environment Disposal of solid Land pollution of small Management Treatment and waste magnitude due to solid of plant and disposal of solid waste generation domestic solid waste as per waste CPCB/SPCB Development norms of green belt Disposal of non degradable waste in proper land fills Development of green belt in the plant area 4 Noise Noise from plants, Insignificant noise Control of Noise levels Environment DG sets etc. levels in public noise levels due to plant domain within activities will be permissible controlled limits within Development permissible of barriers to limits control noise Noise Follow generating units occupational will be housed health and in acoustic safety enclosures measures Development of green belt will act as a barrier Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) will be provided to workers wherever required Noise standards of CPCB will be adhered

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Element of Sl. Environmental Mitigation Environmental Activity/Aspect Impacts No Component Measures Management Plan 5 Socio-economic Social welfare More benefits to the Employment Implementation Environment activities local people generation of social Medical camps welfare Distribution of schemes for medicines the local people Preference will be given to local people Ensure participation of local people in cultural events to create social harmony and goodwill

6 Biological Discharge/ Impact on terrestrial Adequate Development Environment releases to air & flora and fauna protection of green belt water. measures with indigenous should be tree species ensured in Control of design for eutrophication conservation by treatment of flora and and reuse of fauna waste water Regular monitoring of biodiversity and listing the same The plant design will envisage the conservation of flora & fauna. 7 Health, Safety & Conventional Health effects of Occupational Safety in plant Environment emissions pollutants health & design as per safety OSHA norms Safety in Regular plant design monitoring of Monitoring & the pollutant compliance to levels in OSHA different standards components of surrounding environment Regular health check-up of the workers Hazard analysis and safety measures in work place to reduce the undue risk to employees, members of

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Element of Sl. Environmental Mitigation Environmental Activity/Aspect Impacts No Component Measures Management Plan public & environment as per OSHA requirements EMP implementation and environmental monitoring programme to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental management systems.

1.7 Additional Studies

1.7.1 Disaster (Emergency) Preparedness and Management Plan

NFL is currently running many fertilizer plants in India. The Emergency Preparedness Plan as being followed by NFL in its other operating plants will be followed in principle for Fertilizer Complex of the Ramagundam Fertilizer and Chemicals Limited.

Roles and responsibilities of various authorities of emergency control management are: 5 To check & carry out inspections to prevent incidents leading to emergencies; 5 Prevention plan of an impending emergency by control of incidents; 5 Internal emergency reporting and communication system; 5 To meet and implement regulatory requirements; 5 Mock drills to be conducted at periodic intervals.

The new plants will be provided with all necessary state-of-the art safety measures as per the best industry practice. This includes smoke and gas detection systems, fire alarm system and remote operated emergency isolation system.

Fire protection system for the new plants will meet the approval of Chief Control of Explosives, Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO). Any additional mobile fire fighting equipment such as fire tenders, foam & CO2 tenders etc. found necessary to meet the emergency requirements when the new plants become operational will also be provided.

1.7.2 Risk Assessment

A Risk Assessment of the risks envisaged at the proposed Fertilizer complex at Ramagundam has been carried out. The present report provides the details of the consequences and recommendations for the risks involved. After modelling the possible leak scenarios, consequence analysis shows that hazards due to high concentration of ammonia cater the risks on a significance scale. Overall, even if some contribution of flammable mixtures is found from natural gas and ammonia, it is clearly seen that toxic hazards of ammonia dictate the risk profile both inside and outside the plant. The consequences due to minor leaks which bear a higher probability are confined inside the complex. The consequences due to major leaks like large holes and catastrophic ruptures reach outside the fertilizer complex which can affect the outside population also. Even

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though these scenarios have a very low probability of occurrence, appropriate disaster management plan should be employed for the protection of population inside and outside the complex. It is highly recommended to provide gas detectors along with emergency alarm wherever applicable. Water curtains are to be provided at critical locations to dilute the toxic vapors of ammonia released. Breathing apparatus should be made available for the plant personnel in the event of major ammonia leak in the facility. Control rooms and other buildings should be positively pressurized and kept airtight to prevent the entry of toxic gases.

1.8 Project Benefits

Energy Benefits

The proposed gas based Fertilizer Plant is based on State of the Art technologies which are more energy efficient and the Specific energy consumption per tonne of Ammonia and Urea produced shall be considerably less as compared to the earlier plants. The plant design will ensure optimum utilization of resources and less energy consumption.

Environmental Benefits

The proposed gas based Fertilizer Plant is based on State of the art technologies which are more energy efficient and emissions from the Fertilizer complex shall be minimum. The plant design and other facilities as proposed are aimed at providing a safe process and a clean environment. Proper greenbelt development shall be undertaken to mitigate the emission and pollution from the fertilizer complex. Being a gas based plant, emissions from the plant are projected to be very low, further all required operational and safety measures shall be employed to ensure a controlled and safe operation of the Plant.

The major project benefits are summarized below.

Shortfall of fertilizers to be met locally. Reduce dependency on Urea imports. Urea is the major source of nitrogen for the soil and is the most extensively used fertilizer in India. Mostly preferred by small and marginal farmers direct employment over 1500 employees during three year construction phase. Direct employment of 460 operational workforce, most of them will live in Fertilizer Township. Increased local and regional business activity in the form of maintenance, supply, cleaning and security. Increased local community activity, especially during the construction phase, when new families become established in the area requiring education, health and commercial services. Contribution to local training and employment programmes for employees, including dedicated local indigenous training programmes. Added stimulus to the state’s business sector, including manufacturing, construction, transport, engineering and related consultancies as a result of the project. Savings in foreign exchange and subsidy for the Government of India. With no current capacity in the region, the plant will meet the needs of a core market – customers, in doing so; it will reduce region’s reliance on imports.

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CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Subsequently, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (MoCF) conveyed the cabinet decision to undertake the revival of FCIL- Ramagundam Unit by National Fertilisers Limited (NFL) and Engineers India Limited (EIL) as consortium partners (Letter No. 18021/2/2005-FCA-I dated 25/08/2011). The same letter is attached as Annexure-I.

As per the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC), New Delhi, any new project or modernization or expansion project need to have an Environmental Clearance from MoEF. In accordance with this, FCIL/NFL/EIL consortium decided to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. FCIL/NFL/EIL consortium submitted Form-I & Techno-Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR) to MoEF on November 21, 2013 for approval of Terms of Reference (TOR). The Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry) of MoEF approved the TOR on March 31, 2014 and directed FCIL/NFL/EIL consortium to conduct the EIA/EMP study based on the approved TOR and submit the same to MoEF for clearance.

National fertilizers Limited, Engineers India Limited and Fertilizer Corporation of India have signed an agreement to form a Joint Venture Company (JVC) on 14th January 2015 called “Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited”. The Joint Venture (JV) signed will be primarily responsible for setting up Gas based Ammonia-Urea plants.

M/s Engineers India Limited carried out environment impact assessment study and preparation of environmental management plan for various environmental components of the proposed project. EIL is an accredited consultant for carrying out EIA studies by Quality Council of India (QCI) in Category ‘A’ of Chemical Fertilizers (Sector 16 as per NABET scheme).

1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AND PROJECT PROPONENT

A Fertilizer Unit was established at Ramagundam due to abundance of coal that was used as feedstock. The unit was approved by Govt. of India in December 1969; at a project cost of Rs. 217 crores and industrial license for setting up a coal based Fertilizer factory to manufacture urea was obtained in November, 1971. The unit had a design capacity of 4,95,000 MT per annum and 2,97,000 MT per annum of Urea and Ammonia respectively.

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The plant faced problems related to its design in addition to lack of stability in operation and erratic power supply. As a result, the performance of the plant was never up to the mark. Hence, production was suspended from 01.04.1999 due to non viability for economic operations. The unit was declared closed by Govt. of India on 10.09.2002.

In 2007, Govt. decided to have a second look at the decision to close the fertilizer unit due to huge infrastructure facilities available at the plant locations and increasing gap between domestic production and demand of urea. The cabinet examined the revival plan and a road map was laid down by Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The Government told Delhi High Court of its plan to revive the closed fertilizer units.

Under the revival plan, the Govt. of India decided to award units of FCIL to PSUs on a nomination basis. The units of companies for which no proposal is received from PSUs, were to be considered through International Competitive Bidding (ICB) to get the maximum possible equity in lieu of infrastructure and assets. The bench of Delhi high court remitted the case to BIFR on August 30, 2010 for examining the possibilities of revival and asked the counsel appearing on behalf of the Government and FCIL to file application before the BIFR.

Based on the revival plan, FCIL shall have to take following actions:

Z Legal aspects and BIFR/Court/Government permission for the revival Z Statutory/Central Government Clearances Z Natural gas input linkage and cost on long term basis Z Invitation for Expression of Interest (EOI) Z Appointment of reputed and experienced legal and financial consultant for assisting FCIL in legal and financial matters, funding arrangement with entrepreneurs

Cabinet Committee of Economic Affairs (CCEA) in its meeting held on 4th August, 2011 approved the proposal for revival of closed units of FCIL/HFCL. As per cabinet decision the consortium of FCIL, NFL and EIL has been nominated for revival of the Ramagundam Unit of FCIL (Annexure I).

1.2.1 Project Proponent

Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited (RFCL) was incorporated on 14th January 2015 with a Joint Venture of NFL, EIL & FCIL.

1.2.1.1 Address of the Project Proponent

The address for the correspondence is:

Mr. V.K. Malhotra, CEO- RFCL Engineers India Limited, 5th Floor, 1, Bhikaiji Cama Place New Delhi – 110066 Tel: +91-11-26763898/26762121, Fax: +91-11-26194005 Email: [email protected] Website: www.engineersindia.com

Registered Address of Project Proponent Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited, Scope Complex Core-III, 7, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003

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1.2.1.2 Particulars of EIA Consultant

The EIA consultant is M/s Engineers India Limited. The complete address for correspondence is given below.

Head, Environment Division Engineers India Limited Research & Development Complex, Sector-16, On NH-8 Gurgaon – 122001, Haryana Email: [email protected] Tel: 0124-3803508 Fax: 0124-2391413 Website: www.engineersindia.com

1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

1.3.1 Nature and size of the project

The estimated capital cost for the proposed project is Rs 5465 Crores.

1.3.2 Location of the project

Ramagundam Fertilizer Unit is located in Karimnagar district of Telangana State about 240 kms away from Hyderabad. The details of environmental setting are given in Table 1.1 and the location and study area map covering 10 km radius surrounding Fertilizer Unit are given in Figure 1.1.

Table 1.1 Details of Environmental Setting

Sl. No. Particulars Details 1 Plant location Ramagundam, Karimnagar District, Telangana State 2 Plant site co-ordinates Latitude - 18ι 43’ 40” N Longitude - 79ͼ 30’ 13” E 3 Climatic conditions (Average) a) Temperature Maximum 47.5 °C (Summer) Minimum 9 ιC (Winter) b) Relative humidity (%) 8.7-97.4 c) Average annual rainfall 1331.3 mm d) Predominant wind direction SE, S (Pre-monsoon) WSW, SW (Post-monsoon) e) Average Wind Speed 0-1.1 m/sec 4 Climatic condition at site a) Temperature Max: 45.1ͼC, Min: 18.3ͼC b) Relative humidity Max: 93.9%, Min: 7.7% c) Predominant wind direction SW 5 Plant site elevation above MSL 152 m above MSL

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Sl. No. Particulars Details 6 Plant site topography Plain 7 Present land use at site Industrial 8 Nearest National Highway State Highway one nearby (2 km) 9 Nearest railway station Ramagundam at a distance of 10 km 10 Nearest airport Hyderabad at a distance of 220 km 11 Nearest major water bodies Godavari River (4.5 Km, N) 12 Nearest city/ town Godavarikhani (0.5 Km, NE) 13 Archaeological important places None (within 10 km radius) 14 Protected areas as per Wildlife None in 10 Km radius as per Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Protection Act 1972 15 Seismicity Seismic Zone–II (BIS-1893, Part- II:2002) 16 Defense installation None in 10 Km radius

Figure 1.1 Location of Fertilizer Plant, Ramagundam

1.3.3 Justification for the project

The project involves revival of a unit which was once closed down due to heavy financial losses. This revival will help to build in the gap between domestic production and demand of urea which are discussed below.

Market Analysis

Urea as a major source of nitrogen continued to dominate the scene of nitrogenous fertilizers consumption in the country. Urea at present is the only controlled fertilizer and

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has a major share of consumption in the country. All other fertilizers put together are consumed in lesser quantity than urea. Urea is covered under Essential Commodity Act (ECA) and the Government issues movement orders under ECA to different manufacturers. Under ECA, the Government also declares statutory price of urea for sale. Urea import and export is also highly restricted.

Present Demand –Supply Scenario

Urea has recorded a Compound Annual Rate of Growth (CARG) in consumption of 3.66 percent during the period of 1990-91 to 2007-08. Though the level of fertilizer consumption in our country has all along been very low, the indigenous production of urea has always been lagging behind the consumption requirement except in the year 2000-01 & 2002-03 (Table 1.2) and this gap has increased in the past 10 years.

Table 1.2 Gaps between Consumption & Production of Urea (Lakh Tons of material)

Year Consumption Production Gap 2000-01 191.9 196.2 4.3 2001-02 199.2 190 -9.2 2002-03 184.9 186.2 1.3 2003-04 197.67 190.38 -7.29 2004-05 206.65 202.39 -4.26 2005-06 222.98 200.85 -22.13 2006-07 243.38 202.71 -40.67 2007-08 259.63 198.39 -61.24 2008-09 266.49 199.23 -67.26 2009-10 266.73 211.21 -55.52 2010-11 282.46 218.80 -63.66

Projected Demand –Supply Scenario

The total estimated production of urea from the existing functional units will be 202 lakh tonnes. Some of the existing units are in the process of expanding their existing capacities by way of debottlenecking. The following Table 1.3 gives scenario of the demand-supply gaps which are likely to emerge by the end of 2016-17.

Table 1.3 Projected Demand Supply Gap for Urea (Million Metric Tons)

Particulars 2016-17 Demand 33.99 Production 21.03 Capacity Shortfall 12.96 Proposed revamp 2.56 Supply from 1.65 OMIFCO Demand – Supply 8.75 Gap

Alternative Fuel Analysis

Presently, proposed Ramagundam fertilizer project’s viability is established considering Natural Gas as Raw material and Fuel for the complex.

The probable alternate fuels for Ammonia Urea fertilizer plant could be:

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Z Coal Z Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Z Shale Gas Z Natural Gas (NG)

There are two potential fuel users in this complex namely captive power plant (CPP) and Ammonia plant Reformer. Since, natural gas is being used as raw material to the Ammonia Plant, so, the same is being used as fuel to ammonia reformer. The alternate fuels namely coal, CBM etc cannot be fired in the primary reformer.

While for CPP alternate fuels can be examined, following considerations gives NG as a preferred alternate over other fuels:

Benefits of Natural Gas over Coal

Z Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel to burn in terms of air quality and carbon emissions, emitting significantly less carbon dioxide than coal when burned. Thus NG preference over coal will contribute in less green house gases emissions. Z Using coal as fuel typically involves installing a Boiler, Steam Turbine Generator combination to produce power. The outcome of same is handling of huge quantity of ash. The earlier plant at Ramagundam was based on coal as feed & fuel. Z The energy efficiency of coal based thermal power plant is much lower than a gas turbine based combined cycle power plant. Z Using natural gas over coal has the potential to reduce costs associated with the handling of coal and related waste streams. Z Additionally, using natural gas over coal could also decrease some operations and maintenance costs, in addition to lessening the physical impact on the surrounding environment.

Accordingly, it is proposed to utilize NG as fuel as well as feed instead of coal.

Coal bed Methane and Shale Gas

Although both of these unconventional source of energy have same benefits and potential as that of natural gas over coal, however their commercial production and availability is yet to be established.

1.3.4 List of industries around the project A list of industries within 10 km radius from the project site is mentioned in Table 1.4. Table 1.4 List of Industries around the project Sr. Name of Industry Nature of Industry No. 1 M/s Sri Venkateswara Agro Industries Tekumutla village, Adilabad (Dist.) 2 M/s Balaji Agro Industries Modern Rice Mill Tekumutla village 3 M/s Ohm Industries Tekumutla village 4 M/s Jayalaxmi Industries Tekumutla village 5 M/s Balaji Cotton Industries Indaram village, Adilabad 6 M/s Jaipur Thermal Power Plant Jaipur mandal, Adilabad 7 M/s Sri Sai Industries Indaram village

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8 M/s Venkata Sai Laxmi Ceramics Industries Indaram village 9 M/s Aryan energy (P) Ltd. Coal washery Indaram village 10 M/s Varalaxmi Agro Industries Rice mill Indaram village 11 M/s Siddivinayaka Industries Gowthaminagar,APIIC,Ramagundam 12 M/s Sri Laxmi modern rise mill Gowthaminagar 13 M/s Sri Sai Krishna Industries Gowthaminagar 14 M/s Surabhi Purified drinking water Gowthaminagar 15 M/s Surabhi Cements Gowthaminagar 16 M/s Sri Sai boiled rise Mill Gowthaminagar 17 M/s Adivaraha rice Mill Gowthaminagar 18 M/s Balaji modern rice Mill Gowthaminagar 19 M/s GMMCO Ltd Gowthaminagar 20 M/s Ramakrishna rice Mill Gowthaminagar 21 M/s EXK Electric burn Industries Gowthaminagar 22 M/s Maheswara Enterprices Gowthaminagar 23 M/s NTPC (2600 MW) ,Power Plant Ramagundam 24 M/s Surya Plastics Laxminagar,Godavarikhani 25 M/s Singareni 18 MW Power House Power House colony ,Godavarikhani 26 NTPC Solar Power Plant Salapally village 27 M/s A.P Genco B-Power House(62.5MW) Ramagundam 28 M/s Bharathi Agarabathi Industries Durganagar,Godavarikhani 29 M/s Nandini Paper Production Industries Parusharamnagar ,Godavarikhani 30 M/s Plastic Re-Cycling Industries Malkapur village 31 M/s Sri Sai Tyre Re-Trading Company Ganganagar ,Godavarikhani 32 M/s Akhila Tyre Re-Trading Company Ganganagar 33 M/s Padmini Industries Markkandeya colony ,Godavarikhani 34 M/s Ram-Laxmi Industries Power House colony 35 M/s Tajkrishna tyre Re-Trading works Ganganagar 36 M/s Amma Fly-Ash Bricks Company Addaguntapalli ,Godavarikhani 37 M/s Sidheswara Industries Gowthaminagar 38 M/s Adhya Brick Industries Laxmipuram village 39 M/s Sri Sravan brick plant Kasipalli village 40 M/s Global coal washries Vittalnagar ,Godavarikhani

There are around 24 units of coal mines stretching 25 km in Ramagundam. Opencasts are used in these open coal mines. There are many factories around this place that take the raw material from the coalmines and prepare carbon derivatives.

1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The proposed project of new ammonia / urea fertilizer plant is expected to be mechanically completed in 33 months with additional 3 months for commissioning.

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1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covers core area of 10 km radius circle within the Proposed New Ammonia/Urea Fertilizer Project site boundary. The scope of study broadly includes:

To conduct literature review and to collect data relevant to the study area; To establish the baseline environmental status of the study area by using one season baseline environmental data; To identify various existing pollution loads due to various activities in the ambient levels; To predict incremental levels of pollutants in the study area due to the proposed New Ammonia/Urea Project; To evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes in the study area by using scientifically developed and widely accepted environmental impact assessment methodologies To prepare an Environment Management Plan (EMP) outlining the measures for improving the environmental quality; and To identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored.

The literature review includes identification of relevant articles from various publications, collection of data from various government agencies and other sources.

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

The proposed new ammonia/urea fertilizer project would naturally have implications on the neighborhood with reference to socio-economic aspects of society, environmental attributes such as land, water, air, aesthetics, noise, flora and fauna. In assessing the environmental impact, collection, collation and interpretation of baseline data is of prime importance. Environmental Impact analysis and assessment which is required for every industrial project should preferably be carried out at the planning stage itself.

The matrix method which gives cause-effect relationship between an activity and environmental parameter has been adopted in preparing this report. The basic objective of identification of impacts is to aid the proponents of the project to rationalize the procedure for an effective environment management plan, leading to an improvement in environmental quality as a result of the location of the proposed project. This has been attempted by the following procedures:

Collection, collation and analysis of baseline data for various environmental attributes; Identification of impacts; Impact assessment through modeling; Evaluation of impacts leading to preparation of environmental management plan; and Outlining post project monitoring methodology.

1.6.1 CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

The report has been divided into ten chapters and presented as follows:

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Chapter-1.0: Introduction

This chapter provides background information of the existing and the expansion project, brief description and objectives of the project, description of the area, scope, methodology and organization of the study.

Chapter-2.0: Project Description

This chapter presents the background information on the existing and post expansion activities, process being adopted, sources of pollution and control thereof.

Chapter-3.0: Description of Environment

This chapter presents the methodology and findings of field studies undertaken to establish the baseline conditions.

Chapter-4.0: Anticipated Environment Impacts and mitigation measures

This chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental impact assessment of “The project” during construction and operational phase. It describes the overall impacts of the proposed project and underscores the areas of concern which need mitigation measures.

Chapter-5.0: Environment Monitoring Programme

This chapter provides technical aspects of monitoring the effectiveness of mitigation measures (including Measurement methodologies, frequency, location, data analysis, reporting schedules, emergency procedures, detailed budget & procurement schedules)

Chapter-6.0: Environment Management Plan (EMP)

This chapter provides recommendations for Environment Management Plan (EMP) including mitigation measures for minimizing the negative environmental impacts of the project. Environmental monitoring requirements for effective implementation of mitigate measures during construction as well as during operation of the project along with required institutional arrangements for their implementation. Budgetary cost estimates for mitigation measures are also brought out.

Chapter-7.0: Additional Studies

This chapter covers Public Hearing, risk involved in the proposed facilities, storages & utilities, Occupational Health & Safety and Disaster Management Plan.

Chapter-8.0: Project Benefits

This chapter presents the details of Local area development programmes that are being undertaken in nearby villages.

Chapter-9.0: Disclosure of Consultants

This chapter contains the list of various experts engaged in preparing the EIA report along with brief introduction of the consultancy.

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1.7 MOEF APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA The 16th Reconstituted Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry) for appraisal of Industrial Projects considered the FCIL/NFL/EIL consortium’s proposal for approval of TOR for EIA study for the proposed project during its meeting held on 21st February, 2014. Based on the review of the documents submitted and the presentation made by the consortium, the Committee recommended the following Terms of Reference (TOR) vide letter no. J- 11011/371/2013-IA.II (I) dated 23rd April 2014 for incorporating the same in the EIA report. The approved TOR is attached as Annexure-II.

The compliance of the TOR in the EIA report for illustration purpose is presented below in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5 Compliance of approved TOR issued by MoEF

S. No. Statement Compliance Specific TOR Points 1. PP to examine if a multi-fuel system could be Alternate fuel analysis is provided in established. In addition, Alternate fuel Section 1.3.3 of Chapter 1. analysis (CBM, shale gas) should also be done. 2. Storage tank capacity of 2 tanks of 10000 is Storage tank capacity of 2 tanks of better than 15000 and 5000 m3. 10000 m3 is considered. 3. Risk assessment-cum Disaster Disaster preparedness-cum- preparedness-cum-Management Plan to be Management Plan is included in prepared. Chapter 7 and Risk Assessment Report is attached in Annexure-XI. 4. One season baseline data for AAQ + VOC + One season baseline data was NH3 + NMHC. collected for the mentioned parameters and included in Chapter 3 of EIA report. 5. In case of use of coal and establishment of a Not Applicable (use of coal is not CPP (to be independent of National Grid), a envisaged) fly-ash management plan is required. General TOR Points 1. Executive summary of the project along with Included. justification for the project. 2. Photographs of the proposed and existing (if Included in section 2.11 of Chapter applicable) plant site. 2. 3. A line diagram/flow sheet for the process and Included in Figure 2.1 of Chapter- EMP. 2. 4. In case of existing projects seeking Not Applicable expansion, i) A certified copy of the Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30th May, 2012, on the status of compliance of the conditions stipulated in the environmental clearance and

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S. No. Statement Compliance ii) Status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing existing operation of the project from SPCB, which shall include data on AAQ, water quality, solid waste etc. shall be submitted 5. A toposheet of the study area and site The Digital Elevation Model for the location map on Indian map of 1:10, 00,000 area in 10 km radius from the scale followed by 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on proposed site is included in an A3/A2 sheet of a circle of a radius of 10 Annexure-VI of EIA report. kms and further 10 kms on A3/A2 sheets with proper longitude/latitude/heights with minimum 100/200m contours shall be included. A 3-D view i.e. DEM (Digital Elevation Model) for the area in 10 km radius from the proposal site. MRL details of project site and RL of nearby sources of water shall be indicated. 6. High-resolution satellite image data having Refer Figure 3.1 for Land Use Land 1m-5m spatial resolution like quickbird, Cover Map within 10 KM radius of Ikonos, IRS P-6 pan sharpened etc. for the 10 Fertilizer Complex. All other Km radius area from proposed site. The same thematic maps are attached as shall be used for land used/land-cover Annexure-VI of EIA report. mapping of the area. Present land use – agricultural land, forestland, wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be prepared based on satellite imagery. 7. Topography of the area shall be given clearly No Critically Polluted Area and indicating whether the site requires any filling. Ecological sensitive areas are found If so, details of filling, quantity of fill material within the study area. required, its source, transportation etc. shall be given. In case the site is located on a hilly terrain, a 3-dimesional view of the location vis-à-vis major land use features and locations such as Critically Polluted Area(s) and Eco-sensitive Area(s) found within the study area, indicating shortest distance from the site shall be provided. 8. Map showing location of Eco-sensitive Areas Included in section 3.10.4.1 of such as National Parks/Wildlife Chapter 3. Sanctuary/Reserve Forests within 10 km. radius (study area) shall specifically be mentioned. A map showing land use/land cover, reserved forests, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, tiger reserve etc in 10 km of the project site and shortest (aerial) distance from critically/severely polluted area(s) and Ecosensitive Areas. 9. Project site layout plan to scale using Project layout plan is attached in AutoCAD of the project site showing Plant Annexure-V. details, raw materials, fly ash and other storage plans, ash pond and water harvesting structures, bore well or water storage, aquifers within 1 km.), dumping, waste

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S. No. Statement Compliance disposal, green belt (areas), water bodies, rivers/drainage passing through/near the project site shall be included. 10. Coordinates of the plant site with topo sheet Included in Table 1.1 of Chapter 1. co-ordinates shall also be included. 11. Details and classification of total land Included in section 3.3.4 of (identified and acquired) shall be included. Chapter 3. 12. A copy of the mutual agreement for land Not Applicable acquisition signed with land oustees. 13. Proposal shall be submitted to the Ministry for Not Applicable environment clearance only after acquiring total land. Necessary documents indicating acquisition of land shall be included. 14. Permission and approval for the use of forest Not Applicable land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department, in case the project involves forestland. 15. If the project falls within 10 km of an eco- Not Applicable sensitive area, present status/approval from the Standing Committee on Wildlife of the NBWL shall be furnished. 16. Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R & R) shall Not Applicable be as per the R&R Policy of the State Govt. and a detailed action plan shall be included. 17. A list of major industries with name and type Included in section 1.3.4 of within study area (10km radius) shall be Chapter 1. incorporated. 18. List of raw material required, analysis of all Provided in section 2.4 of Chapter the raw materials and source along with 2. mode of transportation shall be included. All the trucks for raw material and finished product transportation must be “Environmentally Compliant”. 19. Action plan for excavation and muck disposal Included in section 6.3.6 of during construction phase. Chapter 6. 20. Studies for fly ash, muck, slurry, sludge Included in Land Pollution material disposal and solid waste generated Management System of section from the plant operations and processes and 2.10 of Chapter 2. environmental control measures. If the raw materials used have trace elements, an environment management plan shall also be included. 21. Manufacturing process details shall be Details are provided in section 2.2 included. of Chapter 2. 22. Mass balance for the raw material and Included in section 2.3 of Chapter products shall be included. 2. 23. Energy balance data for all the components Included in section 2.3 of Chapter of steel plant including proposed power plant 2. shall be incorporated. 24. One season site-specific micro- Details are provided in sections 3.4 meteorological data using temperature, & 3.5 of Chapter 3. relative humidity, hourly wind speed and

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S. No. Statement Compliance direction and rainfall and AAQ data (except monsoon) shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall take into account the predominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. 25. One season data for gaseous emissions The baseline data for one season other than monsoon season is necessary. (air, water, noise, traffic & soil) was collected and analysis is given in Chapter 3 of EIA report. 26. Ambient air quality monitoring at 8 locations Ambient Air Quality data collection within the study area of 10 km, aerial and analysis is provided in section coverage from project site with one AAQMS 3.5 of Chapter 3. in downwind direction shall be carried out. 27. Suspended particulate matter present in the Adequate number of ambient air ambient air must be analyzed for source quality monitoring stations shall be analysis – natural dust/generated from plant placed inside the complex to control operations for eg. Cement dust/fly ash etc. the air pollution. The SPM shall also be analyzed for presence of poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), i.e. Benzene soluble fraction, where applicable. Chemical characterization of RSPM. 28. Determination of atmospheric inversion level Details of the modeling are given in at the project site and assessment of ground section 4.2.1.2.1 of Chapter 4. level concentration of pollutants from the stack emission based on site-specific meteorological features. In case the project is located on a hilly terrain/elevation, the AQIP Modeling shall be done using inputs of the specific terrain characteristics of the project for determining the potential impacts of the project on the AAQ. 29. Action plan to implement National Ambient Air Details of the same are provided in Quality Emission Standards issued by the Chapter 6 of EIA report. Ministry vide G.S.R. No. 826(E) dated 16th November, 2009 shall be included. 30. Ambient air quality modeling along with Ambient air quality modeling along cumulative impact shall be included for the with cumulative impact is provided day (24 hrs) for maximum GLC along with in section 4.2.1.2.1 and Table 4.4 following : of Chapter 4. i) Emissions (g/second) with and without the air pollution control measures ii) Meteorological inputs (wind speed, m/s), wind direction, ambient air temperature, cloud cover, relative humidity & mixing height) on hourly basis iii) Model input options for terrain, plume rise, deposition etc. iv) Print-out of model input and output on hourly and daily average basis v) A graph of daily averaged concentration (MGLC scenario) with downwind distance at every 500 m interval covering the exact location of GLC.

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S. No. Statement Compliance vi) Details of air pollution control methods used with percentage efficiency that are used for emission rate estimation with respect to each pollutant vii) Applicable air quality standards as per LULC covered in the study area and % contribution of the proposed plant to the applicable Air quality standard. In case of expansion project, the contribution shall be inclusive of both existing and expanded capacity. viii) No. I-VII are to be repeated for fugitive emissions and any other source type relevant and used for industry ix) Graphs of monthly average daily concentration with down-wind distance x) Specify when and where the ambient air quality standards are exceeded either due to the proposed plant alone or when the plant contribution is added to the background air quality. xi) Fugitive dust protection or dust reduction technology for workers within 30 m of the plant active areas. 31. A plan for the utilization of waste/flue gases (if Included in section 2.9 of Chapter applicable) for generating power shall be 2. presented. 32. Impact of the transport of the raw materials Included in section 4.2.4.2 of and end products on the surrounding Chapter 4. environment shall be assessed and provided. The alternate method of raw material and end product transportation shall also be studied and details included. 33. An action plan to control and monitor Raw material handling and secondary fugitive emissions from all the processing involves generation of sources as per the latest permissible limits dust which shall be taken care by issued by the Ministry vide G.S.R. 414(E) dust collection/suppression dated 30th May, 2008. equipment. 34. Presence of aquifer(s) within 1 km of the Details are provided in section 2.12 project boundaries and management plan for of Chapter 2 of EIA report. recharging the aquifer shall be included. 35. If the site is within 1 km radius of any major Site is 5-6 kms from the Godavari river, Flood Hazard Zonation Mapping is river. Hence no flood hazard required at 1:5000 to 1:10,000 scale zonation mapping is required. indicating the peak and lean River discharge Details are provided in section 2.13 as well as flood occurrence frequency. of Chapter 2. 36. Details of water requirement, water balance The same is provided in section 2.9 chart for new unit or for existing unit as well of Chapter 2. as proposed expansion (if expansion). Measures for conservation water by recycling and reuse to minimize the fresh water requirement. 37. Source of water supply and permission of Water will be sourced from withdrawal of water from Competent Yellampalli barrage and permission

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S. No. Statement Compliance Authority. for withdrawl of water is sought from competent authority. The letter is attached in Annexure VIII. 38. Water balance data including quantity of The same is provided in section 2.9 effluent generated, recycled and reused and of Chater-2. discharged is to be provided. Methods adopted/to be adopted for the water conservation shall be included. Zero discharge effluent concepts to be adopted. 39. Source of surface/ground water level, site The details on surface/ground water (GPS), cation, anion (Ion Chromatograph), analysis are provided in section 3.8 metal trace element (as above) chemical of Chapter-3. analysis for water to be used. If surface water is used from river, rainfall, discharge rate, quantity, drainage and distance from project site shall also be included. Information regarding surface hydrology and water regime shall be included. 40. Ground water analysis with bore well data, Ground water analysis is provided in litho-logs, drawdown and recovery tests to section 3.8 of Chapter-3. quantify the area and volume of aquifer and its management. 41. Ground water monitoring minimum at 8 Ground water monitoring results are locations and near solid waste dump zone, presented in section 3.8 of Geological features and Geo-hydrological Chapter-3. Terrestrial and aquatic status of the study area are essential as also. ecological status of the study area is Ecological status (Terrestrial and Aquatic) is given under Biological Environment vital. (section 3.10) of Chapter-3. 42. Ground water modeling showing the The effluents will be treated in ETP pathways of the pollutants shall be included. to bring all the pollutants within the applicable statutory standards. No contamination of ground water is envisaged. 43. Action plan for rainwater harvesting measures The same is provided in section at plant site shall be submitted to harvest 2.14 of Chater-2. rainwater from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to conserve fresh water and reduce the water requirement from other sources. Rain water harvesting and groundwater recharge structures may also be constructed outside the plant premises in consultation with local Gram Panchayat and Village Heads to augment the ground water level. Incorporation of water harvesting plan for the project is necessary, if source of water is bore well. 44. A note on the impact of drawl of water on the Impact of drawl water on nearby nearby River particularly during lean season. river is given in section 4.2.2.2 of Permission of competent authority for Chapter-4. withdrawal of river/ground water. Permission for withdrawl of water is sought from competent authority. The letter is attached in Annexure

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S. No. Statement Compliance VIII.

45. Surface water quality of nearby River (60 m Surface water quality was collected upstream and downstream) and other surface from Yellampalli barrage (withdrawl drains at eight locations to be provided in and source), upstream and downstream around the project site. of Godavari river (near to Godabarikhani). The analysis of surface water quality at 8 locations is provided in section 3.8 of Chapter-3. 46. A note on treatment of wastewater from Waste water from plant will be different plants, recycle and reuse for different treated in ETP. A detailed write-up purposes shall be included. Complete is provided under water pollution scheme of effluent treatment. Characteristics management system in section of untreated and treated effluent to meet the 2.10 of Chapter-2. prescribed standards. 47. Provision of traps and treatment plants are to The same has been covered in be made, if water is getting mixed with oil, section 2.10 of Chapter-2. grease and cleaning agents. 48. If the water is mixed with solid particulates, The same has been covered under proposal for sediment pond before further section 2.10 of Chapter-2. transport shall be included. The sediment pond capacity shall be 100 times the transport capacity. 49. Wastewater characteristics (heavy metals, Wastewater characteristics at inlet anions and cations, trace metals, PAH) from and outlet of the effluent treatment any other source shall be included. system are provided in Tables 2.10 to 2.13 of Chapter-2. 50. The pathways for pollution via seepages, The effluents will be treated in ETP evaporation, residual remains are to be to bring all the pollutants within the studied for surface water (drainage, rivers, applicable statutory standards. No ponds, and lakes), sub-surface and ground contamination of environment is water with a monitoring and management envisaged. plans. 51. Action plan for solid/hazardous waste Details of solid/hazardous waste are generation, storage, utilization and disposal covered under land pollution from all the sources and fly ash. EMP shall management system of section include the concept of waste-minimization, 2.10 of Chapter-2. Impact and EMP recycle/reuse/recover techniques, Energy of solid/hazardous waste is given in conservation, and natural resource section 4.2.4 of Chapter-4 & conservation. Tables 6.2 & 6.4 of Chapter-6. 52. Details of evacuation of ash, details regarding Not Applicable ash pond impermeability and whether it would be lined, if so details of the lining etc. need to be addressed. Copies of MOU regarding utilization of ash shall also be included. 53. End use of solid waste and its composition The same is covered under land shall be covered. Toxic metal content in the pollution management system of waste material and its composition shall also section 2.10 of Chapter-2. be incorporated. 54. All stock piles will have to be on top of a A stable liner shall be provided for stable liner to avoid leaching of materials to all stock piles. ground water. 55. Action plan for the green belt development Details of greenbelt are provided in

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S. No. Statement Compliance plan in 33 % area i.e. land with not less than section 6.4.5 of Chapter 6. 1,500 trees per ha. Giving details of species, width of plantation, planning schedule etc. shall be included. The green belt shall be around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated. All rooftops/terraces shall have some green cover. 56. Detailed description on flora and fauna The detailed flora and fauna study is (terrestrial and aquatic) exists in the study included in section 3.10 of Chapter area shall be given with special reference to 3. rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule-I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished. 57. Risk Assessment and Disaster (Emergency) Disaster (Emergency) Preparedness and Management Plan Preparedness and Management including damage control needs to be Plan are given in section 7.3 of addressed and included. Chapter 7 and the Risk Assessment Report is attached in Annexure-XI. 58. Occupational Health Existing occupational & safety a) Details of existing Occupational & hazards is not applicable. However, Safety Hazards. What are the exposure the impact on occupational health levels of above mentioned hazards and and action plan for the same is whether they are within Permissible provided in sections 4.2.7 & 6.5 of Exposure level (PEL). If these are not Chapter 4 and Chapter 6 within PEL, what measures the respectively. company has adopted to keep them within PEL so that health of the workers can be preserved. b) Details of exposure specific health status evaluation of worker. If the workers’ health is being evaluated by pre designed format, chest x rays, Audiometry, Spirometry, Vision testing (Far & Near vision, colour vision and any other ocular defect) ECG, during pre placement and periodical examinations give the details of the same. Details regarding last month analyzed data of abovementioned parameters as per age, sex, duration of exposure and department wise. c) Annual report of heath status of workers Not Applicable with special reference to Occupational Health and Safety. d) Action plan for the implementation of Action plan for the implementation OHS standards as per OSHAS/USEPA. of OHS standards as per e) Plan and fund allocation to ensure the OSHAS/USEPA is given in section occupational health & safety of all 6.5 of Chapter 6. contract and subcontract workers.

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S. No. Statement Compliance 59. Corporate Environment Policy Quality & Corporate Environmental i) Does the company have a well laid Policy shall be formulated by RFCL down Environment Policy approved by taking cognizance of existing its Board of Directors? If so, it may be policies of NFL, EIL & FCIL. detailed in the EIA report. ii) Does the Environment Policy prescribe for standard operating process / procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation / violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA. iii) What is the hierarchical system or Administrative order of the company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the environmental clearance conditions? Details of this system may be given. iv) Does the company have system of reporting of non compliances / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism shall be detailed in the EIA report. 60. Details regarding infrastructure facilities such Existing facilities of RFCL shall be as sanitation, fuel, restroom etc. to be extended as per applicable norms. provided to the labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase. 61. Impact of the project on local infrastructure of Raw material and end products the area such as road network and whether shall be dispatched through existing any additional infrastructure needs to be road and rail network which is constructed and the agency responsible for adequate. However, minor the same with time frame. refurbishment shall be carried out as required. 62. Environment Management Plan (EMP) to Environmental Management Plan is mitigate the adverse impacts due to the included in Chapter 6. project along with item wise cost of its implementation. Total capital cost and recurring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures shall be included. 63. Plan for the implementation of the CREP compliance status is included recommendations made for the Sector in the in section 6.6 of Chapter 6. CREP guidelines must be prepared. 64. At least 5 % of the total cost of the project The same is provided in section 6.8 shall be earmarked for the initial 5 years of Chapter 6. towards the Enterprise Social Commitment and 2% of retain profit thereafter for life of the project towards CSR based on public hearing issues and item-wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio- economic development activities need to be

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S. No. Statement Compliance elaborated upon. 65. A note on identification and implementation of The entire CO2 generated in the Carbon Credit project shall be included. ammonia plant shall be utilized in the production of Urea. No excess CO2 generation is envisaged in production. 66. Any litigation pending against the project No litigation is pending against the and/or any direction/order passed by any proposed project. Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case. 67. A tabular chart with index for point wise A tabular chart with index for the compliance of above TORs. point wise compliance of TOR is given in Table 1.5 of Chapter 1. 68. The questionnaire for industry sector Attached as Annexure XV. (available on MOEF website) shall be submitted while submitting EIA-EMP. 69. ‘TORs’ prescribed by the Expert Appraisal Complied. Committee (Industry) shall be considered for preparation of EIA-EMP report for the project in addition to all the relevant information as per the ‘Generic Structure of EIA’ given in Appendix III and IIIA in the EIA Notification, 2006. Where the documents provided are in a language other than English, an English translation shall be provided. The draft EIA- EMP report shall be submitted to the State Pollution Control Board of the concerned State for conduct of Public Hearing. The SPCB shall conduct the Public Hearing/public consultation, district-wise, as per the provisions of EIA notification, 2006. The issues raised in the Public Hearing and during the consultation process and the commitments made by the project proponent on the same shall be included separately in EIA-EMP Report in the form of tabular chart with financial budget (capital and revenue) along with time-schedule of implementation for complying with the commitments made. The final EIA report shall be submitted to the Ministry for obtaining environmental clearance. 70. The TORs prescribed shall be valid for a Complied. period of two years for submission of the EIA- EMP reports along with Public Hearing Proceedings (wherever stipulated). Additional TORs for Synthetic Organic Chemicals Industry 1. Manufacturing process details along with the Manufacturing process details along chemical reactions and process flow chart. with the block diagram of different

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S. No. Statement Compliance units are provided in Chapter 2 of EIA report. 2. Name of all the solvents to be used in the Not Applicable process and details of solvent recovery system. 3. Design details of ETP, incinerator, if any Layout plan of ETP is provided in along with boiler, scrubbers/bag filters etc. section 2.10(b) of Chapter 2. 4. The details of solid and hazardous wastes Details of solid/hazardous waste are generation, storage, utilization and disposal covered under land pollution particularly related to the hazardous waste management system of section calorific value of hazardous waste and 2.10 (d) of Chapter-2. Impact and detailed characteristic of the hazardous EMP of solid/hazardous waste is waste. Action plan for the disposal of fly ash given in sections 4.2.4 of Chapter- generated from boiler shall be included. 4 & Tables 6.2 & 6.4 of Chapter-6. 5. Precautions to be taken during storage and Details of the same are provided in transportation of hazardous chemicals shall section 7.3 of Chapter 7. be clearly mentioned and incorporated. 6. Material Safety Data Sheet for all the MSDS for chemicals and catalysts Chemicals are being used/will be used. CAS are attached in Annexure XII. No./RTECS No./DOT/UN etc to be mentioned against each chemicals. 7. Authorization/Membership for the disposal of Membership is not envisaged right solid/hazardous waste in TSDF. now and can be taken in future. 8. Risk assessment for storage for The same is provided in Risk chemicals/solvents. Action plan for handling & Assessment Report. safety system. 9. Details of occupational health programme. Details of occupational health programme and action plan for the same is provided in sections 4.2.7 & 6.5 of Chapter 4 & Chapter 6 respectively. 10. A Toxic Management Plan should be The same has been included in prepared. Disaster Management Plan of section 7.3 of Chapter 7. 11. A write up on “Safe Practice” followed for The same is included in RA & DMP handling, storage, transportation and in Chapter 7. unloading of chemicals to be submitted. 12. What are onsite and offsite emergency plan The onsite and offsite emergency during chemical disaster. disaster management plan is provided in section 7.3 of Chapter 7. 13. A write up on “Treatment of workers affected The same is provided in the onsite by accidental spillage of chemicals”. and offsite emergency disaster management plan in section 7.3 of Chapter 7.

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CHAPTER – 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter highlights the features of new ammonia / urea plant at Ramagundam with respect to plant configuration, raw material requirement, utilities and services, infrastructural facilities and sources of waste generation, their quantity, treatment and safe disposal of the waste.

2.1 RAMAGUNDAM FERTILIZER COMPLEX – AN OVERVIEW

The Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex will consist of New Ammonia and Urea Plants of 2200 MTPD & 3850 MTPD capacity respectively and related Offsite and Utility Facilities considering utilization of the existing facilities to the maximum extent possible. The New Units in the project shall be located in the free unencumbered available in the existing premises of FCIL Ramagundam Unit.

The Following Units shall be Ramagundam Fertilizer complex will have following units and associated utility & offsite facilities:

1) Ammonia Plant 2) Prilled Urea Plant 3) Utility System, consisting of a. Raw Water Treatment System b. Re-circulating Cooling Water System c. DM Water System d. Condensate Polishing Unit e. Inert Gas f. Compressed Air g. Fire Water System h. Steam and Power Generation System

4) Offsite System, consisting of a. Ammonia Storage b. Urea Product Storage (Urea Silo) c. Urea Bagging and Dispatch Facilities d. Effluent Treatment Plant

5) Infrastructure And Others a. Plant and non-Plant Buildings b. Workshop etc. c. Township (refurbishment of the existing Facility)

The block flow diagram for the fertilizer complex is provided in Figure 2.1.

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COOLING WATER CPP SYSTEM(SEPARATE FOR COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM (No Power back-up from Grid) AMMONIA & UREA)

INERT GAS SYSTEM

DM WATER/CPU

AMMONIA/UREA PLANT

FLARE AMMONIA TANK

EFFLUENT TREATMENT UREA CONVEYING BAGGING & RAW/FIRE WATER DISPATCH

Figure-2.1 Block Flow Diagram of Fertilizer Plant

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The details of the facilities of Fertilizer Complex are given below in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 List of Facilities in the fertilizer complex

S. No. Facility Capacity GENERAL 1. Natural gas will be obtained from the East-West Pipeline Note-1 and its trunk line. It will be transported through a spur line of around 50 km from the trunk line. 2. Natural Gas Receiving & metering facilities Note-1 3. Natural Gas Knock out Facility (includes KOD for natural Note-1 gas) PROCESS UNITS 1. Ammonia Plant 2200 TPD 2. Prilled Urea Plant 3850 TPD UTILITY SYSTEMS 1. Raw water pipeline and pumping from source Note:2 2. Raw Water Storage & Pumping (Note-2) Corresponding to ~1600 m3/hr design capacity 3. Raw Water Treatment, Treated Raw Water Pumps Corresponding to ~1600 m3/hr design capacity 4. Fire Water System including Storage, Pumping & Fire Fighting System 5. Demineralized Water System including Polished Water (2+1) chains of 150 Storage & Pumping m3/hr capacity each 6. Condensate Polishing Unit (2+1) chains of 180 m3/hr capacity each 7. Recirculating Cooling Water System for Ammonia plant, 7 + 1 Cells of 4000 CPP & OSBL facilities m3/hr each 8. Recirculating Cooling Water System for Urea Plant 5 + 1 Cells of 4000 m3/hr each 9. Plant Air System 2175 Nm3/hr 10. Instrument Air System 1875 Nm3/hr 11. Inert Gas System 600 Nm3/hr 12. Flare System (HP) – Front End/Back End 13. Flare System (LP) – Ammonia Storage 14. Steam and Power Generation System (CPP) 2 nos. Frame VI (GT + HRSG) OFFSITE FACILITIES 1. Intermediate Product Storage : Ammonia Storage Ammonia Storage: (10000 + 10000) MT and associated facilities 2. Final Product Storage : Urea Silo (Urea Silo: 45000 MT existing to be used after refurbishing + 60000 MT additional capacity to be extended) 3. Urea Bagging & Loading Facilities 4. UAS Storage and Tanker Loading Facility 2 X 500 m3 Capacity

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5. Process and Utility Interconnection Facilities - 6. Contaminated Rain Water Sewer/ Storm Water Sewer - 7. Waste Water Collection System - 8. ETP 300 m3 Capacity INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Plant Buildings - 2. Non-Plant Buildings - 3. Workshop etc. - 4. Fire fighting facilities 5. Train and truck loading facility Note-4 6. Township Note-5 OTHERS 1. Drinking water facility 2. Space provision for future facilities such as HNO3 and 100 KTPA of NH4NO3 to be kept. NH4NO3 and 80 Existing facilities reuse for those can be seen; hence KTPA HNO3 location should be suitably decided.

Notes:

2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The Fertilizer Complex consists of an Ammonia Plant of 2200 TPD capacity and a Urea Plant of 3850 TPD. The process description for these plants is given below:

Ammonia Plant

The Ammonia Plant shall be laid out in a single stream having a capacity of 2200 TPD. The basic steps in ammonia production remain same in all the Technologies. The description of various process steps involved in the production of Ammonia are as follows:

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a. Feed Gas Desulfurization b. Primary Reforming c. Process air Compression d. Secondary Reforming e. Carbon Monoxide Shift Conversion f. Carbon Dioxide Removal g. Methanation h. Drying i. Cryogenic Purification j. Compression k. Ammonia Synthesis l. Loop Purge Ammonia Recovery m. Ammonia Refrigeration n. Process Condensate Stripper o. Steam System

The Block Flow Diagram of the Ammonia Plant is given in Figure 2.2.

The description of various process steps involved in the production of ammonia are as follows:

a. Feed Gas Desulfurization

Natural gas available at battery limit is first routed through a filter and a separator. Part of the natural gas is sent to the Gas Turbine and Reformer as fuel and the rest is compressed in a single stage centrifugal motor driven compressor.

The natural gas contains total sulfur of max. 20 ppmv including H2S. Sulphur is a poison to most of the catalysts used in the downstream process and must be removed.

The feed gas is then heated in the Feed Preheat Coils located in the convection section of the Primary Reformer, prior to desulfurization.

The desulfurization of the feed gas is accomplished is in two separate steps. In the first step, the heated gas passes through a single Hydrotreater vessel, which contains hydrogenation catalyst and in second step process gas passes through two Desulphurizer vessels containing Zinc oxide catalyst.

The sulphur contained in the feedstock will reduce to a very low level i.e. less than 0.1 ppm sulphur by volume.

b. Primary Reforming

The Desulphurised feed is mixed with medium pressure steam prior to reforming. The process steam is added to achieve a 2.7 steam to carbon molar ratio in the mixed feed gas. The mixture is preheated in the convection section of the primary reformer. The hot mixed feed is distributed to the primary reformer catalyst tubes, which are suspended in the radiant section of the furnace. The feed gas passes down through the reforming catalyst and is reacted to form hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

Overall the combination of reactions is endothermic, with the duty supplied by fuel gas burners located between the rows of tubes. The furnace burners operate with down firing and develop a reformed gas temperature near 716°C at the outlet of the catalyst tubes. The effluent gas contains about 28.8 mole % dry un-reacted methane.

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Figure 2.2 Block Flow Diagram of the Ammonia Plant (steam methane reforming process)

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The convection heat is used for the following services:

Steam/gas mixed feed preheat Process air preheat High pressure steam superheating Natural gas feed preheat for desulfurization IP steam Raising Hot water Coil

The primary reformer is also provided with superheat burners for adjustment of convection coil outlet temperatures. A steam attemperator is provided between the hot and cold leg of the steam superheat coil to prevent high superheat temperatures for flexibility and turndown. The Induced Draft (ID) Fan is provided to maintain a negative draft in the reformer radiant box and pull the flue gas to the stack.

c. Process Air Compression

The process air compressor provides process air for the secondary reformer, instrument & plant air for both the ammonia & urea units and passivation air for urea plant.

d. Secondary Reforming

The process gas contains about 55.8% hydrogen and 28.8% methane (dry volume basis) as it leaves the Primary Reformer furnace and enters the Primary Reformer Effluent Transfer Line, leading to the Secondary Reformer. In a conventional secondary reformer, the quantity of air is controlled to produce a three-to-one molar ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen in the synthesis gas. With the Purifier process, about 50 percent extra air is normally used. This results in a hydrogen/nitrogen molar ratio at the feed to the cold box of 2.0 normally. The extra air provides additional reaction heat in the secondary reformer and helps to keep lower the temperature of the gas exit the primary reformer. In addition, the methane leakage is much higher than the 0.25-0.30 percent in other designs. This further relaxes the reforming severity and lowers the required secondary reformer outlet temperature. Further, higher allowable CH4 slip enables using lower S/C ratio in the reformer feed which makes this process uniquely efficient.

The Secondary Reformer effluent passes directly to the Secondary Reformer Waste Heat Boiler, where high-pressure steam is generated in a vertical, natural circulation boiler. The partially cooled gas then passes through the H.P. Steam Superheater, cooling it to the high temperature shift inlet temperature of 371°C. The H.P. Steam Superheater provides only part of the steam superheat requirements, with the remaining portion fulfilled by the coils in the primary reformer convection section.

e. Carbon Monoxide Shift Conversion

In the shift conversion step, carbon monoxide reacts with steam to form equivalent amounts of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The shift reaction is reversible and exothermic. The CO shift reaction rate is favoured by high temperature, but the equilibrium conversion of CO to CO2 is favoured by low temperature. There are two shift reaction stages in this unit, the High Temperature Shift Converter and the Low Temperature Shift Converter. In the two stages of shift conversion provided, the HTS operates with a 371°C inlet and the LTS with a 205°C inlet. Each stage of shift converter utilizes a different catalyst with its own distinct advantages.

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In the high temperature shift, a relatively low cost and more durable iron oxide catalyst produces the bulk of the shift conversion, to 3.1 mole % CO (dry basis). For the relatively low steam to gas ratio used for this plant, the HTS also contains a copper promoter to prevent unwanted side reactions that could harm the catalyst.

A more favourable equilibrium concentration (lower CO) is attained with the low temperature shift copper based catalyst. The CO leakage obtained from this combination is 0.3 mole % (dry basis). LTS catalyst permits a considerable reduction in the quantity of steam required for the overall shift conversion, but it is more expensive and susceptible to poisoning from process impurities, especially sulphur and chlorides. A reduction in the process gas CO content results in a reduction in plant feed requirements.

f. Carbon Dioxide Removal

The CO2 contained in the shifted process gas is next reduced to 500 ppmv by washing in a two–stage activated amine based system that utilizes the aMDEA process licensed by BASF.

The process gas first enters the bottom section of the CO2 Absorber where the bulk of its CO2 content is removed by absorption into semi-lean aMDEA solution. The gas then passes to the top section of the Absorber where most of the remaining CO2 is removed by absorption into lean solution. The purified gas passes through a demister at the top of the Absorber, and to the CO2 Absorber Overhead Knockout Drum, to remove any traces of entrained aMDEA solution.

The rich aMDEA solution from the bottom of the Absorber is first passed through the Hydraulic Turbine, where power is recovered by letting down the high pressure solution. This power is used to drive one of the semi-lean solution pumps.

The solution pressure at the exit of the hydraulic turbine is set to allow the major portion of the hydrogen dissolved in the solution to be flashed off. The bottom section of the HP Flash Column allows full disengagement of the gas from the solution. The flashed gas contains a substantial amount of CO2. The HP flash gases are washed with lean solution to maximize CO2 recovery before sending the flash gases to fuel system.

The solution from the bottom of is then flashed to about 2 kg/cm2(a) in the LP Flash Column. Most of the semi-lean solution is pumped back to the middle of the Absorber by the Semi- lean Solution Pumps. The rest of the semi-lean solution is pumped by the Semi-Lean Solution Circulating Pumps, through the Lean/Semi-Lean Exchanger, where it is heated to o 115 C, before it goes to the top of the CO2 stripper. A slip stream of the semilean solution is routed back to through a mechanical filter (aMDEA Solution filter.

Heat for the stripping action is provided by the CO2 Stripper Reboiler. The stripped lean aMDEA solution is cooled first by heat exchange with the Semi lean solution. It is further cooled by heat exchange with DM water in the Lean Solution/ DMW Exchanger and then cooled in the Lean Solution Cooler, by cooling water.

o The CO2 stream from the top of the stripper is cooled to 40 C in a pump around system. The product CO2 (2870 MTPD as 100%) is sent to Urea plant.

g. Methanation

The overhead gas from the carbon dioxide absorber is preheated from 50°C to 316°C in the Methanator Feed/Effluent Exchanger and Methanator Heater, The Methanator Feed/Effluent Exchanger recovers the high temperature heat in the Methanator effluent by heat exchange

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against the feed gas. The gas then flows through the Methanator where the remaining carbon oxides combine with hydrogen over a nickel catalyst to form methane and water.

Heat addition by the start-up steam heater is essential when the LT shift catalyst is new and the amount of carbon monoxide leakage from the shift converters is significantly less than design, and therefore the Methanator temperature rise is also less than design. During this period, heat from the start up heater supplements the lower heat of reaction to keep the Methanator inlet temperature above 300°C, which is ample to ensure the initiation of Methanation reactions.

The Methanator contains a bed of nickel catalyst that promotes the reaction of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with hydrogen to form methane and water.

The total amount of carbon oxides leaving the Methanator will normally be less than 5 ppmv (maximum 10 ppmv), and the methane content at the design conditions is 2.2 mole % (dry basis).

h. Drying

In preparation for drying, the Methanator effluent is cooled by heat exchange with Methanator feed and cooling water and then further cooled with ammonia refrigerant, to about 4°C. Condensate is separated and pumped.

The chilled gas from the knockout drum goes to the syngas driers, containing solid desiccants. The total of water, CO2 and NH3 content is reduced to less than 1.0 ppmv on a type 13X Zeolite (Alumino silicate) bead in the drier exit gas. Filters are provided at the drier outlet.

i. Cryogenic Purification

Dried raw synthesis gas is cooled to about minus 129 °C in the cryogenic purifier by heat exchange with make-up syngas and with purifier vent gas in the upper plate fin exchanger. The gas then flows through a turbo expander, where energy is removed to develop the net refrigeration required for the purifier. Expander energy is recovered by generating electricity.

The expander effluent is further cooled to minus 173 °C and partially condensed and then enters the purifier rectifier column. Liquid from the bottom of the rectifier is partially evaporated at reduced pressure in the shell side of the rectifier overhead condenser. This cools the rectifier overhead and generates reflux for the rectifier.

The rectifier bottoms contain the excess nitrogen, all of the methane and about 60 percent of the argon. The partially evaporated liquid leaving the shell side of the rectifier overhead condenser is reheated and vaporized by exchange with the purifier feed and then leaves the purifier as waste gas. The waste gas is used to regenerate the syngas drier and then burned as fuel in the primary reformer.

The make-up syngas from the top of the rectifier overhead condenser is reheated by exchange with purifier feed to about 1.8 °C and sent to the syngas compressor. The operation of the purifier is controlled by a hydrogen analyzer on the syngas, to maintain the exact ratio of 2.998 to 1 (hydrogen to nitrogen). The only remaining contaminant in the make-up syngas is about 0.2 percent argon.

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j. Compression

The purified syngas is compressed in two stages in the Syngas Compressor, to about 150.4 kg/cm2 (a). Recycle gas is added to the syngas before the last wheel of the second stage, and the combined flow leaves the compressor at about 158 kg/cm2 (a). This combined gas is preheated and then fed directly to the synthesis converter. The compressor is driven by a HP-extraction and condensing steam turbine.

k. Ammonia Synthesis

Ammonia is produced in a fixed-bed, horizontal converter. The converter is a three thermodynamic stage, intercooled design. The third stage is divided into two beds in series, so the converter contains a total of four beds. Each bed is filled with 1.5-3 mm iron promoted conventional catalyst. The first bed (and optionally the others) will be filled with pre-reduced catalyst. Make-up and recycle gases from the syngas compressor are preheated by exchange with the converter effluent in the feed/effluent exchanger. It then flows to the converter. Ammonia concentration in the feed to the converter is about 1.8 mole percent.

The effluent from the first bed containing about 10.5 percent ammonia is cooled by heat exchange with the feed to the converter. Heat is recovered from the second bed effluent by preheating the feed to the first bed. Ammonia concentration in the effluent from the second bed is about 16.1 mole percent. Final ammonia concentration leaving the converter is 19.9 percent.

The ammonia synthesis reaction is equilibrium governed, and proceeds with a significant exothermic temperature rise across the catalyst. The heat of reaction from the ammonia synthesis is recovered by the steam system in the Ammonia Converter Effluent/Steam Generator and Ammonia Converter, and Ammonia Converter Effluent/BFW Preheater.

After heat recovery, the converter effluent is cooled by exchange with fresh make up syngas from the syngas compressor discharge in the Ammonia Converter Feed/Effluent Exchanger, and by cooling water in the Ammonia Converter Effluent Cooler, Because of the high conversion obtained in the ammonia converter, the dew point of the converter effluent gas is several degrees above the temperature of gas exit the cooler.

The converter effluent gas is further cooled and condensed in the Ammonia Unitized Chiller. This specially designed exchanger provides cooling of the converter effluent through interchange of heat with synthesis gas returning from the Ammonia Separator, and boiling ammonia liquid at four different temperature levels (16.6 ºC, -2.2 ºC, -17.8 ºC and –33 ºC). By its unitized design, it replaces four separate exchangers, four refrigerant drums, feed/effluent exchangers and the interconnecting piping.

Synthesis gas recycles vapors from the downstream Primary Separator; pass through the center tubes counter-currently to the converter effluent as it flows through the annular space between tubes. Thus, the synthesis gas is being cooled from the larger outside tube by boiling ammonia and from the inside tube by cold recycle vapor from the primary separator. The condensed gas exit temperature of the unitized chiller is –17.8 ºC, with the liquid ammonia product disengaged from the synthesis gas in primary separator immediately downstream of the exchanger.

Approximately 2 percent of the vapor from the Ammonia Separator is removed from the synthesis loop to purge it of argon, which is contained in the makeup gas. This high pressure purge gas flow is adjusted to maintain the inert gas level in the ammonia converter feed gas to approximately 3 mole percent and is directed to the purge gas recovery section.

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Recycle vapor from the ammonia separator, containing nearly 2.63 mole percent ammonia is reheated in the Unitized Chiller as described above. The reheated recycle vapor is directed to the synthesis gas compressor and recirculated for reuse as feed to the converter.

The purge gas stream from primary separator flows to the HP Ammonia Scrubber, for recovery and removal of the ammonia it contains down to a level near 20 ppmv (50 ppmv max). The essentially ammonia free gas is divided into two parts. One part is normally sent to the fuel system (or alternatively recycled upstream of the Purifier for recovery of the hydrogen and nitrogen). The other part is mixed with the feed natural Gas.

Liquid ammonia from Primary separator is depressurized and flashed to a pressure of 19 kg/cm2 (a) in the Ammonia Letdown Drum. The flashed vapor, primarily dissolved synthesis gas, is mixed with the refrigeration system purge gas and sent to the LP Ammonia Scrubber. The remaining liquid ammonia product is then split into streams leading to the ammonia refrigeration system in Unitized Chiller, and the ammonia Refrigerant Receiver. The washed gas stream exit LP ammonia scrubber is sent to the fuel system.

l. Loop Purge Ammonia Recovery

As described earlier, the HP purge gas stream (from loop) is fed to the HP Ammonia Scrubber, and LP flash gas stream is fed to the separate LP ammonia Scrubber. In both the scrubbers, ammonia in the gas stream is recovered as an aqueous ammonia solution. The combined aqua solution from both columns is fed to Ammonia Distillation Column, which is reboiled by MP steam. The recovered overhead ammonia vapor is combined with the main ammonia stream going to the Ammonia Condenser.

m. Ammonia Refrigeration

Ammonia is condensed from the converter effluent stream by chilling with ammonia refrigerant at four levels in the previously described unitized chiller. The ammonia vapors from the four refrigeration levels are routed to Ammonia Refrigeration Compressor. The refrigeration compressor also processes the ammonia vapor from the Methanator effluent chiller. The ammonia vapor is ultimately compressed & condensed in a CW cooled Ammonia Condenser, and goes to the warm section of the ammonia accumulator.

The liquid ammonia from the cold section of the ammonia accumulator is used as refrigerant. The cold ammonia product is drawn from the cold section of the unitized exchanger and is sent to the ammonia storage via the Ammonia Product Pump. The warm ammonia product is drawn from the warm section of the accumulator, and pumped to the B.L. for urea plant. Reflux for the Ammonia distillation column is also taken from the discharge of Warm ammonia product pump.

n. Process Condensate Stripper

Process condensate from the Raw Gas Separator, is combined with the condensate from the Methanator effluent separator. The condensate is preheated by the stripper effluent in the Feed Effluent Exchanger, and then sent to Process Condensate Stripper, where dissolved carbon dioxide, methanol and ammonia are removed. The stripped condensate leaves the bottom of the stripper and is cooled. The stripped condensate is further cooled to 47°C by cooling water in stripped condensate cooler before sending to offsite for treatment in the polisher unit.

The stripping medium for the process condensate stripper is process steam on its way to the primary reformer. The steam leaving the stripper is mixed with the feed gas upstream of the primary reformer.

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o. Steam System

The steam system of the Ammonia plant contains headers. The pressure and temperature conditions of header are provided in Table 2.

Table 2.2 Header Conditions of Ammonia plant

Steam header Pressure Temperature (kg/cm2g) (°C) High Pressure (HP) 123.1 510 Medium Pressure (MP) 47 387

Intermediate Pressure (IP) 6.5 250 Low Pressure (LP) 3.5 221

The ammonia plant produces high pressure superheated steam, which is admitted to the syngas and refrigeration compressor turbines. The syngas turbine is a combination extraction-condensing machine, and the refrigeration compressor turbine is an extraction machine.

MP steam is extracted from syngas and refrigeration compressor turbines, to supply process steam and the steam for the HP BFW pump turbine as well as Ammonia distillation column Reboiler and Mol sieve regeneration heater. Excess medium pressure steam from the ammonia plant is exported to the CO2 compressor turbine of the urea plant and CW pump turbines of the Offsites, Normally all the urea plant steam needs is met by MP steam from ammonia plant.

IP steam is generated part as superheated steam and the rest as saturated steam by heat recovery from the convection section of the primary reformer.

High pressure steam is generated by process heat recovery in three steam generators, one at the outlet of the secondary reformer and the other two at the outlet of the HTS reactor and the synthesis converter. Steam generation is at 126.5 kg/cm2g, which allows 3.4 kg/cm2 pressure drop in the super heaters and piping. High pressure steam is superheated to first in HP steam super heater to about 361ºC and then to 510 ºC in the reforming furnace convection section. The high pressure superheated steam is sent to the turbines driving the syngas compressor and the refrigeration compressor.

During the start-up and emergency, MP steam is supplied from the existing HP steam (107 kg/cm2g) header or the co-gen boilers located in OSBL through letdown station.

Urea Plant

The Block Flow Diagram of the Urea Plant is given in Figure 2.3.

The description of various process steps involved in the production of urea are as follows:

p. Urea synthesis and NH3, CO2 recovery at high pressure q. Urea purification and NH3, CO2 recovery at medium and low pressures r. Urea Concentration Section s. Urea Prilling Section

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p. Urea synthesis and NH3, CO2 recovery at high pressure

Urea is produced by synthesis from liquid ammonia and gaseous carbon dioxide. In the urea reactor, the ammonia and carbon dioxide react to form ammonium carbamate, a portion of which dehydrates to urea and water. The reactions are as follows:

2 NH3 + CO2 → NH2COONH4

NH2COONH4 ↔ NH2CONH2 + H2O

In synthesis conditions, the first reaction occurs rapidly and is completed; the second reaction occurs slowly and determines the reactor volume.

The fraction of ammonium carbamate that dehydrates is determined by the ratios of the various reagents, the operating temperature, pressure and the residence time in the reactor.

The mole ratio of ammonia to carbon dioxide is around 3.1 to 3.5

The mole ratio of water to carbon dioxide is around 0.5 to 0.7

The liquid ammonia feed to Urea Unit, coming from Ammonia Unit, is filtered through NH3 filters, then enters into M.P. NH3 recovery tower and is collected in the ammonia receiver. From the receiver it is drawn and pumped t ammonia booster pumps. Part of this ammonia is sent to medium pressure absorber, as reflux, the remaining part enters the high pressure synthesis loop.

The ammonia to the synthesis loop is pumped by H.P. ammonia pumps.

Before entering the reactor, the ammonia is heated in the ammonia Preheater and used as motive fluid in the Carbamate ejector, the liquid mixture of NH3 and carbamate enters the urea reactor bottom where it reacts with the carbon dioxide compressed feed.

The carbon dioxide feed drawn from the Ammonia Unit, enters the CO2 compressor and compressed up to a pressure of about 160 kg/cm2 (g).

A small quantity of air is added to the carbon dioxide feed CO2 compressor suction in order to passivate the stainless steel surfaces of H.P. loop items, thus protecting them from corrosion both due to the reagents and reaction products.

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Figure 2.3 Block Flow Diagram of the Urea Plant

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The reaction products leaving the reactor flow to the upper part of stripper. It is a vertical intube falling film decomposer in which the liquid is distributed on the heating surface as a film and flows by gravity to the bottom. In practice it is a vertical shell-and tube exchanger, with the heating medium on shell side, and an upper head on the tube side sheet specially designed to permit the uniform distribution of urea solution. In fact, each tube has an insert- type distributor (ferrule) designed to put the feed uniformly around the tube wall in film form.

The mixed stream of overhead gases from the stripper and the recovered solution from the bottom of medium pressure absorber enters carbamate condensers. Except for incondensable gases, the stream is condensed and sent to separator, where the carbamate solution is recycled to the urea reactor, by means of carbamate ejector.

Condensing the gases at high pressure and temperature permits the production of steam at 5.6 kg/cm2 (g) in the 1st carbamate condenser and steam at 3.5 kg/cm2 (g) in the 2nd carbamate condenser. The incondensable gases consisting of inert gases (passivation air plus inerts with CO2 from B.L.) come out from the top of the carbamate separator. These gases contain a little quantity of NH3 and CO2, which are sent directly to the bottom of the medium pressure decomposer.

q. Urea purification and NH3, CO2 recovery at medium and low pressures

Urea purification and relevant overhead gases recovery take place in two stages at decreasing pressure. It is pointed out that the exchangers where Urea purification occurs are called decomposers because in these equipments the residual carbamate decomposition takes place.

1st purification and recovery stage at 17.5 kg/cm2 (g) pressure

The solution, with a low residual CO2 content, leaving the bottom of the stripper, is expanded to the pressure of 17.5 kg/cm2 (g) and enters the upper part of medium pressure decomposer. This item is mainly divided in three sections.(i) Top separator, where the released flash gases are removed before the solution enters the tube bundle; (ii) Intube falling film type decomposer, where the carbonate is decomposed and the required heat is supplied by means of condensing steam at 5.6 kg/cm2 (g) and cooling of steam condensate directly flowing out of the stripper steam condensate separator.(iii) Urea solution holder, where the 1st stage’s purified urea solution at 60-63% wt. is collected.

The NH3 and CO2 rich gases leaving the top separator are sent to the shell side of the falling film vacuum preconcentrator, where these gases are partially absorbed in aqueous carbonate solution coming from the recovery section at 3.71 kg/cm2 (g).

From the vacuum preconcentrator shell side, the mixed phase is sent to medium pressure condenser, where CO2 is almost totally absorbed and condensation/reaction heat is removed by cooling water coming from ammonia condenser.

The mixed phase effluent flows to the medium pressure absorber bottom, where the gaseous phase coming up from the liquid phase enters the rectification section. This is of bell-cap trays type and performs CO2 absorption and NH3 rectification.

The trays are fed by pure reflux ammonia, in order to balance the energy entering the column, and to remove residual CO2 and H2O contained in the rising stream of gaseous ammonia and inerts. Reflux NH3 is drawn from the ammonia receiver and sent to column by means of ammonia booster pumps.

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A gaseous current of saturated ammonia and inerts, with a few ppm of CO2 residue, comes out from the top of the rectification section column and it is partially condensed in the ammonia condenser. From here two phases are sent to the ammonia receiver.

The uncondensed stream, saturated with ammonia, leaving receiver, rises the ammonia recovery tower, where an additional amount of ammonia is condensed by means of the descending liquid ammonia stream coming from the B.L.

The gaseous stream leaving the Tower top raises the medium pressure falling film absorber, where its residual ammonia content is drastically reduced by means of countercurrent stream of an ammonia water diluted flow which absorbs gaseous ammonia. As the ammonia in the gas phase is absorbed, heat is generated which increases the temperature of descending liquid, thereby tending to prevent further ammonia absorption. To maintain the temperature at a favorable level a cooling water flow is provided in the shell side of the absorber.

2nd purification and recovery stage at 3.8 kg/cm2 (g)

The solution, with a very low residual CO2 content, leaving the bottom of the M.P. decomposer is expanded to the pressure of 3.8 kg/cm2 (g) and enters the upper part of low pressure decomposer. This item is mainly divided in three sections:

(i) Top separator, where the released flash gases are removed before the solution enters the tube bundle; (ii) Intube falling film type decomposer, where the carbamate is decomposed and the required heat is supplied by means of condensing steam at 3.5 kg/cm2 (g) (saturated); (iii) Urea solution holder, where the 2nd stage’s purified urea solution at 69-71% wt. is collected.

The gases leaving top separator are firstly mixed with the vapours coming from rectification section of the distillation tower, and subsequently sent to shell side of H.P. ammonia preheater, where they are partially condensed. The condensation heat is recovered on tube side where the H.P. liquid ammonia (feed to urea reactor) is preheated.

The ammonia preheater shell side effluent is sent to L.P. condenser, where the remaining NH3 and CO2 vapours are totally condensed. Condensation heat is removed by cooling water flowing in the tube side.

The carbonate solution at the outlet of LP condenser is recovered into carbonate solution accumulator. From here the carbonate solution is recycled back to the M.P. absorber bottom, by means of carbonate solution pumps, through the shell sides of vacuum preconcentrator and M.P. condenser respectively.

A small quantity of the low pressure carbonate solution is also used as reflux into rectification section of distillation tower.

The Carbamate solution accumulator is assembled with a low pressure washing tower, in order to help the pressure control of L.P. recovery stage. L.P. section vent is connected to the 2nd vent stack.

r. Urea concentration section

As it is necessary, in order to produce Prilled urea, to concentrate the urea solution up to 99.75% by wt., two vacuum concentration stages are provided. The solution leaving the low pressure decomposer bottom with about 70% wt. urea, is sent first to the tube side of

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vacuum preconcentrator and by the urea solution pump to 1st vacuum concentrator both operating at a pressure of 0.3 kg/cm2 (abs).

The urea solution leaving the bottom of L.P. decomposer is expanded to the pressure of 0.3 kg/cm2 (abs) and enters the upper part of vacuum preconcentrator. The vacuum preconcentrator is mainly divided in three parts, (i) Top separator, where the released flash gases are removed before the solution enters the tube bundle. Vapours are extracted by 1st vacuum system, (ii) Intake falling film type evaporator, where the low residual carbonate is decomposed and water is evaporated. The required heat is supplied by means of partial condensation (in the shell side) of overhead gas coming from the MP Decomposer; (iii) Bottom liquid holder, where the urea solution at 84-87% wt. is collected.

The urea solution leaving the vacuum preconcentrator holder is sent by the urea solution pumps, to the bottom of 1st vacuum concentrator. It is operating at the same pressure (i.e. 0.3 kg/cm2 (abs)) of vacuum preconcentrator tube side.

Saturated steam at 3.5 kg/cm2(g) is supplied to the vacuum concentrator shell side to concentrate the urea solution flowing in the tube side.

The mixed phase coming out from the process side of vacuum concentrator enters the gas- liquid 1st vacuum separator, from where vapours are again extracted by the 1st vacuum system, while the urea melt (~ 95% by wt.), by gravity flow, enters the bottom of 2nd vacuum concentrator, operating at a pressure of 0.03 kg/cm2 (abs). Saturated steam at 3.5 kg/cm2 (g) is supplied to the 2nd vacuum concentrator shell side to concentrate the urea melt flowing in the tube side.

The mixed phase coming out from the process side of 2nd vacuum concentrator enters the 2nd gas-liquid vacuum separator, from where vapours are extracted by the 2nd vacuum system, while the urea melt (~ 99.75% by wt.) is sent to Prilling section by means of urea melt pumps.

s. Urea Prilling Section

The concentrated Urea melt is sent to the Prilling Bucket by means of centrifugal Urea melt pump. Droplets of molten Urea from the Prilling bucket fall along the natural draught Prilling tower and solidify and cool while encountering a countercurrent air flow.

Some residual ppm of free ammonia is contained in the Urea melt could be released to the atmosphere, entrained by the cooling air flowing through the Prilling tower. Solid Prills are collected at the centre of Prilling tower by means of conical double arm rotary scraper, and through a conical hopper, they fell on Prilling tower belt conveyor.

The Urea lump separator ,downstream of belt conveyor ,remove any urea lumps or agglomerates which are eventually discharged directly and dissolved in the underground Urea close drain tank, through Urea recycle belt conveyor.

Finally Urea product is sent to Battery Limit by the product belt conveyor. The schematic process flow diagrams of all process units and process/ utility interconnection diagram are attached as Annexure III.

2.3 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE

The mass and energy balance of ammonia and urea plants of Ramagundam fertilizer complex is given below in figures 2.4 & 2.5 respectively.

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2.4 RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED

Natural gas shall be used as a feed in ammonia unit for producing ammonia and CO2. This ammonia and CO2 shall be the feed of urea unit. Natural gas will be obtained from the East- West Pipeline and its trunk line. It will be transported through a spur line of around 13 km from trunk line. Primarily two cases have been identified and expected composition from these sources is listed in table below:

Table 2.3 List of Raw materials used in Fertilizer Complex

Sr. Natural Gas Composition Mol% Component No. Range Case-1 Case-2 1. Methane (C1) 99.59 84.5 2. Ethane (C2) 0.07 9.0 3. Propane (C3) 0.02 3.0 4. Butanes (IC4) 0.00 2.0 5. Pentanes (IC5) 0.00 0.25 6. Heaviers (NC4, NC5, C6) 0.00 0.0 7. Nitrogen (N2) 0.15 1.25

8. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.17 0.0 9. Others Balance Balance Trace Components Sulphur as H S, ppmv 10. 2 20 (max.) Organic Sulphur, ppm 11. 3 (max) 12. Total Sulphur, ppm (max) 20 Water Vapour, ppm wt/vol 13. 100 of H2O (max) 14. Oxygen, ppm (max) 10

Notes

1) Design of Ammonia Plant shall be suitable to handle natural gas as per composition range given above. However the plant design shall be based on lean gas Case-1 (i.e. design case). 2) Captive Power Plant (CPP) shall be designed to operate with natural gas as fuel for the compositions defined above i.e. Case-1 & Case-2.

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Figure 2.4 Mass Balance of ammonia and urea plants

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AMMONIA PLANT +

CAPTIVE POWER PLANT UREA PLANT

POWER STEAM POWER STEAM GENERATION : 27.5 GENERATION : 680 TPH GENERATION : 245 TPH GENERATION : 0 MW CONSUMPTION : 375 TPH CONSUMPTION : 4.5 MW CONSUMPTION : 550 TPH CONSUMPTION : 6 MW IMPORT : 0 IMPORT : 130 TPH IMPORT : 4.5 MW IMPORT : 0 EXPORT : 130 TPH EXPORT : 0 EXPORT : 0 EXPORT : 21.5 MW

OFFISTE AND UTILITIES

STEAM POWER GENERATION : 0 GENERATION : 0 CONSUMPTION : 0* CONSUMPTION : 17 MW IMPORT : 0* IMPORT : 17 MW EXPORT : 0 EXPORT : 0

* During normal operation, no steam is required in Utilities & Offsites. However during Intermittent consumptions like hose stations, Ammonia Pre heater etc., steam can be taken from steam header.

Figure 2.5 Energy Balance of Ammonia and Urea Plants

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The estimated chemicals to be used in the ammonia process of both the licensors are given in Tables 2.4 & 2.5 respectively.

Table 2.4 Estimated Chemical Consumption – Licensor 1

Licensor-1 CO2 Removal System Estimated Initial Charge Estimated Annual (Note 3,4) Inventory OASE Premix 490 MT of OASE Premix 44 MT of OASE Premix to (This solution is diluted to make-up for annual losses 40 wt%) Anti-Foaming Agent 60 liters. Initial requirement: 220 (Amerel 1500) (To give 50 ppm initial liter concentration) Dosing rate: 350-450 ml/day Water treatment Estimated Initial Charge Estimated Annual Inventory chemicals

Note: 1) The quantities do not include allowance for spillage or unusual losses. 2) Initial charge/inventory volume is subject to confirmed by DED after piping volume is finalized. 3) The CO2 removal system is based on BASF’s two stage OASE CO2 Removal technology. This system uses activated OASE solution supplied by BASF. 4) Plant owner will contract with BASF supply of chemicals, the above numbers will be finalized with BASF.

Table 2.5 Estimated Chemical Consumption – Licensor 2

Licensor-2 aMDEA unit Estimated Initial Charge (for Estimated consumptions of pre-commissioning and 1st chemicals charge)

aMDEA (note-1,2) 420000 kg 22000-42000 kg/year Enriched aMDEA (Note-5) - 16000-22900 kg/year

Anti-Foaming Agent 160 kg 480 kg/year (Amerel 1500) (Note-3)

Potash (K2CO3) 40000 (note-4) - Chemicals for BFW Estimated Initial Charge Estimated Annual Inventory preparation Trisodium Phosphate 800 kg/year Hydrate, Na3PO4 12 H2O

All chemicals will be brought from different vendors through trucks. The trucks will use national and state highways for transportation of materials. If huge quantity is required to be brought from other states, then railway wagons can be used and the materials will be unloaded at Ramagundam station. From there, the slip way railway line will be used to carry the raw materials. The transportation of end product will be through trucks (locally & within state) and railway (out of state). All Material Safety Datasheets are attached in Annexure XII.

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2.5 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

The fertilizer complex shall produce 3850 TPD prilled Urea as final product.

2.5.1 Product Specification

The fertilizer complex shall produce urea using natural gas as raw material. The production of urea requires intermediate production of ammonia and carbon dioxide from natural gas. Specification of these products is given in the Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 Product Specification of Fertilizer Complex

Product/property Unit Specification Ammonia Ammonia Content wt% 99.9 min Water wt% 0.1 max Oil ppmw 3 max Carbon Dioxide CO2 Content Dry Volume% 99.3 (min) Inert (including hydrogen) Dry Volume% 0.7 (max) Water Vapour Saturated @ given temperature Oil wt ppm 3 (max) Prilled Urea Total Nitrogen wt% 46.3 (min) (dry basis) Biuret wt% 1.0 (max) Moisture wt% 0.3 (max) Iron increase Vs raw material ppm 1 max Free Ammonia ppm 100 max Particle Size Distribution Mean Prill Diameter +2.8 mm Maximum 10% wt (Under review) +1.7 to 2.8 mm Minimum 80% wt -1.7 mm Maximum 20% wt

2.6 UTILITIES SYSTEMS

The utility facilities for the Fertilizer Complex consist of the following:

a. Raw Water System b. Cooling Water System c. Condensate Polishing System and DM (Polished) Water System d. Compressed Air System e. Nitrogen System

Note: The capacities mentioned for utilities systems may require change in line with licensor technology and operational requirements.

a) Raw Water System

The source of raw water for the fertilizer complex is from Yellampalli barrage near Godavari River.

Filtered and treated raw water is required to meet following requirements:

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Z Cooling water make-up for both Ammonia / CPP / OSBL & Urea Cooling Towers Z DM plant feed Z Service water Z Drinking water Z Fire water make-up will be from untreated raw water supply.

The raw water requirement for the complex is given the Table 2.7.

Table 2.7 Treated Raw Water Consumption

Purpose Requirement (KL/day) Normal Raw water to DM plant 4500 Make-up water to Cooling Tower 23540 (Ammonia + CPP CT and Urea CT) Service Water 480 Drinking Water 480 Total Treated Raw Water Requirement 29000

Fire Water Requirement 1200 Raw Water Requirement 30500 (Considering losses in the Raw Water Treatment Plant)

Note-1: The Maximum Raw Water Requirement is calculated based on the One Maximum requirement of one consumer and the requirements of other consumers as Normal.

System capacity

The system capacity is 1600 m3/hr of raw water corresponding to 1500 m3/hr of treated raw water requirement.

System facilities

The facilities required are:

Z Raw water reservoir, filtration and pumping Z Raw water treatment plant Z Dedicated facility for drinking water Z Raw water reservoir for Fire water make-up within complex Z Raw water pumps for transfer of raw water from barrage to intermediate storage and for further transfer from intermediate storage to raw water reservoir within the complex. The total hold-up time of settling pond along with raw water reservoir within the complex shall be for 5 days of raw water requirement Z Treated raw water storage within complex having compartment wise storage, Treated raw water pumps for cooling water make-up, service water, DM plant feed make-up and drinking water Z Raw water pumps for fire water make-up

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b) Cooling Water System

The Cooling water system will cater to the cooling water requirements of all facilities of the complex. The bearing cooling water requirements of pumps, compressors etc. shall also be met from cooling water system. The cooling water system envisaged for the Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex (RFC) is fresh water recirculating type.

The cooling water system provides cooling water to all users and controls the chemical composition of circulating cooling water to prevent corrosion, biological growth and solids deposits in piping etc. Cooling water return from various units is to be routed to the cooling tower.

The cooling water system for Ramagundam fertilizer complex will consist of two independent cooling water generation & distribution systems:

1) Ammonia, CPP and OSBL Cooling Water System (Tower CT-1):

System capacity

This cooling water system will cater to the cooling water requirement of the following units:

Z Ammonia Unit Z CPP (to be confirmed by Licensor) Z Compressed Air system Z Nitrogen plant Z DM plant + CPU Z Cryogenic ammonia storage Z Bearing cooling water Z Offsites

The total normal cooling water demand is 22335 m3/h. The rated capacity of the system is 24568 m3/h.

System facilities

There are no existing facilities which can be utilized for the cooling water system. New facilities are as follows:

Z Cooling towers - (7 +1) cells of 4000 m3/hr capacity each Z Cooling water circulating pumps - (3+1) pumps of 7500 m3/hr capacity each. Z Cooling water distribution headers, independent headers for supply & return. Online analyzers shall be provided on these headers. Z Cooling water treatment facilities (viz. chemical dosing for quality control, pH control etc.) and other auxiliary items. Z Two nos. (1 + 1) emergency power driven pumps of capacity 1000 m3/hr each along with a dedicated header to CPP shall be provided in the (Ammonia + CPP) cooling water system. These shall be used for CPP start-up requirements.

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2) Urea Cooling Water System (Tower CT-2):

System capacity

The total cooling water demand of Urea plant will be met from Urea Cooling Water System.

The total normal cooling water demand is 17807 m3/h. The rated capacity of the system is 19588 m3/h.

System facilities

Z Cooling towers - (5 +1) cells of 4000 m3/hr capacity each Z Cooling water circulating pumps - (3+1) pumps of 8000 m3/hr capacity each Z Cooling water distribution headers, independent for supply & return each. Online analyzers shall be provided on these headers Z Cooling water treatment facilities (viz. chemical dosing for quality control, pH control etc.) and other auxiliary items

3) Future Capacity

For future installation, one number CT cell of capacity 4000 m3/hr and a pump of same capacity provision (space for future cell & a pump and hook up connections for integrating cell and Pump) shall be made in the system considered above. This shall be used for downstream plant facilities such as Ammonium Nitrate / Nitric acid system etc.

c) Condensate Polishing System and DM (Polished) water System:

1) Condensate system

Most of steam after getting used in turbine drives, exchangers etc gets converted to condensate which is recovered. Based on possibility of contamination and type of use, condensate is classified into following:

Z Process Condensate Z Turbine Condensate Z Steam condensate

Condensate polishing unit (CPU) capacity

The minimum condensate recovery from the complex shall be 340 m3/h. Based on that and considering one maximum condensate; the design capacity of the CPU is considered to be 360 m3/h.

CPU facilities

The CPU shall be provided with following facilities:

Z 2 working + 1 standby CPU chains of 180 m3/hr capacity each Z Two Nos. of unpolished condensate storage tanks of 5400 m3 capacity each, one in filling mode & the other in delivery mode Z Un-Polished condensate pumps- Three pumps (2 operating + 1 standby) of 180 m3/hr each shall be provided.

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2) DM (Polished) Water system

Polished water in the Ammonia - Urea complex under Ramagundam fertilizer complex is required for the following purposes:

Z Make-up water to Deaerator in Ammonia plant for steam generation Z Make-up to steam condensate system in Urea plant. Z As process water for caustic dilution, dosing chemicals preparation etc.

Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex shall have a DM water Plant catering to the requirements of the DM Water to the Steam Generation and Process Units.

Polished water is produced in the complex by following two sources: a) Condensate recovered from the process units/utilities/CPP after treatment in CPU. b) Make-up DM water, from raw water.

The treated streams are collected in polished water storage tanks, from where it is fed to process units through polished water pumps.

DM Plant capacity

The normal requirement of polished water is 172 m3/h. Based on that and considering 20 hour of operation and 4 hours of regeneration, the design capacity of DM plant is 450 m3/h.

DM Plant facilities

The DM plant shall be provided with following facilities:

Z 2 working + 1 standby DM water chains of 150 m3/hr capacity each. Z 2 nos. Nitrogen blanketed tanks of 13000 m3 capacity each Z Polished water Pumps- Two nos. (1 operating + 1 stand by) of 520 m3/hr capacity each

d) Compressed Air system:

During normal operation of the plant, Ammonia plant supplies compressed air to Compressed air system in OSBL and passivation air to Urea plant. Compressed air system will cater to the requirement of Plant and instrument air for following units:

Z Ammonia unit Z Urea unit Z Other Utilities and Offsites systems

Compressed air system capacity

The total normal requirement of plant and instrument air is 1875 and 2175 Nm3/h respectively.

Based on above, following system facilities are considered:

Z One no. Centrifugal compressor One no. LP air receiver Z Two nos. Instrument air dryer Z One no. HP air receiver

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Z One no. HP air compressor

e) Nitrogen system:

High purity nitrogen is required in the complex for following purposes:

Z Inerting / dry out of plant during start-up Z Purging of systems during shutdowns Z Continuous purging of compressor seals Z Blanketing of surge drums and storage tanks Z Flare header purging in units and off-sites

Nitrogen system shall cater to the needs of the Ammonia plant, Urea plant and utility & offsite facilities.

Nitrogen system capacity

The capacity of Nitrogen plant shall be 600 Nm3/hr consisting of 510 Nm3/hr of gaseous nitrogen & 90 Nm3/hr of liquid (gaseous Equivalent). To meet the Air requirement for Nitrogen plant a dedicated screw compressor shall be provided. No standby compressor within Nitrogen plant is envisaged. In addition a back up connection shall be provided from the centrifugal air compressor of the IA/PA system, which can be used (to be connected with manual valves) in case of non availability of screw compressor for meeting the requirement of Nitrogen plant feed.

2.6.1 Details of offsite facility

The offsite systems in the Fertilizer Complex comprises of:

a. Flare System b. Steam & Power System/Captive Power Plant

a) Flare System

The Flare system is provided for safe disposal of combustible, toxic gases that are relieved from process plants and offsites during start-up, shutdown, and normal operation or in case of an emergency such as:

a) Cooling water failure b) General Power failure c) External fire d) Any other operational failure- - Blocked Outlet - Reflux Failure - Local Power failure - Tube rupture

System Details

The flare system shall consist of following subsystems:

A) Front End Flare System

Hydrocarbon flare releases from the Ammonia unit are included in this system.

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B) Back End Flare System

Flare releases containing ammonia are included in this system.

C) LP (Ammonia Storage) Flare

Flare releases from ammonia storage tanks are included in this system.

Each flare system shall consist of a flare stack, a flare KOD and a flare header. There shall be a fuel gas knockout drum common for both front and back end flares.

b) Steam & Power System/Captive Power Plant (CPP)

In order to have best optimized energy consumption for the complex the CPP has been integrated with Ammonia unit. The CPP will meet all the requirements of ammonia unit for normal as well as startup/emergency operations; in addition CPP shall supply the required power and steam to rest of the facilities of the complex.

CPP is the central unit supplying steam (HP/ MP/ LP) and power to all process units, utility systems & offsites. It consists of GTG/ HRSG, Deaerators and other auxiliaries.

1) Steam system

Steam is consumed in the complex at three levels, viz. High Pressure (HP) Steam, Medium Pressure (MP) Steam, Low Pressure (LP) Steam. Steam is also generated at all three levels within process units / facilities of complex either in process steam generators or through steam turbines for process pump / compressor turbine drives.

Steam is used in the fertilizer complex mainly for the following purposes besides the internal demand of CPP:

Z Process use (Chemical reaction, Stripping steam etc.) Z Steam drives for some of the compressors/pumps Z As heating medium for steam heated exchangers Z Steam tracing of lines Z De-aeration Z Intermittent requirement like decoking, purging etc.

2) Power System

Power is used in the complex for following main purposes, besides the internal power demand of captive power plant (CPP):

Z For driving motors to run various rotating machinery (pumps, compressors, blowers, etc.) Z For meeting the power demand of instruments Z For operating electric heaters (like instrument air dryer heater, electric tracing of lines if specified, etc.) Z For plant lighting and other miscellaneous purposes, etc.

The CPP power/ steam integration with the other facilities (NH3 / Urea unit) is a very important factor for designing a low specific energy consumption ammonia urea complex. The basis of CPP design is indicated below.

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The major aspects are as follows:

Z GT/HRSG configuration will be considered Z 100% standby will be considered. Z CPP will be configured to supply total demand of the complex except the following:

o Township, which will be supplied from grid power and only back-up will be provided from CPP o Raw water pumps, which are located outside Fertilizer complex. Grid power will be considered

3) CPP Configuration

The standard configuration of ammonia unit for different Licensors leads to different steam/power requirements considering the process air compressor (PAC) is on GT drive or steam drive. For licensor having gas turbine drive for PAC, the power requirement is less as well as steam export is higher as natural gas requirement for feed and fuel is higher. For licensors having PAC drive on steam, the requirement of power as well as steam is higher. The requirement of power and steam for the Urea unit is comparable for different licensors. This leads to a tailor made CPP design corresponding to various ammonia licensors.

The CPP configuration has been worked out considering most conservative demand of Power and Steam by the ammonia licensor. In this case most of the drives in ammonia unit are on steam, else motor drive. Thus, steam export from ammonia unit meets only partial requirement of Urea, balance requirement to Urea unit will be considered through CPP.

The power and steam requirement considered for CPP configuration is given in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8 Power / Steam requirement of the fertilizer complex

Systems Power requirement (KW) Ammonia Unit + Cooling Tower 10696 Prilled Urea Unit + Cooling Tower 10478 Others 7598 Total 28772 (32540 max) HP Steam Export 80 TPH

Based on above (1+1) GT of frame VI and HRSG of 90 TPH (Considering requirement of start-up steam also) is considered. A total standby configuration requirement is met. During normal operation one (GT+HRSG) combine shall be operating and HP steam generated from HRSG shall be exported out to Urea plant/OSBL. During start-up the GT shall operate at part load and HRSG shall generate HP steam with auxiliary firing to ammonia plant start-up requirements.

Power requirement for future facilities such as HNO3/ NH4NO3 can be accommodated within normal power requirement. However, in case of maximum power requirement by ammonia, urea complex, the future facilities power demands cannot be accommodated within rated power output of single GT. In that case a different mode of operation needs to be explored.

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2.7 NATURAL GAS RECEIPT FACILITY

The proposed facility involves a natural gas supply system consisting of a Single Point Mooring (SPM) from SV-17 point of GITL pipeline at Gumnoor. Three options are kept open for the gas receiving facility at Fertilizer plant complex.

(a) Near to Main entrance/ Fabrication Yard (b) Near to Air/ N2 Plant (c) Feasible point outside the plant premises, near to compound wall. For this scenario, the consortium has to take up the pipeline connectivity from outside of the compound wall to the end usage point of fertilizer complex.

The feasibility of three gas receiving facilities is attached as Annexure-IV.

2.8 FLUE GASES UTILIZATION

All the Licensors under consideration for providing Ammonia and Urea Technology for the proposed fertilizer complex adopt their best possible energy integration to minimize overall energy consumption of the complex. Following specific features illustrates the utilization of flue gases/ waste gases for power or energy generation:

Z The convection heat of flue gases from Primary Reformer is utilized in preheating/ superheating various process and utility streams.

Z The high temperature of the process gas, exit from the Secondary Reformer is utilized in producing High Pressure Steam/ Steam Superheating. The steam produced is utilized in Steam Turbine drives of various process Compressors, both in Ammonia and in Urea Plant.

Z Exothermic heat of Shift Conversion and Ammonia Synthesis are also utilized in Steam generation and various Process/utility streams heating-up.

Z All the off gases from various sections are utilized as fuel in Primary Reformer. Therefore in normal operation there is no venting from ammonia plant.

Z In the CPP, GT-HRSG combination is proposed. GT exhaust flue gases are utilized for generating High pressure steam in HRSG, BFW preheating and low pressure steam generation.

Z Flue gases from Gas turbine exhaust may also be utilized in Primary Reformer along with combustion air, thereby contributing to attain maximum thermal efficiency of Reformer.

2.9 WATER BALANCE – FERTILIZER PLANT

The withdrawal of water will be from Yellampalli barrage which is 10-12 km upstream of the proposed project. Pipeline will be laid from the barrage to the existing raw water reservoir located near to the downstream of Godavari basin and from there it the raw water shall be pumped to the complex using the existing facilities after refurbishment.

FCIL applied to the District Collector, Karimnagar for allocation of water to FCIL on 31/05/2007. The same letter was forwarded to Superintending Engineer, Sripada Yellampalli Project by Executive Engineer, Ramagundam Division on 17/05/2008 seeking

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consent for allotment of 1.0 TMC of water to FCI, Ramagundam per year. The same letter is attached as Annexure-VIII.

A Raw Water Treatment Plant shall be provided in the complex to treat the raw water as received from the barrage and Treated Raw Water shall be utilized for Make-up in the Cooling tower, Production of DM Water, Service Water, Fire Water and Drinking Water.

Effluent water generated within the complex shall comprise of Cooling Tower blowdown, Waste water from Ammonia and Urea Plants, Boiler blowdown, Flare Seal water, contaminated Rain Water and the Sanitary Effluent. The Effluents shall be treated in an Effluent treatment Plant located in the Fertilizer complex and the treated ETP water shall be utilized for Green belt development within the complex (Plant as well as township) and the Balance treated Effluent shall be discharged to the Godavari River.

Sanitary Effluent from the township as well as the Plant shall be treated in a separate section in the ETP and the treated sanitary Effluent shall also be used for green belt development.

The Contaminated Rain water after treatment shall be discharged outside the Complex.

The raw water consumption is already given in the Table 2.7 and Water Balance for the Fertilizer Complex is provided in Figure 2.6.

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Figure 2.6 Water balance of Ramagundam Fertilizer Plant

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2.10 ENVIRONMENT MITIGATION MEASURES

a) Air Pollution Management System

Air emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer manufacturing facilities consist of greenhouse gases (GHGs) – typically carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, gaseous inorganic compounds and particulate less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter.

Process emissions from urea plants consist mainly of ammonia (NH3) and dust. Fugitive emissions of NH3 from tanks, valves, flanges and tubing may also occur. Prilling tower is a major source of emission of urea dust. The final fertilizer product requires a large volume of cooling air, which is subsequently emitted to the atmosphere.

The identified sources of air pollution and the most stringent values from various licensors obtained are as follow:

1) Flue gases from Reformer:

NOx: <250 mg/Nm3 (wet) SOx: 1 ppmv (wet)

2) Flue gases from GT / HRSG

NOx: <250 mg/Nm3 (wet) SOx: 1 ppmv (wet)

3) Urea dust from Prilling Tower

Urea dust < 50 mg/Nm3 Ammonia < 120mg/Nm3

4) Emissions from any other sources

In case of accidental discharges / process offsets, emissions will be released through Flare Stack approximately 100 m high. The Carbon Dioxide byproduct stream from ammonia plant is supplied to urea plant. In case the urea plant is in shutdown or running on partial load, the entire Carbon Dioxide stream or part of the stream is vented to atmosphere.

The gaseous emissions from the proposed project will be controlled to meet all the relevant standards stipulated by the regulatory authorities. The following guidelines for minimizing emissions from flare shall be followed for the project:

Guidelines for Minimizing Emissions from Flare

1) For each flare system it is necessary to establish the maximum quantity of waste gas, which can be handled. It is also required to establish the minimum quantity of pilot and purge gas to ensure safe, stable operation and readiness to take the maximum quantity of waste gas. There is need of measurement of pilot, purge and vent gas to flare. The composition and sulphur should be determined. After establishing base data, the plant should aim towards using essentially pilot and purge gases in the flare. Under this condition, the flare should be completely smokeless. The above may be achieved by a combination of the following techniques:

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Z Reducing relief gas to flare by management/good housekeeping practices Z Using high integrity relief valves Z Applying advanced process control

2) The flow rates of pilot purge and vent gas to flare are to be monitored. Vent gas should have on/off flow indicator in addition. The opacity of the flare is to be measured. 3) For normal to 20% of max flare capacity the flare should be smokeless. At higher capacities low smoke is desirable. The flare system is to provide safe, reliable stand-by system to meet short periods of venting due to start-up, shutdown and emergencies. Pilot should be under monitoring and under continuous detection. Flare should be under observation. 4) Quantity of gas vented to the flare should be reported. The periods of venting should be recorded and target is to have it for less than 5 minutes in consecutive two hours and 24 hrs in a year. Noise level is to be measured and reported. 5) To minimize the Urea dust emission from the Prilling tower adequate de-dusting and wet scrubber units shall be installed. 6) The heights of various stacks will be determined taking into consideration the “Guidelines for Minimum Stack Height” as per notification by MoEF dated 19th May 1993, which fixes the minimum stack height based on emission of Sulphur Dioxide. This is as given below:

H = 14 (Q)0.3

Where H = Stack Height in m Q = Sulphur Dioxide emission in Kg/hr

If, the Pollution Control Board specifies any minimum stack height, the higher of the two will be selected. However, restriction imposed by Civil Aviation Department shall also be considered.

Prevention and control measures for air emissions on personnel and the environment

The technology licensors providing the ammonia and urea plants have start of the art technology to prevent or minimize air pollution.

The technologies are inherently energy efficient and best utilize energy integration and optimization resulting in minimum possible energy consumption per MT of ammonia and urea production and less pollutants generation from fuel burning.

Heat duty of reformer furnace is about 2/3rd of a conventional plant. i.e. Flue gas emissions and CO2 emissions are very less. CO2 produced in the process is converted to urea rather than sending it to atmosphere and thus contributing to green house effect.

Primary reformer is operated at less severe condition i.e. less fuel consumption and duty is transferred to secondary reformer. Nearly 100 % heat is recovered in secondary reformer compared to 40-50% from primary reformer. Heat recovered in secondary reformer is utilized in steam generation which makes ammonia plant self sufficient in steam and it becomes net exporter of the steam to Urea Plant and other offsite area.

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Highly efficient Gas Turbines are proposed for driving various compressors as well as GTs in CPP. This shall further reduce the flue gas generation. All the Gas turbines shall utilize low NOx burners.

All the off-gases are utilized in the reformer for firing. In normal operation no gas is vented.

Prilling tower design comprises of natural draft of air, instead of forced/induced draft, resulting in urea dust emission lower than 50 mg/Nm3 in air.

Emissions from production plants are monitored to meet emission standards.

Fugitive leak detecting equipments are installed in plants.

Ammonia emissions from relief valves or pressure control devices from vessels or storages are collected and sent to a flare or to safe location.

Spilled /off-spec urea product is collected and recycled to the process.

Use of protective gas masks is mandatory for workers for personal protection.

b) Water Pollution Management System

Effluent Treatment and Maintaining discharge standard:

A comprehensive waste water management system shall be provided in the Fertilizer Complex to treat the liquid effluent to meet the EC / State Pollution Control Board requirements. The waste water treatment plant at Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex shall be designed based on combining physical, chemical and biological treatment systems to effectively control the quality of effluent. The overall layout plan of ETP is given in Figure 2.7.

The following Liquid Effluents shall be generated from the Complex.

Ammonia Process Effluent : 12 m3/hr (avg.) Urea Process Effluent : 10 m3/hr (avg.) DM /CPU Regeneration Effluent : 24m3/hr (avg.) Washing / Flare Seal Effluent : 05 m3/hr CPP / Ammonia Boiler blowdown : 05 m3/hr Ammonia Cooling Tower Blowdown : 110 m3/hr Urea Cooling Tower Blowdown : 85 m3/hr Miscellaneous Effluent : 10 m3/hr Raw Water Treatment : 12.5 m3/hr

Sanitary flow : 10 m3/hr

Contaminated Rain Water : 50 m3/hr in wet weather

The design values of various parameters in inlet and outlet of ETP are summarized in the following tables 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, & 2.12.

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Table 2.9 ETP Inlet Design Oily Effluent Quality

t. Parameter Concentration Temperature 25 Deg. C pH 6.5 - 9.0 Oil, mg/l 100 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 200

BOD 27°C, 3 days, mg/l 100 - 200 COD, mg/l 300 - 500 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 - 1500

Organophosphate as PO4, mg/l 10 Conductivity, micro mho/cm ~ 3500

M Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 100 - 150 Ammonical Nitrogen, mg/l 25 - 100 Free Ammonia Nitrogen, mg/l 5 - 10 Iron as Fe, mg/l 2 - 5

Total Silica as SiO2, mg/l 30-50 SDI Out of Range All Other Metals BDL

Table 2.10 ETP Inlet Design Sanitary Effluent Quality

Parameter Concentration BOD, mg/l 200 COD, mg/l 400 TSS, mg/l 200

Table 2.11 ETP Inlet Design CRWS effluent Quality

Parameter Concentration

BOD27 deg. C, 3 days, mg/l 100 COD, mg/l 200 TSS, mg/l 200 Total Oil, mg/l 50

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Figure 2.7 Overall layout of ETP - Ramagundam Fertilizer Plant

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Table 2.12 ETP Design Treated Effluent Quality

u. Parameter Concentration pH 6.0-8.5 Ammonical Nitrogen, mg/l 50 Total Kjedahl Nitrogen, mg/l 100 Free Ammonical Nitrogen, mg/l 4 Nitrate Nitrogen, mg/l 10 Cyanide as CN, mg/l 0.2 Vanadium as V, mg/l 0.2 Arsenic as As, mg/l 0.2 Suspended Solids, mg/l 100 Oil & Grease, mg/l 10 Hexavalent Chromium as Cr, mg/l 0.1 Total Cr as Cr, mg/l 2.0

Paving the process areas to avoid contamination of soil/sub soil/ ground water in case of accidental spills/leakage of hydrocarbon liquids. Removal of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia which are toxic, odorous and exhibit high oxygen demand by stripping the process sour water. Effluent Recycle: In order to increase the reuse and recycle of treated effluent the same is proposed to be routed to the horticulture system. Rain water harvesting schemes in Township.

c) Noise Pollution Management System

The overall noise levels in and around the plant area shall be kept well within the corresponding allowable limits by providing noise control measures including acoustic hoods, silencers, enclosures etc. on all sources of noise generation. Noise levels shall be monitored regularly through third party appointed by the proponent at various areas within the plant and also outside around the plant boundary. If any abnormalities are found and are not in line with OSHA guidelines, counter measures shall be initiated to bring down the noise levels to stipulated norms.

The ambient noise levels conform to the standards prescribed under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 Rules, and 1989 viz. 75 dBA (day time) and 70 dBA (night time).

Based on the segregation of noise generating sources there shall be two major categories i.e. Category A for in-plot areas and Category B for off-plot areas. Category A shall be further subdivided as per occupational pattern. The permissible noise levels for 8 hours exposure for Category A shall be as per Table 2.14.

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Table 2.13 Noise level measurement for Category A

Category Class Type of areas Noise level dB(A) A1 Operational General work Pump, 85 area compressors, turbine Workshop, 70 fabrication shop etc. Inside battery unit 80 roads Restricted area High capacity 90 pumps, compressors Abnormal During emergency 110 condition and plant shutdown A2 Loading/ 60 Unloading A3 Silent Office, medical 50 centre

d) Land Pollution Management System:

During the design stage itself due care will be taken to select the process technologies generating minimum solid wastes so that their handling, treatment and disposal do not cause any serious impact on the existing land environment. Also, efforts will be made to recycle some of the spent catalysts by way of returning to the original supplier for reprocessing.

The following wastes shall be generated from the Complex:

1) Spent Catalyst 2) ETP Sludge 3) Waste Oil

Table 2.14 List of Catalysts Used in Ammonia Plant

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Synthesis 9. HTER 4 20.24 -

Solid Waste Disposal

The Solid wastes generated in the proposed Plant are mainly spent catalyst wastes:

Catalytic wastes include nickel, iron, iron oxide/ chromium oxide, copper oxide/ zinc oxide and aluminum oxide.

The following strategies may be recommended for the management of spent catalysts:

On-site management: This includes submerging pyrophoric spent catalysts in water during temporary storage and transport until they can reach the final point of treatment to avoid uncontrolled exothermic reactions.

Off-site management: The spent catalysts could be sent to the manufacturers for regeneration/ recovery; or to waste disposal companies that can recover the heavy metals through recovery and recycling processes.

The following strategies are recommended for solid waste management:

2.11 EXISTING FACILITIES TO BE USED

The fertilizer plant is situated at Ramagundam, Karimnagar district of Telangana State. The old fertilizer plant with all facilities has to be dismantled. The site for new facilities for New Urea / Ammonia Plant shall be located just adjacent to the old units within the premises of the existing Fertilizer complex itself at Ramagundam. The photographs of old units and the existing fertilizer plant are given below.

The existing township of FCIL shall be refurbished as required. The township of FCIL is having the following facilities which are going to be refurbished in the proposed project.

1310 quarters (all types) 40 bedded hospital 2 community centers 2 schools/colleges Guest House (23 rooms) 20 shops

The overall layout plan of the fertilizer plant and the township is shown in Annexure-V.

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2.12 GROUNDWATER AND AQUIFER STUDY

The detailed ground water of Karimnagar district was studied by Central Ground Water Board, Southern Region, Hyderabad and published a comprehensive report in 2007. Based on the above report as reference, the following conclusions are made.

Hydrogeology

The major rock types occurring in the Karimnagar district are granites, genisses, sandstone, limestone, shale, quartzites etc. The occurrence and movement of the ground water is a consequence of a finite combination of topographical, climatological, hydrological,

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geological, structural and pedalogical factors, which together form integrated dynamic system. All these factors are interrelated and inter dependent, each providing a insight into the total functioning of this dynamic system. Hydrogeological conditions of the district are shown on Figure 2.8. The yields of the wells depend on the recharge conditions and spacing of the wells. The yields will reduce drastically in drought situations particularly in phereatic aquifer and where cluster of wells exists in deeper fractures, thereby leading to failure of wells. The nature of occurrence and behaviour of ground water in different water bearing formations are discussed below.

Archaean and Dharwar Group of Rocks

These rocks types occupy about two thirds area of the district. The crystalline rocks like granite and gneisses lack primary porosity. They develop secondary porosity through fracturing and weathering over ages and thus become water bearing. The movement of ground water is controlled by the degree of inter-connection of these secondary pores/voids. The depth to bed rock varies from few meters to 30 m bgl.

Ground Water in Pakhals and Sullavais

The Pakhals and Sullavais are the oldest sedimentary rocks known as Purana formations occur in the northern part of the district. They comprise mainly quartzites, sandstones and limestones. They are hard, compact and possess limited primary porosity. However, subsequent fracturing and fissuring followed by weathering enabled them to form aquifers locally. The yields in the limestone are about 45 m3/day and in sand stone it from 50 to 75 m3/day. In general they form poor aquifers.

Ground Water in Gondwanas

They are the youngest sedimentary rocks and occupy 18 percent of the district area in the northwestern part. The Gondwanas are represented by Talchir boulder bed, shale and sand stone, Barakar sand stones, sand stones and clays of Barren measures, Ferrugenous sand stones and clays of Kamthi series, gritty sand stones and clays of Maleri series, Kota formation comprising of shales with intercalated shales, fine to medium grained sand stone and lime stone and Chikiala formations represented by ferrogenous sand stone and conglomerates associated with clay and shale bands.

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Figure 2.8 Hydrogeology map of Karimnagar district

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Shallow Phereatic Aquifers

The Talchir boulder bed is favorable for sinking open wells and the yields range from 15 to 25 m3/day. The yields of the dug wells in Barakars and Barren measures vary from 40 to 90 m3/day. The shallow bore wells tapping Kamthisand stones have yields of 10 m3/day and the transmissivity is about 70 m2/day. The shallow borewells tapping the Kota sand stones have discharge of 5 to 7 m3/Hr for draw down of 10 m and the transmissivity varies from 25 to 30 m2/day.

Deeper Confined Gondwana Aquifers

Central Ground Water Board has proved the existence of deeper aquifers in the Gondwana formations by constructing test wells. Deeper aquifers are not encountered in Barakar sand stones. Barren measures have deeper aquifer with discharge ranging from 7.9 to 50 m3/day. Potential zones in these formations at places may be due to encountering of fracture planes. Kamthi sand stones have potential aquifers at deeper depths upto 300 m. the discharge vary from 1638 m3/day to 4 197 m3/day. The transmissivity values ranging from 49.9 to 668 m2/day. Deeper aquifers in the Kota formation are of poor or limited yields varying upto 26 m3/day. Deeper aquifers in the Maleri formation occur upto a depth of 206 m with discharges varying from 1143 to 1259 m3/day and the transmissivity values range from 28 to 50 m2/day.

Ground Water in Alluvium

Alluvium comprising sand, silt and clay occurs along the banks of the river Godavari down to a maximum depth of 20 m bgl near Mahadevpur. The filter point wells of depth 10 to 20 m bgl constructed in these aquifers sustain continuous pumping. The sandy aquifer extending down to a depth of 10 to 13 m bgl on either side of Maneru river at few places have yields ranging from 90 to 180 m3/day.

As referred to the above study carried out by Central Ground Water Board, the present project will not harm any aquifers near to the site. The aquifers generally present near to the Godavari river will be recharged by the river water and surface run-off during rainy season. The ground water development map of Karimnagar district is given in Figure 2.9 which shows ground water in Ramagundam taluka is in safer zone.

2.13 FLOOD HAZARD ZONATION MAPPING

The present location for the fertilizer plant approximately 5-6 km from the Godavari river. So no flood hazard zonation mapping is required for the present study.

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Figure 2.9 Ground Water Development map of Karimnagar district

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2.14 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting is normally practiced for recharging ground water levels and provide water for human consumption, by collecting the rainwater from the roofs of the buildings and storm water drains into artificially constructed rainwater tanks. Rainwater harvesting measures at plant site shall be subjected to harvest rainwater from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to minimize fresh water consumption and reduce the water requirement from other sources. A suitable rainwater harvesting schemes will be worked out during the execution of the project. A schematic diagram of rainwater harvesting is provided below in figure 2.10.

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Fig 2.10 Schematic diagram of rainwater harvesting structure

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CHAPTER-3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers the area falling within 10 km radius around the proposed project area.

The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental conditions, which are described with respect to climate, land use, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, noise levels, vegetation pattern, ecology, and socio-economic profiles of people. The objective of this section is to define the present baseline environmental status within the study area. This would help in assessing the environmental impacts due to the proposed project.

This report incorporates the baseline data monitored during one season representing pre- monsoon season of 2014 based on TOR. Secondary data collected from various Government and Semi-Government organizations is also included in this chapter.

3.2 CLIMATE

The climate of Karimnagar ditrict can be classified into three seasons. The summer season starts in March and can continue through early June. During this period temperatures range from a minimum of 27 °C to a maximum of 44 °C. Nights are much cooler, and the humidity is around 50%. October and November experiences increased rainfall from the Northeast monsoon. During this time, daytime temperatures average around 30 °C. The winter season starts in December and lasts through February. During this time, temperatures range from a minimum of 20 °C to a maximum of 35 °C. The monsoon season starts from second week of June to end of August.

3.3 LAND USE STUDY

Studies on land use aspects of the ecosystem play important role in identifying the involved sensitive issues, which would guide in taking appropriate actions for maintaining the ecological integrity in view of the proposed developments in the region. The whole land use land cover map along with other themetic maps were prepared by Andhra Pradesh State Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Hyderabad, a wing of Planning Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh.

3.3.1 Objectives of the Land Use study

The main objectives of land use studies are: Establishing the existing land use pattern in the study area; Analyzing the impacts of the proposed project on the land use pattern of the study area; and Making recommendations for optimization of the future land use pattern in the study area in view of the proposed project and its allied activities and their associated impacts.

The land use pattern in the study area has also been established through the interpretation of the Satellite Imagery.

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3.3.2 Interpretation of satellite imagery

In addition to the establishment of land use pattern based on the review of secondary data, the land use pattern in study area and its buffer zones covered within a radius of 10 km from the proposed plant has been established through interpretation of satellite imageries and by means of preparation of land use/land cover map.

3.3.3 Methodology

The land use/land cover map has been prepared based on the National Land Use Classification System.

IRS-P6 Geo-Coded Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS) III False Colour Composite (FCC) imagery on 1:50,000 scale has been used for mapping and interpretation. Besides the satellite imagery, other collateral data such as available maps, charts, Survey of India (SOI) topographical sheets have been used. In the post-interpretation stage extensive ground truthing has been conducted for verification of the interpreted features and for the fine-tuning of the interpreted features.

The methodology adopted for preparation of land use/land cover thematic map is based on the visual interpretation of geo-coded scenes of IRS-P6 LISS III satellite data and the ground truthing in the study area. The final output of the study is the land use/land cover map. Different color codes for each category as shown in the map have been assigned. Area calculations of various categories of land use / land cover have been made.

3.3.4 Area Statistics

The main interpreted land use/land cover classes of the study area and their respective areas are given in Table 3.1. The land use pattern in the area covered within 10 km radius from the proposed plant is shown in Figure 3.1.

Table 3.1 Land use classification and area statistic based on IRS P6 satellite data

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Figure 3.1 Land use land cover map within 10 km radius of Fertilizer Complex

Nearly 48.4% of the study area is agricultural land. Built Up and Industrial Areas comprise of 25.6% of the total area. The other thematic maps such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM), cropping pattern, village/ settlements, waterbodies, remote sensing, road, rail & infrastructure and geology are also interpreted and attached in Annexure-VI. The proposed plant is coming up in already FCIL acquired land. Therefore, rehabilation and resettlement is not an issue in the present case.

3.4 METEOROLOGY

The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input, to predictive models for air quality dispersion.

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Micro-meteorological data within the project area during the air quality survey period is an indispensable part of air pollution study. The meteorological data recorded during survey period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input, to predictive models for air quality impacts.

Primary data generated and secondary data collected have been used to understand meteorological scenario. This data is also used in the interpretation of wind scenario. The data collected from the both sources are summarized as follows:

Meteorological Data Primary Data: Hourly data collected at site using AWS (3 months). Parameters like wing speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and rainfall, cloud cover collected and computed to hourly results using Automatic Weather Station for 90 days near to the project site installed at 11 m height.

Secondary Data Available last 1 year (IMD Hyderabad) (Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall, wind direction and speed on monthly basis)

3.4.1 Methodology

The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards and the India Meteorological Department (IMD). On site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate site specific data. The generated data was then compared with the meteorological data generated by IMD.

The Automated Weather Station (AWS) was set up in Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex. The AWS was equipped with monitoring equipment to record Wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity and cloud cover and rainfall. All the meteorological parameters were recorded continuously on hourly basis except rainfall. Rainfall was recorded on daily basis by using rain gauge.

3.4.2 Secondary Data

Historical data on meteorological parameters also plays an important role in identifying the general meteorological status of the region. Site specific data can be compared with historical data in order to identify changes which may have taken place due to the various developments in the area.

Secondary data was collected for one year from IMD Hyderabad (March 2013 to February 2014). The maximum mean wind speed 3.7 km/hr was recorded in the month of April where the minimum mean wind speed (0.0 km/hr) was recorded in the month of December.

Detailed IMD data is given in Annexure VII. Monthly mean values of Meteorological data are given in Table 3.2. Monthwise temperature data, humidity data, Ombrothermic diagram and windrose diagram are presented in Figures 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 & 3.5 respectively.

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Table 3.2 Monthly Mean values of Meteorological Data (March, 2013 to February, 2014)

Air Temperature oC Humidity % Monthly Mean Wind Month Highest in Lowest in Highest in Lowest in Rainfall Speed month month month month Total, mm (kmph) March 39.2 13.5 89.0 13.0 0.0 2.7 April 42.8 20.7 86.0 10.0 50.0 3.7 May 46.8 26.0 82.0 8.0 16.2 2.4 June 42.6 22.2 87.0 26.0 258.1 2.5 July 35.2 22.2 90.0 38.0 491.9 3.0 August 33.8 21.4 90.0 49.0 219.0 1.5

September 34.5 22.0 87.0 50.0 140.1 1.6 October 33.8 16.8 90.0 50.0 201.3 0.6 November 32.8 12.0 85.0 42.0 0.2 0.1 December 32.5 9.4 86.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 January 31.3 10.9 88.0 20.0 0.0 1.4 February 33.9 11.2 86.0 16.0 0.9 3.3 Average 36.6 17.4 87.2 28.8 Total- 1377 1.9

Figure 3.2 Month wise Temperature (oC) (2013-14)

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90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 RH (Percentage) 10 0 Max. Min.

Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

Figure 3.3 Month wise Humidity (%) (2013-14)

80.0 600

70.0 500 60.0 400 50.0

40.0 300

30.0 200 Rainfall in mm 20.0 Temperature. oC RH % RH oC Temperature. 100 10.0

0.0 0 Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

Temp. avg. Humidity avg. Rainfall

Figure 3.4 Ombrothermic Diagram (2013-14)

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Figure 3.5 Secondary Meteorological data –Wind Roses Period: March 2013 – February 2014

3.4.3 Meteorology – Data generated at plant site

Meteorology of the study zone plays an important role in understanding dispersion of air pollution. For this purpose an automatic weather station (Watch Dog 2000 series USA) was installed at the plant site for three months (March to May 2014) and recorded hourly observations for the parameters like maximum and minimum Temperatures (ºC), Relative Humidity (%), Wind Speed (km/hr), Wind direction and Rainfall (mm). Summarized primary data are presented in Table 3.3. Maximum and minimum temperatures recorded during this period are 45.1 and 18.3 °C respectively.

Table 3.3 Summarised Primary Meteorological data (Period: March– June 2014)

Relative Wind 0 Rain fall Temperature ( C) Humidity Speed (mm) (%) Month No. of 24- (Kmph) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. rainy hours Total Avg. days Highest March (06th to 31st) 3.7 29.2 42.2 18.3 49.8 93.9 8.5 3 25.1 54.8 April 4.9 32.5 41.3 21.9 43.8 92.9 11.2 1 6.4 12.6 May 5.2 34.2 44.2 24.3 38.6 79.8 7.7 2 0.8 1.1 June(01st to 5th ) 6.3 35.4 45.1 25.8 38.3 80.7 19.0 Nil 0.0 0.0 Average 5.0 32.8 43.2 22.6 42.6 86.8 11.6 -- -- 17.1

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3.4.4 WIndrose diagram

The hourly-recorded observations (wind velocity and wind directions) during 12 weeks study period are used in computing percentage frequencies (0-7 morning, 8-15 noon, 16- 23 evening & 0-23 hrs) and are depicted in the form of ‘wind roses’ (Fig. 3.6). The predominant wind direction is SSW followed by SW with an average wind speed of 4.6 kmph.

0-7 Hours 8-15 Hours

16-23 Hours 0-23 Hours

Figure 3.6 Primary Meteorological data –Wind Roses Period: March – May 2014

3.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT

Dispersion of different air pollutants released into the atmosphere have significant impacts on the neighborhood air environment of an industrial project and forms an important part of impact assessment studies. The ambient air quality status with respect to the study zone of 10 km radial distance from the plant site will form the base line information over

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which the predicted impacts due to the proposed expansion plant can be super imposed to find out the net (final) impacts on air environment. From the final impacts a viable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) can be prepared based on the impact statement for the air environment. The baseline status of the ambient air quality can be assessed thorough scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has to be based on the following considerations.

Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale Topography of the study area Representation of regional background levels Representation of plant site Representation of cross sectional distribution in the downward direction Influence of the existing sources if any, are to be kept at minimum Inclusion of major distinct villages to collect the baseline status

3.5.1 Selection of AAQ stations

A systematically designed air quality surveillance programme forms the basis for impact assessment on air environment due to proposed project activities. The basic consideration for designing such a programme includes representative selection of sampling locations, adequate sampling frequency, duration of monitoring and monitoring of all relevant and important pollution parameters (NAAQS, 2009). The parameters selected for air quality are PM10, PM2.5, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (Methane and non-methane), VOC and NH3.

A network of eight ambient air-sampling locations has been selected for assessment of the existing status of air environment within the study zone (Figure 3.7). Monitoring stations were installed at least 15 m distance from local sources. The height of sampling points was kept between 4-6 m (free from obstructions). The distance of each monitoring station with respect to project site is mentioned in table 3.4.

After reconnaissance of the area and observing the topographical features and review of the available meteorological data and local conditions the sampling sites were chosen which will be the representative of the local areas under study.

Table 3.4 Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations

Distance Distance Direction Direction Locations (km) Code Locations (km) Code w.r.t to Project w.r.t to Project A1 Plant Site -- -- A5 Salapalli 5.0 NNW Ganga Nagar- A2 Ranapur 5.0 SW A6 2.5 NNE Godavari Khani A3 Allur 6.0 SE A7 Sundilla 5.5 NE A4 Kazipalli 4.0 NNW A8 Tekumatla 9.0 NE

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Figure 3.7 Map showing Ambient Air quality locations

Site Description of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Plant site (A1)

It is old FCI plant surrounded by thick green plantation. NTPC plant is located at 5.3 km distance in western direction. FCI plant is surrounded by Singareni Coal mines projects (OCP-III

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Ranapur (A2)

It is located at distance of 5.0 km in south west direction from the proposed project. Coal mines are located in eastern direction at distance of 6.0 km. SH-1 is located at distance of 4.0 km in west direction. NTPC plant is located at 6.0 km in north direction. NTPC balancing reservoir and ash pond is found be 2.8 & 6.5 km in north direction respectively.

Allur (A3)

It is located at distance of 6.0 km in south east direction from the proposed project. OCP-III and OCP-I Singareni coal mines are found to be at distance of 0.8 & 1.5 km in north and south eastern direction from the village.

Kazipalli (A4)

It is located at distance of 4.0 km in North West direction from the proposed project. SH-1 is located 1.0 km distance in western direction. Kazipalli village is surrounded by NTPC town ship in north eastern direction. Whereas NTPC power plant is located at distance of 2.0 km in western direction from village.

Salapalli (A5)

It is found to be 5.0 km in north North West direction from proposed FCI project. OC-IV mines are located in North West direction at distance of 2.5 km from the FCI project. NTPC is located at distance of 2.5 km in western direction. SH-1 is located 1 km distance in eastern direction.

Ganga Nagar-Godavari Khani (A6)

It is located at distance of 2.5 km in NNE direction from the proposed project. Singareni captive power plant (18 MW) is about 0.5 km distance in western direction from the monitoring site. Coal transportation road is adjacent to the site. Coal inclines are 1.2 km in north eastern direction.SH-1 is found to be 0.5 km in North West direction.

Sundilla (A7)

It is located at distance of 5.5 km in NE direction from the proposed project. Singareni coal mines (OCP-III) are found in south west direction at distance of 4.0 km.

Tekumatla (A8)

It is located at distance of 9.0 km in NE direction from the proposed project. Indaram coal incline (underground mine) is located at distance of 1.8 km in western direction. SH-1 is located at distance of 2 km in west direction.

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Weather Monitoring Station at FCI water tank FCI Project office

Ranapuram village Alluru village

Sundilla village Salapalli village

Tekumutla Village Ganganagar colony (Godavarikhani)

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Kasipalli

Figure 3.8 Ambient Air Monitoring Locations

3.5.2 Existing AAQ status and Standards

Pollutants like PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, VOC, NH3, HC (methane and non methane Hydrocarbons) were selected and analyzed. The methodology of sampling and analysis are given in detail in the following tables.

Table 3.5 Parameters sampling duration

Attribute Parameter Frequency of Monitoring PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, a.PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, NH3, VOC and HC - 24 hours CO, VOC, NH3, HC b.CO - 0-8 hrly sampling (*3 times in a day) AAQ (methane and non All the above parameters sampling was carried out methane Hydrocarbons) weekly twice during 3 month study period

Table 3.6 Ambient Air Quality – Methodology

PM10 Particulate Matter Gravimetric (Fine Dust Sampler) PM2.5 Particulate Matter Gravimetric (Fine Dust Sampler)

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide Improved West and Geake Method NO2 Nitrous Oxides Jacob & Hochheisser Modified CO Carbon monoxide Gas Chromatography

NH3 Ammonia Indophenol Blue Method VOC Volatile Organic Compounds Gas Chromatography HC Hydrocarbons Gas Chromatography NHC Non methane Hydrocarbons Gas Chromatography

National Ambient Air Quality standards 2009 published by Ministry of Environment & Forests is provided in Table 3.7 for a better comparison with present results.

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Table 3.7 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (As gazetted on 18th Nov, 2009 at New Delhi)

Sl. Pollutant Time Concentration in Ambient No. Weighted Industrial, Ecologically Method of Measurement Average Residential, Sensitive Rural and Area (notified Other Area by Central Government) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1. Sulphur Dioxide Annual* 50 20 -Improved West & Gaeke 3 (SO2), μg/m 24 hourly** 80 80 - Ultraviolet fluorescence 2. Nitrogen Dioxide Annual* 40 30 - Modified Jacob & 3 (NO2), μg/m 24 hourly** 80 80 Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite) Chemiluminescence 3. Particulate Matter Annual* 60 60 -Gravimetric (size less than 10 24 hourly** 100 100 -TOEM 3 μg) or PM10 μg/m -Beta attenuation 4. Particulate Matter Annual* 40 40 -Gravimetric (size less than 2.5 24 hourly** 60 60 -TOEM 3 μg) or PM2.5 μg/m -Beta attenuation 5. Ozone (O3) 8 hourly** 100 100 - UV Photometric μg/m3 1 hourly** 180 180 - Chemiluminescence - Chemical method 6. Lead (Pb) Annual* 0.50 0.50 AAS/ICP method after μg/m3 24 hourly** 1.0 1.0 sampling on EMP 2000 or equivalent filter paper 7. Carbon 8 hourly** 02 02 - Non Dispersive Infra red Monoxide(CO) 1 hourly** 04 04 (NDIR) spectroscopy mg/m3 8. Ammonia (NH3) Annual* 100 100 - Chemiluminescence μg/m3 24 hourly** 400 400 - Indophenol blue method 9. Benzene (C6 H6) Annual* 05 05 - Gas Chromatography μg/m3 based continuous analyzer - Adsorption & Desorption followed by GC analysis. 10. Benzo (O)Pyrine Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction followed (BaP) – particulate by HPLC/GC analysis phase only, μg/m3 11. Arsenic (As), Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after μg/m3 sampling on EMP 2000 or equivalent filter paper 12. Nickel (Ni), Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP method after μg/m3 sampling on EMP 2000 or equivalent filter paper

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals. ** 24 Hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year, 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

Note – Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigations.

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3.5.3 Results of ambient air quality

The AAQ survey has been carried out at 8 locations within the study zone. Measurement of the actual PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, VOC, HC and non methane hydrocarbon levels helps to understand the existing environmental scenario. The results of PM10, PM2.5, 3 3 SO2, NO2, NH3 and VOC (Benzene) are expressed in g/m , CO is expressed in mg/m and HC & non methane hydrocarbons are expressed in ppm. Various statistical parameters like standard deviation, geometric mean, minimum, maximum concentrations and different percentiles have been computed from the data generated during sampling at all sampling stations (Tables 3.8 to 3.16).

PM10 (Particulate Matter)

During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of PM10 for all the monitoring stations range from 59 to 85 µg/m3 (Table 3.8). The lowest and highest values of 44 to 109 µg/m3 were observed at plant site and Ganga Nager-Godavari Khani respectively. Maximum PM10 concentration was exceeding the NAAQ standards at Ganga Nagare-Godavari Khani. Total 5 samples exceeded the limits out of 24 samples during the study period. This might be due to open cats mining carried out in nearby coal mines. The 98th percentile values of other locations are well within the prescribed limits of National Ambient Air Quality standards. The average values of all locations are well within the prescribed limits of National Ambient Air Quality standards.

Table 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Particulate Matter (PM10) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A1 Plant Site 44 72 64 72 A2 Ranapur 50 65 59 65 A3 Allur 61 78 70 77 A4 Kazipalli 66 86 77 86 A5 Malkpur 53 80 70 80 Ganga Nagar- A6 49 109 85 107 Godavari Khani A7 Sundilla 56 72 64 72 A8 Tekumatla 57 72 65 72

PM2.5 (Particulate Matter)

During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of PM2.5 for all the monitoring stations range from 37 to 50.µg/m3 (Table 3.9). The lowest and highest values of 28 to 68 µg/m3 were recorded at Ranapur and Godavari Khani respectively. The prime sources of PM2.5 contribution are nearby industries as well as local domestic activities associated with residential areas. The 98th percentile values of all locations are well within the prescribed limits of National Ambient Air Quality standards except at Ganga Nagar-Godavari Khani. Total 5 samples exceeded the limits out of 24 samples during the study period. This might be due to open cast mining carried out in nearby coal mines.

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Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Particulate Matter (PM2.5) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A1 Plant Site 30 52 43 52 A2 Ranapur 28 43 37 43 A3 Allur 41 59 50 59 A4 Kazipalli 37 57 48 57 A5 Malkpur 32 49 42 49 Ganga Nagar- A6 30 68 49 68 Godavari Khani A7 Sundilla 34 43 39 43 A8 Tekumatla 30 46 40 46

Figure 3.9 Graphical representation of PM10 & PM2.5

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

3 The average concentration of SO2 is ranging from 9.5 to 26.7 µg/m (Table 3.10). The lowest value was found to be 7.8 µg/m3 at Tekumatla. The highest value was 34.2 µg/m3 at Kazipalli followed by 33.6 µg/m3 at Godavari Khani. The 98th percentile values were found well below the standard of 80 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas as per NAAQS.

Table 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: (SO2) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A1 Plant Site 14.3 24.3 19.3 24.0 A2 Ranapur 9.0 14.9 12.2 14.8 A3 Allur 9.7 14.9 12.3 14.5 A4 Kazipalli 14.6 34.2 25.0 33.9 A5 Malkpur 7.8 16.2 12.7 16.1

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Ganga Nagar-Godavari A6 18.2 33.6 26.7 33.1 Khani A7 Sundilla 15.3 20.7 18.3 20.5 A8 Tekumatla 7.8 10.7 9.5 10.7

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of NO2 at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.11. During the monitoring period, the average NO2 concentration was ranging from 12 to 19.2 µg/m3. The lowest value of 8.3 µg/m3 was observed at plant site where as the highest value of 25.6 µg/m3 was observed at Malkpur village, which indicate the local fluctuations in the vicinity due to livelihood, transportation and the industries at the site. The 98th percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits.

Table 3.11 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Nitrous Oxides (NO2) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A1 Plant Site 8.3 15.4 12.0 15.0 A2 Ranapur 10.6 16.8 14.4 16.7 A3 Allur 13.2 17.6 15.5 17.5 A4 Kazipalli 9.9 16.4 13.7 16.1 A5 Malkpur 14.5 25.6 19.2 24.7 Ganga Nagar-Godavari A6 14.0 21.7 17.8 21.1 Khani A7 Sundilla 10.2 14.5 12.3 14.4 A8 Tekumatla 12.5 15.7 14.1 15.7

Fig. 3.10 Graphical representation of SO2 & NO2

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

The average concentrations of CO range from 0.44 to 0.66 mg/m3 (Table 3.12). The lowest value was found to be 0.13 mg/m3 at Tekumatla where as the highest value of 1.44 mg/m3 was observed at Ganga Nagar-Godavari Khani.

Table 3.12 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results

Name of the pollutant: Carbon Monoxide (CO) All the following results are expressed in mg/m3

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A1 Plant Site 0.24 0.89 0.47 0.88 A2 Ranapur 0.33 1.17 0.64 1.15 A3 Allur 0.19 0.85 0.46 0.84 A4 Kazipalli 0.24 1.24 0.57 1.24 A5 Malkpur 0.16 1.36 0.64 1.34 Ganga Nagar- A6 0.19 1.44 0.66 1.43 Godavari Khani A7 Sundilla 0.26 0.73 0.44 0.72 A8 Tekumatla 0.13 0.89 0.47 0.88

Figure 3.11 Graphical representation of Carbon Monoxide

Ammonia (NH3)

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Table 3.13 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Ammonia All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A2 Ranapur 13.0 14.6 13.7 14.5 A3 Allur 15.0 17.3 16.3 17.2 Ganga Nagar- A6 11.0 12.9 11.9 12.9 Godavari Khani A7 Sundilla 16.4 18.2 17.3 18.1 A8 Tekumatla 18.0 19.4 18.7 19.4

Hydrocarbons – Non-Methane

Methane Hydrocarbons average concentrations values are ranging from 1.9 to 2.6 ppm. Non methane hydrocarbons average concentrations were found to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 ppm.

The average Non- methane hydrocarbons were 0.28, 0.20 and 0.38 ppm at Kazipalli, Malkpur and Ganga Nagar-Godavari Khani respectively. Remaining 5 locations (Plant site, Ranapur, allur, Sundilla, Tekumatla) the Nonmethane hydrocarbons are found to be below detectable limits.

Table 3.14 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Methane Hydrocarbons All the following results are expressed in ppm

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A1 Plant Site 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.8 A2 Ranapur 1.7 2.8 2.4 2.9 A3 Allur 2.0 2.9 2.4 2.8 A4 Kazipalli 1.9 2.7 2.6 2.7 A5 Malkpur 1.6 2.6 2.2 2.7 Ganga Nagar- A6 Godavari Khani 1.8 2.8 2.4 2.8 A7 Sundilla 1.6 2.8 2.4 2.8 A8 Tekumatla 1.8 2.4 1.9 2.6

Table 3.15 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Non Methane Hydrocarbons All the following results are expressed in ppm

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A4 Kazipalli 0.2 0.4 0.28 0.4 A5 Malkpur 0.1 0.3 0.20 0.3

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Ganga Nagar- A6 Godavari Khani 0.3 0.5 0.38 0.5

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Benzene concentrations are found to be below detectable limits in all stations except few samples collected at Kazipalli and Godavarikhani.

The highest average Benzene concentration was 2.07 µg/m3 at Godavarikhani. The highest concentration was found at Godavarikhani (2.5 µg/m3) and lowest concentration is found at Kazipalli (1.00 µg/m3). Remaining other six locations (Plant Site, Ranapur, Allur, Malkupur, Sundila, Tekumatla) were found to be detectable limits.

Table 3.16 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Benzene All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

98th No Location Min. Max. AM Percentile A4 Kazipalli 1.0 1.5 1.25 1.5 Ganga Nagar-Godavari A6 Khani 1.4 2.5 2.07 2.5

3.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The word noise arose from the Latin word ‘nauseas’. It is a loud outcry or commotion that is unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired with various frequencies over the audible range due to the regular activities of the mankind. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing to human & animal, it includes machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of humans or animals life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly evolved from industries, constructions and transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution.

Industrial noise leading to noise pollution has many reasons such as industries being close to human habitats which prevent the noise from decaying before it reaches human ear. A determination is made of the micro scale impact by predicting anticipated noise levels for each alternative during both construction and operational phases. Predicted noise levels are compared with applicable standards or criteria in order to assess the impact.

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise, in general sound, comprises of many frequency components with different variations in loudness over the audible frequency range.

Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loud levels. The response of the human ear to sound is dependent on the frequency of the sound and this has led to the concept of weighting scales. In the "A-weighting" scale, the sound pressure levels for the lower frequencies and higher frequencies are reduced by certain amounts before they are being combined together to give one single sound pressure level value. This value is designated as dB(A). The dB(A) is often used as it reflects more accurately the frequency response of the human ear. A perceived loud noise

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has a high dB or dB(A) value and a soft noise has a low one. The human ear has peak response around 2,500 to 3,000 Hz and has a relatively low response at low frequencies.

3.6.1 Noise Levels

Noise levels have been monitored at different points within the study zone and on the spot measurement device "Lutron SL 4001" manufactured by Lutron Electronic. Keeping in view of various local activities such as residential, commercial and industrial; 4 noise level measurement locations were identified. The selected locations are depicted in the Figure 3.12

Figure 3.12 Map Showing Noise Sampling Locations

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Code Location Name Code Location Name N1 Laxmipuram T1 Laxmipuram gate N2 Gowthamnagar T2 Gowthamnagar N3 Vittalnagar T3 7 LEP Truck entry N4 Virlapalli T4 FCI junction

Gowthaminagar Vittalnagar

Figure 3.13 Location Showing Noise Sampling Locations

3.6.2 Methodology of Noise Measurement

Noise level monitoring was carried out continuously for 24 hours with one hour interval starting at 06.00 hrs to 06.00 hrs next day. The noise levels were monitored on working days only and Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays were not monitored. During each hour, Leq were directly computed by the instrument based on the sound pressure levels. Lday (Ld), Lnight (Ln) and Ldn values were computed using corresponding hourly Leq of day and night respectively. Monitoring was carried out at ‘A’ response and fast mode.

Parameters measured during monitoring

For noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the time as certain noise levels are exceeding the time interval. The notations for the statistical quantities of noise level are given below:

L10 is the noise level exceeded 10% of the time. L50 is the noise level exceeded 50% of the time and L90 is the noise level exceeded 90% of the time

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Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (Leq):

The Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level, which is equivalent to the same sound energy as the actual fluctuating sound measured in the same period. This is necessary because sound from noise source often fluctuates widely during a given period of time.

This is calculated from the following equation

2 Leq=L50 + (L10–L90) /60

Lday is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during day (6 am to 10 pm). Lnight is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during night (10 pm to 6 am). A noise rating developed by Environment Protection Agency, USEPA for specification of community noise from all the sources is Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn). Hourly noise recorded data and Lday values (16 hours), Lnight (8 hours) and Ldn (24 hours) are computed and tabulated.

Day–Night Sound levels (Ldn)

The noise rating developed for community noise from all sources is the Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn). It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except that during night time period (10 pm to 6 am), a 10 dB (A) weighting penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average.

This time penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night, when people usually sleep, is judged as more annoying than the same noise during the daytime.

The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq, by the following equation:

Ld/10 9Ln + 10 /10 Ldn = 10 log [1/24 {15(10 ) + 9 (10 ) )}]

Where Ld is the equivalent sound level during the day time (6 am to 10 pm) and Ln is the equivalent sound level during the night time (10 pm to 6 am).

The statistical analysis is done for measured noise levels at 4 locations.

3.6.3 Site Description

1. Laxmipuram - It is 0.5 km away from the FCI project towards SSW direction. Laxmipuram junction (Laxmipuram gate) connects Virapalli, Allur, FCI project site and Laxmipuram village. No major transportation is observed except two wheelers, auto and tractors. Roads are in a bad condition meant for communication of villagers only.

2. Gowthamnagar – It is 1.0 km from the FCI project towards NE. Gowthamnagar junction road passess through NTPC residential area and connects APIIC, Gowthamnagar colony (FCI exemployees reside here) and FCI project site. Transportation activities were observed for local people and APIIC only.

3. Vittalnagar- The area is densly populated by local residents and SCCL employees. 7 LEP mines and coal handling unit are adjacent to the area. NTPC Railway line passes between FCI project and vittalnagar. Transportation is observed for the local people and SCCL employees on shift basis.

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4. Virlapalli Village- The monitoring area is a small village. Agriculture, mining activities and labor work are the main occupation of the local people. It is 1.0 km towards SSE from the FCI project. SCCL mine (OCP-III) is adjacent to this village.

5. 7 LEP Truck Entry – It is just behind FCI project and in SE direction. Transportation of trucks through the site is mainly confined to 7 LEP (underground mines) and coal handling unit. NTPC railway lines also pass within the boundary. Heavy trucks and two wheelers are the major transportation vehicles.

6. FCI Junction – There is a straight route from state highway (SH-1) to FCI project in NW direction. This junction is the main entry to FCI project site. A road connects NTPC township colony, APIIC (Andhra Pradesh industrial infrastructure corporation) and Gowthamnagar to FCI project.

3.6.4 Data Analysis

The study area is mostly coal mining (Industrial) towards Northeast, East. Southeast area is mostly covered with open cast and underground mines. The locations were selected around the FCI Plant.

The recorded sound levels during the monitoring period (March to May 2014) are given in Tables 3.17 to 3.19. The Ldn value of 54.1 dB (A) at vittalnagar is found high mainly due to dense population and nearby industrial allied activities.

All other results were found to be below prescribed limits.

Table 3.17 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A)) Sampling Period: 08th to 28th March, 2014

dB(A) Locations Dates Lday Lnight Ldn 1st time sampling (Period 08th to 11th March,2014) Laxmipuram 08.03.14 51.3 43.0 51.9 Gowthamnagar 09.03.14 51.7 46.1 53.7 Vittalnagar 10.03.14 52.9 45.9 54.1 Virlapalli 11.03.14 50.5 45.0 52.5 2nd time sampling (Period 18th March to 21st March,2014) Laxmipuram 18.03.14 51.4 42.9 52 Gowthamnagar 19.03.14 51.5 43.1 52.1 Vittalnagar 20.03.14 51.7 44.8 53.0 Virlapalli 21.03.14 50.0 41.2 50.5 3rd time sampling (Period 25th to 28th March,2014) Laxmipuram 25.03.14 51.9 44.4 52.9 Gowthamnagar 26.03.14 51.9 46.2 53.8 Vittalnagar 27.03.14 52.4 43.9 53.0 Virlapalli 28.03.14 50.4 43.0 51.4

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Table 3.18 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A)) Sampling Period: 1st to 27th April, 2014

dB(A) Locations Dates Lday Lnight Ldn 1st time sampling (Period 1st to 4th April,2014) Laxmipuram 01.04.14 51.4 46.4 53.8 Gowthamnagar 02.04.14 52.0 43.9 52.7 Vittalnagar 03.04.14 51.9 44.4 52.9 Virlapalli 04.04.14 50.2 41.8 50.8 2nd time sampling (Period 10th to 13th April,2014) Laxmipuram 10.04.14 50.8 42.8 51.6 Gowthamnagar 11.04.14 51.8 44.9 53.1 Vittalnagar 12.04.14 52.2 43.6 52.7 Virlapalli 13.04.14 50.5 42.3 51.2 3rd time sampling (Period 24th to 27th April,2014) Laxmipuram 24.04.14 50.3 43.0 51.4 Gowthamnagar 25.04.14 51.8 44.5 52.9 Vittalnagar 26.04.14 52.1 44.1 52.9 Virlapalli 27.04.14 51.5 42.9 52

Table 3.19 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A)) Sampling Period: 1st to 27th May, 2014

dB(A) Locations Dates Lday Lnight Ldn 1st time sampling (Period 1st to 4th May,2014) Laxmipuram 01.05.14 50.4 43.2 51.5 Gowthamnagar 02.05.14 50.9 43.9 52.1 Vittalnagar 03.05.14 51.4 43.1 52.0 Virlapalli 04.05.14 50.0 42.3 50.9 2nd time sampling (Period 10th to 13th May,2014) Laxmipuram 10.05.14 51.0 44.0 52.2 Gowthamnagar 11.05.14 51.4 44.8 52.9 Vittalnagar 12.05.14 51.2 43.7 52.2 Virlapalli 13.05.14 49.6 43.1 51.1 3rd time sampling (Period 24th to 27th May,2014) Laxmipuram 24.05.14 50.8 42.6 51.4 Gowthamnagar 25.05.14 51.4 44.2 52.5 Vittalnagar 26.05.14 51.4 44.0 52.5 Virlapalli 27.05.14 49.4 42.5 50.7

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Ambient Standard for Noise, specified by CPCB is given below:

Noise (Ambient Standards)

S. No. Area Code Category of Limit in dB (a) Leg Area Day Time Night Time 1.0 A Industrial area 75 70 2.0 B Commercial 65 55 area 3.0 C Residential area 55 45 4.0 D Silence zone 50 40

Notes: (1) Daytime is reckoned in between 6 a.m and 9 p.m. (2) Nighttime is reckoned in between 9 p.m and 6 a.m. (3) Silence zone is defined as areas up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the competent authority. (4) Mixed categories of areas should be as "one of the four above mentioned categories" by the competent authority and the corresponding standard shall apply.

3.7 TRAFFIC

Traffic levels in the study area were selected for 4 monitoring stations (Fig. 3.14). The average traffic levels over the study period (March to May 2014) at all the stations are calculated in terms of Passenger Car Unit (PCU) and are given in Tables 3.20 to 3.22. The total traffic volume is found to be highest at FCI junction.

Table 3.20 Traffic data Sampling Period: 08th to 30th March, 2014

PCU/day Locations Two HMV LMV Total Wheeler Laxminagar gate 49 104 270 424 Gowthamnagar 136 181 354 580 7 LEP Truck entry 1807 239 758 1600 FCI Junction 469 503 2293 2953

Table 3.21 Traffic data Sampling Period: 1st to 29th April, 2014

PCU/day Locations HMV LMV Two Wheeler Total Laxminagar gate 60 115 294 429 Gowthamnagar 131 162 339 544 7 LEP Truck entry 1470 157 665 1313 FCI Junction 542 337 2012 2530

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Table 3.22 Traffic data Sampling Period: 1st to 29th May, 2014

PCU/day Locations HMV LMV Two Wheeler Total Laxminagar gate 57 116 270 405 Gowthamnagar 113 171 355 564 7 LEP Truck entry 1438 218 845 1543 FCI Junction 569 370 2324 2884

Gowthaminagar Laxmipuram gate

FCI junction 7 LEP Truck entry

Figure 3.14 Traffic Locations Monitoring

3.7.1. Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV)

During the study period, lowest and highest value of HMV per day in terms of PCU was found to be 49 and 1807 at Lakshminagar gate and 7 LEP Truck entry respectively.

3.7.2. Light Motor Vehicles (LMV)

During the study period, lowest and highest value of LMV per day in terms of PCU was found to be 104 and 503 at Lakshminagar gate and FCI junction respectively.

3.7.3. Two-Wheeler During the study period, lowest and highest value of 2 wheeler per day in terms of PCU was found to be 270 and 2324 at Lakshminagar gate and FCI Junction respectively.

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3.8 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Water of high quality is essential to human life, and water of acceptable quality is essential for agricultural, industrial, domestic and commercial uses. In addition, most recreation is water based; therefore, major activities having potential effects on surface water are certain to be of appreciable concern to the consumers.

Studies on Water Environment aspects of ecosystem is important for Environmental Impact Assessment to identify sensitive issues and take appropriate action by maintaining ‘ecological homeostasis’ in the early stages of development of the project. The objective of this report is to define the present environment in which the proposed action is to occur, to evaluate all possible eventualities, to ensure that all negative impacts are minimized, and to demonstrate that proposed project has been appropriately announced to all interested parties so that their concerns can be considered.

Water quality studies have been carried out in the study area to understand the availability of water resources, possibility of water contamination and existing water quality.

3.8.1 Water Quality

Selected water quality parameters of surface and ground water resources within 10 km radius of the study area has been studied for assessing the water environment and evaluate anticipated impact of the project. Understanding the water quality is essential in preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.

The purpose of this study is to:

Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters; Evaluate the impacts on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity; and Predict impact on water quality by this project and related activities.

The information required has been collected through primary surveys and secondary sources.

3.8.2 Selection of water quality locations

Reconnaissance survey was conducted and monitoring locations were finalized based on the location of residential areas representing different activities/likely impact areas, areas which can represent baseline conditions and drainage pattern. Location map showing water monitoring stations is given in Figure 3.15.

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Figure 3.15 Map Showing Ground & Surface Water Sampling Locations

Codes Location Codes Location Ground water source Surface water source GW1 Project site SW1 Yellampalli Barrage* GW2 Virlapalli SW2 Godavari upstream Godavari downstream GW3 Allur SW3 (Godavari Khani) GW4 Lakshmipuram SW4 Elakalapally Churuvu GW5 Kazipalli SW5 Jangoan Churuvu GW6 Sector II colony SW6 Mulkapur cheruvu GW7 Nizamabad SW7 Allur cheruvu GW8 Sundilla SW8 NTPC Balancing Reservoir *25km from the project site

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3.8.3 Site Description

1. Ground water- The ground water samples are collected from the village bore well surrounded by the habitation. The major activities of the water are drinking and domestic usage.

2. Surface water- Godavari River is the main surface water resource in the study area. The sampling sites are selected for Godavari upstream, downstream and barrage (Yellampalli reservoir).

Z Yellampalli barrage constructed on Godavari River is the main water source for the proposed project. The sampling site is 25km away from the project site is the main source of water for industrial usage. It is a storage reservoir and the influence domestic activities are not observed.

Z Sample collected from Godavari upstream (3.0 km before Godavarikhani) is near to the municipality intake pump house at the river bank. Water flow at this site is less comparative to the other sites. Bathing and washing clothes for the village people are the major activities. The sample collected from Godavari downstream is near to the Jangaom village. Sampling location is the place where domestic effluent is discharged into the river.

Z Other surface water sample collected for water quality survey are small ponds near to the local villages such as Elakalapally cheruvu, Jangaom cheruvu, surface water at Mulkapur cheruvu, Allur cheruvu and balancing reservoir.

Z Elakalapally cheruvu is at a distance of 4.0 km from the project site towards SW. the water is green in color and the site is mostly covered by weeds and floating plants. The water is used for agriculture and domestic purpose.

Z Jangaon cheruvu is 5.0km from the project site towards NNE. The water looks dirty black due to the contamination of domestic effluent. Local people use the water for paddy growth.

Z Mulkapur & Allur cheruvu are the medium pond at 4.5 km & 6.0 km from the project towards North & SE respectively. Weeds, grass and creepers coverage is the dominant features of the pond.

Z NTPC balancing reservoir at Parapally is the largest storage reservoir at a distance of 3.0km from the project site towards SW. the reservoir is constructed exclusively for NTPC industrial purpose and protected along the bank with the construction of roads. The water collected from the reservoir is clean.

The surface water from all the sampling locations is used for agricultural and domestic purposes by the local people of the nearby villages except Yellampalli barrage, NTPC balancing reservior & Mulkapur cheruvu. Natural fish growth is also observed in Elakalapally cheruvu, Jangaon cheruvu & Allur cheruvu.

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Laxmipuram village Alluru village

FCI Project site Kasipalli village

Nizamabad village Sector II colony

Sundilla village VeerlapallI village

Figure 3.16 Ground Water Sampling Locations

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Elkalapalli cheruvu Alluru cheruvu

NTPC Balancing reservoir Mulkalapur cheruvu

Godavari downstream at bridge Jangoan cheruvu

Ellampalli project Godavari upstream at FCI intake water point

Figure 3.17 Surface Water Sampling Locations

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3.8.4 Sample collection and analysis

The water resource in the study area may be classified into two major categories. viz., surface and ground water sources.

Water samples were collected at 8 locations surface water and 8 locations for ground sources. Both ground and surface samples were collected 3 times in 3 month study period. Sequential (time) composite samples were collected by mixing equal water volumes collected at regular time intervals. All the samples were analyzed for parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, salts, conductivity, inorganic substance, heavy metals, coliforms etc. Parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature and DO were analyzed at the time during collection. These parameters were analyzed as per the procedures specified in ‘Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater’ published by American Public Health Association (APHA). Ground water samples results were compared with IS: 10500 specifications and surface water samples results were compared with Water Quality Criteria (IS: 2296), published by CPCB.

3.8.5 Method of Water Sampling

The following procedures were used while sampling Washing the bottles/cans with distilled water prior to the sampling Before collection of water the bottles/cans are again washed 2-3 times with the same water For surface water, bottles were lowered to a minimum depth of 30 cm below water surface At each point different sets of water samples were collected so as cover all the parameters Meticulous attention is taken in proper numbering at the site Sterilized bottles were used for the samples that are to be analyzed for bacteria Civil supply water pipeline taps are sterilized before collection for bacteriological analysis Parameters like pH, conductivity and temperature were analyzed in the field conditions. Specific instruments were used for measuring EC and pH in the field. These instruments are portable and calibrated at laboratory before use. The results were reconfirmed after analysis in the laboratory. DO is fixed and titrated in the field itself. Appropriate preservatives are added, depending upon the elements to be analyzed and marked accordingly (IS: 3025 (part I) 1987) All the water samples collected in the ice box, were immediately transported to the laboratory and freezed at <5 oC analysis Field observations were noted in the field notebook

All the parameters have been analysed as per APHA, 20th edition & IS: 3025. Summary of the same is given in Table 3.23.

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Table 3.23 Parameters & Methodologies Adopted in Assessing Quality of Water

Detection Quality Parameters Instrument Method Instruments used IS Method limit pH 0.5 pH meter pH electrode IS 3025 (part-11) Field Method Tracer Electrical conductivity 1 µmhos/cm IS 3025 (part-14) Laboratory method Conductivity meter Colour Hazen Visual Method -- IS 3025 (part- 04) Odor -- Manual Method -- IS 3025 (part- 05) Taste -- Taste Threshold Test -- IS 3025 (Part 8) 0 Temperature 1 C Tracer Thermometer APHA, page 25-26 Turbidity 1NTU Nephelometric method Turbidity meter IS 3025 (part-10) Salinity g/l Electrical Conductivity Method Conductivity meter APHA, page 99 Total Suspended Filtration & Evaporation 0.1 mg/l Balance IS 3025 (part-19) Solids method Total Dissolved Solids 0.1 mg/l Evaporation method Balance IS 3025 (part-16) Total Alkalinity 1mg/l Titration Method Burettes IS 3025 (part-23) Physico- Total Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method Burettes IS 3025 (part-21) chemical Ca Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method Burettes IS 3025 (part-21) Mg Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method Burettes IS 3025 (part-21) Chlorides 2mg/l Argentometric method Burettes IS 3025 (part-32) Sulphates 1mg/l Nephelometric method Turbidity meter IS 3025 (part-24)

Sodium 1mg/l Flame photometric method Flame photometer IS 3025 (part-45)

Potassium 1mg/l Flame photometric method Flame photometer IS 3025 (part-45)

Copper 0.02mg/l IS 3025 (part-42)

Manganese 0.02mg/l APHA, AAS Mercury 0.001mg/l Atomic Absorption IS 3025 (part-48) Selenium 0.01mg/l Spectrophotometer APHA, AAS AAS Arsenic 0.005mg/l method IS 3025 (part-37) Lead 0.05mg/l IS 3025 (part-47) Zinc 0.01mg/l IS 3025 (part-49) Chromium 0.1mg/l APHA Nitrates 0.05 mg/l U.V.Spectrophotometric Spectrophotometer IS 3025 (part-34) Total Phosphates 0.1 mg/l method Spectrophotometer IS 3025 (part-31) Total Nitrogen 1mg/l Kjeldal Method Kjeldal apparatus IS 3025 (part-34) U.V.Spectrophotometric Total Phosphorus 0.01 mg/l Spectrophotometer IS 3025 (part-31) method Pesticides 0.05 mg/l GC-MS GC-MS APHA Anionic Detergents 0.5 mg/l Spectroscopic Method Spectrophotometer APHA Dissolved Oxygen 0.1mg/l Winkler's method Burettes IS 3025 (part-38)

COD 4 mgO2/l Open reflux method COD digester APHA Dilution & DO by Winkler's BOD bottles and BOD , mg/l 1mgO /l IS 3025 (part-44) 5 2 method burette Phytoplankton 1No/ml Plankton net followed by Microscope APHA:1002 Biological Zooplankton 1No/ml Microscopic Observation Microscope APHA:1002 Bacteriological Coliforms 3MPN/100ml MPN method Microscope APHA

Parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature and DO were analyzed at the time of sample collection. All parameters were analyzed as per the procedures specified in ‘Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater’ published by American Public Health Association (APHA). The results of Ground water samples results were compared with IS:10500 specifications whereas surface water samples results were compared with IS: 2296.

3.8.6 Surface and Groundwater Quality Data

Results of the average surface and ground water quality monitoring during the study period is provided in Tables 3.24 and 3.25 respectively.

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Table 3.24 Surface Water Quality of sampling locations

No. Parameters Unit SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6 SW7 SW8 1 pH -- 8.04 7.96 7.44 7.61 7.92 7.9 7.42 8.43 2 Colour Hazen 7.33 5.3 8.7 10.5 13.7 10 17.7 13.7 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Obj. Obj. Unobj. Unobj. 4 Taste -- Agr. Agr. Agr. Agr. Unagr. Unagr. Agr. Agr. 5 Temperature °C 23 24.4 25 24.4 25.4 22.8 24 23.2 6 Salinity g/l 0.25 0.28 0.57 0.46 0.78 0.74 0.4 0.23 7 Turbidity NTU 7.4 5.8 8.8 9.3 13.7 9.5 14.2 6.4 Total Suspended 8 mg/l 18.3 14.7 18.3 20 30.3 18 28 14.3 Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved 9 mg/l 381 411 774 571 1021 952 439 281 Solids (TDS) Total Hardness (as 10 mg/l 204.3 238 295 283 428 405 233.3 150 CaCO3) Ca Hardness (as 11 mg/l 85 83 152 129 200 160 100 67 CaCO3) Mg Hardness (as 12 mg/l 119 154 143 154 228 245 133 83 CaCO3) 13 Chlorides (as Cl-) mg/l 50.7 62.3 152 91 207.3 200 96.7 48 Total Alkalinity (as 14 mg/l 210 220 177 300 423 288 165 137 CaCO3) 2- 15 Sulphates (as SO4 ) mg/l 11.3 6 191 11 64.7 152 30.7 10 16 Sodium (as Na+) mg/l 40.3 29.3 135 68 161.3 146 39.3 17.3 17 Potassium (as K+) mg/l 3.33 9.7 3.7 4.5 5.7 4 2.33 3 Sodium Absorption 18 % 1.5 0.8 3.4 1.65 3.4 3.1 1.29 0.97 Ratio - 19 Nitrates (as NO3 ) mg/l 4.1 0.53 4.2 9.9 5 9.2 6.3 6.7 20 Total Phosphate mg/l 0.53 0.16 0.57 0.3 4.6 0.9 0.47 0.43 21 Total Nitrogen mg/l 11 14.2 12.3 18.3 13.8 18.6 10.5 12.5 22 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.19 0.06 0.22 0.12 0.37 0.35 0.15 0.15 23 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.5 5.9 7 6 7.1 5.4 4.53 6.9 Chemical Oxygen 24 mg/l 14.3 21 13 30 39.7 32 31.7 13.3 Demand Biochemical Oxygen 25 mg/l 1.9 2.3 6 12 18.3 16 13.3 1.77 Demand 26 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 27 Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.07 0.18 0.16 0.21 <0.05 29 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 30 Iron(as Fe) mg/l 0.06 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.14 0.1 0.18 0.12 31 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 32 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 0.67 0.53 0.57 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 33 Pesticides µg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 34 Mineral Oil mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 MPN/ 35 Total Coliforms 20 423 676 184 1082 171 161 14 100ml MPN/ 36 Fecal Coliforms Absent 32 35 37 63 13 26 3 100ml 37 Phytoplankton No. / ml 4 4 8 11 16.3 10 21 6 38 Zooplankton No. / ml 3 2 5 7 12 7 14 5 Unobj.: Unobjectionable Agr.: Agreealbe BDL: Below Detectable Limit Obj.: Objectionable Unagr.: Unagreeable

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Table 3.25 Ground Water Quality of sampling locations

No. Parameters Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 1 pH -- 6.9 7.32 7.10 7.06 7.16 6.85 7.17 6.83 2 Colour Hazen 3.1 2.7 3.23 2.5 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.4 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. 4 Taste -- Agr. Agr. Agr. Agr. Agr. Agr. Agr. Agr. 5 Temperature °C 24.3 23.5 23.8 24.2 24 24 24.1 24.4 6 Salinity g/l 1.21 0.83 1.43 0.84 0.7 1.35 0.53 0.46 7 Turbidity NTU 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.1 3.7 4.6 3.5 3.9 Total Dissolved 8 mg/l 1584 1104 2010 1105 1136 2251.3 748 721.3 Solids (TDS) Total Hardness (as 9 mg/l 661 653 1005 581 638 1219 438 404 CaCO3) Ca Hardness (as 10 mg/l 292 210 490 315 473 367 163 212 CaCO3) Mg Hardness (as 11 mg/l 370 443 515 260 165 851 276 192 CaCO3) 12 Chlorides (as Cl-) mg/l 327 163 342 237 256 623 117 142 Total Alkalinity (as 13 mg/l 561 475 420 419 375 465 378 271 CaCO3) 2- 14 Sulphates (as SO4 ) mg/l 185 167 540 94 139 373 63 72 15 Sodium (as Na+) mg/l 253 112 193 120 107 232 72.0 65 16 Potassium (as K+) mg/l 4 6 29 6 8 9 12 10 Sodium Absorption 17 % 4.3 1.68 2.63 2 1.7 2.87 1.43 1.43 Ratio - 18 Nitrates (as NO3 ) mg/l 1.7 2.2 1.9 4.3 2.3 3.93 1.43 1.93 19 Total Phosphate mg/l 0.14 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13 20 Total Nitrogen mg/l 5.6 5.4 9.53 9.5 6.1 8.9 3.87 5.43 21 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 22 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.7 1.53 2.4 2.2 Chemical Oxygen 23 mg/l Demand <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 Biochemical Oxygen 24 mg/l Demand <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 25 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 26 Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 27 Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 29 Iron(as Fe) mg/l 0.07 0.07 0.42 0.12 0.23 0.38 0.09 0.93 30 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 31 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 1.97 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.63 <0.5 <0.5 4.17 32 Pesticides µg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 33 Mineral Oil mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 MPN/ 34 Total Coliforms Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 100ml MPN/ 35 Fecal Coliforms Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 100ml Unobj.: Unobjectionable Agr.: Agreealbe BDL: Below Detectable Limit

3.8.7 Ground Water Quality Analysis

Analysis with respect to IS 10500

The pH of the ground water samples varies from 6.83 to 7.32. pH 6.83 was observed at Sundilla and pH 7.32 was observed at Virlapalli.

Total dissolve soilds (TDS) were found to be in the range of 721.3 to 2251.3 mg/l. TDS of water samples collected at all locations were found to be exceeding IS 10500 desirable

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limit 500 mg/l. Minimum TDS concentration 721.3 mg/l was observed at Sundilla and maximum TDS 2251.3 mg/l was observed at Sector II Colony.

Hardness concentration was ranging from 404 to 1219 mg/l, which indicates that in all the ground water samples hardness concentration is exceeding the IS 10500 desirable limit 300 mg/l. Minimum hardness concentration 404 mg/l was observed at Sundilla whereas maximum hardness 1219 mg/l was observed at Sector II Colony.

Chloride concentration were found to be in the range of 117 to 623 mg/l. Chlorides concentration at Project site, Allur, Kazipalli and Sector II Colony exceeds the IS 10500 desirable limit of 250 mg/l.

Sulphates concentration was found to be in the range of 63 to 540 mg/l. Sulphates concentration at Allur and Sector II Colony exceeds the IS 10500 desirable limit of 200 mg/l.

Analysis with respect to Water Criteria Limits

Ground Water Samples are compared with the ‘Water Criteria Limits’ (Table 3.27). All the ground water samples are falling under the ‘C’ category (Drinking Water Source after Conventional treatment and disinfection).

3.8.8 Surface Water Quality Analysis

The surface samples collected from Yellampalli reservoir and NTPC storage barrage are falling under the A category whereas sample collected at Godavari river upstream is category B and other samples are distributed in category D & E as given below. The results of classification with reference to the analysis data is given in Table 3.26.

Table 3.26 Physio-Chemical analysis of surface water

Parameters Class of Location S.No D.O. BOD Coliforms Water as Code pH (mg/l) (mg/l) (MPN/100ml) per CPCB 1 SW1 7.82-8.16 6.2–6.8 1.5-2.2 18-22 A 2 SW2 7.85-8.11 5.5-6.4 2.2-2.4 312-486 B 3 SW3 7.12-7.82 6.8-7.2 4.0-8.0 412-904 D 4 SW4 7.40-7.82 5.8-6.2 10.0-14.0 164-204 D 5 SW5 7.82-8.01 6.8-7.2 15.0-22.0 610-1612 E 6 SW6 7.90-8.20 5.2-5.6 14-16 124-218 D 7 SW7 7.20-7.60 4.3-4.8 12.0-14.0 156-164 E 8 SW8 8.25-8.54 6.8-7.2 1.5-2.0 12-15 A

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Table 3.27 Environmental Standards water quality criteria

Class of Designated-Best-Use water Criteria

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less Drinking Water Source without pH between 6.5 and 8.5 conventional treatment but after A Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more disinfection Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Outdoor bathing (Organised) B Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml Drinking water source after shall be 5000 or less conventional treatment and pH between 6 to 9 C disinfection Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Propagation of Wild life and pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Fisheries D Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less pH betwwn 6.0 to 8.5 Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro Controlled Waste disposal E mhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l

Analysis with respect to Class C (IS 2296 limits)

The pH of the surface water samples varying from 7.42 to 8.43, which is well within the IS 2296 limits 6.5 to 9.0. A pH of 7.42 was observed at Allur Cheruvu and pH of 8.43 was observed at NTPC Storage Barrage.

Total dissolve soilds (TDS) were found to be in the range of 281 to 1021 mg/l which indicates that TDS is well with in the IS 2296 limits (1500 mg/l). Minimum TDS concentration 281 mg/l was observed at NTPC Storage Barrage and maximum TDS 1021 mg/l was observed at Jangaon Cheruvu.

DO was observed in the range of 4.53 to 7.1 mg/l.

Chloride concentrations were found to be in the range of 48 to 207.3 mg/l which indicates that chloride concentration is well with in the IS 2296 limits (600 mg/l).

Sulphates concentration was found to be in the range of 6 to 191 mg/l. Sulphates concentration in all samples are well with in the IS 2296 limit 400 mg/l.

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3.9 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area and identify the current impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality and also predict impacts, which may arise due to the plant operations. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the baseline soil quality has been carried out.

3.9.1 Data Generation

For studying soil profile of the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations were determined. The samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil up to a depth of 90 cm.

The present study of the soil profile establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the plant. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives:

To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area; To determine the impact of industrialization on soil characteristics; and To determine the impact on soils more importantly from agricultural productivity point of view.

3.9.2 Soil Sample Collection

To understand the soil nutrient status (for green belt development and water requirement) and soil infiltration, for possibility of contamination if any, soil samples were collected at selected locations. Total 4 samples sites (Figure 3.18) are identified for the present study. The study also helps to understand the present scenario and helps to predict changes due to the proposed industry.

Meticulous attention was paid to collect adequate amount of composite soil samples in dependable water proof containers and brought to the laboratory with proper precautions for analysis.

The step by step method of sampling (as per ISO 1038 on collection, handling and storage) is given below:

Selection of site

A visual survey of the field is made in slope, texture, and cropping pattern. The collection site is demarcated into uniform portions, each of which sampled separately. Details of vegetation cover and of chemical and biological additions or accidental contamination are recorded. Sampling is made during normal environmental conditions.

Collection

Surface layer is scrapped to avoid surface vegetation, litter, visible roots and soil fauna. The samples are designated according to the sampling area, unit and horizons.

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A sample hole at a depth of 15 cm is dug to collect 2 kg of soil for physico-chemical analyses.

Transportation conditions

Soil is packed in a dark polythene bags for transportation to avoid changes in water content.

Sample processing

Samples are dried in hot air cabinet (at 80 0C). After drying, soils are sieved through 2 mm size sieve to remove pebbles, gravels, stones and plant debris. Then the soil is crushed to fine particles for further analyses.

Storage of samples

If further storage is required, then the samples are kept at dark at 4 0C ± 2 0C with free access of air or in a loosely tied plastic bag.

All the chemical parameters were analyzed as per ‘Soil analyses’ by Jackson, 1994 and ISO Standards Compendium ‘Environmental Soil Quality’.

Site Description

1. FCI Plant site

The sample is collected opposite to the FCI administration building. FCI is an ammonia manufacture industry. The plant is not in an operating condition since 10 years. The area is covered by trees and undisturbed land from long time period.

2. Velampalli village

It is adjacent to FCI industry at a distance of 1 km and coal distilleries (coal mines) at other side. Samples are collected from barren land surrounded by houses within the village.

3. Parapalli

Sample is collected from the village offsite boundary adjacent to the agricultural fields. The area is covered with wet land and agricultural crop fields.

4. Udayanagar- Godavarikhani

The sample collection site is 2 km from the Godavari River. Sample is taken from the barren land surrounded by houses and garage.

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Figure 3.18 Map showing soil sampling locations

Distance Code Station Name Direction Latitude Longitude (km) S1 FCI- plant site -- -- 180 41.912I N 790 27.345I E S2 Virlapalli 1.0 SSE 180 43.015I N 790 30.778I E S3 Parapalli 5.5 SW 180 41.868I N 790 27.288I E Udayanagar- S4 5.0 N 180 46.654I N 790 31.024I E Godavarikhani

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FCI Project site Veerlapalli village

Parapalli village Udayanagar

Figure 3.19 Monitored soil sampling locations

3.9.3 Soil Data analysis

Soil samples analyzed for all the 4 sampling sites as given in Figure 3.17 and the general soil classification is given Table 3.29. The method for analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil samples is given in table below.

Table 3.28 Method of soil sample analysis

S.No. Parameters Units Method Physical ISO/DIS/10390(1:5 ratio); ISO/DIS 11048, 1 pH -- part 4 (1:2 ratio) 2 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm ISO/DIS/11265 (Ref:ISO 7888:1985) 3 Bulk Density gm/cc ISO/DIS/11277 4 Porosity % ISO/DIS/1508 5 Soil Texture -- ISO/DIS/11272 (1998) 6 Specific Gravity g/cm3 IS:2720 (part III/ Sec 1) - 1980 Chemical 7 Organic Matter % IS:2720- part 22 8 Total Nitrogen as N Kg/ha ISO/DIS/11261 – Kjeldhal method Olsen’s method (Ammonium molybdate 9 Phosphorous as (P O ) Kg/ha 2 5 extraction) Sodium(Na) mg/100g Extraction with Ammonium acetate 10 Potassium as (K2O) Kg/ha Measured by- Flame photometer

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Calcium (Ca) mg/100g Sodium Adsorption 11 meq/l00g By calculation Ratio

3.9.4 Type of Soil

The texture of the soil is mostly Loam and Silt loam in nature. Soil particle size directly involves in deciding soil texture, porosity and infiltration capacity.

Table 3.29 Classification of Soil

Soil separate fraction name Size Coarse Sand 1.0 to 0.5 mm; Medium sand 0.5 to 0.25 mm; Fine sand 0.25 to 0.10 mm; Very fine sand 0.10 to 0.05 mm; Silt 0.05 to 0.002 mm; Clay <0.002 mm.

Figure 3.20 Soil texture diagram of the study area

Based on particle sizes of the samples collected from the site, they are mostly falling in Loam and Silt loam category.

pH: The pH of the soil extract varied from 6.9 to 7.84. In terms of soil pH the characteristic of the soil is neutral in nature.

E.C: The EC varied from 95 to 552 µS/cm. The electrical conductivity is found to be below the average for all samples.

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Macronutrients: Nitrogen values ranged between 73 to 229 kg/ha. Nitrogen in the soil is found better quality at all the locations except Udaynagar.

The Phosphorus levels ranged between 7.5 to 24.0 kg/ha indicating its presence is better quality except FCI Udaynagar.

Soil potassium varied from 117 to 527 kg/ha shows the samples have medium to high concentration in all the locations except Udaynagar with low concentration.

There is no major plantation found around the collection site. There are few agricultural crops such as paddy, cotton, vegetables growing around Parapalli and Virapalli and other locations are identified as urban area with commercial value. The soils have no significant nutrient value for better crop production.

The physio-chemical parameters of soil and the concentration levels are given in Tables 3.30 to 3.33 below.

Table 3.30 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil Sampling Period: March 2014

No. Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4 1 Type of Soil -- D.B B D.B B 2 pH -- 7.16 7.84 7.25 7.57 3 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.38 1.49 1.43 1.46 4 Porosity % 0.33 0.30 0.33 0.28 5 Soil Texture -- Loam Silt loam Silt loam Silt loam 6 Sand % 32.5 21.3 21.3 25.0 7 Silt % 45.0 70.0 65.0 63.8 8 Clay % 22.5 8.7 13.7 11.2 9 Organic Matter % 1.70 1.95 1.80 0.65 10 Sodium Adsorption Ratio mg/100g 0.86 1.95 1.43 2.16 11 Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.06 2.12 2.13 2.04 12 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 121 319 541 94.9 13 Nitrogen as N Kg/ha 190 218 201 73

14 Phosphorous as (P2O5) Kg/ha 20 22 21 8 15 Potassium as (K) Kg/ha 178 527 321 116 * D.B: Dark brown; B: Black;

Table 3.31 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil Sampling Period: April 2014

No. Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4 1 Type of Soil -- D.B B D.B B 2 pH -- 7.05 7.24 7.02 7.34 3 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.36 1.48 1.41 1.44 4 Porosity % 0.37 0.33 0.34 0.31 5 Soil Texture -- Loam Silt loam Silt loam Silt loam 6 Sand % 30.5 25.5 20.6 29.5 7 Silt % 44.5 64.5 63.9 57.0

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8 Clay % 25.0 10.0 15.5 13.5 9 Organic Matter % 1.58 1.84 1.69 0.80 10 Sodium Adsorption Ratio mg/100g 0.80 1.78 1.41 2.20 11 Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.15 2.21 2.15 2.08 12 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 134 336 548 104 13 Nitrogen as N Kg/ha 177 205 189 90

14 Phosphorous as (P2O5) Kg/ha 22 21 20 9 15 Potassium as (K) Kg/ha 168 415 253 132 * D.B: Dark brown; B: Black;

Table 3.32 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil Sampling Period: May 2014

No. Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4 1 Type of Soil -- D.B B D.B B 2 pH -- 6.87 7.15 6.92 7.16 3 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.37 1.47 1.43 1.45 4 Porosity % 0.33 0.31 0.32 0.33 5 Soil Texture -- Loam Silt loam Silt loam Silt loam 6 Sand % 33.5 22.5 22.4 27.0 7 Silt % 43.0 67.0 64.1 60.5 8 Clay % 23.5 10.5 13.5 12.5 9 Organic Matter % 1.63 2.05 1.88 0.76 10 Sodium Adsorption Ratio mg/100g 0.85 1.89 1.25 2.30 11 Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.03 2.18 2.14 2.06 12 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 152 342 552 116 13 Nitrogen as N Kg/ha 182 229 210 85

14 Phosphorous as (P2O5) Kg/ha 20 24 22 9 15 Potassium as (K) Kg/ha 172 458 334 124 * D.B: Dark brown; B: Black;

Table 3.33 Soil concentration and assessment of soil fertility Parameter Units Concentration Level Up to 1.00 Average Electrical conductivity (uS/cm) 1.00-2.00 Harmful to germination 2.01-3.00 Harmful to Crops (mmhos/cm) Upto 1.00 Average Salinity Electrical (1mmho/cm 1.00 – 2.00 Harmful to germination conductivity = 640 ppm) 2.01 – 3.00 Harmful to Crops (Sensitive to salts) <4.5 Very low 4.5 – 6.0 Low (Acidic) pH -- 6.0 – 7.0 Moderate (Normal) 7.0 – 8.3 High (Weakly alkaline) >8.3 Very High (Alkaline) <100 Low Nitrogen (N) (kg/ha) >100-150 Good >150-300 Better Phosphorus (P2O5) (kg/ha) 00-20 Low

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>20-50 Medium >50-80 High 00-150 Low Potassium (K2O) (kg/ha) 151-300 Medium >300 High <0.4 Low 0.4-0.5 Medium Organic Carbon (%) 0.51-0.8 Average 2 Preferred Ca:Mg ratio (meq/100g) 3 Preferred Source: As per ISO: Soil Compendium

3.9.5 Interpretation of Data

The soil of the study area is predominantly silt loam. The soil in general is low in fertility. The soil is found to have neutral pH, organic carbon less than 2%, phosphorus less than 20 Kg/ha and medium potassium.

The rainfall of the area is1376.8 mm (as per IMD 2013-14) and temperature ranges from 18.3 0C to 42.2 0C during summer.

The general environmental conditions along with soil properties supports the production of a few crops such as paddy, maize, green gram, Bengal gram, groundnut, sesame, sunflower and castor, cotton, turmeric and sugarcane. The major river, Godavari, supports the irrigation and agricultural productivity.

3.10 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.10.1 Forest Types

According to Champion & Seth Classification, the forests of Karimnagar district belong to the Tropical Dry Deciduous forests type. The forests of the district can be considered under the following broad sub-types:-

(i) Southern moist mixed deciduous forest (ii) Southern dry mixed deciduous forest (iii) Dry teak forest

3.10.1.1 Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest

Most of the elements are semi-evergreen type mixed with some dry species. The dominant species in this forest type found in the top storey are Pterocarpus marsupium, Bombax ceiba, Terminalia bellerica, Anogeissus latifolia, Dalbergia latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, Lannea coromandelica, Madhuca indica and Garuga pinnata. In the second storey, Miliusa tomentosa, Polyalthia cerasoides, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Emblica officinalis, Xylia xylocarpa, Grewia tiliaefolia, Schrebera swietenioides, Cleistanthus collinus, Diospyros Montana and Flacourtia indica. In the lower storey, Zizyphus oenoplia, Casearia graveolens, Helictres isora, Desmodium gangeticum etc.

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3.10.1.2 Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest

This forest type is found in Adilabad, Karimnagar and Warangal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Rainfall 875 to 1125 mm, upto 1500 mm on dry sites and soils. The predominant species are Terminalia tomentosa, Bauhinia racemosa, Acacia arabica, Acacia catechu, Boswellia serrata, Buchnania lanzan, Azadirachta indica, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Flacourtia indica. The other species found in this type of forest are Gymnosporia spinosa, Zizyphus mauritiana, Zizyphus xyloparous, Mimosa hamata, Grewia hirsuta and Heteropogon contortus.

3.10.1.3 Dry Teak Forest

Mixed dry deciduous forest with teak usually forming the major proportion of the crop on shallow porous or stiff clayey soils. Characteristic species are Anogeissus latifolia, Diospyros tomentosa, Hardwickia binata, Adina cordifolia, Dalbergia latifolia, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Pterocarpus marsupium and other common dry deciduous trees.

3.10.2 Cropping Pattern

Karimnagar district falls under Northern Telangana plateau as per ICAR Agro Ecological sub-region. Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Greengram and Redgram are the major field crops cultivated in this district. Spice crop like turmeric, and vegetables such as chillies, tomatoes and cucumber are also grown. Mango orchards are also found in the study area as fruit crops.

3.10.3 Objectives of Ecological Studies

The objective of the present study was undertaken with a view to understand the present ecosystem on the following lines: To assess the distribution of vegetation in and around the proposed plant; To assess the distribution of animal life in the proposed plant areas as well as surrounding areas; To assess the biodiversity and to understand the resource potential; and To understand the nature of pollution and the impact of pollution on the ecosystem.

3.10.4 Methodology Adopted for the Survey

To achieve above objectives a detailed study of the area was undertaken in 10-km radius area with the proposed project site as its centre. The different methods adopted were as follows:

Compilation of secondary data with respect to the study area from published literature and Government agencies; Generation of first hand data by undertaking systematic ecological studies in the area; Interrogating local people so as to elicit information for local plants, animals and their uses

The present report gives the review of published secondary data and the results of field sampling conducted during pre-monsoon season 2014. Photographs of different landforms surrounding the fertilizer plant are given in figure 3.21.

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Agriculture land with paddy cultivation Weed infestation in village ponds

Waste land Prosopis scrub

Godavari river bed Coal mine areas

Figure 3.21 Different landforms surrounding the fertilizer plant

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3.10.4.1 Methodology – Flora & Fauna

Floral Diversity

The study was aimed at enumeration of the available plant resources and obtaining a broad representation of the existing floristic variations in and around the proposed project site. The site was surveyed through random sampling and the floristic diversity was enumerated. All floral elements encountered in the field were photographed. All the species encountered were identified with the help of local authenticate published flora.

Faunal Diversity

Random walk and opportunistic observations were used for documenting the birds. With the aid of a pair of binoculars the bird sampling were carried out during morning (06:00 to 10:00 hrs) and evening (17:00 to 19:00 hrs) hours. Point count methods were used for enumerating the avifauna in mudflat areas. Birds were monitored by road transects up to 200 metres distance to obtain information on population. Data on fishes were collected from secondary sources and interview with fisher folk of the area. During the present study period, both direct and indirect methods (tracks & signs and visual encounter survey) were used to document the mammals occurring in the area. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was followed for the survey of the herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) in the study area during the present study. VES is a method one in which field personnel walk through an area or habitat for a prescribed time period systematically searching for animals.

3.10.4.1 Analysis of Floral Diversity

The area falling under the 10 km radial distance is surrounded by both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Diverse systems such as dense and open forest, cultivated lands, sand dune vegetation, wetlands and human habitation were present in the study area that supported diverse floral species.

A total of 327 species of plants (including wild, ornamental and cultivated plants) belonging 77 plant families were documented and identified in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project sites of the study area. The identified plant species with scientific name, family, habit, habitat and type are given in Table 3.34.

Table 3.34 Distribution of plants in the study area and its surrounding

Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 1 Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Wight & Arn. 2 Abrus precatorius L. Papilionaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 3 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 4 Acacia auriculiformis A. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Cunn ex Benth. 5 Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 6 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Willd. 7 Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 8 Acanthospermum hispidum Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild DC. 9 Achras sapota Linn. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 10 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 11 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 12 Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae Grass Semi- Wild (Linn.) Trin. ex Thw. aquatic 13 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.ex Herb Terrestrial Wild Schultes Amaranthaceae 14 Aeschynomene aspera L. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 15 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 16 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 17 Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Alangiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Wang. 18 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 19 Albizia saman F.Muell. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 20 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Aloeaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 21 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 22 Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild paronychioides A. St.- Hilaire 23 Alternanthera philoxeroides Herb Terrestrial Wild (Mart.) Griseb. Amaranthaceae 24 Alternanthera pungens Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Kunth 25 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) Amaranthaceae Herb Aquatic Wild R.Br. ex DC. 26 Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild DC. 27 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 28 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 29 Ammannia baccifera Linn. Lythraceae Herb Semi- Wild aquatic 30 Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 31 Andropogon pumilus Roxb. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 32 Anisomeles indica (L.) Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Kuntze 33 Anisomeles malabarica (L.) Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild R. Br. ex Sims. 34 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 35 Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated (Roxb.) Miq. 36 Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 37 Aristida adscensionis L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 38 Aristida funiculata Trin & Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. Rupr. 39 Aristida hystrix L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 40 Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 41 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 42 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Lam. 43 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 44 Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Willd. 45 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 46 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 47 Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadoraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 48 Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild (Retz.) Willd. 49 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Ornamental ex Wendl. 50 Barleria prionitis L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 51 Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 52 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 53 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 54 Biophytum reinwardtii Oxalidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild (Zucc.) Klotzsch. 55 Blainvillea acmella (L.) Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Philipson 56 Blepharis maderaspatensis Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild (L.) Heyne ex Roth 57 Blepharis repens (Vahl) Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Roth 58 Blumea lacera (Burm.f) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 59 Blumea mollis (D.Don) Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Merr. 60 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 61 Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 62 Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 63 Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild Camus 64 Bougainvillea spectabilis Nyctaginaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental Comm. ex. Juss. 65 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild Alston 66 Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 67 Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild C.B. Clarke

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 68 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Tree Terrestrial Wild Taub. Papilionaceae 69 Calotropis procera (Ait.) Apocynaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild R.Br. 70 Canavalia cathartica Papilionaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Thouars 71 Capparis zeylanica L. Capparidaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 72 Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 73 Cardiospermum Sapindaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild halicacabum L. 74 Careya arborea Roxb. Barringtoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 75 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 76 Casearia rubescens Dalz. Flacourtiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 77 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 78 Cassia siamea Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 79 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casurinaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 80 Catharanthus roseus (L.) Herb Terrestrial Cultivated G.Don. Apocynaceae 81 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin Vitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 82 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Gaertn. 83 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 84 Cenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 85 Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 86 Chloris tenella Koen. ex Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild Roxb. 87 Chromolaena odorata (L.) Herb Terrestrial Wild R.King & H.Robins. Asteraceae 88 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 89 Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 90 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Rutaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 91 Cleome aspera Koen ex. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild DC. 92 Cleome monophylla L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 93 Cleome viscosa L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 94 Clitoria ternatea L. Papilionaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 95 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 96 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 97 Cocculus pendulus (Forst.) Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Diels 98 Cochlospermum religiosum Cochlospermaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild (L.) Alston 99 Combretum albidum G.Don Combretaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 100 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 101 Commelina clavata Clarke Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 102 Commelina longifolia Lam. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 103 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 104 Corchorus aestuans L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 105 Corchorus trilocularis L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 106 Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 107 Cordia myxa L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 108 Cordia sebestena L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 109 Crossandra Herb Terrestrial Cultivated infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Acanthaceae 110 Crotalaria hirta Willd. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 111 Crotalaria pallida Dryand. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild var. pallida(G.Don) Polhill 112 Crotalaria retusa L. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 113 Croton bonplandianum Baill. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 114 Cryptolepis buchananii Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Roem. & Schult. 115 Cucumis melo L. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 116 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 117 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 118 Cynoglossum zeylanicum Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm. 119 Cyperus articulatus L. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 120 Cyperus corymbosus Rottb. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 121 Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi- Wild aquatic 122 Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 123 Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi- Wild aquatic 124 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 125 Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild (L.) Willd. 126 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Papilionaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 127 Datura metal L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 128 Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 129 Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook) Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Rafin. 130 Desmodium laxiflorum DC. Papilionaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 131 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Mimosaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild Wight & Arn. 132 Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 133 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 134 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. Roxb. 135 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Jeffrey 136 Dolichandrone spathacea Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild (L.f.) K.Schum. 137 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae Grass Semi- Wild aquatic 138 Echinops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 139 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb Semi- Wild aquatic 140 Elaeocarpus serratus L. Tiliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 141 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 142 Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild Nees ex Steud. 143 Eragrostis pilosa P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 144 Erythrina indica Lam. Papilionaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 145 Eucalyptus tereticornisSm. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 146 Euphorbia geniculata Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Ortega 147 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 148 Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 149 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 150 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 151 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild L. 152 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 153 Ficus microcarpa var. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild microcarpa L.f. 154 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 155 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 156 Fimbristylis aestivalis Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild (Retz.) Vahl. 157 Fimbristylis argentea Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild (Rottb.) Vahl. 158 Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Cyperaceae Herb Semi- Wild Vahl. aquatic 159 Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. F.) Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Kern. 160 Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Flacourtiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Merr. 161 Glinus lotoides Linnaeus Aizoaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 162 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Papilionaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Kunth ex Walp. 163 Gloriosa superba L. Colchicaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 164 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 165 Gomphrena serrata L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 166 Goniogyna hirta (Willd.) Ali Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 167 Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. Tiliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 168 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild R.Br. ex Schult. 169 Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Ridsd. 170 Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 171 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Lam. 172 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 173 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 174 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Br. 175 Heteropogon contortus (L.) Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild P.Beauv 176 Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G.Don 177 Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild (Roxb.) Planch. 178 Hybanthus enneaspermus Violaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild (L.) F.V. Muell. 179 Hygrophila auriculata Herb Terrestrial Wild (Schum.) Heine Acanthaceae 180 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 181 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild R.Br. 182 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild Beauv. 183 Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 184 Indigofera linnaei Ali Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 185 Indoneesiella echioides (L) Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Nees. 186 Ipomoea alba L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 187 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae Shrub Aquatic Wild 188 Ipomoea obscura Ker-Gawl. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 189 Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild Merr. 190 Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 191 Ixora coccineaL. Rubiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 192 Jasminum scandens Vahl Oleaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 193 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 194 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 195 Justicia betonica L. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 196 Lagascea mollis Cav. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 197 Lagerstroemia reginae Lythraceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental Roxb. 198 Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild (Houtt.) Merr. 199 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 200 Launaea procumbens Herb Terrestrial Wild (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Asteraceae 201 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 202 Lepidagathis cristata Willd. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 203 Leptadenia reticulata Wight Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild & Arn. 204 Leucaena leucocephala (L.) Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Gills 205 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 206 Ludwigia perennis L. Onagraceae Herb Semi- Wild aquatic 207 Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Onagraceae Herb Semi- Wild Hara aquatic 208 Lycopersicum esculentum Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated Mill. 209 Malvastrum Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 210 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 211 Maytenus emarginata Celastraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild (Willd.) Ding Hou 212 Merremia tridentata (L.) Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Hall.f. 213 Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 214 Mimosa hamata Willd. Mimosaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 215 Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 216 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 217 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Korth. 218 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 219 Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Willd. 220 Morinda pubescens J.E. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Smith. 221 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 222 Morus alba L. Moraceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 223 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Papilionaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 224 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild M. Roem. 225 Murraya koenigii (L.) Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Spreng. 226 Murraya paniculata (L.) Rutaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental Jack 227 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 228 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 229 Nerium indicum Mill. Apocynaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 230 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Oleaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 231 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Nymphaeaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 232 Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 233 Oldenlandia umbellata L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 234 Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cactaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 235 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 236 Parthenium hysterophorus Herb Terrestrial Wild L. Asteraceae 237 Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 238 Pavonia procumbens (Wall Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild ex Wight & Arn.) Walp. 239 Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 240 Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 241 Peltophorum pterocarpum Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild (DC.) 242 Pentatropis microphylla L. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 243 Pergularia daemia (Forrsk.) Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Chiov. 244 Persea macrantha (Nees) Lauraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Kosterm 245 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Roxb. 246 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 247 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 248 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 249 Physalis minima Linn. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 250 Pithecellobium dulce Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild (Roxb.) Benth. 251 Plumeria alba L. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 252 Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental (Sonner.) Thw. 253 Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Caryophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Lam. 254 Polygala arvensis Willd. Polygalaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 255 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Papilionaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Pierre

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 256 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 257 Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 258 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Mimosaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 259 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 260 Pterolobium hexapetalum Caesalpiniaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild (Roth.) Sant. & Wagh 261 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 262 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 263 Quisqualis indica L. Combretaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental 264 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Apocynaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Benth. ex kurz 265 Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 266 Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae Grass Semi- Wild aquatic 267 Salicornia brachiata Miq. Chenopodiaceae Shrub Semi- Wild aquatic 268 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Oken 269 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Herb Semi- Wild aquatic 270 Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Muell.-Arg. 271 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 272 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 273 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Caesalpiniaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 274 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 275 Sesbania sesban (Jacq.) Papilionaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild W.Wight 276 Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 277 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 278 Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Borss. 279 Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 280 Sida rhombifolia L. var. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild rhombifolia 281 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 282 Solanum surattense Burm. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild f. 283 Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 284 Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 285 Sphaeranthus indicus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 286 Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 287 Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze Scrophulariaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 288 Strychnos nux-vomica L. Strychnaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 289 Suaeda nudiflora (Willd) Chenopodiaceae Herb Semi- Wild Moq. aquatic 290 Synadenium grantii Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental 291 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Gaertn. 292 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 293 Tabernaemontana Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated divaricata (L.) R.Br. Ex Roem. & Schult. Apocynaceae 294 Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 295 Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 296 Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 297 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Pers. 298 Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 299 Terminalia alata Heyne ex Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Roth 300 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Wight & Arn. 301 Terminalia bellerica Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild (Gaertn.) Roxb. 302 Terminalia catappa L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 303 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 304 Thespesia populnea (L.) Malvaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Soland ex Correa 305 Thevetia peruviana Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild K.Schum 306 Thunbergia grandiflora Acanthaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental Roxb. 307 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. 308 Trewia nudiflora L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 309 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 310 Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Br. 311 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 312 Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Jacq. 313 Typha angustifolia L. Poaceae Grass Aquatic Wild 314 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 315 Urochloa panicoides P. Poaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild Beauv. 316 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 317 Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Herb Terrestrial Wild Nash Poaceae 318 Vigna mungo (L.) Wilczek Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated

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Sl. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type No. 319 Vigna radiata (L.) Verdc. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 320 Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 321 Vitex altissima Linn.f. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 322 Waltheria indica L. Sterculiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 323 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 324 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild Taub. 325 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 326 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 327 Zornia gibbosa Span. Papilionaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

Family Wise Representation

Among 327 plant species, Papilionaceae and Poaceae are the dominant families representing 25 number of species each, followed by Asteraceae (20), Euphorbiaceae (14), Caesalpiniaceae (13), Amaranthaceae and Malvaceae of 12 species each. The fifteen dominant families in the documented flora are given in Table 3.35.

Table 3.35 Top fifteen dominant families in the study area

Sl No. Family name No. of plant species 1 Papilionaceae 25 2 Poaceae 25 3 Asteraceae 20 4 Euphorbiaceae 14 5 Caesalpiniaceae 13 6 Amaranthaceae 12 7 Malvaceae 12 8 Mimosaceae 12 9 Acanthaceae 11 10 Cyperaceae 11 11 Rubiaceae 10 12 Apocynaceae 9 13 Convolvulaceae 8 14 Moraceae 8 15 Asclepiadaceae 7

Habitat Wise Representation

Based on habit types, among the 327 plant species, herbaceous plants were dominant in the study area and was represented with 141 species, followed by trees (89 species), shrubs (39 species), climbers with 35 species and grasses (23 species) (Figure 3.22).

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Figure 3.22 Habit wise representations of plants from the study area

Different plant species photographs taken during study are provided in figure 3.23.

Alternanthera sessilis Ziziphus mauritiana

Samanea saman Lepidagathis cristata

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Abutilon indicum Plumbago zeylanica

Pongamia pinnata Calamus rotang

Diospyros melanoxylon Pithecellobium dulce

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Dalbergia sissoo Phoenix sylvestris

Asteracantha longifolia Ficus hispida

Butea monosperma Calotropis procera

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Solanum xanthocarpum Urena lobata

Figure 3.23 Photographs of different plant species collected during study

Endangered Species

Floristic studies were conducted during March to May 2014 to know the presence of any endangered/threatened/endemic plant species in and around proposed plant area and surrounding 10 km radius. The study area did not record the presence of any critically threatened species.

National Park/Sanctuary

As per Ministry of Environment & Forests Notifications and local forest notifications, there are no wildlife/bird sanctuaries/national parks/ biospheres/eco-sensitive areas in 10 km radius from plant site. The Wildlife Sactuary and National Park map issued by Andhra Pradesh Forest Department is attached below in figure 3.24.

Sivaram Wildlife Sanctuary is situated near to Manthani and spread in area of 29.8 sq km across Adilabad and Karimnagar district of Telangana region. A stretch of river Godavari is declared as sanctuary and mostly famous for Marsh Crocodile. The sanctuary is near about 22 km from the proposed fertilizer plant.

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Figure 3.24 Wildlife sanctuaries and National Park map of Andhra Pradesh

3.10.4.2 Analysis of Faunal Diversity

Avifauna

A total of 87 species of birds were observed during the present survey in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project sites. The habitat types of the area include agricultural land, scrub jungle, plantation, seasonal ponds, river bank, coal mine areas, and fallow land. The common terrestrial species of the area include Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis), Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis) and Red vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer). The list of avifauna is presented in the following Table 3.36. Indian Peafowl is the only schedule-I species as per Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 found in the surrounding areas of the proposed plant site. Indian Darter and Painted Stork which are under Near Threatened category as per IUCN status found near to village ponds in the 10 km radius of the project site.

Table 3.36 List of birds in and around the study area

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory IUCN/IWPA Status status 1 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus Dicruridae R LC leucophaeus

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S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory IUCN/IWPA Status status 2 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Cisticolidae R LC 3 Ashy-crowned Eremopterix grisea Alaudidae O LC Sparrow Lark 4 Asian Koel Eudynamys Cuculidae R LC scolopacea 5 Asian Openbill Anastomus Ciconiidae O LC Stork oscitans 6 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus Ploceinae R LC 7 Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus Laniidae R LC 8 Black Drongo Dicrurus Dicruridae R LC macrocercus 9 Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa Threskiornithidae R LC 10 Black-headed Oriolus xanthornus Oriolidae R LC Oriole 11 Black-rumped Dinopium Picidae R LC Flameback benghalense 12 Black-shouldered Elanus caeruleus Accipitridae R LC Kite 13 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae R LC 14 Brahminy starling Sturnus pagodarum Sturnidae R LC 15 Bronze-winged Metopidius indicus Jacanidae R LC Jacana 16 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae R LC 17 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis Anatidae WM LC melanotos 18 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Cuculidae R LC 19 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae R LC 20 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae R LC 21 Common Sandpiper Charadrius dubius Scolopacidae R LC 22 Common Swallow Hirundo rustica Hirundinidae R LC 23 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima Capitonidae R LC haemacephala 24 Domestic Chicken Gallus gallus Phasianidae R LC domesticus 25 Eurasian Collared Streptopelia Columbidae R LC Dove decaocto 26 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Rallidae WM LC 27 Eurasian Golden Oriolus oriolus Oriolidae R LC Oriole 28 Garganey Anas querquedula Anatidae WM LC 29 Golden Fronted Chloropsis Chloropseidae R LC Leafbird aurifrons 30 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Cuculidae R LC 31 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae R LC 32 Grey Francolin Francolinus Phasianidae R LC

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S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory IUCN/IWPA Status status pondicerianus 33 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae R LC 34 Grey-breasted Prinia hodgsonii Cisticolidae R LC Prinia 35 House Crow Corvus splendens Corvidae R LC 36 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae R LC 37 House Swift Apus affinis Apodidae R LC 38 Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax Phalacrocoracid R LC fuscicollis ae 39 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus Cuculidae R LC micropterus 40 Indian Darter Anhinga Anhingidae O NT melanogaster 41 Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris Bucerotidae R LC 42 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae R Schedule-I 43 Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae R LC 44 Indian Robin Saxicoloides Muscicapidae R LC fulicata 45 Indian Roller Coracias Coraciidae R LC benghalensis 46 Indian Silverbill Lonchura Estrildidae R LC malabarica 47 Indian Treepie Dendrocitta Corvidae R LC vagabunda 48 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx Ardeidae R LC intermedia 49 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus Muscicapidae R LC 50 Jungle Owlet Glaucidium Strigidae R LC radiatum 51 Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica Cisticolidae R LC 52 Large Egret Casmerodius albus Ardeidae R LC 53 Lesser Coucal Centropus Cuculidae R LC bengalensis 54 Little Brown Dove Streptopelia Columbidae R LC senegalensis 55 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax Phalacrocoracid R LC niger ae 56 Little Egret Egretta Garzetta Ardeidae R LC 57 Little Grebe Tachybaptus Podicipedidae WM LC ruficollis 58 Northern Pintail Anas acuta Anatidae WM LC 59 Oriental Magpie- Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae R LC Robin 60 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus Motacillidae R LC 61 Painted Stork Mycteria Ciconiidae O NT leucocephala 62 Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata Muscicapidae R LC

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S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory IUCN/IWPA Status status 63 Pied Crested Clamator jacobinus Cuculidae O LC Cuckoo 64 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Cerylidae R LC 65 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Muscicapidae R LC 66 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Ardeidae R LC 67 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Nectariniidae R LC 68 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Rallidae O LC 69 Purple-rumped Nectarinia Nectariniidae R LC Sunbird zeylonica 70 Red Collared Dove Streptopelia Columbidae R LC tranquebarica 71 Red Whiskered Pycnonotus Pycnonotidae O LC Bulbul jacosus 72 Red-rumped Hirundo daurica Hirundinidae R LC Swallow 73 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae R LC 74 Red-wattled Vanellus indicus Charadriidae R LC Lapwing 75 Rose-ringed Psittacula krameri Psittacidae R LC Parakeet 76 Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus Strunidae O LC 77 Rufous-backed Lanius schach Laniidae R LC Shrike 78 Small Blue Alcedo atthis Alcedinidae R LC Kingfisher 79 Spot-billed Duck Anas Anatidae WM LC poecilorhyncha 80 Spotted Owlet Athene brama Strigidae R LC 81 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris Motacillidae R LC 82 Water Cock Gallicrex cinerea Rallidae R LC 83 White-breasted Halcyon Alcedinidae R LC Kingfisher smyrnensis 84 White-breasted Amaurornis Rallidae R LC Water hen phoenicurus 85 White-browed Motacilla Motacillidae R LC Wagtail maderaspatensis 86 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Hirundinidae R LC 87 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Scolopacidae R LC

The family wise distribution of birds is provided in Table 3.37.

Table 3.37 Family wise distribution of birds

Family No. of species Ardeidae 7 Cuculidae 6

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Family No. of species Muscicapidae 5 Anatidae 4 Columbidae 4 Rallidae 4 Cisticolidae 3 Hirundinidae 3 Motacillidae 3 Phasianidae 3 Alcedinidae 2 Ciconiidae 2 Corvidae 2 Dicruridae 2 Laniidae 2 Nectariniidae 2 Oriolidae 2 Phalacrocoracidae 2 Pycnonotidae 2 Scolopacidae 2 Strigidae 2 Sturnidae 2 Accipitridae 1 Alaudidae 1 Anhingidae 1 Apodidae 1 Bucerotidae 1 Capitonidae 1 Cerylidae 1 Charadriidae 1 Chloropseidae 1 Coraciidae 1 Estrildidae 1 Jacanidae 1 Meropidae 1 Passeridae 1 Picidae 1 Ploceinae 1 Podicipedidae 1 Psittacidae 1 Strunidae 1 Threskiornithidae 1 Upupidae 1 Grand Total 87

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Butterflies

A total of 33 butterfly species belonging to 6 families were recorded during the present study (Table 3.38). At family level, the family Nymphalidae is the dominant one with 19 species followed by Pieridae with 6 species, Lycaenidae with 4 species and Papilionidae with 2 species. The family wise distribution of butterflies is given in Table 3.39. Species such as Chocolate Pansy, Common Jezebel, Plain Tiger, Common Crow, and Common Grass Yellow were commonly seen in and around the proposed project site. Crimson Rose, Danaid Eggfly and Common Pierrot are protected under schedule-I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Crimson Rose is endemic species found occurring in the present study area, the distributions of which are restricted to the Peninsular India and Srilanka (Kunte, 2000).

Table 3.38 List of butterflies in and around the study area

Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Family No 1 Baronet Euthalia nais Nymphalidae 2 Blue Pansy Junonia orithya Nymphalidae 3 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Nymphalidae 4 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Nymphalidae 5 Common Baron Euthalia garuda Nymphalidae 6 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Lycaenidae 7 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Pieridae 8 Common Gem Poritia hewitsoni Lycaenidae 9 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Pieridae 10 Common Indian Crow Euploea core Nymphalidae 11 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Pieridae 12 Common Leopard Phalanta phalanta Nymphalidae 13 Common Mormon Papilio polytes Papilionidae 14 Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Lycaenidae 15 Common Sailor Neptis hylas Nymphalidae 16 Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector Papilionidae 17 Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas Nymphalidae misippus 18 Double-branded Crow Euploea sylvester Nymphalidae 19 Glassy Tiger Parantica algea Nymphalidae 20 Gram Blue Euchrysops cnejus Lycaenidae 21 Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina Nymphalidae 22 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites Nymphalidae 23 Indian Skipper Spialia galba Hesperiidae 24 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Nymphalidae 25 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana Nymphalidae 26 Pioneer Anaphaeis aurota Pieridae 27 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Nymphalidae 28 Plum Judy Abisara echerius Riodinidae 29 Striped Tiger Danaus genutia Nymphalidae

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Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Family No 30 Three Spotted Grass Eurema blanda Pieridae Yellow 31 Twany Coster Acraea terpsicore Nymphalidae 32 White Orange Tip Ixias marianne Pieridae 33 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Nymphalidae

Table 3.39 Family wise distribution of butterflies in the study area

Family No of Species Nymphalidae 19 Pieridae 6 Lycaenidae 4 Papilionidae 2 Hesperiidae 1 Riodinidae 1 Grand Total 33

Amphibians

Based on field observations and the available secondary information, a total of 5 species of amphibians were recorded from the study area as given in the following Table 3.40.

Table 3.40 List of amphibians recorded in the study area

Sl No Common Name Scientific Name Family 1 Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus Bufonidae 2 Common Tree Frog Polypedates maculatus Rhacophoridae 3 Indian Skipper Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Ranidae 4 Indus Valley Toad Duttaphrynus stomaticus Bufonidae 5 Paddyfield Frog Fejervarya limnocharis Dicroglossidae

Photographs of different faunal species including birds are provided in figure 3.25.

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Fan-throated Lizard Plain Tiger

Twany Coster White Orange Tip

Three Spot Grass Yellow Indian Rat Snake

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Black ibis Open-billed stork

Bay-backed Shrike Common Hoopoe

Red-wattled Lapwing Asian Pied Starling

Figure 3.25 Photographs of faunal species collected during the study

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Reptiles

Based on field observations and the available secondary information, a total of 18 species of reptiles were recorded from the study area as given in the following Table 3.41.

Table 3.41 List of reptiles recorded in the study area

Sl No Common Name Scientific Name Family 1 Asian House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Gekkonidae 2 Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator Colubridae Common Bronzeback Tree 3 Snake Dendrelaphis tristis Colubridae 4 Common Cat Snake Boiga trigonata Colubridae Hemidactylus 5 Common House Gecko flaviviridis Gekkonidae 6 Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus Elapidae 7 Common Kukri snake Oligodon arnensis Colubridae 8 Common Skink Mabuya macularia Scincidae 9 Common Trinket Snake Coelognathus helena Colubridae 10 Common Vine Snake Ahaetulla nasuta Colubridae 11 Indian Chameleon Chamaleon zeylanicus Chamaeleonidae 12 Indian fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana Agamidae 13 Indian Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus Colubridae 14 Little Skink Lygosoma punctata Scincidae 15 Oriental Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Agamidae 16 Red Sand Boa Eryx johnii Boidae 17 Spectacled Cobra Naja naja Elapidae 18 Streaked Kukri Snake Oligodon taeniolatus Colubridae

Mammals

There are no major wild animals in the study area of 10 km radius and 15 mammals were recorded in study area (Table 3.42). No mammals are found either in schedule-I category of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 or IUCN category.

Table 3.42 Mammals recorded in the study area

Sl Common Name Scientific Name Family IUCN No Category 1 Black-napped Hare Lepus nigricollis Leporidae LC 2 Common House Mus musculus Muridae Mouse LC 3 Common House Rat Rattus rattus Muridae LC 4 Common Indian Varanus Varanidae Monitor Lizard bengalensis LC 5 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi Herpestidae DD

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Sl Common Name Scientific Name Family IUCN No Category 6 Domestic Asian water Bubalus bubalis Bovidae buffalo LC 7 Domestic Cat Felis catus Felidae LC 8 Domestic Cattle Bos taurus Bovidae LC 9 Domestic Dog Canis familiaris Canidae LC 10 Indian Crested Hystrix indica Hystricidae Porcupine LC 11 Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis Canidae LC 12 Jackal Canis aureus Canidae LC 13 Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta Cercopithecidae LC 14 Three-striped Palm Funambulus Sciuridae squirrel palmarum LC 15 Wild Boar Sus scrofa Suidae LC

3.11 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex was set up by Fertilizer Corporation India Limited (FCIL) in 1980. Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex was setup by FCIL in 1980 and in 1992 it was referred to BIFR under Sick Industrial Companies (Special provisions) and subsequently declared a sick unit and it was closed down in 2002. In 2007, Govt. of India decided to revive the sick units of FCIL. The present proposed project is the revival of Ammonia/Urea Fertilizer Project at Ramagundam (under revival plan initiated by Govt. of India in 2007). The proposed consortium of EIL, NFL, & FCIL intends to establish new plant having a single stream production capacity of 2200 TPD Ammonia and 3850 TPD Urea within the existing premises of Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex. As it was proposed in an already existing unit area, no additional land is required. Hence detailed Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan is not required. In the present study secondary data was collected from the available Census data. The 10 km study area falls in 2 districts viz., Karimnagar and Adilabad.

Karimnagar district - Ramagundam is a town in Karimnagar district in the state of Telangana. Karimnagar is the headquarters and 04th biggest town in Telangana. Karimnagar is bounded by Adilabad District to the north, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh in the north-east, Warangal district in the south, Medak district in the south-west, Nizamabad district in the west. The total number of villages falling in the district is 33 out of 39 villages falling in 10 km radius.

Adilabad district - Adilabad is a district in the state of Telangana. Adilabad is bounded by Madhya Pradesh in north and Maharashtra in north-west direction. Nizamabad in the south-west, and Karimnagar district in the south. The total number of villages falling in the study area under Adilabad district is 6 out of 39 villages falling in 10 km radius.

The following attributes have been collated and presented for the two districts which span the 10km radius in and around the plant site.

Demographic profile (Population (SC, ST & Others), human settlements, male/female ratio, and literacy, occupational pattern (Total Workers, Marginal

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workers and Non workers). This data is obtained from the available recent census data, 2011. Infrastructure resource base data (medical, education, water resource, power supply etc.) is obtained from amenities data of 2001 & Hand book of Statistics; Karimnagar district 2011. Economic resource (Agriculture, industry, forest etc.) - 2001. Aesthetic attributes. Study profile area and Perception survey of the affected people.

3.11.1 Methodology

The data collected for socioeconomic study is mainly of two methods viz., Primary and secondary. The data collected from different sources (Census and Govt. published data) is known as secondary data, where as the survey results of the local population is known as Primary data.

3.11.2 Secondary Data Sources

Secondary information was collected from the following sources

a. Population, Occupation and literacy levels- This data has been taken from 2011 Census data b. Amenities – The data given for amenities is the collection from 2011 District handbook which is compiled by Chief planning officer of Karimnagar and 2001 Census data

3.11.3 District Profile and Salient Features Secondary data analysis Population and households A 'household' is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons live in a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person was to be treated as separate households. The important link is finding out whether it was a household or not was a common kitchen. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households.

The total population of the area is 651036 out of which 329739 are male and 321297 are female population. The SC and ST’s are distributed with 21.7 % and 1.8 % respectively in the total population as (Table 3.43 in Appendix I and depicted in Figure 3.26).

Figure 3.26 Population composition

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Occupational Structure

Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. All persons engaged in 'work' as defined above are workers. Persons who are engaged in cultivation or milk production even solely for domestic consumption are also treated as workers. Occupational structure is divided in to 3 categories viz., Main workers, Marginal workers and non workers. The criteria of dividing type of workers are as follows:

Main workers: Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. As per the criteria the main workers in the study area is 194323. The occupational status is depicted in Figure 3.27 and details given in Table 3.44 of Appendix I.

Marginal workers: Those workers who have not worked for the major point of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as marginal workers. As per the criteria the marginal workers are 41082.

Non workers: All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity during the last one-year, but are not cultivators or agricultural laborers or in Household Industry, are 'Other Workers (OW)'. The type of workers that come under this category of 'OW' include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In effect, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural laborers or household industry workers are other workers. As per the criteria the Non workers are 415631.

Figure 3.27 Occupational Status surrounding the study area

Literacy levels

A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding any language has been taken as literate. It is not necessary for a person to have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard for being treated as literate. People who were blind and could read in Braille are treated to be literates. A

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person, who can only read but cannot write, is treated as illiterate. All children of age 6 years or less, even if going to school and have picked up reading and writing, are treated as illiterates.

The total literates and illiterates are 424618 (65.2%) and 226418 (34.8%) respectively as depicted in Figure 3.28 with details in Table 3.45 of Appendix I.

Figure 3.28 Literacy levels surrounding the study area

Landuse Pattern

Break up of land under different type of land use viz., forest, irrigated area, unirrigated area, culturalable waste and area not available for cultivation of the study area are furnished separately.

Forest Area: This includes all lands classed as forests under any legal enactment dealing with all forests or administered as forests whether state owned or private and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. Accordingly to this classification, this category of land covers 13% out of total study area.

Cultivable Waste Land: This includes land fit for cultivation whether or not taken up for cultivation or once they were taken up for cultivation but not cultivated for more than five years. Grazing land and land under groves have been included under Cultivable waste but this does not include ‘Orchads’. To be more precise Cultivable waste includes:

Permanent pastures Land under miscellaneous trees, crops and groves Cultivable land not put to agriculture

According to this classification, this category of land covers 12.92 % out of the total study area.

Area not available for cultivation: This area includes the area of barren and uncultivable lands and lands put to non – agricultural purpose like village sites, roads, water, rocks and hills etc.

According to this classification, this category of land covers 20.4% out of the total study area.

Irrigated and Unirrigated Land: This includes all agricultural land and all net area sown with crops and orchads or net cropped area and also current and follows. The letter

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implies all lands which were taken up for cultivation, but are temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than a year and more than five years.

According to this classification, this category of irrigated and unirrigated land covers 20.15% and 33.61% out of the total study area as depicted in Figure 3.29 with details in Table 3.46 of Appendix I.

Figure 3.29 Land use distribution Literacy levels surrounding the study area

Amenities

Education

The District has a highest literacy rate in both male and female. The Govt. of A.P has granted “Shatavahana University” in the year 2008 in the area of 200 acres of land which improves the literacy rate to a great level and the P.G. Centre of Kakatiya University at Karimnagar was transferred to the administrative control of Sathavahana University.

The District is well established with 2875 Primary Schools, 751 Primary Schools, 1262 High Schools,190 Junior Colleges, 64 Degree Colleges, 7 Post Graduate colleges, 14 B.Ed colleges, 12 Engineering colleges, 2 Medical colleges , 7 Pharmacy colleges and other important Educational institutions. The details of all educational institutions in the study area are given in Table 3.47.

Table 3.47 School, college and other educational institutes in the area

Management Category Central Mandal Private Private State govt. Total govt. parishad aided unaided Schools Primary schools 0 77 2148 16 634 2875 Upper primary 0 8 341 10 392 751 High schools 2 73 607 13 567 1262 Colleges Jr. colleges 0 58 0 0 132 190 Degree colleges 0 12 0 0 47 59 Nursing institutes 0 0 0 0 1 1 P.G. colleges 0 1 0 0 5 6 Law colleges 0 0 0 0 0 0

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B.Ed 0 0 0 0 15 15 D.I.E.T 0 1 0 0 1 2 Omental 0 1 0 0 1 2 I.t.is 0 5 0 0 9 14 Poly technique 0 4 0 0 1 5 Engineering 0 1 0 0 13 14 Pharmacy 0 0 0 0 8 8 Medical 0 0 0 0 3 3 Agricultural 0 0 0 0 0 0 Veterinary 0 0 0 0 1 1 Universities 0 1 0 0 0 1 M.B.A 0 0 0 0 7 7 M.C.A 0 0 0 0 2 2 Total 2 242 3096 39 1839 5218 (Source: Karimnagar District handbook 2011)

Medical

District Medical & Health department plays Key role in Public Health Sector. The main functions of DM & HO Departments are given Table 3.48.

1. Promotive, Curetive & Preventive care. 2. Implementation of all national programmes such as Immunisation, Family planning, RNTCP, HIV AIDS & Leprosy, JSY, NRHM, etc., 3. Implementation of all state Programme like School Health, MCTS. 4. Preventive of Vector born & Water born diseases (Malaria, Filaria, Dengue, Diarrhea, etc.

Table 3.48 Educational & Medical facilities

Particulars Year Nos. Schools Schools including Elementary, UPS, High Schools & Higher Secondary Schools 2011-12 4888 Colleges Degree Colleges (Govt..+Private aided) 64 Junior Colleges 190 Polytechnic (Govt.) 2011-12 4 Engineering Colleges (including private colleges) 14 Medical Colleges(including Private Colleges) (Allopathy) (MBBS) 3 Government Hospitals Allopathic including PHCs 85 Ayurvedic 25 Homoeopathy 2011-12 11 Unani 18 Naturopathy 1 (Source: Karimnagar District handbook 2011)

Water

The major water bodies of the district are river Godavari and Manai. The major river valley projects in this district include the dams across Maneru and Mulavagu, and Ichampaly dam across the Godavari. Borewells are the main source of water for the local people. The availability irrigated area and drinking water facilities are given in Table 3.49.

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Table 3.49 Irrigated area and drinking water facilities

Irrigated area Source of irrigation Area (in hectares) Canals 125273 Tanks 52381 Tubewells 72029 Dugwells 350861 Gross area irrigated 600544 Area irrigated more than once per year 200166 Net area irrigated 400378 Drinking water facilities PWS 2152 Bore well 20988 Open well 279 Others 118 Not having drinking water facility 0 (Source: Karimnagar District handbook 2011)

Electricity, Communication, Post & Telegraph & Banking

The major needs of the people are met through the government sourced power supply, savings and loans through local banking offices. Other amenities related to electricity, communication, postal & banking is given in following Tables (3.50 & 3.51).

Table 3.50 Electricity service connections- 2011

Category Power sold (in million units) Domestic 869966 Agriculture 324736 Industrial 16996 Others 82096 Total 1293794 (Source: Karimnagar District handbook 2011)

Table 3.51 Communication, Post & Telephone & Banking Facilities (2011)

Facility Nos. Railway communication Railway station 18 Broad gauge 18 Meter gauge 0 Narrow gauge 0 Bus (stage carriage) 933 Goods vehicles 371979 Others 27381 Total 400329 Post offices Head post office 2 sub-offices 58

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Branch office 392 Total 452 Telephone facility No.of exchanges 173 Telephone connections 41233 Telegraph offices/combined offices 1 No.of mobile towers 148 PCO 5595 Banking facility Nationalised banks 194 Rural banks 55 Cooperative banks 37 Other banks 1 Total 287 (Source: Karimnagar District handbook 2011)

Amenities in the District Areas

Education, Medical, Water availability, Post & Telegraph, Communication, Banking facilities and Power supply are considered for the study. Village wise list of amenities in each of the two districts is given in in Tables 3.52 to 3.54 (as per 2001 Census).

Industries

The bulk of industries found here are based on agricultural, engineering, forest and mineral sectors providing employment to lot of people. There Small Scale Industries include Rice Mills, Parboiled Rice Mills, Packaged Drinking Water, Flour, Chilly and Turmeric Mills, Saw Mills, Wooden furniture, Power looms Readymade Garments mfg., Stone crushers, General Engineering Works, Milk Processing, Cotton Mill, Granite Processing, Cement Fly Ash and clay Bricks etc. major industries in the area NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) at Ramagundam, Singareni Collieries at Godavarikhani. Availability of electricity, fresh water, transportation and communication facilities are some of the factors which accelerated the industrial growth in the study area. Other than the above, the list of industries with in the study area is given in Table 3.55.

Table 3.55 List of Industries within study area

S.No Industry Location 1 Sri venkateswara Agro Industries Tekumutla village, Adilabad (Dist.) 2 Balaji Agro Industries Modern Rice Mill 3 Ohm Industries 4 Jayalaxmi Industries 5 Balaji Cotton Industries Indaram village, Adilabad 6 Jaipur Thermal Power Plant* Indaram village, Jaipur mandal, Adilabad 7 Sri Sai Industries Indaram village, Adilabad 8 Venkata Sai Laxmi Ceramics Industries 9 Aryan energy (P) Ltd. Coal washery 10 Varalaxmi Agro Industries Rice mill 11 Siddivinayaka Industries Gowthaminagar,APIIC,Ramagundam** 12 Sri Laxmi modern rise mill 13 Sri Sai Krishna Industries 14 Surabhi Purified drinking water

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15 Surabhi cements 16 Sri Sai boiled rise mill 17 Adivaraha rice mill 18 Balaji modern rice mill 19 GMMCO Ltd 20 Ramakrishna rice mill 21 EXK Electric burn Industries 22 Maheswara Enterprices 23 NTPC (2600 MW) ,power plant Ramagundam 24 Surya Plastics Laxminagar,Godavarikhani 25 Singareni 18 MW power House Power House colony ,Godavarikhani 26 NTPC Solar power plant Salapally village 27 A.P Genco B-Power House(62.5MW) Ramagundam 28 Bharathi Agarabathi industries Durganagar,Godavarikhani 29 Nandini paper production industries Parusharamnagar ,Godavarikhani 30 Plastic Re-Cycling industries Malkapur village 31 Sri Sai tyre Re-trading company Ganganagar ,Godavarikhani 32 Akhila tyre Re-trading company Ganganagar 33 Padmini industries Markkandeya colony ,Godavarikhani 34 Ram-Laxmi industries Power House colony 35 Tajkrishna tyre Re-Trading works Ganganagar 36 Amma Fly-ash bricks company Addaguntapalli ,Godavarikhani 37 Sidheswara industries Gowthaminagar 38 Adhya brick industries Laxmipuram village 39 Sri Sravan brick plant Kasipalli village 40 Global coal washaries Vittalnagar ,Godavarikhani Source: Data collected from Godavarikhani Municipal office *(under construction, outside the boundary of 10km radius of study area) ** APIIC (Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd.; IDA)

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd (NTPC) Ramagundam- It is the 6th largest Power Generator in the world with an installed capacity of 2600 MW. Ramagundam is situated at a distance of about 75 km. The power-house at the place is the biggest thermal power producing station in the state and supplies power to Hyderabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal and also to the Mancherial Cement Factory. A Navaratna Public sector undertaking completed 25 glorious years in service to the Nation. This Super Thermal Power Station has earned the distinction of being the beacon light of the Southern States, promoting economic growth and prosperity.

Godavarikhani (Peddapalli) Singareni Colleries Company Limited (SCCL) - Incorporated as a public limited company in 1920, became a Government Company in 1956 The Company manages the coal mining operations in Andhra Pradesh. The reserves stretch over 350 sq. km of Pranahita - Godavari Valley of Andhra Pradesh with proven deposits of 7095 million tonnes as on 01 .01 .1999. The company also has a Coal Chemical Complex producing smokeless domestic fuel.

Mineral Resources

Coal, stowing sand and Limestone are the major minerals found in and around the study area and Black granites, gravel, lime kankar, brick sand are the minor mineral resources (Table 3.56).

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Table 3.56 Minerals and their production

Minerals Production (in tones) Value (in lakhs) Major Coal 18292000 155482 Limestone 1500000 28500 Stowing sand 1385567 6927.83 Total 21177567 190910 Minor Black granites 0 0 Color granites 282290 34199.93 Stone & metal 361380 1806.9 Gravel 17909 23.28 Lime kankar 1000 0.6 Bricks 96 0 Sand 0 0 Total 662675 36030.7 Grand total 21840242 226941 (Source: Karimnagar statistics handbook 2011)

Tourist Places

The vicinity areas of the project site are home to a number of temples and other historical sites that made the environment more aesthetic resembling the culture and harmony of India. An interesting aspect of Hindu religious architecture in Karimnagar district is the existence of rock cut cave temples. Besides, there are mosques and Idghas in many places found to be constructed in the recent past. However, it is of significance to note that most of the historical sites are beyond the 10 km radius study area.

These places because of such historical significance attract huge number of Tourists and Pilgrims from different parts of the Country and World, some of such places with great Historical significance around the Plant site area were mentioned below.

Jagityala fort- Jagityala is 50 km away from Karimnagar. Jagityala fort was built with stones and lime in an expansive place. It was in star shape. The Agadtha or Kandakam filled with water is still there even now. The fort was built by the side of Kandlapelli Pond. So there is always water in Kandakam and pond. There are some rooms used as stores for weapons.

Elagandal fort- Elagandula Khilla is the pride of Karimnagar district. The Khilla fort is located in Elagandula village which is 18 km away from Karimnagar. It呸s height is 200 feet and area two and half miles. The East entrance of fort, the Brundavan pond, Mosques in the fort, graves, NeelaKanteswara Narasimha temple etc., are attracting many tourists.

Molanguru fort- Molanguru is in Kesavapatnam Mandal. It is 13 km away from Huzurabad and 16 km from the Jammikunta railway station. The fort is on the way to Elagnadula from Vorugallu. So, there is so much significance to the Molangur fort. The Malangshavali Darga is in the fort. As there was Molangashawali grave, the village was called Molangur.

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The Stupa of Dhulikatta- The village of Dhulikatta is situated on the right bank of Hussainivagu. The stupa is now popularly called the Kota area. The mud fort is 18 hectares in extent and roughly 6m above the plains and it is enclosed by mud ramparts. Excavations here brought to light several buildings including granaries and punch marked coins, besides some Roman coins etc. About one kilometer exactly to the north of the historical mound, is the stupa.

Vemulawada- Vemulawada is a Mandal head quarters at a distance of 35 km on the western part in Karimnagar district. The greatness of Vemulawada can be inferred from ten inscriptions from the various temples. In those inscriptions it is named as Lemulavatika, Lembulavade, Lembulavada. After the cha nges it is transformed into Lemulavada, Yemulada, Vemulavada. The oldest temples are located in Vemulawada in Karimnagar district.

Bheemeswara Temple- The beautiful Bheemeshwara temple in Vemulawada belongs to 9th century A.D. This temple was known as Badhegeswara temple, built by Chalukya king Bhaddega (A.D. 850-895). The parapet wall of the temple built with stone this temple shows of the greatness the sculpture of those times in Vemulawada.

Rajarajeswara temple- The most popular of all temples in Vemulawada is Sri Raja Rajeswara temple built by one of the governors of western Kalyani Chalukyas situated just 34 km away from the city of Karimnagar and is known as the “Banaras of South India”. On the left side of Sri Rajarajeswara temple is Kasi Vishveshwara temple. The color of the lingam in this temple is tender pink. This lingam is the also called Kasi Vishveshwara Lingam. Beside Raja Rajeswara temple, Kodanda Rama temple, Balatripura Sundari temple, Bala Rajeshwari temple, Vitaleshwara temples are also there. Beside this Raja Rajeswara temple there is a small pool of religious importance. This is known as Dharma Kundana. In this temple premises there is also a tomb of Muslim saint. It is a sacred place for both Hindus and Muslims.

Anjaneya Swamy Temple Of Kondagattu- This temple of Kondagattu Anjaneya is famous in Malyala mandal situated at a distance of 37 km from Karimnagar. It is built by a shepherd named Singala Swamy ji 300 years back as he found the statue of Lord Sri Anjaneya. Signs of hill valley fort, caves and horse skeletons are seen near the temple. The newly built parapet wall around the Sri Anjaneya temple has porch constructions inside it.

Sri Kaleshwara & Mukteswara temple of Kaleshwaram- This village lies in thick forest surroundings, at a distance of 16 km from Mahadevapuram and 32 km from Manthani at a picturesque spot where the river Godavari receives into it another stream called the Pranahitha. The Sivalingam here is considered to be one of the three Jyothirlingas of Lord Siva.

Manthani Temple- The various dilapidated temples and statues in this region tell us about the glorious history of the town which is 72 km away from Karimangar in the North- East side. It has nearly 20 temples. The presence of Goddess KalikaDevi statue with holy thread on her at the Government guest house in Manthani is its speciality.

Laxmi Narsimha Swamy swamy Trikutalaya of Raikal- The village of Raikal is 20 km away from Jagtial. This place is still called temple fort as the temple has been housed in the fort.

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Main Trikutalaya of naganoor- The village of Nagunuru is 8 km away from Karimnagar in the north. The multi label images, big and small rock inscriptions in this dilapidated temple tell us about the past glory of this temple.

Shiva temple of Kotilingala- The village Kotilingala is in Velgaturu Mandal of Karimnagar district. It is 3 km off from the highway between Karimnagar and Lakshettipet on the northern side of the Godavari from Velgaturu. The fort of Shathavahana era was unearthed in the excavations.

Lower Manair Dam- The Lower Manair Dam spans the Manair River, a tributary of the Godavari constructed in 1985 with a height of 27 metres and it has a catchment area of about 6,475 sq. km. Lower Manair Dam is a popular tourist destination for its panoramic reservoir. The shores of the reservoir offer an opportunity to relax amidst the lush green environs. It is a fabulous place for picnics. Close to the dam are two other attractions, the Ujwala Park and Deer Park. Both offer a great place to relaxation and entertainment.

Ujjwala park- it is situated at the banks of Manair River at a distance of 10 km from Karimnagar on the Kama reddy road. The antiquities of the place are a fort on the hill, Brindavan gateway on the eastern gateway of the fort. Besides, there are temples of Nelakantha swamy and Narasimha swamy.

3.11.4 Study Area Profile and Perception Survey

The study area for the socio-economic field study was in the 10 km radius from the project site. A sample of 10 major habitat clusters including villages and Ramagundam Muncipality and its outgrowth areas were surveyed for demographic structure of the households, level of literacy, occupation of the people, health facilities, utilities and infrastructure facilities. Based on a stratified sample in the study area respondents were interviewed / interacted with to ascertain and review their perception regarding the proposed project. The questionnaire collected from different people in different villages are attached as Annexure XIII. Based on the primary and secondary data, the compiled, processed and analyzed informations collected have been detailed in the ensuing paragraphs under two sections:

(i) Study Area Profile: This section gives description of the socio-economic characteristics of the area including demographics, literacy levels and social infrastructure in the area.

(ii) Feedbacks and Socio-economic perspectives: This section covers the feedbacks and perception of local persons about the proposed project and the major issues/problems affecting the residents in the study area.

3.11.4.1 Study Area Profile

Population and Households

The demographic profile of the sample habitat clusters studied in the 10 km radius from the project site surveyed in field study are given in Table 3.57.

Table 3.57 Demographic Profile of Study Area

Villages Population Household nos. 1. Ramagundam Municipality 237,559 59244

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& Outgrowth (M&OGs) 2. Allur 2104 543 3. Sundilla 3516 921 4. Penchikalpet 2123 572 5. Kundanpalle 3038 779 6. Kamanpur 2384 574 7. Jangoan 3008 775 8. Malkapur 2554 671 9. Elkalpalle 2978 862 10. Julapalle 27661 7401 Total 2,86,925 72342 Source: GOI Census 2011

In the 10 habitat clusters taken for field survey in the 10 Km radius study area, the total population is 286925 with 72342 households. The bulk of the population is concentrated in Ramagundam Municipality and its outgrowth areas. The profile of the study area, falling within the 10-km radius from the project site, is based on the Census Data for 2011 and the primary field survey. The average household size for the sample villages is four individuals which is similar for the Karimnagar District. As corresponding to the total population of 37,76,269 in the district, there are 9,76,022 households portraying an average household size of four members in the District.

Gender Balance (Sex Ratio)

This section includes information on village-wise distribution of number of population into number of males and females and the sex ratio (Table 3.58). Sex ratio has been defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.

Table 3.58 Gender Balance

Villages Male Females Sex Ratio 1. Ramagundam Municipality & 120,677 116,882 969 Outgrowth (M&OGs) 2. Allur 1031 1073 1041 3. Sundilla 1779 1737 976 4. Penchikalpet 1046 1077 1030 5. Kundanpalle 1489 1549 1040 6. Kamanpur 1214 1170 964 7. Jangoan 1523 1485 975 8. Malkapur 1257 1297 1032 9. Elkalpalle 1454 1524 1048 10. Julapalle 13705 13956 1018 Total 1,45,175 1,41,750 --

The Karimnagar District population of 3776269 is distributed in 18,80,800 males and 1,895,469 females with a sex ratio of 1007 which is close to the sample study area average sex ratio of 1009.

Literacy Level

Literacy is defined as person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding any language. People who were blind and could read in Braille are

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treated to be literates. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is treated as illiterate.

All children of age 6 years or less, even if going to school and have picked up reading and writing, are treated as illiterates. The number and the percentage of literates within the study area as per GOI Census 2011 are mentioned in below Table 3.59.

Table 3.59 Literacy Level of the study area

% Villages Population Literates Literacy 1. Ramagundam Municipality & 237,559 163,084 68.65 Outgrowths 2. Allur 2104 1008 47.91 3. Sundilla 3516 1905 54.18 4. Penchikalpet 2123 1205 56.76 5. Kundanpalle 3038 1885 62.05 6. Kamanpur 2384 1,253 52.56 7. Jangoan 3008 1621 53.89 8. Malkapur 2554 1498 58.65 9. Elkalpalle 2978 1828 61.38 10. Julapalle 27661 14335 51.82 Total 2,86,925 1,89,622 66.09

Karimnagar District literate population is 22,06,829 which is 58% of the total population of 37,76,269, while the literates population is 66% of the total population in sample study area. The literacy level of surrounding villages is given in Table 3.60.

Table 3.60 Literacy Level (male & female)

Male Female Villages Literates Literates 1. Ramagundam Municipality & 90,559 72,525 Outgrowths 2. Allur 598 410 3. Sundilla 1089 816 4. Penchikalpet 697 508 5. Kundanpalle 1021 864 6. Kamanpur 756 497 7. Jangoan 977 644 8. Malkapur 868 630 9. Elkalpalle 995 833 10. Julapalle 8168 6167

Total 1,05,728 83,894

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The male literate population is 56% of the total literates, while female literates representing 44% in the area covered for the sample study.

Social Infrastructure

The social infrastructure for the field study was assessed in terms of available amenities in the study area including the education, medical, water availability and power supply. Interactions during the field visit were undertaken with panchayat officials and residents of the area to understand the availability of basic amenities and perception of the local people about the same. Village wise list of amenities collated are given in the Table 3.61.

The social infrastructure profile shows adequate primary education facilities in the villages surveyed. Although primary schools are present in almost all the villages surveyed, there are few higher secondary schools in the villages surveyed. As per the field survey, the respondents in the villages reported that for higher secondary school education students from the village go to the nearest town of Ramagundam and GodavariKheni. Health facilities are inadequate with primary health centres/sub-centres in few of the villages; There is an absence of a government hospital in the villages and are present only in Ramagundam Municipality. Piped water supply is available in most of the villages, while electricity connection is available in all the surveyed villages.

Field visit interactions with locals

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Table 3.61 Amenities in field study villages

Primar Primary Health Allopathic Piped Electricity Villages y Highe centres / sub- Govt. Water Connectio School r Sec centres Hospital supply n Ramagunda m Municipality & √ √ √ √ √ √ Outgrowth (M&OGs) Allur √ X X X √ √ Sundilla √ √ X X √ √ Penchikalpet √ X X X √ √ Kundanpalle √ X √ X √ √ Kamanpur √ √ √ X √ √ Jangoan √ X √ X √ √ Malkapur √ X X X √ √ Elkalpalle √ √ √ X √ √ Julapalle √ √ √ X √ √

There is dearth of other community welfare facilities like family welfare centre including the women and child welfare centres /sub centres in the area. Besides, the roads network and transport connectivity is moderately adequate, while railways connectivity is also available from Ramagundam town.

Field visit to Old FCI Fertilizer Plant and Township

The old FCI plant which includes a Railway siding inside the plant has been classified as “scrap” because of its non-usage for nearly two decades. The office building is in dilapidated state and would need complete refurbishment.

Old FCI Plant entrance Gate Inside old FCI plant

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The over 1000 residential quarters in the township are presently inhabitable. They would need complete refurbishment. At present, out of these 70-odd quarters are rented out to contract employees, security persons etc. The township has a shopping area which is also not functional, except the Fertiliser City Post Office branch which is functional and caters to the requirements of residents in the neighbouring and peripheral areas.

Old FCI Township Quarters

The township had a school and hospital which are not operational now. Few people from the nearby villages still come to sell fresh vegetables and fruits catering to the 70-odd families residing in the township.

Post Office (Fertiliser City) Local vegetable vendors in township

The “makeshift” grocery shop within the township

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3.11.4.2 Feedbacks & Socio-Economic Perspectives

The feedbacks and socio-economic perspectives detail the interactions with people and their perceptions towards the revival of the Ammonia/Urea Fertilizer Project at FCI Plant, Ramagundam.

Occupation

Unemployment is a problem in the villages surveyed in the 10 kms radial distance from the project site. Agriculture is the main occupation in the villages with paddy and cotton the main crops of the region. A small segment of the people in nearby villages in the 10 km radial distance from project site are working in mines of Signarelli Collineries and in nearby towns of Ramagundam Municipality and its outgrowths.

Besides, drinking water supply and road infrastructure are the key issues perceived by the local respondents which need to be addressed with immediacy by local / government authorities and other socially responsive institutions / organizations in the area.

Based on the interactions and the feedbacks received during the field study, following are details of social and infrastructure facilities in the study area:

Health Facilities

Health facilities are inadequate in all villages with Primary Health Centres in few villages, while in villages such as Ekalpalle there is no PHC and patients have to go to nearest town Godavarikheni which is around 8-10 kms away. While in Kudenpalle village although there is no PHC, medical camps are organized by NTPC. Godavarikheni is a major town of Ramagundam Municipality which has a government hospital and it caters to the people residing in surrounding villages.

The common diseases in the area are of respiratory ailments / asthma and malaria largely during the monsoon season.

Education Facilities

As per the field survey, respondents perceive educational facilities are adequate in their respective villages with Primary and middle schools being present in almost all the villages surveyed. Higher secondary schools are present in Godavarikheni.

Amenities

The field survey shows that electricity connection is available in all the villages surveyed. NTPC has its 2600 MW Super Thermal plant in Ramagundam and nearby villages are well supplied with electricity connections.

Drinking water supply is a concern in some of the villages surveyed as the water supply reaches them only alternate days. Due to area being in the coal mines belt the underground water is not appropriate for drinking purposes.

The field survey showed that the local people perceive that the transport facilities for connecting to other villages and towns are moderately adequate. Besides, Railway network is available in the area with many long distance trains passing through Ramagundam city.

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Perception of local people

Overall, the local population has a very positive perception about the revival of FCI Fertilizer plant. All the respondents surveyed were confident of increased employment opportunities and also indirect employment (service / auxiliary and other small associated businesses) with revival of the FCI Plant. Many people in the surrounding villages who had been employed as casual laborers when the FCI plant was operating perceive the revival of the plant would gain get them employment again.

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Appendix I

Table 3.43 Population Composition of the study area

Population SC Population ST Population Name No. HH T M F T M F T M F Adilabad District Ramaraopet 559 2141 1099 1042 551 276 275 35 18 17 Kachanpalle 191 713 350 363 231 111 120 34 16 18 Indaram 1317 5435 2873 2562 1337 777 560 287 150 137 Tekumatla 807 3120 1566 1554 1467 729 738 34 19 15 Shetpalle 541 2033 1016 1017 630 317 313 17 8 9 Bejjal 182 663 327 336 239 122 117 0 0 0 Karimnagar District Jangaon 775 3008 1523 1485 625 311 314 23 10 13 Sundilla 921 3516 1779 1737 1046 530 516 3 3 0 Mustial 354 1309 667 642 572 279 293 1 0 1 Kunaram 1001 3114 1562 1552 670 350 320 6 1 5 Jallaram 2450 9329 4809 4520 1624 835 789 232 120 112 Siripuram 825 3258 1643 1615 626 319 307 134 57 77 Upparlakesaram 80 284 135 149 72 31 41 66 35 31 Gunjapaduga 1059 3914 1977 1937 765 372 393 10 4 6 Nagepalle 640 2399 1244 1155 348 186 162 34 15 19 Jallipalle 571 2282 1205 1077 344 189 155 107 59 48 Alur 543 2104 1031 1073 231 121 110 203 96 107 Maredupalle 396 1347 669 678 531 260 271 0 0 0 Kalwacherla 1224 4653 2345 2308 596 307 289 24 10 14 Julapalle 7401 27661 13705 13956 6010 3006 3004 131 57 74 Penchakalpeta 572 2123 1046 1077 546 273 273 30 19 11 Elkalpalle 862 2978 1454 1524 936 476 460 12 6 6 Lingala 176 648 350 298 46 30 16 0 0 0 Nagaram 571 2093 1026 1067 755 374 381 5 1 4 Rompikunta 722 2553 1289 1264 361 179 182 24 13 11 Perapalle 414 1515 741 774 216 104 112 0 0 0 Sabitham 436 1579 798 781 227 112 115 3 2 1 Raghavapur 1732 6322 3140 3182 877 448 429 46 29 17 Ranapur 489 1825 916 909 434 215 219 15 8 7 Kannala 2103 8488 4265 4223 1236 626 610 933 456 477 Potlapalle 641 2436 1209 1227 495 247 248 38 23 15 Esalatakkallapalle 1555 5887 2953 2934 1468 732 736 67 37 30 Kundanapalle 779 3038 1489 1549 709 365 344 61 26 35 Raidandi 770 2982 1513 1469 543 277 266 8 5 3 Lingapur 636 2455 1210 1245 577 284 293 1 0 1 Madipalle 1365 4677 2354 2323 843 416 427 68 35 33 Malkapur 671 2554 1257 1297 1205 584 621 43 20 23 Ramagundam 69886 277041 140527 136514 60992 30577 30415 4659 2320 2339 Ramagundam(M) 59244 237559 120677 116882 50417 25289 25128 4153 2066 2087 Total 165461 651036 329739 321297 141398 71036 70362 11547 5744 5803 (Source: As per 2011 census)

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Table 3.44 Occupational Structure of the study area

Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers Name T M F T M F T M F T M F Adilabad District Ramaraopet 977 548 429 835 505 330 142 43 99 1164 551 613 Kachanpalle 438 202 236 121 110 11 317 92 225 275 148 127 Indaram 2045 1357 688 1674 1198 476 371 159 212 3390 1516 1874 Tekumatla 1478 866 612 970 684 286 508 182 326 1642 700 942 Shetpalle 969 582 387 920 571 349 49 11 38 1064 434 630 Bejjal 350 187 163 166 117 49 184 70 114 313 140 173 Karimnagar District Jangaon 1678 872 806 1671 871 800 7 1 6 1330 651 679 Sundilla 1845 1041 804 712 610 102 1133 431 702 1671 738 933 Mustial 693 386 307 675 379 296 18 7 11 616 281 335 Kunaram 1742 894 848 1211 700 511 531 194 337 1372 668 704 Jallaram 3253 2439 814 2366 1870 496 887 569 318 6076 2370 3706 Siripuram 1736 939 797 1042 638 404 694 301 393 1522 704 818 Upparlakesaram 117 80 37 90 75 15 27 5 22 167 55 112 Gunjapaduga 1704 995 709 1480 903 577 224 92 132 2210 982 1228 Nagepalle 855 599 256 758 556 202 97 43 54 1544 645 899 Jallipalle 670 612 58 608 575 33 62 37 25 1612 593 1019 Alur 1286 630 656 1282 629 653 4 1 3 818 401 417 Maredupalle 687 376 311 431 322 109 256 54 202 660 293 367 Kalwacherla 2099 1259 840 1697 1109 588 402 150 252 2554 1086 1468 Julapalle 14242 7745 6497 11764 6741 5023 2478 1004 1474 13419 5960 7459 Penchakalpeta 1103 564 539 1084 559 525 19 5 14 1020 482 538 Elkalpalle 1443 865 578 1358 839 519 85 26 59 1535 589 946 Lingala 349 176 173 109 89 20 240 87 153 299 174 125 Nagaram 896 564 332 728 438 290 168 126 42 1197 462 735 Rompikunta 1214 712 502 868 566 302 346 146 200 1339 577 762 Perapalle 727 396 331 373 240 133 354 156 198 788 345 443 Sabitham 860 467 393 844 461 383 16 6 10 719 331 388 Raghavapur 3530 1827 1703 2835 1557 1278 695 270 425 2792 1313 1479 Ranapur 731 464 267 644 458 186 87 6 81 1094 452 642 Kannala 3590 2259 1331 2618 1712 906 972 547 425 4898 2006 2892 Potlapalle 1247 670 577 1202 645 557 45 25 20 1189 539 650 Esalatakkallapalle 2639 1585 1054 2566 1571 995 73 14 59 3248 1368 1880 Kundanapalle 1055 828 227 1038 819 219 17 9 8 1983 661 1322 Raidandi 1352 845 507 787 575 212 565 270 295 1630 668 962 Lingapur 1402 711 691 1341 699 642 61 12 49 1053 499 554 Madipalle 2489 1315 1174 2003 1145 858 486 170 316 2188 1039 1149 Malkapur 1227 689 538 1073 654 419 154 35 119 1327 568 759 Ramagundam 94545 72704 21841 78674 64065 14609 15871 8639 7232 182496 67823 114673 Ramagundam(M) 76142 61714 14428 63705 54424 9281 12437 7290 5147 161417 58963 102454 Total 235405 171964 63441 194323 150679 43644 41082 21285 19797 415631 157775 257856 (Source: As per 2011 census)

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Table 3.45 Literacy Levels of the study area

Literates Illiterates Name Total Male Female Total Male Female Adilabad District Ramaraopet 1222 705 517 919 394 525 Kachanpalle 358 209 149 355 141 214 Indaram 3537 2088 1449 1898 785 1113 Tekumatla 1855 1065 790 1265 501 764 Shetpalle 1003 568 435 1030 448 582 Bejjal 472 260 212 191 67 124 Karimnagar District Jangaon 1621 977 644 1387 546 841 Sundilla 1905 1089 816 1611 690 921 Mustial 820 462 358 489 205 284 Kunaram 1657 956 701 1457 606 851 Jallaram 6330 3570 2760 2999 1239 1760 Siripuram 1784 1028 756 1474 615 859 Upparlakesaram 179 96 83 105 39 66 Gunjapaduga 2309 1307 1002 1605 670 935 Nagepalle 1554 920 634 845 324 521 Jallipalle 1547 891 656 735 314 421 Alur 1008 598 410 1096 433 663 Maredupalle 684 391 293 663 278 385 Kalwacherla 2690 1530 1160 1963 815 1148 Julapalle 14335 8168 6167 13326 5537 7789 Penchakalpeta 1205 697 508 918 349 569 Elkalpalle 1828 995 833 1150 459 691 Lingala 313 197 116 335 153 182 Nagaram 1200 654 546 893 372 521 Rompikunta 1313 769 544 1240 520 720 Perapalle 821 464 357 694 277 417 Sabitham 848 475 373 731 323 408 Raghavapur 3431 1961 1470 2891 1179 1712 Ranapur 1007 552 455 818 364 454 Kannala 5051 2816 2235 3437 1449 1988 Potlapalle 1276 774 502 1160 435 725 Esalatakkallapalle 3086 1787 1299 2801 1166 1635 Kundanapalle 1885 1021 864 1153 468 685 Raidandi 1740 1015 725 1242 498 744 Lingapur 1238 721 517 1217 489 728 Madipalle 2805 1616 1189 1872 738 1134 Malkapur 1498 868 630 1056 389 667 Ramagundam 184119 102605 81514 92922 37922 55000 Ramagundam(M) 163084 90559 72525 74475 30118 44357 Total 424618 237424 187194 226418 92315 134103 (Source: As per 2011 census)

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Table 3.46 Landuse breakup of the study area

Hectares Name Area Forest T.Irrig. Unirrig. Cul.waste L.N.A.C. Adilabad District Ramaraopet 964 242.81 14.79 429.11 0.00 228.24 Kachanpalle 391 0.00 210.06 92.00 22.77 63.77 Indaram 1825 213.86 191.25 860.00 8.52 545.52 Tekumatla 983 20.23 82.14 725.00 11.33 139.93 Shetpalle 2564 1968.62 159.50 99.00 162.60 170.00 Bejjal 507 3.24 27.54 416.50 2.43 47.00 Karimnagar District Singapur 897 0.00 388.90 329.51 4.05 174.54 Jangaon 1573 0.00 457.60 662.00 101.20 352.20 Sundilla 1068 0.00 120.00 0.00 454.00 494.00 Mustial 1101 0.00 135.50 0.00 476.75 488.75 Kunaram 2473 890.00 267.00 933.00 260.00 123.00 Siripuram 653 0.00 36.18 390.00 66.82 160.00 Upparlakesaram 1015 0.00 56.00 0.00 479.50 479.50 Gunjapaduga 1529 71.00 409.00 650.00 49.00 350.00 Adrial 592 0.00 0.00 242.41 89.03 252.93 Nagepalle 888 0.00 0.00 300.15 55.94 531.91 Jallipalle 555 0.00 0.00 0.00 277.50 277.50 Alur 1772 1076.92 244.93 227.12 65.77 157.26 Maredupalle 1229 420.00 290.00 131.00 170.00 218.00 Kalwacherla 1237 0.00 395.61 404.69 178.35 258.35 Julapalle 1117 0.00 594.00 332.00 89.00 102.00 Penchikalpet (rural) 521 0.00 55.12 200.02 54.33 262.53 Elkalpalle 981 0.00 392.44 406.76 0.00 181.80 Lingala 415 0.00 165.91 197.25 45.92 5.92 Nagaram 1080 0.00 780.00 230.00 20.00 50.00 Rompikunta 533 0.00 348.02 182.96 0.00 2.02 Perapalle 353 0.00 230.65 111.96 0.00 10.39 Sabitham 379 0.00 175.60 135.43 2.42 65.55 Rangapur 1325 437.87 328.00 268.17 126.66 164.30 Raghavapur 2111 413.18 431.20 995.09 121.40 150.13 Ranapur 892 0.00 59.49 245.43 364.02 223.06 Kannala 2064 0.00 0.00 510.02 1139.46 414.52 Potlapalle 899 0.00 367.60 519.80 2.00 9.60 Esalatakkallapalle 2432 0.00 449.55 1475.08 339.73 167.64 Kundanpalle 1215 0.00 66.83 288.89 145.80 713.48 Mogalpahad 688 173.34 2.83 19.85 0.00 491.98 Raidandi 1787 0.00 159.66 1199.30 296.46 131.58 Lingapur 956 0.00 406.87 202.42 202.42 144.29 Madipalle 1410 0.00 566.88 471.07 9.44 362.61 Malkapur 643 0.00 125.00 451.00 0.00 67.00 (Source: As per 2001 census)

Area Area under study Unirrig. Total unirrigated area Forest Forest land Cul. waste Cultivable waste land T.Irrig. Total irrigated area L.N.A.C. Land Not Available for Cultivation

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Appendix – II Table 3.52 Amenities (Educational facilities)

Name E.Fac P.Sc M.Sch S.Sch S.S.Sch C I.S T.S Lit .C O Adilabad District Ramaraopet 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Kachanpalle 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Indaram 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 22 0 Tekumatla 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 Shetpalle 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bejjal 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karimnagar District Singapur 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Jangaon 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sundilla 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Mustial 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kunaram 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Siripuram 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Upparlakesaram 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Gunjapaduga 1 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 Adrial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nagepalle 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jallipalle 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alur 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maredupalle 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Kalwacherla 1 12 11 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 Julapalle 1 7 3 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 Penchikalpet 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Elkalpalle 1 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lingala 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nagaram 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Rompikunta 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Perapalle 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sabitham 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Rangapur 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Raghavapur 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Ranapur 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kannala 1 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Potlapalle 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Esalatakkallapalle 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 Kundanpalle 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mogalpahad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Raidandi 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lingapur 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Madipalle 1 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 Malkapur 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Source: As per 2001 census) E.Fac Educational Facilities S.S.Sc Senior Secondary School P.Sc Primary School C College M.sch Middle School I.S Industrial School S.Sc Secondary School T.S Training School ADLT.Lit .C Adult Literacy Class/Center O Other Education Facilities

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Table 3.53 Amenities and Medical facilities

Villages Names A.H AY.H U.H H.H A.D A.Y.D U.D H.D M.C M.H C.W H.C P.H.C P.H.S F.W.C TB.C N.H RMP SMP CHW O.M Adilabad District Ramaraopet 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kachanpalle 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indaram 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tekumatla 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shetpalle 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Bejjal 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karimnagar District Singapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jangaon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Sundilla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Mustial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kunaram 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Siripuram 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Upparlakesaram 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Gunjapaduga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Adrial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nagepalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Jallipalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Maredupalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Kalwacherla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 Julapalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 Penchikalpet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Elkalpalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 Lingala 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nagaram 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rompikunta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Perapalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sabitham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Rangapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 Raghavapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 Ranapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Kannala 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Potlapalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Esalatakkallapalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Kundanpalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mogalpahad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Raidandi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 Lingapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 Madipalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 Malkapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *As per 2001 census Medical Facilities A.H Allopathic Hospital H.C Health Centre Ay.H Ayurvedic Hospital P.H.C Primary Health Centre U.H Unani Hospital P.H.S Primary Health Sub Centre H.H Homeopathic Hospital F.W.C Family Welfare Centre A.D Allopathic Dispensary TB.C T.B. Clinic AY.D Ayurvedic Dispensary N.H Nursing Home Registered Private Medical U.D Unani Dispensary RMP Practitioners H.D Homeopathic Dispensary SMP Subsidised Medical Practitioners Maternity and Child Welfare M.C Center CHW Community Health Workers M.H Maternity Home O.M Other Medical Facilities C.w Child Welfare Center

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Table 3.54 Amenities (Water, Post & Telegraph, Communication, Banking and Electricity)

Names DWF T W T.K T.W H.P R C L S O PO TO P&T PH D Ag O.P A.P BS RS NWW B.F.A C.B Ag.c.s No.AC OCS Adilabad District Ramaraopet 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Kachanpalle 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Indaram 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 Tekumatla 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 Shetpalle 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Bejjal 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 Karimnagar District Singapur 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 4 0 Jangaon 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 0 Sundilla 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 0 Mustial 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 Kunaram 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 3 0 Siripuram 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 Upparlakesaram 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 Gunjapaduga 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 Adrial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nagepalle 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 Jallipalle 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Alur 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 Maredupalle 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 Kalwacherla 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 20 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 3 0 Julapalle 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 72 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 0 Penchikalpet 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 Elkalpalle 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 Lingala 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 Nagaram 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 4 0 Rompikunta 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 Perapalle 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 Sabitham 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 Rangapur 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 0 Raghavapur 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 9 0 Ranapur 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 Kannala 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 7 0 Potlapalle 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 6 0

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Esalatakkallapalle 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 0 Kundanpalle 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 0 Mogalpahad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Raidandi 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 4 0 Lingapur 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 4 0 Madipalle 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 0 Malkapur 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 *As per 2001 census Water Facilities Post and Telegraph Communication

DWF Drinking water Facility

T Tap Water PO Post Office BS Bus Services

Telegraph W Well Water TO RS Railway Services Office Post and T.K Tank Water P&T NWW Navigable Water Way Telegraph Telephone T.W Tube Well Water PH B.F.A Banking Facilities Connections H.P Hand Pump E Electricity C.B Commercial Bank Ag.C. Agricultural Credit R River Water D Domestic Use S Societies No.A. Non Agricultural Credit C Canal Water Ag. Agricultural Use C Societies L Lake Water O.P Other Purposes OCS Other Credit Societies S Spring Water A.P All Purposes Other Drinking Water O Resources

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CHAPTER – 4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

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4.0. INTRODUCTION

The description of the existing environmental setting/baseline conditions is presented in Chapter-3. This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts from the new ammonia / urea plant.

Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those which are attributed directly by the project and secondary impacts are those which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities by the proposed action.

The impacts have been predicted for the new ammonia / urea plant assuming that the pollution due to the existing activities has already been covered under baseline environmental monitoring and continue to remain same till the operation of the project. The new ammonia / urea plant would create an impact on the environment in two distinct phases:

During the construction phase which may be regarded as temporary or short term; and During the operation phase which would have long term effects.

The construction and operational phase of the project comprises of various activities each of which will have an impact on some or other environmental parameters. Various impacts during the construction and operational phase on the environmental parameters have been studied to estimate the impact on environment. The details on impact of the project activity on each of the above environmental attributes are discussed below.

4.1. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION

The identification of potential impacts, during the construction and operation phases of the proposed project activities, on various components of the environment viz. air, water, noise, land, biological and socio-economic environment are discussed in subsequent sections.

4.1.1 Construction Phase

The construction of the proposed project would require input from civil, mechanical aspects including transport, labour etc. In order to identify the probable impacts, it is essential that impacts of all the activities that are likely to take place during construction phase are identified.

4.1.2 Operational Phase

After completion of construction of various facilities, the plant would be commissioned for operation. Prior to commissioning of the units, after completion of construction, a number of pre-commissioning operations like cleaning and hydrostatic testing of pipelines, vessels etc., starting of mechanical and rotating equipment etc. will be carried out. After successful pre-commissioning activities, the operation of plant will start.

The activities involved in the operational phase of the project are discussed in subsequent sections.

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4.2. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS BEARING IMPACTS

The impact on each of the environmental components is identified during construction and operational phase. All the environmental factors have been assessed based on the present conditions prevailing in the study area. The impacts due to various activities on environmental components are studied. The components adopted for this study are listed below:

Air Environment Water Environment Noise Environment Land Environment Soil Environment Solid & Hazardous Waste Environment Biological Environment Socio-Economic Environment

A summary matrix for the project activity, identified aspects and potential impacts are given in Table 4.1.

4.2.1 Air Environment

4.2.1.1 Construction Phase

Impacts of construction activities on air quality are cause for concern mainly in the dry months due to conditions for formation and entrainment of dust particles. The main sources of emission during the construction period are the movement of equipment at site and dust emitted during the leveling, grading, earthworks, foundation works and other construction related activities. The dust emitted during the above mentioned activities depend upon the type of soil being excavated and the ambient humidity levels. Also, dismantling activities for the existing plant shall be carried out simultaneously with the construction activities for new plant. This will result in loose soil within the complex. The wind flow is strong during dry months. Thus, the dust generated during the construction activities may spread to the nearby areas. The impact will be for short duration especially during construction phase and confined locally. The composition of dust in this kind of operation is, however, mostly inorganic and non-toxic in nature.

Exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the construction phase is also likely to result in marginal increase in the levels of SO2, NOX, PM, CO and unburnt hydrocarbons. However, since the increase in the number of vehicles necessary for construction work is small, the consequent emission will be insignificant. It may, therefore, be deduced that construction activities may cause changes in the PM levels locally. The impact will, however, be reversible, marginal, and temporary in nature.

The impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase. The impact will be confined within the project boundary and is expected to be negligible outside the plant boundaries. Proper upkeep and maintenance of vehicles, sprinkling of water on roads and construction site, providing sufficient vegetation etc. are some of the measures that would greatly reduce the impacts during the construction phase.

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Table 4.1 Impact identification from the proposed project

Potential Impacts AIR Noise & Water LAND ECOLOGY & SOCIAL RESOURCE S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Vibration BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

N/AN/E N/AN/E AP/ Econo OH/ NV SW GW Effluent LULC Soil TER. AQU. Infra. RD AQ mic H&S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 1 Project Location Densely populated √ N area near project site 1.1 Selection of Site Nearby National & √ √ N State Highway 2 Project Design Selection of √ √ √ √ N Technology Non-compliance of 2.1 Environmental √ √ √ √ Designs of plant N Standards components

3 Project Construction Clearing of vegetation √ √ N and removal of top 3.1 Site Preparation soil N Labour requirements √ (+ve) Generation of debris N Excavation and paving 3.2 of site N Dust generation √ Land sliding from √ AN sidewalls N Generation of scraps Heavy fabrication Emission of heat √ √ work for erecting N major plant radiation equipment including N Noise generation √ 3.3 operation of Disaster during lifting √ equipment like AN of heavy equipment concrete mixtures, vibrators etc. Work force √ N requirement

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Potential Impacts AIR Noise & Water LAND ECOLOGY & SOCIAL RESOURCE S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Vibration BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

N/AN/E N/AN/E AP/ Econo OH/ NV SW GW Effluent LULC Soil TER. AQU. Infra. RD AQ mic H&S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 Vehicular movement Dust generation and √ for transportation of N emission of HC & CO 3.4 materials and equipment N Noise generation √ 4 Commissioning Emissions due to √ √ √ unburnt fuel, unreacted ammonia, AN NOx, CO, VOCs etc. which can deposit on soil and contaminate Start-up activities like N Noise generation √ operation of 4.1 equipment for all Leakage of chemicals √ √ √ √ √ √ √ proposed plants and fuel, waste water AN generation from hydro-testing & chemical cleaning Generation of √ N discarded packing material 5 Project Operation A Ammonia Plant Flue gas generation √

N containing CO, CO2, SOx & NOx Operation of 4.1 Consumption/ over- √ reforming section consumption of NG, AN steam, power & energy Leakage of lube oil √ √ AN Operation of 4.2 Compressors Noise generation √ N

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Potential Impacts AIR Noise & Water LAND ECOLOGY & SOCIAL RESOURCE S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Vibration BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

N/AN/E N/AN/E AP/ Econo OH/ NV SW GW Effluent LULC Soil TER. AQU. Infra. RD AQ mic H&S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17

Leakage of NG, CO, H2 √ AN gas from valve glands of flange joints Leakage of Ammonia √ √ AN due to faulty flanges, pipelines & pump Chances of fire due to √ √ √ Operation of plant leakage of NG, 4.3 sections AN reformed gas, CO, Syn.

Gas, H2 from joints & flanges Plant waste like Spent Catalyst, empty N drums, civil debris, steel, cotton waste etc. disposal Fugitive emissions √ Pumping, loading & 4.4 unloading activities in N storage area Gas venting when √ √ AN flare is off

Waste water √ Plant shutdown and 4.5 generation due to start-up floor clearing, draining AN of acidic water during heat exchanger chemical cleaning Heavy leakage or √ √ √ √ √ √ √ explosion due to Delivery and transfer increased/lowered 4.6 of ammonia in E pressure caused by ammonia storage tank failure of compressor and blowers or poor insulation

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Potential Impacts AIR Noise & Water LAND ECOLOGY & SOCIAL RESOURCE S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Vibration BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

N/AN/E N/AN/E AP/ Econo OH/ NV SW GW Effluent LULC Soil TER. AQU. Infra. RD AQ mic H&S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 Liquid ammonia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Unforeseen situation leakages from storage 4.7 damaging ammonia E tank storage tank

B Urea Plant

CO2 leakage in √ Operation of CO AN atmosphere due to 4.8 2 compressor/turbine labyrinth seal leakage N Noise generation √ PM & Ammonia √ √ √ √ Operation of Prilling 4.9 N emission from Prilling section tower top Ammonia/carbamate √ √ √ √ leakage into atm from lines/vents/valves/SGs AN /PSVs etc. which may Operation of HP, MP 4.10 be due to and LP section corrosion/thinning Popping/ passing of √ √ AN safety valves to blowdown stacks Spillage from turbine √ AN on steam headers Generation of used √ N Oil handling for and waste oil governing oil system & 4.12 Oil spillage on √ for bearing of turbine floor/structure/lines & compressor during maintenance of AN pumps while emptying/cleaning the console Release of Ammonia √ and Carbamate to Shut-down & start-up 4.13 AN vent stack due to of HP, MP & LP section depressurization of high pressure section

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Potential Impacts AIR Noise & Water LAND ECOLOGY & SOCIAL RESOURCE S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Vibration BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

N/AN/E N/AN/E AP/ Econo OH/ NV SW GW Effluent LULC Soil TER. AQU. Infra. RD AQ mic H&S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 Effluent generation √ due to AN depressurization into blowdown Ammonia/ carbamate √ √ √ √ venting in to AN atmosphere from vents Solid waste generation √ like polymerized AN product, Urea lumps generation during Shut-down and draining of dyke 4.14 startup of evaporation Ammonia leakages √ √ √ & WW section AN from flanges and joints Ammonia/ Urea √ N bearing effluent generation Generation of waste Packing of Urea in 4.15 N torn bags and urea bags spillage on floor 5 General & Utilities Generation of sewage √ N

Workforce during Solid & kitchen waste 5.1 N operation of plants generation Workforce √ N requirement for proposed plants Use of surface water √ √ Raw water intake from Yellampalli 5.2 N barrage constructed on Godavari river

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Potential Impacts AIR Noise & Water LAND ECOLOGY & SOCIAL RESOURCE S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Vibration BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

N/AN/E N/AN/E AP/ Econo OH/ NV SW GW Effluent LULC Soil TER. AQU. Infra. RD AQ mic H&S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 Waste water √ generation as N blowdown and Operation of Cooling backwash of sand 5.3 tower filters Low pH water draining √ AN during acid leakage from acid Discharge of treated √ √ N waste water in Godavari river High quantum of √ N waste water Operation of waste generation 5.4 water treatment Soil contamination √ facilities due to improper AN handling of hazardous material from the Facility N Sludge generation Air emission and noise √ √ AN generation due to operation of DG set 5.5 Operation of DG sets Soil contamination √ AN due to spillage of diesel or oil Surface water √ Overflow with contamination due to contaminated water in 5.6 AN overflow of storm Godavari river during water drainage line rainy season

Generation of used or √ √ Equipment waste oil, lubricants maintenance and etc. 5.7 N washing during analysis in laboratory

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Potential Impacts AIR Noise & Water LAND ECOLOGY & SOCIAL RESOURCE S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Vibration BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

N/AN/E N/AN/E AP/ Econo OH/ NV SW GW Effluent LULC Soil TER. AQU. Infra. RD AQ mic H&S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 Generation of scraps N and used spares etc.

Occupational risk √ AN during maintenance works Generation of spent √ catalyst during N maintenance activity in Ammonia plant Solid waste generation √ due to improper disposal of AN Housekeeping and biodegradable and 5.8 packing/ unpacking non-biodegradable activities wastes Temporary job √ N creation for such activities N Increase in traffic √ Vehicular movement 5.9 for transportation of N Emission of HC & CO √ materials N Noise generation √

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

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4.2.1.2 Operation Phase

Air emissions of various pollutants like PM10, SO2, NOx, and NH3, due to operation of proposed plants are mentioned below:

Stack & vent emissions, emissions from reactors, safety tanks, ejectors and various safety valves in plant during regular operations and abnormal conditions for manufacturing of Urea and Ammonia;

During handling of raw materials; During loading and unloading activities; Catalyst loading and unloading activities; Vapor exposure due to nitric acid leakage;

Emissions from DG Sets during power failure/emergency purposes

DG Sets shall work during power failure and emergency situation for operating the various equipment of plant. It shall conform to specifications laid out in the Bharat Stage IV norms. It will emit pollutants, principally NOx, and SO2.

Emissions due to Vehicular Movement

This kind of emissions will principally arise from the vehicles used for the transport of construction materials and equipment, for the transport of raw materials to the site and for the transportation of finished products from the site. There will be a chance that, the workers on the site would get exposed to this type of emission from the vehicles. However their effect will be localized and transient in nature and will principally affect the localities adjacent to the access road.

4.2.1.2.1 Air Pollution Modeling

The proposed plant will have an impact on the air environment. While the impact of fugitive emissions will be within the project area, the effect of emissions from the point sources is a major concern as it will have an impact on the ambient air quality in the surrounding area.

For prediction of impacts for any proposed project vis-a-vis to assess the impacts due to increase in pollution load, in general, contributions from the proposed units is added to the existing back ground AAQ concentrations and predictions are done accordingly.

Once the pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, the dilution and dispersion of the pollutants are controlled by various meteorological parameters like wind speed and direction, ambient temperature, mixing height, etc. In most dispersion models the relevant atmospheric layer is that nearest to the ground, varying in thickness from several hundred to a few thousand meters. Variations in both thermal and mechanical turbulence and in wind velocity are greatest in the layer in contact with the surface. The atmospheric dispersion modeling and the prediction of ground level pollutant concentrations has great relevance in the following activities:

Estimation of impact of setting up of new industry on surrounding environment. Estimation of maximum ground level concentration and its location in the study area.

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The prediction of Ground Level Concentrations (GLC) of pollutants emitted from the stacks have been carried out using ISCST-3 Air Quality Simulation model released by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) which is also accepted by Indian statutory bodies. This model is basically a Gaussian dispersion model which considers multiple sources. The model accepts hourly meteorological data records to define the conditions of plume rise for each source and receptor combination for each hour of input meteorological data sequentially and calculates short term averages up to 24 hours. The impact has been predicted over a 20 km X 20 km area (10 Km from all around centre) with the proposed location of the stack as the centre.

Meteorological data plays an important role in computation of Ground Level Concentration using ISCST-3 model. Meteorological data of the project site is another input required for computation of the contribution by the proposed plant. The parameters required are:

Wind velocity and direction Stability Mixing height

The hourly wind speed, solar insulation and cloudiness during the day whereas in the night, wind speed and cloudiness parameters were used to determine the hourly atmospheric stability Class A to F (Pasquill and Gifford). Data related to wind velocity and direction were generated during the monitoring period. Part of this site specific monitored data have been used as input data of the model during computation.

The hourly occurrence of various stability classes at the project site is also an important input parameter to the model. Further site specific mixing depth (mixing height or convective stable boundary layer and inversion height or nocturnal stable boundary layer) is also an important input parameter for computation and assessment of realistic dispersion of pollutants. There are different methods for generating these parameters, but in the present case data published by CPCB in Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth over Indian region have been used.

The above computation is done considering the stack emissions only and does not take into account any changes in the fugitive emission. However, since the fugitive emissions shall be released mainly from near ground sources and are not expected to travel / disperse to a longer distance to reach beyond the plant boundary, they are not expected to have any impact on the ambient air.

4.2.1.2.2 Industrial Source Complex Short Term - 3 (ISCST3) Model

The Industrial Source Complex – Short Term Version 3 (ISCST-3) model has been developed to simulate the effect of emissions from the point sources on air quality. The ISCST-3 model was adopted from the USEPA guidelines which are routinely used as a regulatory model to simulate plume dispersion and transport from and up to 100 point sources and 20000 receptors. ISCST–3 is extensively used for predicting the GLCs of conservative pollutants from point, area and volume sources. The impacts of conservative pollutants were predicted using this air quality model keeping in view the plain terrain at and around the project site. The micrometeorological data monitored at project site during study period has been used in this model.

The impact on air quality due to emissions from single source or group of sources is evaluated by use of mathematical models. When air pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, they are immediately diffused into surrounding atmosphere, transported and diluted due to winds. The air quality models are designed to simulate these

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processes mathematically and to relate emissions of primary pollutants to the resulting downwind air. The inputs needed for model development are emission load and nature, meteorology and topographic features, to predict the GLCs.

The ISCST-3 model is, an hour-by-hour steady state Gaussian model which takes into account the following:

- Terrain adjustments - Stack-tip downwash - Gradual plume rise - Buoyancy-induced dispersion - Complex terrain treatment and consideration of partial reflection - Plume reflection off elevated terrain - Building downwash - Partial penetration of elevated inversions - Hourly source emission rate, exit velocity, and stack gas temperature

The ISCST-3 model, thus, provides estimates of pollutant concentrations at various receptor locations.

The ISC short term model for stacks uses the steady-state Gaussian plume equation for a continuous elevated source. For each source and each hour, the origin of the source's coordinate system is placed at the ground surface at the base of the stack. The x axis is positive in the downwind direction, the y axis is crosswind (normal) to the x axis and the z axis extends vertically. The fixed receptor locations are converted to each source's coordinate system for each hourly concentration calculation. The hourly concentrations calculated for each source at each receptor are summed to obtain the total concentration produced at each receptor by the combined source emissions.

In the present study, the micro-meteorological data i.e., wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity and ambient temperature collected by M/s Pragathi Labs and Consultants Pvt. Ltd. for the period of March-May 2014 was used. The source data i.e. continuous stack emissions from different process units have been furnished by the client from the knowledge of the respective process units.

The input data requirements for each source include data specific to the source and its type (whether point, area or volume source). The source-input requirements for running the program are the emission height, location, exit velocity, exit temperature and strength. The receptor data can be given either as polar, rectangular Cartesian or discrete ones. The program control includes options regarding pollutant type, dispersion options, averaging time, flag pole receptor and exponential decay etc.

4.2.1.2.3 Impacts due to releases of SO2 and NOX

The details of stack emissions, velocity, temperature etc. have been provided below for ammonia and urea plant separately.

1. Ammonia Plant

1.1 Primary Reformer stack Flue Gas Emissions

Licensor-1 Licensor-2 Flow, Kg/hr 383089 286442 Temperature °C 110 139 NOx Emissions 100 ppmv (wet) <125 (dry@3 vol%

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O2) Sox Emissions 0.25 ppmv (wet) <1.0 ppmv 10 ppm H2S Composition, Mole% Nitrogen 71.62 63.65 CO2 5.55 5.11 O2 2.69 1.42 H2O 20.85 28.78 Argon - 1.01 Stack height, m 60 m Not Available Stack diameter, 4.75 m Not Available inch

1.2 GT/HRSG stack flue gas emissions

Licensor-1 Licensor-2 Flow, Kg/hr 251554 Not available Temperature °C 110 NOx Emissions 100 ppmv (wet) Sox Emissions 0.25 ppmv (wet) 10 ppm H2S Composition, Mole% Nitrogen 71.3 Not available CO2 3.02 O2 13.15 H2O 11.66 Stack height, m 60 m 30 Stack diameter, 3.5-4 m Not Available inch

2. Urea Plant

2.1 Prilling Tower

Prilling Tower tentative height= 130 m

Licensor-1 Licesnor-2 Air Flow, 15,00,000 2860608 Nm3/hr Temperature 70 45 °C Molecular 28.9 27.8 Weight Composition, Mole%

Air With following contaminants : Urea Dust 50 mg/Nm3 50 mg/Nm3 Ammonia 120 mg/Nm3 70 mg/Nm3

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2.2 Continuous gaseous effluent other than Prilling tower

2.2.1 MP Section vent through 1st Vent stack separator

Stack height= 130 m Stack diameter= 8 inch

Licensor-1 Licesnor-2 Flow, Nm3/hr 1152 Not Applicable Temperature 50 °C Molecular 24.4 Weight Composition, Volume% NH3 2.1 Not Applicable H2 11.6 N2 59.1 CH4 10.2 O2 14.8 Argon 2.2

2.2.2 Vacuum vent scrubber

Stack height= 130 m; Stack diameter= 18 inch

Licensor-1 Licesnor-2 Flow, Nm3/hr 200 Not Applicable Temperature 45 °C Molecular 28.9 Weight Composition, Volume% Air With following contaminants : Ammonia 2 kg/hr Not Applicable

2.2.3 Vent from LP Absorber & Atmospheric absorber (Licensor-2)

Stack height= 130 m Stack diameter= 64 inch Flow: 40 kg/hr of Ammonia

Sources of Emissions of Licensor-1

The operation of the proposed Fertilizer complex shall result in emission from different process units in terms of point source emissions from Primary Reformer Stack, GT/HRSG Stack and Prilling Tower vent. The impacts are discussed below. Emissions from proposed facilities may vary in both quantity and type. The emission quantity from complex mainly depend on process technology, type of fuel used for energy requirement and provision of air pollution control equipment.

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From the proposed facilities, the major pollutants likely to be emitted are SO2, NOX and PM10. The details of emissions and source from proposed Complex are furnished in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Stackwise Emissions from Proposed fertilizer plant

Prediction of Emissions

Air Quality impact has been predicted based on above physical details of stacks and emissions scenario due to proposed facilities for SO2, NOX and PM10 (refer Table 4.3). The isopleths of the same for the study period are shown in Figures 4.1 to 4.3.

3 The predicted 24 hourly average maximum concentration for SO2 is 0.27 g/m . This maximum concentration occurred adjacent to the fertilizer complex. From the Figure 4.1, it can be seen that in and around the fertilizer complex battery limits the GLCs ranged from 0.003 to 0.278 g/m3.

3 By superimposing the same on the maximum background SO2 level observed, i.e. 33.9 g/m , the effective concentration is not expected to be more than 34.1 g/m3 which is worst case scenario and is well within the standard limits for 24 hourly average for industrial/ residential 3 areas i.e. 80 g/m . Figures 4.1 shows the Isopleths for 24 hour maximum for SO2 respectively

3 The predicted 24 hourly average maximum concentration for NOX is 23.0 g/m . This maximum concentration occurred outside the fertilizer complex battery limit. From the Figure 4.2, it can be seen that in and around the fertilizer complex battery limits the GLCs ranged from 0.2 to 23.0 g/m3.

3 By superimposing the same on the maximum background NOx level observed i.e. 24.7 g/m , the effective concentration is not expected to be more than 47.7 g/m3 which is worst case scenario and is well within the standard limits for 24 hourly average for industrial/ residential 3 areas i.e. 80 g/m . Figures 4.2 shows the Isopleths for 24 hour maximum for NOX.

3 The predicted 24 hourly average maximum concentration for PM10 is 7.3 g/m . This maximum concentration occurred 1 km form the fertilizer complex. From the Figure 4.3, it can be seen that in and around the fertilizer complex battery limits the GLCs ranged from 0.07 to 7.3 g/m3.

3 By superimposing the same on the maximum background PM10 level observed i.e. 107 g/m , the effective concentration is not expected to be more than 114.3 g/m3 which is worst case scenario and is well within the standard limits for 24 hourly average for industrial/ residential 3 areas i.e. 100 g/m . Figure 4.3 shows the Isopleths for 24 hour maximum for PM10.

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Table 4.3 Predicted values of GLC for SO2, NOX and PM10

1 to 3 Km in 1 to 3 Km in 0.5 to 3 Km the North the North in the North East East East Direction Direction Direction

Hence there is only a marginal increase in SO2, NOx and PM10 levels due to the new facilities and the impact on Air environment is negligible.

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Figure 4.1 Isopleths for 24hour Maximum Concentration values of SO2

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Figure 4.2 Isopleths for 24hour Maximum Concentration values of NOX

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Figure 4.3 Isopleths for 24hour Maximum Concentration values of PM10

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4.2.1.3 Mitigation measures

The new ammonia / urea plant shall contribute insignificant amount of pollutants to atmosphere such as SO2, and NOX. During the design phase all efforts have been made to adopt latest state of art technology, install adequate pollution control measures and control possible fugitive emission sources. The following mitigation measures will be employed during operation period to reduce the pollution level to acceptable limits:

Ensure that all the pollution control facilities envisaged at the design stage are implemented and functioning properly. Stack monitoring to ensure proper functioning of different pollution control facilities attached to major stacks. Air monitoring in the Work-zone to ensure proper functioning of fugitive emission control facilities. Adequate plantation in and around different units. Vehicles and machineries would be regularly maintained so that emissions confirm to the applicable standards. Monitoring of ambient air quality through online AAQ monitoring system with in and around plant premises so as to reduce the pollution level to acceptable limit Workers will be provided with adequate protective measures to protect them from inhaling dust. Design of the plant system to meet the OISD requirements. Provisions of the Safety Systems in the design with redundancy, reliability and defense in depth are considered. Operation of the plant by qualified manpower Online monitoring systems in the project design. Regular monitoring and review to ensure safe operation. Regular monitoring by Environmental Cell to demonstrate the compliance with Statutory limits in the public domain.

Based on the identified aspects from the project activities, impact scores and operational controls/mitigation measures on air environment are given in Table 4.4.

4.2.2 Water Environment

4.2.2.1 Construction Phase

The drinking water and sanitation facilities available within the fertilizer complex will be extended to meet the additional work force required for proposed project. During the implementation of the project, the additional demand during the construction phase for sanitary and drinking purposes will be met from the existing sources. The existing drinking water header will be extended to the project site.

Impact on water quality during construction phase may be due to non-point discharges of solids from soil loss. However, the construction will be more related to mechanical fabrication, assembly and erection; hence the water requirements will be small. Temporary sanitation facilities (soak pits/septic tanks) will be set up for disposal of sanitary sewage generated by the work force. Since, most of the construction work force is locals, the demand of water and sanitation facilities will be small and is considered manageable at the site itself.

The overall impact on water environment during construction phase due to proposed project will be short term, insignificant and reversible.

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Table 4.4 Potential impacts and mitigation measures on air environment

Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect No. Final Score, Consequence Mitigation Measures Required

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P S x P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 1 Project Design Environment friendly, green Selection of Technology and efficient technology will be selected Non-compliance of 1.1 N Yes NA NA NA NA Air pollution control Yes Environmental Standards Designs of plant equipment & process components equipment to meet environmental standards 2 Project Construction Barricading will be done Excavation and paving 2.1 N Dust generation No 1 3 3 Low wherever required Yes of site Heavy fabrication work Properly certified, tested and for erecting major plant calibrated equipment will be equipment including used 2.2 N Emission of heat radiation No 1 3 3 Low No operation of equipment like concrete mixtures, vibrators etc. Vehicular movement for PUC certified vehicles will be transportation of Dust generation and emission used 2.3 N No 2 3 6 Moderate No materials and of HC & CO equipment 3 Commissioning SOP's, OCP and OEP will be followed during startup. Pollution Control Equipment will be provided (Vents and Emissions due to unburnt fuel, Startup activities like stacks with adequate height unreacted ammonia, 3.1 operation of equipment AN No 3 1 3 Low will be provided). Fire No Carbamate, NOx, CO, VOCs for all proposed plants fighting & emergency etc. response team will be at place during start-ups.

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Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect No. Final Score, Consequence Mitigation Measures Required

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P S x P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 4 Project Operation A Ammonia Reformer stack and two flare Flue gas generation containing stacks with adequate height 4.1 Reformer Heating Up N Yes 1 5 5 Moderate Yes CO, CO2, SOx & NOx will be provided. OCP will be made and followed.

Leakage of NG, CO, H2 gas OCP & OEP will be made and AN from valve glands of flange No 3 1 3 Low followed. No joints Leakage of Ammonia due to OCP & OEP will be made and Operation of plant 4.2 AN faulty flanges, pipelines & No 3 1 3 Low followed. No sections pump Chances of fire due to leakage OCP & OEP will be made and AN of NG, reformed gas, CO, Syn. No 3 1 3 Low followed. No

Gas, H2 from joints & flanges OCP will be made. Leak test before start up, online Pumping, loading & leakage will be attended, 4.3 unloading activities in N Fugitive emissions No 2 2 4 Moderate safety survey by safety No storage area department on monthly basis will be done, online analyzers will be provided. Plant shutdown and OCP will be made and 4.4 AN Gas venting when flare is off No 2 2 4 Moderate No start-up followed. Heavy leakage or explosion Emergency response plan for Delivery and transfer of due to increased/lowered onsite and offsite will be 4.5 ammonia in ammonia E pressure caused by failure of Yes NR NR NR High made and followed. Dyke No storage tank compressor and blowers or wall with high capacity will be poor insulation provided. Unforeseen situation Emergency response plan for Liquid ammonia leakages from 4.6 damaging ammonia E Yes NR NR NR High onsite and offsite will be No storage tank storage tank made and followed. B Urea OCP will be followed. Operation of CO CO leakage in atmosphere 4.7 2 AN 2 No 2 1 2 Low Leakages will be attended No compressor/turbine due to labyrinth seal leakage immediately.

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Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect No. Final Score, Consequence Mitigation Measures Required

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P S x P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 PM & Ammonia emission from OCP will be made and N Yes NR NR NR High Yes Operation of Prilling Prilling tower top followed. 4.8 section Urea dust deposition on belts OCP will be made and N No 2 2 4 Moderate No at Prilling tower bottom followed. Ammonia/Carbamate leakage OCP will be made and into atm from followed. AN lines/vents/valves/SGs/PSVs No 3 1 3 Low No Operation of HP, MP 4.9 etc. which may be due to and LP section corrosion/thinning Popping/ passing of safety OCP will be made and AN No 3 1 3 Low No valves to blowdown stacks followed. Release of Ammonia and High pressure section will be Carbamate to vent stack due depressurized through VB to AN No 2 1 2 Low No to depressurization of high vent stack. Shut-down & start-up of 4.10 pressure section HP, MP & LP section A scrubber will be installed in Ammonia/ Carbamate venting AN No 2 2 4 Moderate the vent stream to recover No in to atm from vents ammonia. Shut-down and startup Ammonia leakages from 4.11 of evaporation & WW AN No 3 1 3 Low No flanges and joints section 5 General & Utilities Stack emission norms Air emission and noise prescribed by MoEF will be 5.1 Operation of DG sets AN generation due to operation of Yes NR NR NR High No followed. Maintenance of DG DG set sets will be done regularly.

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

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4.2.2.2 Operation Phase

The impact on water environment during the operation phase of the proposed plant shall be in terms of water consumption and waste water generation due to process activities.

The details of waste water generation is depicted in the below mentioned Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 Waste Water Generation from the Fertilizer Complex

S. Flow Rate Process and Other Effluents Source No. (m3/hr) 1. Process Effluent Ammonia Unit 12 2. Process Effluent Urea Unit 10 3. CPP / Ammonia Boiler Blow Down Offsites 5 4. Cooling Tower Blowdown - Ammonia Unit Offsites 110 5. Cooling Tower Blowdown - Urea Unit Offsites 85 6. Waste Water from RWTP Offsites 12.5 7. Washing and Flare Water Seal Drain Offsites 5 8. Miscellaneous Effluents (Bagging Plant etc) Offsites 10 9. DM Regeneration Waste Offsites 15 10. Condensate Polishing Unit (CPU) Waste Offsites 9 Total Effluent Generation, m3/hr 274 Design Capacity of the ETP considered (10% Design Margin) 300 Other Miscellaneous Effluents 11. Contaminated Rain Water Entire Plant 50

12. Sanitary Effluent Entire Plant 10

An Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) shall be installed to treat the Effluents and meet the treated Effluent Quality as prescribed by MoEF / CPCB.

The streams routed to ETP can be broadly classified as:

Z Process Effluents and other Miscellaneous Effluents Z Cooling Tower / Boiler Blow Downs Z Sanitary Waste Z Contaminated Rain Water

The Process Effluents from the Ammonia and Urea units shall be collected in an effluent receiving sump & routed to the pre-treatment section of the Effluent Treatment Plant. The Cooling tower blow down effluent from Ammonia and Urea Cooling towers (CT-1 and CT-2) are separately routed to the ETP.

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The pretreatment Unit of the ETP shall consist of a Gravity and Coalescing media type oily water separator unit to remove Oil and Suspended Solids from the Effluent. The effluent from the Pretreatment unit shall be mixed with the Cooling Tower Blowdowns and shall be equalized. The equalized effluent shall be further treated in a biological treatment unit with aeration for removal of BOD and COD.

The Treated Effluent from the biological treatment unit shall be further passed through a Filtration Step and then finally Dis-infected.

The treated Effluent shall be stored in a Holding Pond of adequate size for stabilization and from the Treated Effluent from the holding pond shall be utilized for green belt Development around the Complex.

Surplus Treated Effluent shall be sent for disposal to Godavari River. During Rains, since the Horticulture requirements shall be minimum, majority of the Treated Effluent from the holding Pond shall be sent for Disposal.

Sanitary waste from the fertilizer complex and canteen effluent from the Canteen is routed to a sanitary effluent treatment package unit having a design flow capacity of 10 m3/hr. The treated sanitary effluent alongwith treated ETP Effluent RWTP shall be used for horticulture purpose.

Contaminated rain water from the plant area shall be received by pumping from the plant area. Dry weather flow from oily waste sewer, which is mainly floor wash, shall be taken directly to coalescing media type Oily Water Separator. Contaminated rain water shall be stored for 1 hr duration in a tank and shall be treated along with the oily effluent in ETP.

Effluents from the fertilizer complex shall be analyzed and the report shall be submitted to SPCB at regular intervals. This constant monitoring will ensure that there is no impact on water environment.

A Raw Water Treatment Plant of 1500 m3/hr design flow capacity based on membrane separation shall be installed for producing Treated Raw Water. Besides using as feed to the DM Water Plant, treated raw water is also used as service water and drinking water. Fire water as required for the complex shall be made available from the raw water system. Treated raw water after disinfection is also used as drinking water.

Impact on surface water

Due to the proposed project various activities as mentioned below can impact surface water: Source of raw water for proposed expansion from Yellampalli barrage will have impact on surface water. However the impacts will be marginal considering availability of water in Yellampalli barrage; The balance treated effluent will be disposed off to River Godavari. However the impacts will be marginal as treated effluent will meet all applicable statutory norms.

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Table 4.6 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on water environment

Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Project Activity Identified Aspect Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation EMP No.

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures Required C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 1 Project Design Environment friendly, green and Selection of efficient technology will be Technology Non-compliance of 1.1 N Yes NR NR NR High selected Yes & No Environmental Standards Designs of plant ETP & process equipment to components meet environmental standards 2 Project Construction Sanitary water from 2.1 N Waste water generation No 1 3 3 Low Packaged STP will be provided Yes labour colonies 3 Commissioning SOP's, OCP and OEP will be followed during startup. Startup activities like Leakage of chemicals and Pollution Control Equipment will operation of fuel. Waste water be provided (Vents and stacks 3.1 AN No 2 2 4 Moderate No equipment for all generation from hydro- with adequate height will be proposed plants testing & chemical cleaning. provided). Firefighting & emergency response team will be at place during startups. 4 Project Operation A Ammonia Online leakage will be attended. Operation of Ensure proper handling of all 4.1 AN Leakage of lube oil No 1 1 1 Low Yes Compressors spillage introducing spill control procedures. Leakage of Caustic, Operation of plant Sulphuric acid and HCl due OCP & OEP will be made and 4.2 AN No 2 1 2 Low No sections to faulty flanges, pipelines & followed. pump. Waste water generation due to floor clearing, draining of Plant shutdown and SOP will be made and followed. 4.4 AN acidic water during heat No 4 2 8 High Yes start-up Effluent will be diverted to ETP. exchanger chemical cleaning

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Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Project Activity Identified Aspect Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation EMP No.

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures Required C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 Heavy leakage or explosion Delivery and transfer Emergency response plan for due to increased/lowered of ammonia in onsite and offsite will be made 4.5 E pressure caused by failure of Yes NR NR NR High No ammonia storage and followed. Dyke wall with compressor and blowers or tank high capacity will be provided. poor insulation Unforeseen situation Emergency response plan for Liquid ammonia leakages 4.6 damaging ammonia E Yes NR NR NR High onsite and offsite will be made No from storage tank storage tank and followed. B Urea Contamination of ground Regular ground water Operation of Prilling water due to PM & 4.7 N No 1 5 5 Moderate monitoring at nearby areas will No section Ammonia deposition on be done. nearby land Ammonia/Carbamate Online leakage will be attended. leakage into atm from Ensure proper handling of all AN lines/vents/valves/SGs/PSVs Yes NR NR NR High No Operation of HP, MP spillage introducing spill control 4.8 etc. which may be due to and LP section procedures. corrosion/thinning Popping/ passing of safety SOP will be made and followed. AN No 1 1 1 Low No valves to blowdown stacks Effluent will be diverted to ETP. Effluent generation due to EMP and OCP will be made and AN depressurization into Yes NR NR NR High Yes Shut-down & start- followed. blowdown 4.9 up of HP, MP & LP A scrubber will be installed in the section Ammonia/ Carbamate AN No 3 1 3 Low vent stream to recover No venting in to atm from vents ammonia. Shut-down and startup of Ammonia/Urea leakages EMP and OCP will be made and 4.10 N No 3 2 6 Moderate No evaporation & WW from flanges and joints followed. section Spillage from turbine on AN No 1 1 1 Low OCP will be made and followed. No Oil handling for steam headers governing oil system Oil spillage on Online leakage will be attended. 4.11 & for bearings of floor/structure/lines during Ensure proper handling of all turbine & AN maintenance of pumps, No 2 1 2 Low No spillage introducing spill control compressor while emptying/cleaning the procedures. console

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Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Project Activity Identified Aspect Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation EMP No.

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures Required C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 5 General & Utilities Workforce during 5.1 N Generation of sewage Yes NR NR NR High STP will be provided Yes operation of plants Online flow meters will be Raw water intake installed at each of the raw from Yellampalli 5.2 N Use of surface water No 2 5 10 High water consumption unit in plant Yes barrage of Godavari premises. Rainwater harvesting river will be done. Waste water generation as Operation of Cooling Acid tank/pump/lines will be 5.3 N blowdown and backwash of No 2 4 8 High Yes Tower covered under dyke area sand filters Low pH water draining Acidic water draining will be AN during acid leakage from No 2 2 4 Moderate done after pH adjustment during No acid pump/tank/line normal course All treated effluent will be pumped out of the complex after testing of final parameters for Discharge of treated waste pH, DO, TOC etc. Online Meters N water in downstream of Yes NR NR NR High for pH, DO & TOC analyzer will Yes Godavari river be installed at the outlet of the ETP and STP and records will be maintained of treated effluent Operation of waste quality and quantity 5.4 water treatment Waste water generated from facilities Urea and Ammonia production shall be treated in ETP. Waste flows will be recorded for each High quantum of waste of the influents (by providing N No 4 2 8 High Yes water generation flow meters at the inlet) and the performance evaluation of ETP will be carried out on regular basis in order to continuously comply with disposal standards.

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

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Mitigation measures

To reduce the pollution load, it is decided to reuse sewage and cooling tower blowdown in cooling tower after treatment in STP and ETP respectively. This will reduce the waste water discharge to the Godavari river. Treatment of surface water is essential before using in drinking and domestic purposes. A consolidated impact on the surface and ground water is given in Table 4.6.

4.2.3 Noise Environment

4.2.3.1 Construction Phase

During construction phase, the noise will be generated locally within the plant complex due to civil works such as trenching, foundation casting, steel fabrication work, infrastructure construction, and mechanical works such as static equipment and rotating machinery installation, building up of piping network, and provision of piping supports. These activities cause an increase in the ambient noise levels; however these are localized to the fertilizer complex and hardly impact the ambient noise levels at the plant boundary.

However, there will be movement of heavy motor vehicles carrying construction material, pipes and equipment, loading and unloading activities, and movement of light passenger vehicles conveying construction personnel which will temporarily impact the traffic movement and noise environment in the vicinity. But this impact will be intermittent and during some time periods only. Hence, the impact on noise environment during the construction phase shall be localized and marginal.

The typical noise levels of some of construction equipment are given in Table 4.7. The peak noise levels from some of the construction equipment for non-continuous construction activity may be as high as 90 dB (A). However, the exposure of construction labour and supervisors to this high noise levels will be for a short time only and hence will not pose any health hazards. Also, since the populated areas are away from the proposed site, these noise levels are considered to have insignificant impact.

Overall, the impact of generated noise on the environment will be insignificant, reversible and local in nature and mainly confined to the day hours.

Table 4.7 Typical Noise level of construction equipment

Description Noise Levels dB(A) Reference Distance (m) Earth Movers Front loaders 72-84 1.0 Back holes 72-93 1.0 Tractors 76-96 1.0 Scrapers, Graders 80-93 1.0 Pavers 86-88 1.0 Trucks 82-94 1.0 Material Handlers Concrete mixers 75-88 1.0 Concrete pumps 81-88 1.0 Cranes (movable) 75-86 1.0 Cranes (derrick) 86-88 1.0 Stationery equipment

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Pumps 69-71 1.0 Generators 71-82 1.0 Compressors 74-86 1.0 Impact based equipment Pneumatic wrenches 83-88 1.0 Jack hammer and rock 81-88 1.0 Pile drivers (peak) 95-105 1.0 Pneumatic pavement 102-108 1.0

4.2.3.2 Operation Phase

4.2.3.2.1 Identification of sources of noise in the proposed plant

The source of noise during the operational phase of the plant will be mainly pumps, compressors, blowers, steam turbine and boiler house. The other source of noise will be increase in the movement of vehicles along the road. Typical noise levels generated by various equipments are given in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8 Typical noise levels of different equipment Sl. ITEM IDENTIFICATION NOISE LEVEL dB(A) No. 1. Pump 85 2. Compressor 85 3. Boiler 85 4. DG Set 85 5. Cooling Tower 95 6. Flare 70 7. Furnace 85 8. Turbine 94

It has been estimated that operation of these equipments within specially designed buildings enclosures, boundary walls and the greenbelt development within and around the plant premises would help in attenuating noise to a large extent. Comprehensive measures for noise control, at design stage, will be followed in terms of noise levels specifications of various rotating equipment as per Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) standards, to mitigate the impact on noise environment.

Impact

During operational phase, the noise generated within the fertilizer complex due to operation of various rotating equipments will be localized and it is not expected to significantly impact the noise levels at the plant boundary. Only impact which can be expected during this phase is increase in light passenger vehicles and moderate increase in busses carrying operating personnel to the plant. However, this impact is intermittent and during certain time periods only.

The impact due to operation of the plant will be restricted within the plant limit and is a concern for work place environment rather than for the residents of the area.

Comprehensive measures for noise control at design stage will be followed in terms of noise levels specifications as per Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) standards, to mitigate the impact on noise environment. The noise generated from noise

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generating equipments will be restricted to allowable noise limits as necessary safeguards will be followed during design stage. There will not be any change in the ambient noise levels at the plant boundary.

Mitigation measures for noise

Mitigation measures for noise and vibration impacts will include: Procurement of equipment meeting prescribed noise standards will be done. Sufficient engineering control during installation of equipment and machineries is to be ensured to reduce noise levels at source. Acoustical Enclosures with Very high transmission loss rating are strongly recommended for Gas turbines. Minimum Transmission Loss rating should be at least 30 dB for Gas turbine Acoustical Enclosures; Room Acoustical Treatment can be done to the Compressor-House walls from the inside; Removable acoustical blankets can be effective and economical in reducing the noise level of the pumps; All Safety valves in the steam lines should be installed with In-Line silencers with insertion loss rating of 25 dB or more, in order to reduce the noise generated due to the operation of Safety valve; Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) like ear plugs/muffs is to be given to all the workers at site and it will be ensured that the same are wore by everybody during their shift; Ducts to be treated with Acoustical lining from the inside, with Duct silencers incorporated in-line to reduce the duct and vent noise; Temporary new approach road can be constructed, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel; Proper and timely maintenance of machineries and preventive maintenance of vehicles is to be adopted.

Mitigation measures for traffic

The trucks transporting raw materials and finished goods will be covered. It will be assured that vehicles are PUC certified. Adequate measures will be taken to avoid spillage or leak of raw material and drivers will be instructed to control leakages and collection of spilled material. Temporary new approach road can be constructed, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel; Ensuring the availability of valid Pollution Under Control Certificates (PUC) for all vehicles used on site.

Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the operating and other conditions, the impact scores on noise environment are mentioned in Table 4.9.

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Table 4.9 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on water environment

S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ EMP Required

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Mitigation Measures C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 1 Project Location Nearby habitation Traffic management plan Selection of site N and national/state No 1 4 4 Moderate will be prepared and No highway implemented. 2 Project Design Environment friendly, green and efficient Selection of Technology technology will be Non-compliance of selected 2.1 N Environmental Yes NR NR NR High Yes Pollution control Standards equipment & process Designs of plant components equipment to meet environmental standards 3 Project Construction

Heavy fabrication work for Properly certified, tested erecting major plant equipment and calibrated equipment 3.1 including operation of N Noise generation Yes NR NR NR High will be used. Ear muffs Yes equipment like concrete and ear plugs will be mixtures, vibrators etc. provided to workers.

Vehicular movement for PUC certified vehicles will 3.2 transportation of materials and N Noise generation Yes NR NR NR High Yes be used equipment

3 Commissioning SOP's, OCP and OEP will Noise generation be followed during 3.1 Startup activities N due to operation of Yes NR NR NR High Yes startup. Acoustic equipment enclosures will be built in

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S No. Project Activity Identified Aspect Legal Impact Scoring Significance/ Operation Controls/ EMP Required

N/AN/E Severity, S Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Mitigation Measures C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 with equipment by technology provider. 4 Project Operation A Ammonia

Acoustic enclosures will be 4.1 Operation of Stripper sections N Noise generation Yes NR NR NR High built in with equipment by Yes technology provider.

B Urea Noise generated Inbuilt acoustic enclosures During operation of CO due to running of 4.2 2 AN No 2 2 4 Moderate will be provided by No compressure/turbine machine or due to technology provider. steam leakage 5 General & Utilities Proper acoustic 5.1 Operation of DG sets AN Noise generation Yes 2 1 2 Low enclosures will be No provided.

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

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4.2.4 Land Environment

The existing land and land use pattern of the project site will get affected from various activities like selection of site, clearance of shrubs, preparation of approach roads, internal roads, parking area, excavation and paving of site for installing plant equipment and machineries. Impacts regarding these activities will be in terms of permanent change in land use and land cover. Change in aesthetic looks of the area from barren open land to industrial use is envisaged.

4.2.4.1 Construction Phase

Site preparation

The land use and land cover pattern of the project site will get affected due to activities like installation of machineries, temporary storage of raw material, domestic waste and handling of other kind of waste material etc. This is perhaps unavoidable considering the setup of the fertilizer plant. The impact may happen in terms of clearing of vegetation.

Excavation and Paving of Site

Excavation and paving of site to allow for the impact loads due to construction activities will lead to minor impacts on land use. This may change the ground level and affect the topography. The excavated soil will be used for leveling the premises and care should be taken for using the soil for greenbelt development.

The impact on land environment during construction phase shall be due to generation of debris/construction material, which shall be properly collected and disposed off. However, being the modifications limited to existing area, the generation of such waste shall be minimal.

4.2.4.2 Operation Phase

Beneficial impacts would be felt on land use pattern and topographical features of the area due to greening of the area through plantation and green belt development. With the implementation of treatment system for solids, liquids and gaseous wastes, and after the treatment the levels of releases are expected to be well within the limits as prescribed by MoEF. Under normal operating conditions, there may not be any significant impact on the land environment. The greenbelt development would improve the quality of environment around the new ammonia / urea plant.

The impact on land environment during operational phase will be minimized due to comprehensive solid waste management and disposal system. There shall be generation of small amount of hazardous solid waste from proposed process/treatment units. The same shall be disposed as per approved disposal procedure of CPCB/MoEF.

There will be positive impact on existing landscape due to proper planning for landscaping, development of roads with avenue trees and green belt development around the project building making the landscape beautiful with lush green cover.

The transportation of the raw materials and end products will be through trucks and railway wagons. Eighty percent of product dispatch shall be through rail and 20% through road network. The trucks will move from the plant and catches the plant road and then join to state highway. The truck movement is mostly for districts near to the fertilizer plant. Movement of end products and raw materials is also planned through

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railway wagons. The railway line will be used mostly sending end products to outside of the state. There is a slightly increase of traffic while moving in and out of trucks near to plant area.

Mitigation measures

Mitigation measures for conserving land use and land cover will include the following: The vegetation cover clearing should only be done on which construction is to take place and less disturbing the vegetation in adjacent areas; Methods to be adopted for reuse of earth material generated during excavation; Optimizations of land requirement through proper site layout design will a basic criterion at the design phase.

Based on the above impacts, impact scores on land environment is calculated and provided in Table 4.10. Solid and Hazardous Waste impact on land environment is also mentioned in Table 4.11.

4.2.4.3 Soil Environment

Potential impacts on land environment due to production activities are given below: Clearance of scrub cover and top soil during site preparation; Fuel leakages on soil during vehicular activities; Leakages due to storage and handling of fuel, raw materials, solid hazardous waste; Spillages from process operations during emergency situations.

There will be no disposal of untreated effluent or sewage on land. Generated hazardous wastes during project operation will be transported to an authorized Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) site. Storage areas will be impervious to water and will be designed to prevent Leachate penetration.

Mitigation measures for soil conservation

Mitigation measures for soil conservation will include the following: On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes to be completely removed; After completion of construction the surrounding area where the extra soil and remaining construction material needs to be cleared. And the leveling to be done so that the original condition is restored so that it does not disturbs natural drainage; The special care needs to be taken during deliveries and to be supervised by a responsible person; Proper care will be taken that there is no spill that would cause soil contamination; The used oil spillage to be cleaned up using cotton and separate storage of the cotton waste will be made within the premises; Hazardous waste properly handled and sent for disposal to authorized TSDF; The filling and packaging operation of the product will be fully mechanized to ensure no spillage is taking place; The management to maintain records of contaminated waste on a regular basis.

Potential impacts and mitigation measures on soil environment are provided in Table 4.12.

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Table 4.10 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on land environment

Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ No. Severity, Probability, Final Score, Required

N/AN/E Consequence Mitigation Measures S P S x P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 Project 1 Construction Only scrubs will be removed. Clearing of scrub cover and removal of 1.1 Site preparation N Yes NR NR NR High Top soil removed will be used Yes top soil for greenbelt development. 2 Commissioning SOP's, OCP and OEP will be Startup activities Deposition of unburnt fuel, unreacted followed during startup. like operation of ammonia, Carbamate, NOx, CO, VOCs Pollution Control Equipment 2.1 AN No 2 1 2 Low No equipment for all etc. on nearby agriculture field may will be provided (Vents and proposed plants change landuse in long term. stacks with adequate height will be provided). 3 Project Operation A Ammonia Change in landuse pattern of nearby Unforeseen fields due to heavy leakage or explosion Dyke wall will be provided. situation damaging 3.1 E due to increased/lowered pressure No 5 1 5 Moderate Emergency response plan will No ammonia storage caused by failure of compressor and be made and followed. tank blowers or poor insulation. B Urea Depostion of PM & Ammonia emission Regular land survey and Operation of Prilling for Prilling tower top on nearby 3.2 N No 2 1 2 Low ground water monitoring will No section agriculture field may change landuse in be carried out in nearby fields. long term. Ammonia/carbamate leakage into atm Operation of HP, from lines/vents/valves/SGs/PSVs etc. OCP will be made and 3.3 AN No 2 1 2 Low No MP and LP section which may deposit on nearby followed. agriculture field. Release of Ammonia and Carbamate to High pressure section will be Shut-down & start- AN vent stack due to depressurization of No 2 1 2 Low depressurized through VB to No 3.4 up of HP, MP & LP high pressure section vent stack. section Ammonia/ carbamate venting in to atm A scrubber will be installed in AN No 2 1 2 Low No from vents top can deposit on nearby the vent stream to recover

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Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ No. Severity, Probability, Final Score, Required

N/AN/E Consequence Mitigation Measures S P S x P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 agriculture field may change the ammonia. landuse in long term 5 General & Utilities A proper greenbelt will be developed More than 33% of the plant Greenbelt 5.1 N by using native tree species with Yes NR NR NR High area will be made for Yes Development flowering and fruiting plants. greenbelt.

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

Table 4.11 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on solid & hazardous waste environment

Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation No. Severity, Required

N/AN/E Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 1 Project Design Detailed designing of pollution control Contract will be given to well equipment and all Non-compliance of established firm. Pre-validation, 1.1 plant equipment like N Environmental Yes NR NR NR High adequacy of DPR will be done with No storage tanks, heat Standards vendors frequently before exchangers, reactors, commencement. pressure vessels etc. 2 Project Construction The trucks transporting debris/construction material will Excavation and be covered. It will be assured that 2.1 N Generation of debris No 1 5 5 Moderate No paving of site vehicles are PUC certified. Proper maintenance of vehicles will be assured. Heavy fabrication Scraps will be handled as per 2.2 work for erecting N Generation of scraps No 2 4 8 High MSW rules and sold to registered Yes plant equipment vendors.

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Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation No. Severity, Required

N/AN/E Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11

3 Commissioning Startup activities like Generation of Scrap material will be disposed to operation of 3.1 N discarded packing Yes NR NR NR High competent authority/ registered No equipment for all material vendors. proposed plants 4 Project Operation A Ammonia Solid waste like civil Scrap material will be disposed to Operation of plant debris, steel, cotton 4.1 N Yes NR NR NR High competent authority/ registered No sections waste/ hand gloves vendors. etc. disposal Solid waste generation like Plant shutdown and polymerized product, 4.2 AN Yes NR NR NR High OCP will be made and followed. No start-up Urea lumps generation during draining of dyke. B Urea Torn bags will be given to recycles. Generation of waste Dust masks will be provided to Packing of Urea in 4.3 N torn bags and Urea No 2 2 4 Moderate workers working in packing No bags spillage on floor section. Floor cleaning will be ensured at regular intervals. 5 General & Utilities Engagement of workforce Solid & kitchen waste 5.1 (employees, N Yes NR NR NR High Proper disposal will be ensured. Yes generation contractors) for proposed plants Operation of cooling Sludge from sump SHW will be handled as per HW & 5.2 N No 2 3 6 Moderate No tower cleaning. MSW rules. Use of PPE's shall be mandatory Operation of waste Lime sludge while handling the chemicals in 5.3 water treatment N Yes NR NR NR High Yes generation ETP/STP. SHW will be handled as facilities per HW & MSW rules and sold to

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Potential Impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation No. Severity, Required

N/AN/E Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 authorized vendors. Disposal to secured landfill/ TSDF facility. SHW will be handled as per HW & Generation of scraps N Yes NR NR NR High MSW rules and sold to authorized Yes Equipment and used spares etc. 5.4 vendors. maintenance Generation of spent It will be sold to re-processors AN Yes NR NR NR High No catalyst registered with CPCB/SPCB. Solid waste generation due to Biodegradable waste will be used House-keeping and improper disposal of as manure. Non-biodegradable 5.5 packing/ unpacking AN Yes NR NR NR High No biodegradable and waste will be given to authorized activities non-biodegradable vendors. wastes.

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

Table 4.12 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on soil environment

Potential impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation No. Severity, Probability, Required

N/AN/E Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures S P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 1 Project Design Detailed designing of pollution control Contract will be given to well equipment and all established firm. Pre-validation, plant equipment like adequacy of DPR will be done with Non-compliance of storage tanks, heat vendors frequently before 1.1 N Environmental No 1 5 5 Moderate No exchangers, reactors, commencement. Standards pressure vessels etc. Air pollution control equipment & Designs of plant process equipment to meet components environmental standards

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Potential impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation No. Severity, Probability, Required

N/AN/E Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures S P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 2 Project Construction Excavation and paving Top soil will be stored and used for 2.1 AN Top soil removal No 2 3 6 Moderate Yes of site greenbelt development. 3 Commissioning SOP's, OCP and OEP will be followed Deposition of unburnt during startup. Pollution Control Startup activities like fuel, unreacted Equipment will be provided (Vents operation of 3.1 AN ammonia, Carbamate, No 4 1 4 Moderate and stacks with adequate height will No equipment for all NOx, CO, VOCs etc. on be provided). Firefighting & proposed plants soil. emergency response team will be at place during startups. 4 Project Operation A Ammonia Soil contamination due to heavy leakage or explosion due to Emergency response plan for onsite Delivery and transfer increased/lowered and offsite will be made and followed. 4.1 of ammonia in E No 4 1 4 Moderate No pressure caused by Dyke wall with high capacity will be ammonia storage tank failure of compressor provided. and blowers or poor insulation. soil contamination due Unforeseen situation to liquid ammonia Emergency response plan for onsite 4.2 damaging ammonia E No 4 1 4 Moderate No leakages from storage and offsite will be made and followed. storage tank tank B Urea Deposition of PM & Ammonia emission Regular soil monitoring at nearby N from Prilling tower top No 2 3 6 Moderate No agriculture fields will be carried out. Operation of Prilling on nearby agriculture 4.3 section fields. Urea dust deposition on N belts at Prilling tower No 1 4 4 Moderate OCP will be made and followed. No bottom 4.4 Operation of HP, MP AN Deposition of No 2 1 2 Low OCP will be made and followed. No

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Potential impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring EMP Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ Mitigation No. Severity, Probability, Required

N/AN/E Final Score, S x P Consequence Measures S P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 and LP section Ammonia/carbamate leakage into atm from lines/vents/valves/SGs/ PSVs etc. on soil due to leakages Deposition of Shut-down & start-up A scrubber will be installed in the vent 4.5 AN Ammonia/ carbamate No 2 1 2 Low No of HP, MP & LP section stream to recover Ammonia. due to venting on soil 5 General & Utilities Air emission and noise 5.1 Operation of DG sets AN generation due to Yes 3 1 3 Low Proper flooring will be provided. No operation of DG set Soil contamination due Proper flooring will be provided. Operation of waste to improper handling of Install proper facilities to prevent 5.2 water treatment AN hazardous material No 4 2 8 High rain/storm water contamination Yes facilities from ETP & storage during the storage of soil raw area. materials.

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

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4.2.5 Biological Environment

4.2.5.1 Construction Phase

Most of the study area has scattered vegetation and in the case of the faunal component also no significant distinction could be perceived. The proposed project is within the battery limit of already operating plant. From the Environmental Impact Evaluation it was observed that only very minor and negligible impact is anticipated on the flora and fauna during the construction phase of the project. No ecologically hazardous materials are expected to be generated during this phase.

Currently the concentration of noxious gases such as SOx, NOx and hydrocarbons is low in the project area, and well below the prescribed standards. During the construction, the local level of suspended particulate matter (SPM) may marginally increase because of the movement of vehicles and equipment and other construction related activities. As mentioned earlier the dust in this kind of operation is however, mostly inorganic & non toxic in nature. It is expected to be innocuous to the biological components of the environment in a long term perspective. The marginal increase in the local gaseous pollutant levels due to the operation of vehicle and equipment is short-term and it is not expected to have any noticeable impact on the faunal and floral components.

4.2.5.2 Operation Phase

During operation phase, the atmospheric emissions are the most significant causes of adverse environmental impacts. Major pollutants in the emissions are SOx, NOx, & particulate. Another concern is the wastewater generated from washing unwanted materials/floors and cooling tower blowdown (however that will be utilised for gardening).

Some quantities of solid wastes such as, filtering media and e-waste, sludge from backwashing of sand filters are also generated while in operation. The noise level from machines, compressors, air heater fans etc. are below 85 dB from 1 meter distance. The wastes produced during operation are proposed to be disposed in an environmentally safe manner, without leading to surface water or ground water contamination, and is not expected to cause any harm to the flora and fauna.

The impact of emissions of SO2, NOx and particulate (both non repairable and repairable fractions) mainly depends upon the dominant wind directions and speeds. The impacts in general are proportional to the exposure to the gases in terms of concentration and duration. Since the proposed project does not involve any significant perceivable additional source of impact, the additional of impacts as far as flora and fauna around the site is concerned would be nil.

4.2.5.3 Impact on Ecology & Biodiversity

The following impacts are predicted on ecology and biodiversity for the proposed project. During construction phase, increase in deposition of dust and dust settling on the vegetation may alter or limit plant’s abilities to photosynthesize and/or reproduce; Clearance of existing scrub covers during site preparation, due to such activities habitation fragmentation. The dust coating also may affect the normal action of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals applied as sprays to foliage. In addition, accumulation of alkaline dust in the soil can increase soil pH level adverse to crop growth. The concentration of Benzene more than its permissible limit can cause death to the plant root and damage the leaves of many agriculture crops.

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The impact of SOx hazardous for the environment is limited due to the product properties of no bioaccumulation, weak solubility and precipitation in aquatic environment.

4.2.5.4 Mitigation measures

Mitigation measures for conserving ecology and biodiversity will include the following: The developed greenbelt and green cover in the project area as discussed in Chapter 6 would increase the flora and fauna density in the area at the project site.

Potential impacts and mitigation measures on biological environment are given in Table 4.13.

4.2.6 Socioeconomic Environment

The socio-economic impacts are intrinsically linked with the economic, environmental and health impacts. These impacts relate to changes in the social structure and characteristics of a community. The impacts during presently ongoing construction and coming up operation phases were predicted and are detailed in the following sections.

4.2.6.1 Prediction of Impacts

Negative Impact

Any industrialization activity will have negative impact on environment. The proposed plant may contribute pollutants in the form of dust, gaseous. However, they can be kept below the prescribed environment with proper control mechanism. Transportation of heavy vehicles and operation of machineries will create noise during working period. The effluents released are treated before their release into the outer environment. However environmental management plan will be made in such a way that the negative impacts will be minimized and positive impacts may be maximized.

Positive Impact

Despite of little temporary and recoverable damage to ecosystem, there will be large number of positive impacts such as

1. Creation of healthy employment 2. Improvement in the infrastructural facilities (such as Roads, lightening etc) 3. Provision of facilities for human health 4. Economical status in terms of Industrial growth and Employment generation and other economically beneficial developments would have beneficial impacts on the Social communities residing in the nearby areas.

The project activities will improve the general environment in communication by roads, education and health facilities. Increase in industrialization in the area can increase the main workers sub-category of other workers. The project will thereby improve the economical status of the surrounding people.

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Potential impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ EMP No. Severity,

N/AN/E Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Mitigation Measures Required S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 Project 1 Construction Care will be taken while Defragmentation of removing the scrubs. If habitats due to trees need to be cut, five 2.1 Site preparation N clearing of scrub No 2 5 10 High times of the number of tree Yes cover and removal of cut will be compensated. top soil Top soil will be used for greenbelt development. movement of birds Heavy flood lights need to N and other night No 2 3 6 Moderate be avoided in the night No Installation of moving animals hours. 2.2 heavy equipment Use of heavy noise N Noise generation No 2 2 4 Moderate generating equipment in No the night hours. 2 Project Operation A Ammonia Habitats will be get hampered due to Delivery and leakage or explosion Emergency response plan transfer of caused by for onsite and offsite will be 2.1 ammonia in E increased/lowered No 5 1 5 Moderate made and followed. Dyke No ammonia storage pressure caused by wall with high capacity will tank failure of compressor be provided. and blowers or poor insulation. Unforeseen Habitat change due Emergency response plan situation damaging to Liquid ammonia 2.2 E No 5 1 5 Moderate for onsite and offsite will be No ammonia storage leakages from made and followed. tank storage tank B Urea Urea dust deposition Plants will be regularly Operation of Prilling 2.3 N on plants at Prilling No 2 1 3 Low sprayed water to wash the No section tower bottom leaves.

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Potential impacts & Mitigation Measures S Legal Impact Scoring Project Activity Identified Aspect Significance/ Operation Controls/ EMP No. Severity,

N/AN/E Probability, P Final Score, S x P Consequence Mitigation Measures Required S C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 Speed brakers need to be There may be road provided in all roads with 2.4 Operation of plant N killing of animals in No 3 2 6 Moderate caution sign wherever No the night time. animal crossing likely to happen.

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

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4.2.6.2 Impacts during Construction Phase

During the construction period, there will be short-term socio-economic impacts, which include employment and population, economic activities, housing and settlement and the need for basic facilities / amenities.

Employment Generation

Direct employment of 1500 to 2000 will be required during the construction period for about 3 years. Most of the workers required are unskilled and semi-skilled. In addition, indirect employment will also be created but the number is very much limited to commercial activities like selling food and sundry items, transportation and security.

Considering the large increase in demand for workers, it is expected that a large number of workers will come from outside, while a number of local residents may be hired from a pool of unemployed or from those who are willing to switch jobs temporarily, especially those in the unskilled category.

Consequent to the temporary migration of people from other districts/ states, the demographic profile would be affected in terms of age, number, skills and sex composition. With the expected increase in population there could be a need for some social adjustment and need for administrative control in the area.

Further, the project will provide temporary employment of skilled and highly skilled manpower. Most of the people will be employees of contractors/ subcontractors. The number of employees deployed is likely to increase gradually, peak and then gradually fall to normal levels on the completion of the project.

Economic activities

During the construction phase economic activities in the area are expected to show an increase in building and construction related activities to generate income from direct and indirect employment. Consequently increase in tertiary sector activities would increase the general quality of life accompanied with increase in prices. This may have some adverse temporary effect on the poor population due to higher cost of living.

Housing and settlement

The proposed construction site is located within the fertilizer complex. During the construction phase most of the workers deployed during the construction period will stay in the residential areas in the vicinity. As such, no housing will be provided at site in keeping with the safety and security norms of the project.

Basic facilities / amenities

The construction of proposed facilities is expected to have some significant impact on the provision of basic social amenities in the area. The addition of workers certainly requires an increase in the existing supply of water, electricity, telephone, medical, transport, and waste disposal facilities. Other facilities like education, recreation etc. may not be that crucial for the migrated workers. But to ensure harmony and social stability, administration and security in the area is essential.

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Infrastructure

The movement of workforce to and from place of work, and the movement of vehicles carrying equipment and construction material are expected to increase the stress on the local transport and road network. Considering the number of workers involved in the construction activity there will be marginal increase in traffic. The strain on road network due to additional traffic will be insignificant. Since, the construction site is located in an industrial area and is significantly away from public road network there will not be any disturbance to traffic on account of any obstructions. In order to minimize impact, scheduling for the receipt of all construction materials and equipment will be done in order to avoid peak traffic conditions, to the extent possible.

Hence, the impact on infrastructure facilities is marginal and reversible in nature.

4.2.6.3 Impacts during Operational Phase

The operation and maintenance phase tends to take effect for much longer term and therefore, any impact during this period is expected to be more lasting or permanent in nature.

Employment Generation

A total of 460 employees will be employed for the fertilizer plant. An indirect employment of 100-200 people will be created in terms of transportation and other allied services.

Economic activities

The economic activities of the population in the area are expected to increase and may face developmental changes. The new jobs created by the proposed project are not expected to displace workers in the area. In fact, this may increase the workforce in the area. With the increased momentum in the process of industrialization, commercialization and urbanization changes in economic structure in the long run are part of the evolution in the whole economic system. As the upgradation of the project facilities is a part of the whole economic system, it is envisaged that the population in the area would transit to higher standards of living in the long run.

Housing and settlement

Since the new permanent workers are likely to be limited and be a part of the regular workforce of the project, the housing and associated facilities need to be increased accordingly. Since most of the new permanent workers could be employees, they could be housed in the township of the project and the upgradation of facilities and amenities in the township is not envisaged to be a serious problem.

Infrastructure

During the operational phase there may be increase in the traffic density of the area mainly due to deployment of trucks for transporting chemicals, catalysts and by-product either to or from the fertilizer complex. This increase in traffic density will demand development of local infrastructure including road network and traffic management.

Potential impacts and mitigation measures on socioeconomic environment is given in Table 4.14.

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Table 4.14 Potential impact scores and mitigation measures on socioeconomic environment

Potential impacts & Mitigation Measures Legal Impact Scoring S Project Activity Identified Aspect No. Final Significance/ Severity, Probability, Mitigation measures N/AN/E Score, S x Consequence S P P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 1 Project Design Nearby National & Ancillary developments in nearby 1.1 Selection of site N No 2 5 10 High State highway areas. 2 Project Construction Labour 2.1 Site preparation N No 4 5 20 Positive only Employment opportunities for locals. requirement

Heavy fabrication work for Competent person/ contractors will erecting major plant be employed. Proper approvals of all equipment including Labour design and layouts will be finalized in 2.2 N No 3 5 15 Positive only operation of equipment requirement project design phase. Work will be like concrete mixtures, carried out in supervision under vibrators etc. competent/authorized person.

3 Commissioning

Startup activities like Employees, contractors and Workforce 3.1 operation of equipment AN No 3 4 12 High labourers will be hired during requirement for all proposed plants construction and operation phase.

4 General & Utilities

Workforce Employees, contractors and Workforce during 4.1 N requirement for No 3 5 15 Positive only labourers will be hired during operation of plants proposed plants construction and operation phase.

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Potential impacts & Mitigation Measures Legal Impact Scoring S Project Activity Identified Aspect No. Final Significance/ Severity, Probability, Mitigation measures N/AN/E Score, S x Consequence S P P C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 Housekeeping and Temporary job 4.2 packing/inpacking N creation for such No 3 5 15 Positive only Jobs will be given based on skill. activities activities

Traffic management plan will be in Vehicular movement for Increase of traffic in place. Records will be maintained for 4.3 transportation of N State and National No 3 4 12 High entry and exit of vehicles carrying materials highways raw materials & finished products.

Temporary job Job for gardener and supervisor will 4.4 Greenbelt development N creation for such No 3 4 12 Positive only be created. activities

N: Normal; AN: Above Normal; E: Extreme; NR: Not required as legal requirement is applicable

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4.2.6.4 Secondary Impacts

During the developmental stage, benefits to the regional economy would be realized from increased expenditure for labor and materials. The economic profile of a community is characterized with respect to commercial and industrial development. These are temporary jobs provided by the project during the course of construction.

The proposed project focuses on the health status in terms of health checkups and medical camps and the increase in economical status of the people will indirectly improve the health status.

4.2.7 Occupational Health and Risk

4.2.7.1 General Safety Measures

Proposed plants will require installation of different storage tanks to store liquid chemicals, located in tank-farm area. The liquid chemicals will be received through tankers and trucks to storage-tanks. No specific liquid chemicals will stayed in any tank for longer period, and there will be no possibility of adverse effect to any person, surrounding atmosphere in ordinary circumstances. However, considering the various chemicals handled and stored at site; following safety measures will be provided at the site. The following safety measures need to be taken while handling the chemicals.

Requisite personnel Protective Equipment shall be provided to the workers. Instruction/Notice to wear the same will be displayed. Further, it will be insisted to use the same while at work. Provision of water shower with Eye washer and display of notice accordingly. MSDS of all hazardous chemicals will available at Office and responsible persons. Antidotes for all chemicals being used as per MSDS will be kept ready at the site. Booklet on “Disclosure of Information on Hazardous Chemicals to the workers” will be prepared and educated them. Provisions of First Aid Box and trained person in first aid. Prohibition on eating or drinking at work-area. Any leakage/spillage of liquid chemical shall be immediately attended and provision of urgent cleaning. Work area will be monitored to maintain work environment free from any dust/chemicals fumes/ vapours and keep within below permissible limit. Provision of adequate Fire Extinguishers at site and training will be imparted to the workers also. Maintaining the Fire-Protection System adequately. Availability of Self Breathing Apparatus at site. Provisions of immediate accident/incident reporting and investigation. Instructions on Emergency/Disaster will be displayed. Safety Posters and slogans will be exhibited at conspicuous places. Arrangement of Periodical Training to workers/operatives, supervisors. Work permit systems will be strictly followed. Safety Committee will be constituted and safety, health and environmental matters/issues will be discussed in the meeting and enlighten the participants in these respect.

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4.2.7.2 Mitigation measures

Periodical medical checkup would be carried out in two stages which include clinical examination and laboratory test if required. During site preparation proper care would be taken by the client, proper PPE will be provided to site workers and staff members Appropriate personnel protective clothing of nitrile rubber viton, barricade, chemrel, teflon, polyvinyl alcohol will be wear to prevent skin contact. Hand gloves of natural rubber, neoprene and polyvinyl chloride will be used. Acoustic enclosures will be provided to DG sets and other noise generating equipment. Client will develop and implement a spill management plan to prevent risk of spill which may cause health problem.

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CHAPTER – 5

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

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5.0 INTRODUCTION

Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental Project. It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any Development project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people, various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact post-project environmental scenario; hence, monitoring of critical parameters is essential in the post- project phase.

Usually, as in the case of the study, an impact assessment study is carried out over short period of time and the data cannot bring out all variations induced by the natural or human activities. Therefore, regular monitoring programme of the environmental parameters is essential to take into account the changes in the environmental quality.

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING PROCEDURE

Development of the programme during the planning process shall be conducted or supported by environmental specialists. However, the implementation responsibility rests with working managers of the organization, who should, therefore, ensure they fully understand and subscribe to the commitments being made. These commitments will include the legal and statutory controls imposed on the operation as well as other corporate commitment to responsible environment management.

Organization will have an Engineering Group to review the effectiveness of environment management system during construction and operational phase of proposed project. The Environmental Monitoring Cell (EMC) is a part of Engineering Group who works for monitoring and meet regularly to review the effectiveness of the EMP implementation. The data collected on various EMP measures would be reviewed by EMC and if needed corrective action will be formulated for implementation. The organogram of EMC is given below in figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 HSE Organogram of the Organization

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Monitoring shall confirm that commitments are being met. This may take the form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as amounts and concentrations of discharges, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or statutory standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological / biological, physical and chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socio-economic interaction, through local liaison activities or even assessment of complaints.

5.2 OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING

To ensure the effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, the broad objectives of monitoring plan are:

To evaluate the performance of mitigation measures proposed in the environmental monitoring programme. To evaluate the adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment To suggest improvements in management plan, if required To enhance environmental quality To undertake compliance monitoring of the proposed project operation and evaluation of mitigative measure.

5.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Chapter 4 describes the impacts and mitigation measures envisaged during construction phase vis-à-vis the environmental components which are likely to get impacted in case mitigation measures are not adequately followed. In view of the same the environmental components / indicators which are to be monitored during construction phase are air, water, noise levels and soil. Due to limited construction activities, the environmental monitoring programme shall be accordingly arranged.

The air quality (at the project site and ambient air quality in the surrounding nearby villages) will indicate to which extent the mitigation measures are being followed. Similarly the up-stream and downstream surface water quality (w.r.t. project site), will indicate the quality and extent of wastewater from the project site is being discharged in to the river (vis-à-vis the extent of environmental mitigation measures being followed during construction phase). Likewise the monitoring of ground water, up-gradient and down-gradient of project site will indicate seepage of pollutants in to ground water from the construction site.

The noise levels at the project site and surrounding premises has been planned to be assessed to which the construction workers are exposed during construction phase. This will indicate the level of noise mitigation measures being followed during the construction phase.

The soil quality at the project site will indicate the pollutant fallout from the construction site.

The environmental monitoring programme during construction phase is presented in Table 5.1. The implementation of monitoring will be contractor’s responsibility and the supervision will be done by the organization.

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Table 5.1 Environmental Monitoring Programme – Construction Phase

No. of Samples / year Compo Parameters Location / Frequency of Monitoring (Locations X nent Monitoring Frequency) SO , NO , PM 2 x 10 At two locations, one at project site and & PM Air 2.5 another is at plant boundary. Once in a 2 x 3 (As per NAAQS season (except monsoon) 2009 standards) Surface Water: One surface water in the project site per CPCB surface season. Water water criteria; 3 x 3 Two Ground Water: One Up-gradient and One Ground Water: Down-gradient of project site per season. IS:10500 At two locations, one at project site and Noise Levels Noise another is at plant boundary. Once in a 2 x 3 Leq (A) season (except monsoon) As per standard At one location, in the project site. Soil 1 x 2 practice Twice in a year.

The proposed environmental monitoring programme during construction phase of the Ramagundam project is mentioned below Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Proposed Environmental Monitoring during Project Construction Stage

Sl.No. Potential impact Action to be Followed Parameters for Frequency of Monitoring Monitoring 1 Air Emissions All equipments are Random checks Periodic operated within specified of equipment logs/ parameters. manuals Vehicle trips to be Vehicle logs Periodic during minimized to the extent site clearance & possible. construction activities Any dry, dusty materials Absence of Periodic during shall be stored in sealed stockpiles or open construction containers or prevented containers of activities from blowing. dusty materials.

Compaction of soil during Construction logs Periodic during various construction construction activities activities 2 Noise Night working is to be Working hour Daily records minimized. records

Generation of vehicular Maintenance Daily records noise records of vehicles

Acoustic mufflers / Mufflers / Prior to use of enclosures enclosures in equipment. to be provided in large place. engines Vehicle trips to be Vehicle logs Periodic during

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minimized to the extent construction possible activities 3 Soil Erosion Protect topsoil stockpile Effective cover in Periodic during wherever possible. place. construction activities 4 Health Employees and migrant All relevant Regular check labour health check ups parameters ups including audiometric examinations 5 Construction Away from settlements Regular Pre-construction camps and ensure disciplinary monitoring procedures.

Avoid use of public infrastructural facilities such as power, gas and water and maintain hygienic conditions 6 Waste Identification & Comprehensive Periodic check Management characterization of every Waste during waste arising from Management Plan construction proposed activities as per in place and activities prevalent waste available for management plan and inspection on-site. which also identifies the Compliance with procedures for collection, Hazardous handling & disposal of Wastes each waste arising. (Management and Handling Rules), 2008 7 Fuel and oil Use designated fuel Visual inspection Throughout leaks storage methods and and monitoring of construction ensure that oil spill soil and ground period response plan is in place water quality

8 Non-routine Plan to be drawn up, Mock drills and Periodic during events and considering likely records of the construction accidental emergencies and steps same activities releases required to prevent/limit Consequences. 9 Public and Erection of warning Routine Throughout animal safety barriers monitoring and construction checks period 10 Water and waste Take care in disposal of Discharge norms Periodic during water Waste water generated for effluents as construction such that soil and given in permits activities groundwater resources are protected.

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5.4 OPERATION PHASE

The components / indicators of different environmental monitoring program are as under.

5.4.1 Monitoring For Pollutants

As stated under Chapter 4, the environmental stresses from pollutants are marginal. Often the range of impact is limited to the plant and in its immediate vicinity, the monitoring schedule is evolved accordingly.

5.4.1.1 Work zone noise levels

Organization will monitor the noise levels inside and around the plant on a quarterly basis. Extensive survey will be done in occupied areas near the sources of noise. Monitoring will be done in eight places on site (Table 5.3). Organization will keep a record of noise levels and take necessary organizational actions like rotation of workmen, availability and use of personal protective devices, damage to enclosures or insulation layers over enclosures and piping.

Table 5.3 Noise Level to be monitored

Description Nos. of Locations Monitoring Frequency Work zone Eight hours per shift continuous to cover all 8 X 3 (shifts) per quarter Noise shift of operation once in a quarter at eight = 24 x 4 samples per locations. year

5.4.1.2 Stack gas monitoring

The flue gas coming out from the stacks will be sampled and monitored for SO2, NOx, CO and PM. Monitoring of the flue gases will be done once a month or as prescribed by the State Pollution Control Board. There will be three stacks inside the fertilizer complex thus number of sampling / analysis per year will be 36.

5.4.1.3 Effluent monitoring for ETP

Effluent at the inlet and outlet from ETP at the site would be monitored. The parameters to be examined are pH, oil, TSS, COD and BOD. The monitoring frequency will be minimum once per month or as prescribed by the State Pollution Control Board.

5.4.2 Meteorology An automated weather station will be established within the fertilizer complex. The temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and rainfall shall be monitored and recorded daily. These data shall be used for detailed short term and long term predictions of atmospheric dispersion of the pollutants released from the stack.

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5.4.3 Ambient Air Quality

It is necessary to monitor the air quality at the boundary of the fertilizer plant specifically with respect to SO2 and NOx. Ambient Air Quality monitoring stations will be established to monitor PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx. In addition to the above, one mobile Ambient Air Quality Measurement Van (AAQM van) will be operated for manually monitoring of the parameters in the surrounding villages. The AAQ in villages will be monitored once in each month during the entire year except monsoon season.

After the implementation of the proposed project the ambient air shall be regularly monitored as per the directives given by CPCB / SPCB from time to time.

5.4.4 Waste Water from Project Site

All the waste water generated within the complex shall be treated up to the applicable standard. The treated wastewater from ETP will be utilized for green belt development.

5.4.5 Ambient Noise

Ambient noise shall be monitored at three locations in villages surrounding the fertilizer plant, twice in each quarter.

5.4.6 Ground Water Monitoring

Ground water shall be sampled from wells / hand-pumps / tube-wells, up gradient and down gradient of the plant area and the residential area to check for possible contamination and to ascertain the trend of variation in the water quality, if any. In case any adverse trend is noticed, immediate remedial measures shall be taken. A total of five samples surrounding the fertilizer plant shall be monitored once in each month for the critical parameters as prescribed by CPCB/SPCB.

5.4.7 Soil Quality Monitoring

Soil samples from one location in the project site shall be analysed once a year.

5.4.8 Solid/Hazardous Waste Disposal

Hazardous waste generated from the fertilizer plant will be disposed to common TSDF as per applicable stipulations of statutory authorities. Periodic surveillance monitoring will be conducted to ensure that the wastes are disposed in the manner as specified.

5.4.9 Socio-Economic Development

The revival of fertilizer plant will improve the infra-structure & socio-economic conditions thus will enhance the overall development of the region. The communities, which are benefited by the plant, are thus one of the key stakeholders. It is suggested that the plant management under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plan will have structured interactions with the community to disseminate the measures planned and also to elicit suggestions from stake-holders for overall improvement for the development of the area.

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The proposed environmental monitoring programme during operation phase is mentioned below Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Proposed Environmental Monitoring During Operational Phase

Sl.No. Potential impact Action to be Followed Parameters for Frequency of Monitoring Monitoring 1 Air Emissions Stack emissions Gaseous Periodic during to be optimized and emissions operation monitored. (SO2, PM, CO, phase NOx). Cold venting any from Quantity and Continuous storage tanks cold venting if any. Ambient air quality within PM10, PM2.5, SO2, As per CPCB/ the premises of the NOx SPCB proposed unit and nearby requirement or on habitations to be monthly basis monitored. whichever Exhaust from vehicles to Vehicle logs to is earlier be minimized by use of be maintained fuel efficient vehicles and well maintained vehicles having PUC certificate. Measuring onsite data of Wind speed, Periodic during Meteorology direction, operation temp., relative phase humidity and rainfall. Vehicle trips to be Vehicle logs Daily records minimized to the extent Possible. 2 Indoor air Pollutants such as CO, Monitoring of As per CPCB / contamination CO2 and VOCs to indoor air SPCB be reduced by providing pollutants such requirement adequate ventilation. as CO, CO2 and VOCs. 3 Noise Noise generated from Spot Noise Periodic during operation of DG set to be Level operation optimized and monitored. recording; phase DG sets are to be provided Leq(night), at basement with acoustic Leq(day), enclosures Leq(dn)

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routed to nearby ETP. Take care in disposal of Discharge norms Periodic during Wastewater generated for effluents as per operation such that soil and ETP norms phase Groundwater resources are protected. 6 Maintenance Vegetation and greenbelt / No. of plants Periodic during of flora and green cover development. species operation fauna phase

7 Health Employees and migrant All relevant Regular check ups labour health check-ups. parameters including audiometry

8 Energy Usage Energy usage power Energy audit Annual audits and generation, air report periodic checks conditioning and other during activities to be minimized. operational phase Conduct annual energy audit for the terminals

5.5 RESPONSIBILITY OF MONITORING AND REPORTING SYSTEM

The overall responsibility of monitoring the above parameters shall lie with the Management. The Environment Monitoring Cell shall be responsible for day to day monitoring of effluent, raw water and treated water quality. The ambient air quality, stack emissions, soil, noise and water quality shall be monitored by either third party (approved MoEF/NABL laboratory) or by the EMC.

Records shall be maintained for the analysis of raw effluents and treated effluents, ambient air quality data, stack emissions monitoring results, micro-meteorological data and noise levels. These records are not only required for the perusal of the Pollution Control Board authorities but also to derive at the efficiencies of the pollution control equipment as the objective of the project proponent is not only compliance with statutory regulations, but also a serious commitment towards clean environment.

The industry shall maintain the records as per the Hazardous waste regulations and EPA regulations and apply for the annual consents for the air and water, and renewal of authorization for the storage of hazardous waste as per Hazardous Waste (Handling & Management) Rules, 1989 and Amendment in 2000. The records of hazardous waste manifest will be maintained. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality of the works and that the management plan in implementation. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan get implemented in the project.

5.6 SUBMISSION OF MONITORING REPORTS TO MoEF As per the requirements, the status of environmental clearance stipulation implementation will be submitted to regional MoEF office in hard and soft copy on 1st December and 1st June of every calendar year. These reports will be put up on MoEF

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web site as per their procedure and will be updated every six months. The pollutants will be monitored and reports will be submitted to SPCB and CPCB respectively, as per the requirements.

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CHAPTER – 6

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

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6.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is planning and implementation of various pollution abatement measures for any proposed project. The EMP lists out all these measures not only for the operational phase of the plant but also for the construction phase and planning phase. The EMP is prepared keeping in view all possible strategies oriented towards the impact minimisation. It is required to maintain environmentally and ecologically sustainable developmental activities in the study area. The EMP brings transparency between the project proponent and pollution control regulatory agencies as State and Centre level.

The EMP for the proposed project is divided into three phases i.e. Planning, Construction and Operational phase. The planning phase lists out the control strategies to be adopted during the design considerations. The construction and operational phase detail out the control/abatement measures to be adopted during these phases.

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT PLANNING PHASE

6.2.1 Design Considerations

Government of India has made many legislations/rules for the protection and improvement of environment in India. Various environmental legislations/rules applicable to the proposed project facilities are as follows.

- The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended up to 1991 - The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, amended upto 2008, schedule 1, S.No.3 - Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2002 - Environment (Protection) fifth Amendment Rules, 2009, schedule VI, part D, Item III, s.no.6 - Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules, 2012 - The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, amended 1992 - The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991, amended 1993 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, as amended upto 1988. - No. 19 of 2003, [17/3/2003] - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess (Amendment) Act, 2003. - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules 1977 as amended upto 1992 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules 1978 as amended upto 1992. - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Rules, 2011. - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, as amended upto 1987. - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Union Territories) Rules, 1983 - Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2008, amended up to 2009. - Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 (Amendment) Rules, 2000. - Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, amended up to 2010. - Common Hazardous waste Incinerator rules, The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, amended upto 2008, schedule 1, s.no.100 - E Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 - The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001

Proposed project shall be designed taking into account the above-referred legislations/rules and as per the directives of Environmental Clearance documents. Besides this the proposed effluent and emission standards will also be compiled for this Project.

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During the design stage, all piping and instrumentation diagrams and plant layout shall be reviewed as a part of HAZOP/HAZAN studies to assess the risks involved.

The specific control measures related to gaseous emissions, liquid effluent discharges, noise generation, solid wastes disposal etc. are described below.

6.2.2. Air Environment

The gaseous emissions from the fertilizer plant will be controlled to meet all the relevant standards stipulated by the regulatory authorities. Standards applicable to this proposed project can be classified into following categories:

Emission Standards Odour control

The standards and compliance to the above standards are given below:

Emission Standards

There are about 3 numbers of major stacks in the fertilizer plant. Air emission from each stack of the proposed project is given in chapter 2 and is complied with their applicable standards.

Some of the major features of these environmental measures are as follows: Heaters/furnaces will be provided with well proven Low NOx burners to reduce the emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). The heights of various stacks will be determined taking into consideration the "Guidelines for Minimum Stack Height" as per notification by MoEF dated 19th May 1993, which fixes the minimum stack height based on emission of Sulphur Dioxide.

The fertilizer plant is designed in such a way that the total emissions from the fertilizer plant will meet all the applicable standards/stipulations.

Odour Control

As a part of gaseous emissions control, proper odour control is also required. The odour from the plant may originates due to fugitive emissions or leakages of ammonia. Therefore, the design measures will take care the controlling of fugitive emissions at the source.

6.2.3 Noise Environment

The selection of additional equipment will be made with specification of low noise levels as a major consideration. The design will be undertaken with the aim of minimizing noise at source. Noise suppression measures such as enclosures and buffers will be used to limit noise levels in areas frequented by personnel to below 85 dB(A). Comprehensive measures for noise control, at the design stage, shall be followed in terms of:

- Noise level specification of various rotating equipment as per Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) standards.

- Equipment layout considering segregation of high noise generating sources.

- Erecting suitable enclosures, if required, to minimize the impact of high noise generating sources.

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- Sizing the flare lines with low Mach number to have lower noise levels.

- Development of Green belt of appropriate width all around the fertilizer plant towards noise attenuation

6.2.4 Water Environment

At the design stage, there are several measures proposed to be incorporated in the process so as to minimise the impact on water environment during operational phase on the surrounding water bodies. Some of these measures are described in subsequent sections.

Water treatment within fertilizer plant for various purposes shall include the following techniques which is efficient and provides small quantity of discharge.

Raw Water Treatment Plant:

Water requirement for the project is proposed to be met from the already allocated quantity of water from Godavari river.

Effluent Treatment Plant:

A comprehensive Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) is there to cater to the effluent generated from the proposed project.

6.2.5 Land Environment

The solid wastes management plan proposed is briefly described below. The provisions of Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2008, amended up to 2009 will be complied with.

There are primarily two types of solid wastes generated from the proposed project:

1. Spent Catalysts 2. General Solid Wastes

Spent Catalysts

Patented catalysts are used in various process units. Some of the spent catalysts will be sent back to the original supplier for reprocessing.

Solid Wastes

Solid waste generated will be given to SPCB approved vendors as per existing practice.

6.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The overall impact of the pollution on the environment during construction phase is localised in nature and is for a short period at all sites. In order to develop effective mitigation plan, it

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is important to conceive the specific activities during construction phase causing environmental impact.

All the construction activities are undertaken, controlled and managed by EPC contractor with the guidance of PMC consultant. It is mandatory for EPC contractor to develop site/project specific HSE Policy, HSE Plan, HSE management system for complete EPC phase of the project. The various HSE requirements/Deliverables that will be developed is given in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 Elements of HSE Management System during EPC Phase

Element of HSE S.No. HSE Requirements/Deliverables Management System Development of Principal Environmental Flow 1.0 Preservation Diagram and Environmental Balance 2.0 Progress HSE Measurement Requirements Implementation Plan for Environmental 3.0 Durable Development Management Plan indicated in Final EIA report (Approved by MoEF) Environmental Philosophy & Safety 4.0 Regulation Philosophy Prevention and Proactive Implementation of findings of Risk 5.0 Management of Risk Assessment Study 6.0 Continuous Improvement

6.1 HSE Close out Report

6.2 HSE Audit Requirements

6.3 Project HSE Review

7.0 Formation and Sensitisation HSE Training Requirements Information and 8.0 Communication 8.1 HSE Communication Requirements 8.2 HSE Resources

8.3 Competency Requirements

8.4 HSE Documentation 8.5 HSE Records

8.6 HSE Procedures HSE Management System 9.0 Responsibilities Requirements

6.3.1 Air Quality

As mentioned in Chapter-4, there will be minimal increase in particulate matter levels in ambient air during construction of proposed activities. The proposed activities are to be developed within the fertilizer plant premises. A systematic additional development of

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greenbelt will be recommended within the fertilizer complex under this EMP. This additional green belt will further reduce the local concentrations of particulate matter.

All the major dust generation construction activities will be regularly planned and controlled under the supervision of HSE Manager. As indicated in Table 6.1 of S. No. 8.5 records will be documented for the ambient air quality monitored before and during all dust generation construction activities. Necessary control and management will be taken at site by HSE manager as appropriate. Also as indicated in Table 6.1 of S. No. 6.3, all such records will be reviewed for corrective and preventive action.

6.3.2 Noise Quality

Ambient noise levels measured at various locations surrounding the fertilizer plant area are found within limits. All the major noise generation construction activities will be regularly planned and controlled under the supervision of HSE Manager. As indicated in Table 6.1, Sl. No. 8.5 records will be documented for the ambient noise monitored before and during all noise generation construction activities. Necessary control and management will be taken at site by HSE manager as appropriate. Also as indicated in Table 6.1 of Sl. No. 6.3, all such records will be reviewed for corrective and preventive action.

6.3.3 Water Quality

The existing drinking and sanitation facilities at the fertilizer plant premises will be extended to the construction workforce.

All the major water consumption and waste water generation construction activities will be regularly planned and controlled under the supervision of HSE Manager. As indicated in Table 6.1 of S. No. 8.5 records will be documented for the total water supplied by tankers and wastage of the same shall be monitored before and during all such construction activities. Necessary control and management will be taken at site by HSE manager as appropriate. Also as indicated in Table 6.1 of S. No. 6.3, all such records will be reviewed for corrective and preventive action.

6.3.4 Socio-economic

The presence of highly skilled labour force around the plant area will ensure the availability of labour at construction site. This will lead to non-requirement of any kind of temporary housing near the construction site but may put stress in the existing transport system and traffic density. A proper traffic and man power management may reduce this problem in a substantial way. The health records of all construction force will be collected and will be supervised by medical in-charge specially appointed by EPC Contractor.

6.3.5 Biological Environment

As discussed in section 6.3.1, a systematic additional greenbelt development plan within the fertilizer plant premises is recommended under this EMP. This additional green belt will further reduce the local concentrations of particulate matter. Also this will enhance the soil erosion and conserve the local biodiversity.

A summary of impacts, mitigation measures and proper environmental management plan for Ramagundam fertilizer plant during construction phase is given in Table 6.2.

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S. Environmental Mitigation Element of Environmental Activity/Aspect Impacts No Component Measures Management Plan

Very less conventional Dust pollution will be pollutants will be released controlled using water Foundation work Regular monitoring of levels of during this phase due to sprinklers 1 Air Environment Digging, leveling work conventional pollutants as per APPCB construction works, vehicle Periodic maintenance Structural works guidelines exhausts which will not cross of machinery, heavy the specified limits vehicles

Water requirement Maintenance of drainage Limited impact on surrounding through existing raw and water supply network water bodies/aquatic water source Water Provision for appropriate sanitary 2 for ecosystems/ground water due Proper sanitation Environment facility for construction workers sanitation and waste water to soil erosion, leaching, waste Waste water generation water generation treatment through treatment plant

Land pollution of small Composting bio-degradable waste and Management of magnitude due to solid disposal of non bio-degradable waste in solid waste Land Land use change due to waste generation land fills 3 Management of Environment drilling, excavating Overburden and Construction waste will be used for back excavated solid and construction waste will filling construction waste also be produced

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Noise protection Rules & regulations of Noise measures Noise Noise from construction, Noise level will be within the Standards will be followed 4 Using ear muffs for Environment heavy vehicle movements permissible limits Greenbelt development for attenuating workers while the noise levels construction

Employment opportunities to local skilled and unskilled people Facilitation of hospital, school, club etc. Development of Socio-economic Rehabilitation & More benefits to the local Regular health camp surrounding the 5 infrastructure, Environment resettlement people plant communications Implementation of CSR Policy facility, drinking water supply, health etc. Social and cultural development

Biological Diversity Act and MoEF Impact on flora and fauna Creation of landscape guidelines for conservation of species Biological will be minimal with plantation will be followed 6 Land use change Environment No direct impact on river Conservation of Greenbelt development with more fruit ecosystem biodiversity bearing trees, avenue plantation etc. will be made

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6.3.6 Muck Disposal Plan

The construction of Ramagundam fertilizer plant would involve excavation of earth and rock generating muck in large quantum. The muck thus generated needs proper disposal. With the objective to protect the disposal areas from further soil erosion and develop the surrounding areas in harmony with the environment the Muck Disposal Plan is formulated.

The identified locations/sites of muck disposal is in conjunction with various characteristics viz. landscape, cost effectiveness, nearness to source of generation, groundwater/blockage to surface water, relief and scope of afforestation and erosion control/sediment arrest. The plan identifies landscaping measures for disposal of muck, modes of transportation for muck disposal and species selection for use of biofertilizer method for vegetative growth on muck spread, delineates muck disposal options for each site implementation and development of landscape.

Excavation of muck and its disposal

The excavated muck will be used for filling gap areas and levelling the ground. The disposition of the muck through construction of masonry gravity walls the Counterfort gravity masonry walls can also be constructed which will incur additional costs due to construction of additional Counterfort structures.

With the start of excavation works in the initial phase the muck will be used for development of working and facility area, construction of the 4 approach roads, protecting, filling and soling works. Muck will be dumped with the help of the dumpers, taking into consideration the slope of the dumping areas.

Planning and management of muck disposal

Re-vegetation

Plantation will be carried out at the muck disposal sites for the stabilization of the slopes, landscaping and improving the aesthetic value of the area.

The waste material dumped at spoil tip would be mechanically compacted and properly levelled with suitable safe slopes. A retaining wall of about 7 m will be constructed at the muck disposal sites. On the uphill side of the slope a 50 cm high and 50 cm thick wall would be provided to protect the uphill side of the terraces from slipping. In order to restore the area, all these dumping sites need to be rejuvenated by means of turfing and vegetation growth. As the muck would be disposed on an unstable slope, for proper compaction and stabilization 1 m terracing along the contour at 5 m interval along the slope in staggered manner may be done for muck disposal.

All spoil tip areas will be developed as per specifications and its feasibility. Water treatment will be given for settlement of muck with suitable compaction. Once the dumping is completed these areas will be developed into terraces and restored by laying of the top soil on the top, digging of pits and planting of plant sapling. Once the dumping activities are completed, these dumping areas will be developed into terraces and restored by laying of soil on the top and digging of pits and planting of plant sapling. These areas may be developed into parks, gardens and view point sites for tourists. In between the spoil tips drains or channels, will also be provided for draining of sprinkled water.

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Plantation

Plantation will be carried on spoil tips by digging of pits. These pits will be mixed with external soil, organic fertilizer and vermi-compost. Saplings will be planted in these pits. Refilling will be done by covering the entire root system. Turfing (sodding) and suitable shrubs will be grown at slopes. Thick layer of external soil will be spread on the slope area. Sod patches will be grown in form of patches. Before sowing the area should be properly amended with manure. Afforestation with suitable plant species of high ecological and economic value and adaptable to local conditions will be undertaken in accordance to canopy requirement.

Recommendations

For smooth implementation of the Muck Disposal Plan following measures may be considered.

a) Retaining wall for muck disposal sites shall be completed by EPC contractor prior to the start of dumping /disposal. b) Species of trees be selected which are fast growing and helpful in stabilizing the dump sites. c) Project authorities may have frequent review and coordinate the activities of contractors for smooth and timely implementation of the Muck Disposal Management Plan.

6.4 OPERATION PHASE

All the operation activities are undertaken, controlled and managed by EPC contractor with the guidance of PMC consultant before the plant gets ready. It is mandatory for EPC contractor to develop site/project specific HSE Policy, HSE Plan, HSE management system for complete commissioning and operational phases of the project. The various HSE requirements that will be carried out by the HSE team of the organization are listed below:

a. Review and assessment of adequacy of measures implemented as per Environmental Management Plan, Disaster Management Plan (Onsite and Offsite) and Emergency Preparedness Plan and all other measures suggested by Statutory Authorities. b. Monitoring of Environmental balance and its parameters and its compliance to requirements specified as per statutory requirements/design requirements. c. Mock Safety drills to assess the readiness of the control of major accidents and hazards d. Conducting HSE audits and Reviews.

The environmental management plan during the operational phase of the plant shall therefore be directed towards the following:

Ensuring the operation of various process units as per specified operating guidelines/operating manuals. Strict adherence to maintenance schedule for various machinery/equipment. Good Housekeeping practices. Post project environmental monitoring.

The following subsections discuss in brief the management plan for individual components of environment.

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6.4.1 Air Environment

6.4.1.1 In-plant Control Measures

Some of the important operational measures which can reduce the impact on air environment are as follows:

o To control fugitive emissions from the Hydrocarbon processing areas, the valves, flanges pumps and compressor seals, the gasket materials etc. should be maintained on periodical basis. o Use of low NOx burners. o Use of various relevant standards for design of revamp/new facilities. o Regular monitoring of SO2 from the stacks. o Flaring of hydrocarbons should be avoided to the extent possible. Flare tip shall be designed to ensure smokeless conditions. Also provision for steam injection will be considered. o Monitoring of pollutants should be carried out.

6.4.2 Noise Environment

As the plant is going to be operational on a 24-hour basis, noise considerations are very important. All equipments will be specified to meet 85 dB(A) at 1 m distance. As incorporated during the design stage, the plant areas where noise levels are high enough to cause operations some adverse impacts, the usage of ear plugs or ear muffs shall be strictly enforced. The exposure of employees working in the noisy area shall be monitored regularly to ensure compliance with the OSHA requirements.

Regular Audiometry test for employees of the organization will be monitored regularly. The various results must be recorded to find out any possible ill effects of any high noise levels, if any. The proper working of ears has to be checked and cases are also referred to ENT specialists if required.

6.4.3 Water Environment

Water conservation will be adopted as one of the policies. Raw water requirement for the new project can be restricted within the allocated quantity. The design of the proposed units considers routing of all effluents to closed blow down system which will be internally recycled. The wash water/drains will be routed to ETP for treatment.

The waste water shall be collected and treated in Effluent Treatment Plant. Treatment will be given to ensure that the treated effluent meets the stipulated discharge norms of statutory authorities (SPCB & CPCB). The mode of disposal of treated effluents is disposed to the nearest drain which leads to Godavari river in the rainy season. The treated water will be used in gardening and horticulture in rest of the year. The domestic waste water will be treated in STP and recycled for gardening use.

6.4.4 Socio-economic Environment

The local population is to be helped to take up the opportunities afforded by the increased economic activities in the area.

Efforts shall be made to promote harmony with the local population and further consolidate their positive perceptions of industrialization by engaging in socially-friendly activities such as building hospitals, educational and technical training institutes, etc. in due course of time, by coordinating with the present and future industries of the area.

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The project is likely to generate many facilities for the staff like drainage canals, street lights, Sunday schools, medical facilities, education facilities etc. These facilities will be provided for local people in better environment than the present with least disturbance to their occupation and cultural activities. Preference will be given to the local population in employment. Plant workers will be educated regarding noise and noise protection devices and safety aspects. Health camps and records will be maintained regularly.

6.4.5 Biological Environment

A proper greenbelt plan for the proposed fertilizer plant is envisaged in the design phase. Out of 140 Ha total area of the plant area, approx. 46 Ha is earmarked for greenbelt development of the total area to meet the 33% of total area as per MoEF stipulated norms. 40 Ha is earmarked in the proposed fertilizer plant area and additional 6 Ha will be planted in the township area which is near to the fertilizer plant. The greenbelt programme is proposed in phased manner. The greenbelt plan marked in the layout plan is attached as Annexure-IX.

6.4.5.1 Guidelines for Plantation

The plant species identified for greenbelt development will be planted using pitting technique. The pit size will be either 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm or 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm. Bigger pit size is preferred on marginal and poor quality soils. Soil proposed to be used for filling the pit will be mixed with well decomposed farm yard manure or sewage sludge at the rate of 2.5 kg (on dry weight basis) and 3.6 kg (on dry weight basis) for 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm and 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm size pits respectively. The filling of soils will be completed at least 5 - 10 days before the actual plantation. Healthy seedlings of identified species will be planted in each pit.

6.4.5.2 Species Selection

Based on the regional background and soil quality, greenbelt will be developed. In greenbelt development, monocultures are not advisable due to its climatic factor and other environmental constrains. Greenbelt with varieties of species is preferred to maintain species diversity, rational utilization of nutrients and for maintaining health of the trees. Prepared in this way, the greenbelt will develop a favorable microclimate to support different micro- organisms in the soil and as a result of which soil quality will improve further.

During the course of survey, it has been observed that the soil quality of the plant site is fairly good and can support varieties of dry deciduous plant species for greenbelt development. Manure and vermin-compost may be mixed with the soil used for filling the pit for getting better result for survival of plant species. Adequate watering is to be done to maintain the growth of young seedlings. Based on the regional background, extent of pollution load, soil quality, rainfall, temperature and human interactions, a number of species have been suggested to develop greenbelt in and around the plant. These species can be planted in staggering arrangements within the plant premises. Some draught resistant plant species have been identified which can be planted for greenbelt development if sufficient water is not available. The suitable species for greenbelt development programme are given in Table 6.3. However, the species suitable for planting in the area as recommended by Central Pollution Control Board in their publication “Guidelines for Developing Greenbelts” (PROBES/75/1999- 2000) are followed.

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Table 6.3 List of tree species suggested for green belt development

Sl Species Name Family Type Areas to be No planted 1 Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Avenue A.Cunn.ex Benth. 2 Acacia catechu Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 3 Acacia farnesiana (L.) Mimosaceae Tree Avenue Willd. 4 Acacia ferruginea DC. Mimosaceae Tree Avenue 5 Acacia leucophloea Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt (Roxb.) Willd. 6 Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Mimosaceae Tree Avenue Benth. 7 Acacia polycantha Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt Willd. 8 Achras sapota L. Sapotaceae Tree Residential 9 Actinodaphne Lauraceae Tree Avenue angustifolia Nees. 10 Adenanthera pavonia Mimosaceae Tree Avenue L. 11 Adina cordifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae Tree Greenbelt 12 Aegle marmelos (L.) Rutaceae Tree Residential Correa ex Roxb. 13 Ailanthus excelsa Simarubaceae Tree Greenbelt 14 Albizia amara Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 15 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 16 Albizia odoratissima Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt Benth. 17 Aleurites fordii Hemsl Euphorbiaceae Tree Greenbelt 18 Alstonia scholaris (L.) Apocynaceae Tree Avenue R.Br. 19 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Tree Residential 20 Annona sqamosa L. Annonaceae Tree Residential 21 Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Tree Greenbelt Wall. 22 Anthocephalus Rubiaceae Tree Avenue chinensis Lamk. 23 Aphanamixis Meliaceae Tree Avenue polystachya (Wall) Parker 24 Artocarpus Urticaceae Tree Residential heterophyllus Lamk. 25 Artocarpus lacucha Urticaceae Tree Residential Bucb. 26 Azadirachta indica A. Meliaceae Tree Avenue Juss.

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Sl Species Name Family Type Areas to be No planted 27 Balanites roxburghii Zygophyllaceae Tree Avenue Planch. 28 Bambusa arundinacia Poaceae Shrub Park/Office (Retz.) Roxb. 29 Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Shrub Park/Office Schrad. 30 Bauhinia acuminata L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 31 Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 32 Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue Lam. 33 Bauhinia semla Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue Wanderlin 34 Bauhinia variegata L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 35 Bischofia javanica Euphorbiaceae Tree Blume 36 Bougainvillea Nyctaginaceae Shrub Park/Office spetabilis Willd. 37 Bridelia squamosa Euphorbiaceae Tree Greenbelt Lamk. 38 Buchnania lanzan Anacardiaceae Tree Greenbelt Spreng 39 Butea monosperma Papilionaceae Tree Greenbelt (Lam.) Taub. 40 Caesalpinia Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Avenue pulcherrima (L.) Swartz. 41 Callistemon citrinus Myrtaceae Shrub Park/Office (Curtis) Stapf 42 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 43 Cassia renigera Wall Avenue ex. Benth 44 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Bombacaceae Tree Greenbelt Gaertn. 45 Cordia dichotoma Cordiaceae Tree Greenbelt Forst 46 Dalbergia latifolia Caesalpiniaceae Tree Greenbelt Roxb. 47 Dalbergia sisoo Roxb. Tree Greenbelt/Avenue

48 Delonix regia (Bojer) Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue Rafin. 49 Dendrocalamus Poaceae Shrub Park/Residential strictus Nees 50 Duranta repens L. Verbenaceae Herb Park 51 Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Tree Residential Gaertn. 52 Erythrina variegata L. Tree Avenue

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Sl Species Name Family Type Areas to be No planted 53 Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Tree Greenbelt Hook. 54 Eucalyptus tereticornis Myrtaceae Tree Greenbelt Sm. 55 Ficsu benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Greenbelt

56 Ficus benjamina L. Moraceae Tree Avenue 57 Ficus elastica Roxb.ex Moraceae Tree Park/Office Hornem 58 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Tree Greenbelt

59 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Greenbelt 60 Gardenia jasminoides Rubiaceae Shrub Park/Residential Ellis 61 Gardenia resinifera Rubiaceae Shrub Park/Residential Roth 62 Grevillea robusta A. Proteaceae Tree Greenbelt cunn. 63 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Shrub Park/Office L. 64 Hippophae Elaeganaceae Tree Avenue rhamnoides L. 65 Holoptelia integrifolia Ulmaceae Tree Greenbelt (Roxb.) DC. 66 Ixora arborea Roxb. Rubiaceae Shrub Greenbelt

67 Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae Herb Park 68 Ixora rosea Wall. Rubiaceae Herb Park 69 Kigelia africana Lamk Bignoniaceae Tree Greenbelt 70 Lagerstroemia Lythraceae Tree Avenue parviflora Roxb 71 Lagerstroemia Lythraceae Tree Avenue speciosa L. 72 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Herb Park/Office var. aculeata (L.) Mold. 73 Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae Tree Greenbelt (Lour) Muell 74 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Greenbelt

75 Millingtonia hortensis Bignoniaceae Tree Avenue L.f. 76 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Avenue 77 Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Shrub Residential (L.) Jack 78 Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Shrub Park/Residential

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Sl Species Name Family Type Areas to be No planted 79 Nyctanthus arbor- Oleaceae Shrub Park/Residential tristis L. 80 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Arecaceae Shrub Park Roxb. 81 Plumeria alba L. Apocynaceae Shrub Park/Residential

82 Plumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae Shrub Park/Residential

83 Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Tree Residential/Office (Sonn.) Thw 84 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Tree Avenue Pierre 85 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Residential

86 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Avenue (Jacq.) Merr. 87 Sesbania grandiflora Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Residential (L.) Poir. 88 Sesbania speciosa Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Residential Taub. ex Engl. 89 Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae Tree Greenbelt A.Juss. 90 Spathodea Bignoniaceae Tree Avenue campanulata Beauv. 91 Sterculia foetida L. Sterculiaceae Tree Greenbelt

92 Syzigium cumini L. Myrtaceae Tree Residential 93 Taberneamontana Apocynaceae Shrub Residential/Park divaricata (L.) Burkill 94 Tecoma stans (L.) Bignoniaceae Shrub Residential/Park Kunth 95 Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Tree Greenbelt/Avenue (Roxb.ex DC.) Wight & Arn. 96 Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Tree Greenbelt Retz. 97 Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Tree Greenbelt Lam.

The species suggested here are commonly seen in and around the project area, fast growing and drought resistant. Seedlings / saplings of these species can be easily procured from local nurseries. The selection of plant species for the green belt development depends on various factors such as climate, elevation and soil. The plants suggested for green belt were selected based on the following desirable characteristics.

Fast growing and providing optimum penetrability. Evergreen with minimal litter fall.

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Wind-firm and deep rooted. The species will form a dense canopy. Indigenous and locally available species. Trees with high foliage density, larger of leaf sizes and hairy on surfaces. Ability to withstand conditions like inundation and drought. Soil improving plants, such as nitrogen fixing plants, rapidly decomposable leaf litter. Attractive appearance with good flowering and fruit bearing. Bird and insect attracting plant species. Sustainable green cover with minimal maintenance Species which can trap/sequester carbon

In addition, a lawn and floral garden with the varieties of small flowering plants may be developed near the office site for aesthetic value of the entire complex.

The predominant wind directions are from SW and SSW direction as observed from windrose diagram in chapter-3. To arrest the fugitive emissions tree plantation will be undertaken in general around the above mentioned areas particularly, as compared to other regions.

6.4.5.3 Plantation scheme

Plant sapling will be planted in pits of about 3.0 to 4.0 m intervals so that the tree density is about 1500 trees per ha. The pits will be filled with a mixture of good quality soil and organic manure (cow dung, agricultural waste, kitchen waste) and insecticide. The saplings / trees will be watered using the effluent from the sewage treatment plant and treated discharges from project. Sludge from the sewage treatment plant will be used as manure. In addition kitchen waste from plant canteen can be used as manure either after composting or by directly burying the manure at the base of the plants. The saplings will be planted just after the commencement of the monsoons to ensure maximum survival. The species selected for plantation will be locally growing varieties with fast growth rate and ability to flourish even in poor quality soils.

A total of more than 33% of total project area will be developed as green belt or green areas in project area and other areas. The greenbelt will be developed along the project boundary, depending on the availability of space. The areas, which need special attention regarding green belt development in the project area, are:

1. Around plant units 2. Plant Boundary 3. Vacant Areas in Plant 4. Around Office Buildings, Garage, Stores etc. 5. Along Road Sides (Avenue Plantation)

6.4.5.4 Post plantation care

Immediately after planting the seedlings, watering will be done. The wastewater discharges from different sewage treatment plant / out falls will be used for watering the plants during non-monsoon period. Further watering will depend on the rainfall. In the dry seasons watering will be regularly done especially during February to June. Watering of younger saplings will be more frequent. Organic manure will be used (animal dung, agricultural waste, kitchen waste etc.). Younger saplings will be surrounded with tree guards. Diseased and dead plants will be uprooted and destroyed and replaced by fresh saplings. Growth / health and survival rate of saplings will be regularly monitored and remedial actions will be undertaken as required.

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6.4.5.5 Phase wise Greenbelt Development Plan

Greenbelt will be developed in a phase wise manner right from the construction phase of the proposed project. In the first phase along with the start of the construction activity all along the plant boundary, open space areas, and major roads will be planted. In the second phase the office building like Canteen, Administrative building, Fire Safety office area will be planted. In the third phase when all the construction activity is complete plantation will be taken up in the gap areas of plant area, around different units, in stretch of open land and along other connecting roads, parks and residential quarters.

The total construction period is 36 months from the date of starting of construction. The first phase of the plantation programme will start immediately with the start of construction and run upto 18 months. The second phase will start after 18 months and continue upto 30 months. The third phase will start after 30 months and continue upto the end of construction.

6.5 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

For the proposed project, action plan for the implementation of OHSA Standards as per OSHAS/USEPA is as shown below:

Display of Occupational Health & Safety Policy; To comply with statutory legal compliance related to the OHC dept.; Develop Onsite and Offsite emergency plan as Emergency Procedures to respond to Potential Emergencies; Schedule Regular Emergency Evacuation Drills by active participation and evaluation as and when drill planned by safety department; Six monthly periodic medical examinations of all workers working with the hazardous process; Reporting of all incidence and accidents by Accident & Incidence Reporting System; Investigation of all incidence and accidents by Investigation Report System; MSDS of all chemicals of company; Review of first aid facility; Preparing first aider & its information at work place; Identifying training needs of all the departments; Awareness of Occupational Hazards & General health promotional in workers by conducting lectures for occupational health hazards in annual planner at training center; Up-keep of ambulance & OHC by maintaining records.

6.5.1 Health

In order to provide safe working environment and safeguard occupational health and hygiene, the following measures will be undertaken:

Periodic compulsory medical examination for all the plant employees as per OSHA requirement and specific medical examination.

All the employees shall be trained in Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) aspects related to their job.

Exposure of workers to noise, particularly in areas housing equipment which produce 85 dB(A) or more will be monitored by noise decimeters. Audiometric tests are also done at periodic intervals for all the plant employees.

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Regular (6 monthly) periodic medical checkup of contract and subcontract workers working at hazardous processes is done as per clause 68 T of Factory’s Act.

A summary of impacts, mitigation measures and proper environmental management plan for fertilizer plant during operation phase is given in Table 6.4.

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Table 6.4 Summary of impacts and Environmental Management Plan for fertilizer plant during operation phase

S. Environmental Element of Environmental Management Activity/Aspect Impacts Mitigation Measures No Component Plan Control air emissions at source Air emissions Insignificant impact Treatment to reduce air emissions (Conventional) as conventional Regular monitoring of the levels of Compliance to standards 1 Air Environment Movement of pollutants emission conventional pollutants as per SPCB Continuous monitoring vehicles will be within the requirements permissible limits. Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment Liquid effluents discharge will be much Limited impact on below discharge limits of CPCB norms surrounding water Operation of new Proper management of active Treatment of domestic waste and reuse of Water bodies/aquatic 2 process units and and domestic waste water water for irrigation of plantation/green belt Environment ecosystems/ground utilities Rain water harvesting Regular monitoring of the levels of water conventional pollutants as per SPCB norms

Implementation of rain water harvesting Treatment and disposal of solid waste as Land pollution of small Management of plant and per CPCB/SPCB norms Land Disposal of solid 3 magnitude due to solid domestic solid waste Disposal of non degradable waste in proper Environment waste waste generation Development of green belt land fills Development of green belt in the plant area Noise levels due to plant activities will be controlled within permissible limits Control of noise levels within Noise generating units will be housed in permissible limits Noise from plants, Insignificant noise acoustic enclosures Noise Development of barriers to 4 DG sets etc. levels in public Development of green belt will act as a Environment control noise domain barrier Follow occupational health Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) will and safety measures be provided to workers wherever required Noise standards of CPCB will be adhered

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Implementation of social welfare schemes for the local people Social welfare Employment generation Preference will be given to local people Socio-economic activities More benefits to the Medical camps 5 Ensure participation of local people in Environment local people Distribution of medicines cultural events to create social harmony

and goodwill

Development of green belt with indigenous tree species Adequate protection Control of eutrophication by treatment and Discharge/ Biological Impact on terrestrial measures should be ensured reuse of waste water 6 releases to air & Environment flora and fauna in design for conservation of Regular monitoring of biodiversity and water. flora and fauna listing the same The plant design will envisage the conservation of flora & fauna.

Safety in plant design as per OSHA norms Regular monitoring of the pollutant levels in different components of surrounding environment Regular health check-up of the workers Occupational health & safety Hazard analysis and safety measures in Health, Safety & Conventional Health effects of Safety in plant design 7 work place to reduce the undue risk to Environment emissions pollutants Monitoring & compliance to employees, members of public & OSHA standards environment as per OSHA requirements EMP implementation and environmental monitoring programme to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental management systems.

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6.6 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Implementation of the recommendations made for the fertilizer plants in the Corporate Responsibility on Environmental Protection guidelines are prepared and followed as tabulated below in Table 6.5.

Table 6.5 CREP compliance status for the Ramagundam Fertilizer plant

S. Action Points Compliance Status No. Conservation of Water 1 Efforts will be made for conservation of water, Targeted water consumption will be particularly with a target to have consumption 7.92 m3/tonne of urea based on gas. less than 8, 12 and 15 m3 /tonne of urea produced for plant based on gas, naphtha and fuel oil, respectively. In case of plants using Naphtha and Gas both as feed stocks, water consumption target of less than 10m3/ tonne will be achieved. Elimination of Toxic Substances 2 Use of arsenic for CO2 absorption in ammonia RFC has two–stage activated amine plants and chromate based chemicals for based wash system that utilizes the cooling system, which is still continuing in some aMDEA process licensed by BASF industries, will be phased out and replaced with for CO2 removal, therefore this is not non- arsenic and non- chromate systems by applicable. December 2003. RFC is using phosphate based treatment program for cooling water system. This is non-arsenic and non- chromate system.

Waste Water Treatment 3 Adequate treatment for removal of oil, chromium Oil recovery systems are not (till non- chromate based cooling system is in envisaged inside the ammonia plant place) and fluoride will be provided to meet the as it is utilizing natural gas for prescribed standards at the source (end ammonia production. However Oil respective process unit) itself. recovery and polishing facility has been envisaged at ETP. At RFC, non-chromate cooling water treatment is in place. Lime-Alum treatment system is envisaged at ETP for fluoride removal before discharging. Regular monitoring of the outgoing effluents shall be done to ensure that prescribed standard limits are complied. 4 Proper and complete nitrification and de- ETP shall be designed to ensure nitrification will be ensured wherever such compliance to applicable statutory process used for effluent treatment. norms. 5 Ground water monitoring around the storage Ground water quality shall be facilities and beyond the factory premises will be monitored along the outgoing effluent carried out at regular intervals particularly for discharge channel and results shall

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S. Action Points Compliance Status No. pH. Fluoride CPCB will finalize the guidelines for be submitted to SPCB. groundwater monitoring. Management of Storm Water 6 No effluent arising from process plants and No process effluents are generally associated facilities will be discharged to the allowed to drain into storm water storm water drain. The quality of storm water will channel. be regularly monitored by all the industries. The industries, where waste water/ effluent flows through the storm water drains even during the dry season will install continuous systems for monitoring the storm water quality for pH, ammonia and fluoride. If required, storm water will be routed through effluent treatment plant before discharging. Air Pollution Management 7 All the upcoming urea plants will have urea Shall be complied. Prilling towers based on natural draft so at to minimize urea dust emissions. 8 The existing urea plants particularly, the plants RFC Prilling tower is natural draft having forced draft Prilling towers will install tower and therefore, this may not be appropriate systems (e.g. scrubber. etc.) for applicable to RFC. achieving existing norms of urea dust emissions. 9 The sulphuric acid plants having SCSA system Not Applicable will switch over to DCDA system to meet the emission standard for SO2 as 2kg/tonne of H2SO4 produced. 10 Sulphuric acid plants having DCDA system will Not Applicable improve the conversion and absorption efficiencies of the system as well as scrubbers to achieve SO2 emission of 2 kg tonne of acid produced in case of plants having capacity above 300 tpd and 2.5 kg tonne in case of plants having capacity upto 300 tpd. 11 Stack height for sulphuric acid plants will be Not Applicable provided as per the guidelines and on the basis of normal plant operations (and not when the scrubbers are in use). The scrubbed gases are to be let out at the same height of the stock. 12 An action plan for providing proper dust control Not Applicable systems rock phosphate grinding unit in phosphoric acid plants/ single super phosphate plants, so as to achieve particulate emission of 150 mg/Nm3 will be submitted. 13 Particulate as well as gaseous fluoride will be Not Applicable monitored and adequate control systems will be installed to achieve the norms on total fluoride emissions (25 mg/Nm3). 14 Continuous SO2 emission monitoring systems Not Applicable will be installed in sulphuric acid plants (having capacity 200 tpd and above) by March 2004. Action plan for this will be submitted.

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S. Action Points Compliance Status No. 15 Regular monitoring of ambient air quality with Regular monitoring of Ambient air regard to SO2, NOx, PM, SO3, fluoride and acid quality for SOx, NOx, and PM shall mist will be carried out. be carried out as per SPCB consent. Results are submitted to SPCB as a part of compliance reports. Solid Waste Management 16 Gypsum will be effectively managed by Not Applicable providing proper lining, dykes with approach roads and monitoring of groundwater quality around storage facilities. Accumulated gypsum will be properly capped. 17 An action plan for proper handling, storage and Spent catalyst shall be sold to disposal of spent catalyst having toxic metals MoEFCC approved reprocessor and will be submitted. The industry will also explore the manifest copy will be submitted to recovery/buy-back of spent catalyst. SPCB along with the Hazardous return statement. 18 Carbon slurry, sulphur muck and chalk will be properly managed and disposed of in properly designed landfill either within premises or in common facility. 19 Existing stock of chromium and arsenic bearing Chromium and Arsenic are not used sludge will be properly disposed. Industries will at RFC and no sludge containing also explore recovery of chromium from the these compounds is generated. sludge. CPCB will provide guidelines for proper disposal of the sludge.

6.7 ENVIRONMENT CELL

An Environment Cell under its technical services department is required in fertilizer plant. It will be headed by a well-qualified and experienced technical person from the relevant field. The cell will carry out number of activities related to effluent treatment and monitoring of treated effluent, ambient air quality, noise generation, greenbelt development and stack emissions. Compliance report w.r.t. environmental clearance conditions will be submitted to Regional Office, MoEFCC in every six months.

6.8 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)

The Corporate Social Responsibility will be suitably planned as per CSR Guidelines 2014. The Joint Venture of NFL, EIL & FCIL will invest in construction of school premises, road networks to villages, conducting medical camps in nearby villages, construction of village ponds etc. The CSR activity for the coming years shall be added to the report after public hearing comments received by the JV.

6.9 BUDGETARY PROVISIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES

6.9.1 Capital Cost for Environmental Protection – Proposed Project

The capital cost for environmental measures related to proposed project is worked out for implementation of environmental management plan and is given in Tables 6.6. The total capital cost is calculated as approximately 35 crores.

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Table 6.6 Total estimated budget for implementation of EMP

Sl No. Capital Cost for EMP Rs (Crore) 1 Air Pollution Control (A) 6.0 1.1 Low NOx burners 3.5 1.2 Stack Analyzers 2.5 2 Water Pollution Control (B) 21.0 2.1 Rain water harvesting 3.0 2.2 Effluent Treatment Plant 18.0 3 Land Pollution Control (C) 6.0 3.1 Green Belt Development 5.0 3.2 Solid Hazardous Waste Management 1.0 4 Noise Pollution Control (D) 2.0 Total (A+B+C+D) 35.0

6.9.2 Recurring Cost for Environmental Protection The recurring cost for environmental measures related to proposed project is worked out for implementation of environmental management plan and is given in Table 6.7. The total recurring cost per year is calculated as approximately 8.77 crores.

Table 6.7 Annual Budget of Environmental Management Plan (Operation Phase)

Activities Cost (Lakhs) Air Monitoring Activities Stack Emissions 12.0 Ambient Air Monitoring 15.0 VOC monitoring 30.0 Other recurring cost (consents) 10.0 AMC for Pollution Control Analyzers 10.0 Total (A) 77.0 Water Monitoring Activities Water Quality Monitoring 50.0 Effluent Treatment O&M 300.0 Other recurring cost (cess, Consents) 50.0 Consumables 150.0 Rain Water Harvesting 20.0 Total (B) 570.0 Noise Monitoring Activities Ear Plugs, Ear Muff, Soft Sponge 10.0 OHC staff for noise monitoring 10.0 Total (C) 20.0

Occupational Health Monitoring Activities OH testing of employees 20.0 Total (D) 20.0

Land Monitoring Activities Soil testing 10.0 Ground Water Quality 10.0 Sludge management 20.0 Tree Plantation-Green belt 150.0 Total (E) 190.0 Grand Total (A+B+C+D+E) 877.0

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6.10 Quality, Safety, Health and Environmental Policy

The NFL, EIL and FCIL have recently formed the Joint Venture (JV) Company by the Name of Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited. It will be ensured that Quality policy and a comprehensive Safety, Health and Environmental policy shall be formulated by RFCL taking cognizance of existing policies of NFL, EIL & FCIL. The Quality and HSE policy of NFL is provided in Annexure X for reference.

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CHAPTER – 7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

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7.0. ADDITIONAL STUDIES

In addition to the main EIA study, Rapid Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan (on-site & off-site emergency plan) have been carried out by EIL. All additional studies along with public hearing proceedings and compliance are provided below.

7.1. PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Based on the directive from Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC)-Industry, Ministry of Environment & Forest in their meeting held during 20-21st February 2014 and vide their minutes for the said meeting dated 23rd April 2014, JV made the draft EIA report and submitted an application to Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB), Hyderabad for organizing public hearing for JV. The State Pollution Control Board advised the Regional office Ramagundam to conduct the public hearing. The regional centre Ramagundam in consultation with District Collector, Karimnagar issued an advertisement for public hearing on 11.03.2015 (11.00 AM) at Anand Kendra Community Hall, Fertilizer City, Ramagundam.

Public hearing process was carried out by Telangana State Pollution Control Board on 11th March 2015 as per the guidelines given in Environmental Impact Notification, 2006 issued vide no. S.O. 1533(E), dated 14th September, 2006 and its amendment vide S.O. 3067(E) dated 1st December 2009.

During the process of public hearing, Regional Office Telangana State Pollution Control Board received submissions/ queries/ observations from Project Affected Persons (PAPs), members of public and NGOs regarding various aspects of the project. The minutes of the meeting (MoM) of public hearing and submissions received are numbered and complied. The minutes of meeting of public hearing (in English) and submissions by public members and responses thereof by RFCL has been compiled and being attached as Annexure XIV.

The photographs of public hearing are attached below.

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Public Hearing Photographs

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Public Hearing Photographs

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7.2. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

The process that helps us to face disasters effectively is commonly known as disaster preparedness. The disaster management plan is formulated with broad objective of safeguarding human life and minimizing human suffering and property loss by localizing the emergency and to eliminate it as far as possible. History has shown that where communities have prepared adequately to confront disasters, losses to life and property have been less and environment could be protected. There are three key stages of activities in disaster management:

a) Before a Disaster (Pre Disaster): To develop the capacity and create resilience in the community and responders to minimize human, material or environmental losses caused by hazards. b) During a Disaster: To ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met to alleviate their sufferings. c) After a Disaster (Post Disaster): To achieve rapid and durable recovery which does not reproduce the original vulnerable conditions.

7.3. Onsite Emergency Plan

Introduction

Industries are responsible for safety and accident prevention. Accident prevention is a first step in emergency planning, thereby trying to avert any accident-taking place within the Industries. However, science has not progressed to the stage where all the causes of naturally events are understood, predicted or effectively prevented.

Emergency: It is one which has the potential to cause serious injury or loss of lives, damage to property and serious disruption inside and outside the industry or to the environment. The emergency will normally manifest itself in three basic forms. Fire, explosion or toxic release.

Major Accident: Major accident means an accident involving loss of life inside or outside the installation or ten or more injuries outside or release of toxic chemicals or explosion or fire spillage of hazardous chemicals resulting in On-site or Off-site Emergencies or damage to equipment leading to stoppage of process or adverse effect to the environment.

Scope

The Scope of “ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN” is confined to plant premises. An Emergency due to operating i.e. controlled small fire, small gas leak, spill, tripping of the plant due to failure of power, water, air, steam, cooling media, scrubbing media etc. which can be controlled locally is not considered as Major Emergency of “ON-SITE EMERGENCY”.

Aims & Objectives The following aims and objectives are mentioned below.

i. To train the people to act efficiently and with confidence in an emergency.

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ii. To minimize damage to property, people & environment. iii. To avoid panic among general public and to see that no exploitation or exaggeration of the situation is created by any agency. iv. To provide resources & methods for effective control of emergencies arising out of leakage, explosion, fire etc. v. To prevent the emergency turning into a disaster by mobilizing the internal / external resources. vi. Synchronized action from all the coordinating agencies with least possible delay. vii. To provide effective rescue operation & treatment of the causalities. viii. Warning & advising the persons who are likely to be affected. ix. To identify the person affected & notification to relatives of victims extending necessary assistance etc. x. To give welfare assistance to causalities and to look a after the welfare of the persons managing the emergency. xi. Preservation of the information, records etc. which shall help in the investigation of the causes & circumstances of the accident. xii. Collection & logging of information regarding latest status, action, etc. and Calling up of outside agencies for help, if necessary. xiii. To restore normalcy in the last possible time and to ensure safety of the workers before persons re-enter & resume work. xiv. To provide authoritative information to relevant persons / agencies / news media etc. xv. In case of escalation of situation beyond RFC premises the “Off Site Emergency Plan” will become applicable for handling the Emergency situation.

7.2.2 Hazard analysis

As per this assessment Emergency can happen because of:-

a) Major Leakage of Ammonia from process vessels or storage tanks. b) Leakage of flammable / Explosive gas from the process vessel.

The Emergency situations in all the above cases remain within Plant area and are within the purview of this On-Site Emergency Plan except for the worst scenario of catastrophic rupture of Ammonia Storage Tanks where the emergency can extend outside the Ramagundam fertilizer complex and is covered under the Off-Site Emergency Plan.

The Vulnerable process units and storages, which can lead to above hazards have been listed out at Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Vulnerable Units to be installed at Ramagundam Fertilizer Complex

Service Hazard Category S.No. Vessels Service FEI TI I. Ammonia Plant 1 Primary Reformer Natural Gas Yes -

2 Secondary Reformer CH4 / CO/H2 Yes -

3 H.T. Converter CO/H2 Yes -

4 1st L.T. Converter CO/H2 Yes -

5 2nd L.T. Converter CO/H2 Yes -

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6 Methanator H2 Yes -

7 Ammonia Synthesis H2 /CH4 / CO/NH3 - Yes

8 Ammonia Separator H2 /NH3 Yes Yes

9 Ammonia Let down Vessel NH - Yes 3 10 Ammonia Flash Vessel NH3 - Yes 11 Distillation Column NH3 - Yes 12 Absorption Column H2 /NH3 - Yes II. Urea Plant 1 Reactor (R-1) Ammonia - Yes 2 Stripper (E-1) Ammonia - Yes 3 V-1/C-1 Ammonia - Yes

4 M.P. Absorber Ammonia - Yes 5 L.P. Decomposer Ammonia - Yes 6 1st Vacuum Separator Ammonia Yes 7 Distillation Tower Ammonia Yes

FEI – Fire & Explosion Index; TI – Toxicity Index

7.2.2.1 Ammonia leakage

The releases due to gasket failure or rupture of pipe may be well contained within the boundary wall of the factory. However, considering the worst scenario of bursting of the tank, which is more unlikely situation, there will be instantaneous (puff) release of Ammonia. In this case about 7%-20% of it will evaporate instantaneously and rest will form a liquid pool, which will evaporate and form flat cylindrical cloud, which is then carried down by wind becoming larger and more dilute during its passage by means of air entrainment.

The nature of emission and vaporization determines the dispersion situation to be considered. Dispersion of gases is strongly influenced by meteorological conditions like wind velocity, relative humidity, ambient temperature, atmospheric surface roughness, obstruction of building, green belt and other material. The worst case is during stable atmosphere, in which Ammonia moves up as a vertical column. In case of high wind velocity, far off persons on the downstream of release in direction of wind may get affected.

The sudden release of very large quantities of toxic materials has the potential to cause severe injuries at a much greater distance. The number of affected persons / areas would depend upon the population density in the path of the cloud and the effectiveness of the On-Site Emergency Management Group in combating the situation.

Ammonia poses hazards to persons only at high concentration in atmosphere. Only concentration above 5000 PPM of Ammonia in air is dangerous or fatal, which is highly unlikely outside the boundary wall of the factory because Ammonia vapour gets diluted with the passage of time.

The threshold limit valve (TLV) of Ammonia is 25 PPM, which is concentration of the gas in air that persons can work continuously for 8 hours without any adverse effect, and the short term exposure limit value (STEL) for Ammonia is 35 PPM. STEL value is the concentration of gas in air that a person can work for 15 minutes any adverse effect. Toxic effects of ammonia are listed in Table 7.2.

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Table 7.2 Toxic effect of Ammonia

Vapour Concentration General Toxic Effect Exposure period (ppm by v/v) Odour detectable by most 5 persons - Recommended exposure Limit 25 No adverse effect -Long term 8 hours TLV. Recommended exposure Limit- 35 No adverse effect Short term 15 minutes Irritation just detectable by 50 - most person but not persistent. No prolonged effect for Maximum exposure for long 70 average worker. periods not permitted. Immediate nose & throat ½ -1 hr. Exposure causes no 400-700 irritation serious effect. Severe coughing, severe eye, 1700 Could be fatal after ½ hours. nose & Throat irritation. Severe coughing, severe eye, 2000-5000 Could be fatal after ¼ hours. nose & throat irritation Respiratory spasm, rapid 5000-10000 Fatal within minutes. asphyxia.

The Do’s and Don’ts during ammonia leakage is provided in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3 DO’s and DON’TS during Ammonia leakage DOs DON’TS - Observe wind direction *Do not panic If outdoor - Move perpendicular to wind direction to come out *Do not run of ammonia cloud *Do not come out from - Use wet handkerchief or wet cloth over nose closed space unless expert help is available. If Indoor - Close all doors and windows and remain indoor - If on first floor come to ground floor - Use wet handkerchief over nose - Move to bathroom and take shower - Drink plenty of water, Wash eyes with water in case of irritation - If uneasiness persists seek medical help If in Car - Close all windows and drive out of Ammonia cloud.

7.2.2.2 Natural Gas

Natural gas is received from the East-West Pipeline and its trunk line. Then it will be transported through a spur line of around 50 km from trunk line. This is the main raw material for urea production. It contains mainly methane. It is a highly flammable gas. It is not stored in any tank /Vessel. Natural gas composition is given in Table 2.3 of Chapter 2.

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Precautions of Natural Gas:

a) The area of NG line is earmarked as No open fire, Spark, No smoking. b) In case of any maintenance, ‘Safety Work Permit’ required. c) Non-sparking tools are being used on NG line maintenance.

Shut off supply and inject nitrogen for purging. Keep the adjacent piping & vessel cool by spraying water. If there is no danger to surrounding otherwise extinguish with CO2 & DCP. The fire department is equipped with adequate nos. of fire tender & fire fighting equipments. Combustible gas detectors are provided in the different places/ sections of Ammonia plant for detection of any gas leakage.

7.2.2.3 Hydrogen

We are neither storing nor using pure Hydrogen. Process gas containing mixture of Hydrogen and other gases and having composition noted below are produced by a series of reactions like primary reformer, secondary reformer and synthesis section. CO2 is separated and taken to urea plant.

CH4 + 2H2O = CO2 + 4H2 -- Heat

CH4 + N2 + O2 = CO+CO2+ N2+ H2+ Heat

CO + H2O = CO2 + H2

Hydrogen is consumed in Ammonia synthesis reaction:

3H2 + N2 = 2NH3 + Heat

Concentration of hydrogen at various steps of process is given as under:

Components Sec. Ref. O/L Methanator Ammonia Converter In % In % I/L (In%) Hydrogen: 55.17 73.43 61.94 Nitrogen: 23.1 25.51 22.6 Carbon 12.23 -- -- Carbon Dioxide 12.12 -- -- Argon -- 0.28 3.47 Methane 0.48 0.75 6.8 Ammonia -- -- 5.19

Subsequent to introduce of process air in secondary reformer, Hydrogen always remains as a mixture of Hydrogen & Nitrogen and other gases impurities.

Physical Properties & Hazards of Hydrogen

It is colourless odourless, highly flammable gas

Molecular Wt. = 2.0162 Boiling Point = -252.5ºC Melting Point = -259.18ºC Auto Ignition Temp = 400ºC Vapor Density = 0.069 Explosive Limit = 4.1 – 74.2% by volume in air

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It is non-toxic, however Hydrogen gas in large quantities is asphyxiating. It is highly dangerous and acute fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. It is a severe explosion hazard. It is dangerous and can react vigorously with Oxidizing materials.

Sulphuric Acid

Chemical Formula: H2SO4 Dilute sulphuric acid is used for regeneration of cation of mixed bed in DM plant and cooling towers to maintain ph of cooling water. It is stored as concentrate Sulphuric Acid (98%) in storage tank, where safety systems have been provided like dyke wall, safety showers, LG (Purge as well as Magnetic type), Breather with silica Gel & double isolation valve for isolation purposes. Adequate PPE’s have been provided for handling in Acid areas.

Physical properties: -

Molecular wt.=98.08, B.P.=330 0C, M.P.=10.30 0C, Sp.gr=1.84, TLV=1 mg/m3, IDLH=80 mg/m3

Toxicity & Hazards

Repeated inhalation causes inflammation of upper respiratory tract can lead to chronic bronchitis and may also loose sensitivity. Vapours of strong Acid can cause loss of consciousness affecting lungs. Rapid distraction of skin on contact skin burns and dermatitis destroys epidermal layer. Ingestion cause severe internal damage. It reacts with water and produced a lot of energy.

Precautions

In case of spillage/leakage of acid, we have been provided a ‘Dyke wall’, Neutralization pit, LG, Safety shower etc. Do not put water directly on leakage as it cause heat and fumes. Class-I Safety Work Permit is enforced for any maintenance job in Acid storage and handing areas. While handling sulphuric acid, use appropriate clothing like PVC hand gloves, apron, face shield, gumboots etc.

7.2.3 Hazards in Various Plants

Ammonia Plant

CO Shift Conversion Section: Hazardous materials: Gas containing CO, CO2 and Hydrogen at operating pressure 82 bar (g) and temperature upto 485 0C.

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Ammonia Synthesis Section: Hazardous materials: Gas containing Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Ammonia; liquid ammonia. Operating pressure upto 180 bar (g) and temperature upto 300 0C.

Ammonia Storage System and Ammonia Refrigeration System:

Hazardous materials: Liquid ammonia

Process safety measures provided are mentioned below: Process control with alarms and shut-down interlocks for high pressure, low pressure, high temperature, high/ low flow of critical components, high/ low level. Selection of material of construction or specific equipment and piping Nitrogen purging arrangement to prevent fire/ explosion hazard Safety relief valves venting to flare system for safe disposal of process gas

Urea Plant

In this plant, major hazard is of ammonia processing at high pressure in pumps and pressure vessels. Suitable material of constructions has been utilized in whole plant with SS-316 lining in the Urea Reactor.

Leak detection system is provided for urea reactor which is multi-layer vessels. This is to ensure timely warning for leak in the liner and prevent corrosion damage of the shell. Remote-operated isolation valves are provided for ammonia received to prevent large release of liquid ammonia in case of any leakage in high pressure feed pump area. Ammonia leak detectors and water spray arrangement are provided around pump house to mitigate ammonia leaks.

7.2.4 Implementation of onsite emergency plan

Declaration of onsite emergency

On noticing Fire any person may inform the Fire Station by activating the fire alarm form the nearest fire call point or by contacting directly to Fire Station or to the concerned plant Shift-in-charge / Engineer (P) on the telephone.

In case of Toxic gas leakage any person must contact concerned plant Shift-in-charge / Engineer (P) by the telephone. The person informing the incident must give the following information.

1. Type and magnitude of incident 2. Area of incident. 3. Name & Designation of the persons reporting incident and the telephone nos. and location from where is being conveyed.

On getting information of the incident, the Shift-in-charge (P) of the respective Plant will act initially as incident Controller & Emergency Controller, and will assess the gravity & extent of the emergency with available information.

In case the emergent situation / accidents effect is serious but not likely to affect outside the factory premises, the Shift I/c will declare “On Site Emergency” in consultation with Plant-In-charge, CM (Prod.) / DGM (O&M) / GM.

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On receipt of the information of declaration of the On-Site Emergency, GM will assume the role of the Emergency Controller & CM (Prod.) / DGM (O&M) will assume the role of the Incident Controller.

In addition to above CM (TS), SM (Safety) & AC (CISF-Fire) have the authority to declare On-Site Emergency.

Emergency will be declared by getting the Emergency siren activated through CISF-Fire Wing. The CISF-Fire control room In-Charge will activate the siren based on the type of emergent situation as given in Table 7.4. During an On-Site Emergency one of the most important pre-requisites is a good “Warning System” Efficient warning system will save lives, prevent injuries and reduce losses. For this purpose, different type of warning signals have been planned which will be sounded by Shift In charge (Fire Control Room) as per Table 7.4.

Table 7.4 Siren Timings for Different Emergencies as Per OISD-116 Standard

Type of Duration of siren S. No. Incident Interval Total Wailing Loop Up-Sec. Sec. Time siren 1 On-Site Emergency for 3 30 15 sec. 02 min. Yes Fire/ explosion/ toxic gas release

2 Off-Site Emergency 3 30 15 sec. 10 min. Yes & 120 3 All Clear 1 120 02 min. No 4 Testing 1 120 Yes 5 Factory timing 1 60 01 min. No

Declaration of offsite emergency

The Emergency Controller i.e. GM(I/c) who is responsible for declaring the Emergency will assess the situation. In case its effects are likely to be felt outside the factory premises he would get in touch with the District Authorities who will at once take over the management of Emergency situation & declare Off- Site Emergency. The Emergency Controller then asks the Fire Control Room to sound High Pitch continuous wailing siren of Off-Site Emergency for 10 minutes. The Emergency Controller will inform the D.C. about the accident indicating.

1. The likely area to be affected. 2. Safe route of approach near the incident Site & 3. The proposed Control Room for coordinating actions of Off Site Emergency.

The management of Emergency henceforth has to be conducted by the District Crisis Management Group from a Control Room under the supervision of the District Collector.

Evacuation

The employees & contractor workers who may not be required during emergency will assemble at respective plant assembly points & will be evacuated, If required by the rescue group as per the directive of the Rescue Controller.

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Closing of emergency

As soon as emergency has been controlled, necessary steps for normalcy will be taken up by the constituents of the On- Site Management group in their respective functions. After ensuring safety measures & seizure of emergency in consultation with rescue & Chief Emergency Controller & Incident Controller will be given all clear directions to Fire Station. Accordingly all clear sirens will be operated by Fire Control Room. Necessary corrective & preventive measures shall also be carried out.

Re-commissioning

The Incident Controller Emergency Controller, Safety, Fire & Rescue Controller with experts of various fields will inspect the emergency area and give clearance for re- commissioning of the plant. Maintenance work will be carried out as per their instructions & then the installation will be put in service after required tests.

Following factors subject to applicability should be checked before normal operation may be resumed.

i. Absence of explosive / toxic gas has been verified. ii. The cause of the incident has been verified. iii. The search & recovery of missing persons is complete. Damaged plant & structures are safe. iv. Permission from the authorities has been obtained. v. No new hazards have been created by the Incident. vi. Access Safety of any temporary system of work are safe & without risk.

Points to be remembered

1. In case of Emergency inform concerned Supervisors/ Shift Engr. / AM (P- Shift). 2. Inform Fire Station by telephone or by breaking glass of Manual fire call point. 3. One minute two loops sirens for 20 seconds up & 10 seconds down indicates small fire or explosion. 4. Three minutes 06 loops sirens for 20 seconds up & 10 seconds down for minutes indicates. On Site Emergency for fire or explosion. 5. Three minutes 18 loops sirens for 05 seconds up & 05 seconds down indicates. On Site Emergency due to toxic gas release / leakage/ explosion. 6. Five minutes 30 loops sirens for 05 seconds up & 05 seconds down indicates Off- Site Emergency. 7. Single loop continuous straight siren for 02 minutes indicates calls clear. 8. Single loop Straight siren for 01 minutes indicates Factory Timing. 9. Essential workers shall stay their working place and wait for instruction from their supervisors. 10. Non-essential workers who are not involved in control of Emergency must go to the nearest Assembly Point and wait for instructions. 11. Ensure everything is safe before you leave area. 12. Do not start vehicle unless told. 13. Do not create panic, confusion and crowd at emergency site. 14. Leave road clear for Fire Tender and Ambulance. 15. Emergency action team to report for pre-defined role as per On Site Emergency Plan. 16. Guide contract personnel and visitors to the nearest safe Assembly Point. 17. In case of toxic gas leakage. Don’t run in panic. Take shallow breath.

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Cover the face (Eyes, Nose, etc.) with a wet handkerchief. Move in direction perpendicular to wind velocity.

7.2.5 Function Duties & Responsibilities of Key Persons

Functions, duties & responsibilities of key persons are given below. Some of the persons have to move to ICR or ECR as per their assigned duty. It is expected that all persons should take care of their safety while moving to plant. It is not safe to move, then they should wait till conditions become favorable for movement. However GM (I/c) and DGM (O&M) are authorized to use rescue vehicle to reach plant after using PPE placed in the rescue vehicle. Ambulance will be used as rescue vehicle and will collect B.A Sets from fire station before moving into toxic atmosphere.

The employees whose duties have not been described in the following paragraphs should remain at their place of duty, if it is safe, otherwise they should move to nearby safe assembly point. If at home, they should remain at home. If on way, they should either move too their home or duty place, whichever is safe. They should wait for instructions of their HOD. Incident Controller or Emergency Controller.

7.2.5.1 Emergency Controller (Gm) I/C

General Manager (GM) who is overall in charge of the Unit, on declaration of the Emergency will act as Emergency Controller and will be guiding the various Controllers in carrying out their functions effectively. He will

i. Move to the ECR / ICR or the site of incident from where he will Co- ordinate the overall Emergency control operation. ii. Issue necessary instructions to the key persons depending upon the situation. iii. Ensure proper feedback at frequent interval & decide future course of action accordingly. iv. Decide priority for the emergency operation & arrange for augmentation of the resource for controlling the situation, if required. v. Where the emergency is prolonged arrange for relief of the site personnel and provision for catering facilities. vi. Issue statement to government agencies and news media like Factory Inspector, Collector, S.P. Press and Radio & T.V. etc. vii. Arrange for chronological recording of the emergency. Ensure preservation of evidence accordingly. viii. Ensure rehabilitation of affected persons after the emergency. ix. Arrange for inquiry of the incidence. Also lead in planning & implementation of remedial measures to avoid reoccurrence of the event.

7.2.5.2 Incident Controller

I. DGM (O&M) II. Chief Manager (Prod.)

Rush to the Incident Control Room / spot of emergency, keeping himself safe on receiving the “On Site Emergency” message and assess the situation. Declare “On-Site Emergency” as per situation with instruction to Fire Station for sounding siren Brief the Emergency Controller and keep him informed about all the development

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Inform CMO, SM (Safety) & AC (CISF-Fire) about the incident. If required Fire Wing and Medical Team may be called for rescue. Direct plant operation / shut down operation as required to control the emergency stop all the work and other works nearby, if required. Ensure the use of required Personnel Protective Equipment. Alert other plants on All Call Paging conveying the wind direction & safe route to assembly points. Ensure that injured persons are removed from the contaminated area and brought to safe place. Keep liaison with other controllers and seek necessary assistance wherever required. Advise material controller to shift any material falling short of the required quantity at site. Arrange for chronological recording of the Emergency. Preserve records and other evidence, which may be required for enquiry. Make schedule & instruct the persons for continued operation in case of prolonged emergency. Ensure proper supply of safe drinking water and augmenting water for firefighting through Plant in charge (CPP & O). Decide and initiate necessary evacuation measures & Ensure evacuation of non- essential workers, visitors and contractors to safe assembly point. Take action to restore the situation back to normal in consultation with Chief Controller. Give instructions for re-startup of the Plant only after satisfying himself about safety of the Plant & personnel and getting clearance from the competent authority.

Note: 1. DGM(O&M)/CM (Prod.) is authorized to use rescue vehicle in case of toxic cloud in the way to ICR / Spot of emergency. 2. After arrival of Incident Controller all the production department staff will work under his overall guidance. He is authorized to co-ordinate various activities as per resources under his control

Plant In charge (Sr. Mgr. / Mgr. / DM (Prod.)

i. Rush to the Incident Control Room & declare emergency after assessing the situation in consultations with CM (Prod.) / DGM (O&M), if it is not declared as yet. ii. Take charge of Control Room Operation. iii. Take safe Plant shutdown to control hazardous situation. iv. Make available necessary safety equipment / rescue apparatus. v. Ask field people to assemble at specified area after doing necessary emergency operations in the field. vi. Give to all DGM, CM, & SM (Civil) as per the requirements & inform them about the safe route to reach ICR. vii. Take roll call. Check that nobody is left behind. viii. Keep liaison with AC-Fire/Inspector, SM (Safety) and CMO for proper rescue and firefighting. ix. Pass on message for key persons directly or through an Engineer

A.M. (Shift) / Engineer / FM (Prod.)

i. Ascertain the available information on emergency and declare emergency after consultation with Plant I/C (Prod.) / Chief Manager (Prod.) / DGM (O&M).

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ii. Assume charge of the Emergency Controller and the Incident Controller till arrival of senior Officer. iii. Ensure that message is sent to Fire station & Safety. iv. Take action to shut down the plant / Section, If required. Close valves and isolate source of flammable toxic material in the plant and pipelines. Cut off the flow of material from the point of escape. v. Inform other Shift In-charge regarding simultaneous action required to be taken in their Plants. vi. In case presence of A.M. (Shift) is necessary in the Control Room, the A.M. (Shift) will direct other Engineer at site to take suitable action in the field. vii. Direct firefighting and rescue operations. viii. Call ambulance, if necessary.

Operators/ Technicians

i. Give a call to Fire station. ii. Report matter to the A.M. (Shift). iii. Take action to cut off supply of gas to the point of fire / leakage keeping himself safe in consultation with the A.M. (Shift). iv. Stand by for instructions from Shift Engineer. Keep ready for evacuation if needed.

7.5.2.3 Safety, Fire & Rescue Controllers

i) CM (TS) ii) SM (PE) / Mgr. (PE)

He will be Rescue Controller for Fire Fighting, Safety. Laboratory & Emergency Rescue operation.

i. Rush to the Incident Control Room on receiving message or hearing siren. ii. Appraise the situation to the Chief Emergency Controller. iii. Co-ordinate rescue & Fire operation in the affected area. iv. Co-ordinate arrival of ambulance / vehicle to send the injured person to hospital Co-ordinate first aid operation. v. Inform to the Chief Controller the number of persons affected & its likely impact in the surrounding. vi. Ensure that there is no hot work & other work nearby & cordon off the affected area with the help of CISF personnel. vii. Ensure availability / issue of safety equipment required for plants & fire fighting. viii. Keep liaison with surrounding nearest Fire Station for additional help required for firefighting. ix. Advise the incident and Service Controller to evacuate plant / Township if the situation warrants

Sr.Mgr. (Safety)

i. Rush to the Incident Control Room & then scene of fire / emergency. ii. Assess the situation and inform to the Chief Emergency Controller. iii. Co-ordinate rescue and Fire operation. iv. Invalidate the Safety Work Permits in the field of affected and nearby area. v. Get help if needed from CISF for cordoning off the area and for rescue and firefighting.

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Sr. AM (Safety) / AM (Safety)

i. Rush to the Incident Control Room. ii. Help people in wearing B.A. Set, canisters Masks etc. iii. Ask store people to supply extra safety & fire equipment material required on site of emergency from stores. iv. Ensure availability of Personnel Protective Equipment.

7.5.2.4 Fire Control Room I/C

i. Sound the siren of “Emergency” depending upon the type of emergency. ii. Take proper message and direct the fire tenders immediately to the spot of emergency. iii. Assess the situation and contact Shift I/C in the affected Plant / Area. iv. Inform AC/Inspector (Fire), Sr. Manager (Safety), Security incharge Main Gate & CM (TS). v. Direct rescue, firefighting operation as necessary in consultation with Shift I/C / Plant I/C (P) at site. vi. Keep constant watch on fire brigade personnel so as not to endanger them or him while rescuing or firefighting. vii. Give them necessary safety / protective appliance for doing their duty. viii. Keep in contact with fire control room & communicate about prevailing Situation from time to time. ix. Render any other help requested by Incident Controller or Plant I/c or Shift I/C.

Asstt. Commdt. / Inspector (Fire)

i. Rush to fire station and then go to the spot of emergency / fire. ii. Take charge of rescue and firefighting operations. iii. Assess situation, if need be, ask help from general security for rescue and firefighting operations. iv. Arrange for extra fire tender / appliance if needed. v. Give call to other fire brigades from nearby towns.

7.5.2.5 Chief Mgr. / M (Lab.)

i. On hearing Emergency siren / message and act as per advice / message from rescue / incident controller. ii. Alert laboratory staff and ensure their availability for taking emergency samples, if required. iii. Keep in touch with the incident Controller for taking samples of the area. iv. Keep in touch with the Rescue Controller for taking samples rendering help to plant personnel. v. Keep in touch with the Service Controller for taking samples for analysis outside factory area. vi. Take samples at least in the range of 1-2 KM in the wind direction to evaluate concentration of toxic gases, if required. vii. Inform concentration of toxic gases to the Rescue Controller, Emergency Controller, and the Incident Controller.

7.5.2.6 Service Controller

i) DGM (HR) ii) CM (P&A)

He will be the Service Controller for Welfare, Transport and Security.

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i. Rush to the emergency controls on receiving the message. ii. Arrange transport / Ambulance to Shift injured Persons to Hospital and send ambulance No. 2 which be used as Rescue Van during toxic gas leakage. iii. Control flow of traffic around the affected area with the help of CISF personnel. iv. Alert complete staff under his control and make them available at known assembly points in Plant and Township to give welfare assistance. v. Arrange for evacuation of the people from the affected area, if required. vi. Keep close liaison with the Employees Union & Officers Association for getting their full cooperation. vii. Arrange for external medical treatment through CMO, if required. viii) Deal with the queries of public & relative of employees. viii. Arrange to communicate with the relative of employees involved in On Site Emergency control operation & those got injured during controlling & combating operation. ix. Arrange to supply food, drinking water, shelter, clothing tec. if required. x. Arrange to replenish the stock of food & other essential items in the Canteen Stores. xi. Co-ordinate with all the outside agencies i.e. State Govt. Press and Civil Defense Authorities etc. xii. Release written & approved information to those agencies and the statutory bodies in consultation with Emergency Controller. xiii. Make all arrangement to take press & officials to a safer place close to the scene of emergency in order that the officials, reporters & photographers can get accurate information & details. xiv. Prevent panic caused by false information.

Public Relation Officer

i. On hearing Emergency siren / message will be available in Office during office hour or at residence during other than office hours and act as per advice / message from Service / Emergency Controller. ii. Make all arrangement for mass communication, announcement by Loudspeaker in Mobile Van in Township in consultation with the Service & Emergency Controller. iii. Collect the correct information of the situation / emergency. iv. Prepare press note, release handbills, and give correct information through TV, AIR and local township TV Network in consultation with Service and Emergency Controller. v. Make arrangement for communication about the incident for general awareness of the public in consultation with service and Emergency Controller. vi. Make arrangement for publication in local Newspapers about the incident for general awareness of the public.

Dy. Commandant / Inspector (Security):

i. On hearing Emergency siren / message will be available in office during office hours or at residence during other than office hours and act as per advice/ message from Emergency / Service Controller. ii. Ensure smooth entry and exit of key personnel, Fire Tenders, Ambulance & other emergency service vehicle to plant by opening main gate & Material gate to ensure smooth functioning of emergency services. iii. Arrange to open Emergency Gate No.-3 near 132 KV sub-station, if required.

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iv. Reinforce security at gates and vital installation & restrict entries of unauthorized persons in the plant. v. Cordon off the affected area in consultation with AC (Fire) / Sr. Mgr. (Safety) & help fire service for the firefighting / rescue work / first aid. vi. Maintain law and order in the factory & Township. vii. Keep liaison with Police, Home Guards for additional help to control law and order, other help and evacuation in consultation with Service and emergency Controller. viii. Get help or Police to close the public road, if required.

7.5.2.7 Chief Medical Officer / Dy.CMO

i. Rush to Hospital on getting information. ii. Depute one of the Doctors with Ambulance / Rescue Van at incident site for first aid treatment. iii. Get in touch with the Emergency Controller for the type of medical help required. iv. Ensure availability of adequate first aid medical help and co-ordinate for further medical help in our own hospital / outside hospitals / Nursing Homes , if required. v. Liaison with outside medical agencies for availability of adequate quantity of medicines required for the emergency. vi. Liaison with material controller for procurement of emergency medicines. Make arrangement for treating the affected public. vii. In case of permanent, total or partial disability of an injured person, Chief Medical Officer will assess the extent of disability and inform the Head of the Department, Factory Manager and Sr. Manager (Safety). viii. In case of disabling injuries, the report of final medical certificates should be sent as soon as the injured is declared fit to resume the duty to the concerned HOD & Sr. Mgr. (Safety).

Nursing Staff / Pharmacists

The senior most nursing person available in the emergency duty of the plant hospital will accompany the ambulance van when it goes to fetch the affected persons. In case he is accompanied by the medical officer, he will follow the instructions given by the medical officer. In case he is not accompanied by the medical officer he will provide the first aid to the affected persons as per the standing instructions for such occasions and transfer the affected persons to the hospital. After bringing the affected persons to the hospital, he will follow the instructions of the medical officer.

Ambulance Driver Ambulance driver will ensure availability of fuel in adequate quantity, stretcher, trolley and other essential equipment in the van all the times. He will work under the instruction of Medical Officer on duty.

7.5.2.8 Electrical & Communication Controller

i) Chief Mgr. (Elect.) ii) Sr. Mgr. (Elect)

He will be Controller of all activities pertaining to electricity and communication.

i. Rush to the incident control Room. ii. Ensure that electricity of the affected area is cut of, if required by incident Controller. iii. Make arrangement for temporary lighting / emergency lighting to affected areas, shelters and other places of assembly.

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iv. Arrange for isolation / restoration of electric supply as necessary. v. Ensure that all communication systems are in operation including Walkie- Talkie & Wireless Sets. vi. Keep in touch with Emergency / Incident / Rescue / Maintenance Controller. vii. Keep liaison with Telangana Electricity Board and P&T Department for ensuring operation of the communication system.

Instrument Controller

i) CM (Instt.) ii) SM (Instt.)

i. Rush to the Incident Control Room. ii. Keep liaison with Emergency, Incident & Maintenance Controller and Co- ordinate activities required in the field of instrumentation.

Mechanical Controller

i) DGM (Mech.) / CM (Mech) ii) Sr. Mgr. (Mech.)

He will ensure the maintenance personnel of Mechanical department are in a position to undertake urgent maintenance jobs.

i. Rush to the Incident Control Room on receiving message. ii. Assess the situation from the angle of help that may be needed to tackle the emergency in consultation with Incident & Rescue Controllers. iii. On specific request from key personnel if required get necessary equipment like Cranes, Dozers, Trucks, Welding & Cutting Sets etc., as needed for tackling the emergency and make available required personnel to operate above facilities. iv. On specific request from key personnel if required keep workshop / facilities open with necessary personnel throughout emergency to cater any need for repairs of additional equipment. v. Keep in constant touch with emergency / incident / rescue / maintenance controller for any assistance to them.

Chief. Mgr. (Mech.) Workshop

i. On hearing Emergency siren, message be available in office during office hours or at residence during other than office ours and act as per advice / message from Mechanical / Incident Controller. ii. Arrange for heavy equipment, Operators, Welders & Technicians, if required. iii. Arrange for truck, trailers, dozers, cranes, welding sets, cutting sets, other tools and tackles as per the requirement of Mechanical Controller. iv. Keep both Auto shop & workshop open for any emergent jobs (subject to requirement). v. Arrange for transport of above material in truck / trailers.

Civil Controller

i) Sr.Mgr. (Civil) ii) DM (Civil)

i. Rush to the Incident Control Room on receiving message. ii. Arrange contractor’s labour for sand bags, bunding, operation and other civil jobs, if required for emergency.

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Material Controller

i) DGM / SM (Malts) ii) Sr. Mgr. (Store)

i. Rush to the Emergency Control Room, on hearing Emergency siren / message be available in office during office hours or at residence during other than office hours and act as per advice/ message from Emergency / Service Controller. ii. On specific request from key personnel get the stores opened for requirement of the firefighting, safety and other material that may be required in emergency. iii. Assess the situation in consultation with incident & rescue Controller and arrange the material from store at the site of emergency. iv. Keep liaison with emergency, incident, rescue and maintenance controllers for meeting other requirements, if any.

Transport Controller

i) Chief. Mgr. (TPT) ii) M (TPT)

i. Rush to the Emergency Control Room. ii. If situation warrants, inform Ramagundam Railway Station to stop train movement keeping in view the wind direction. iii. If required arrange trucks/Buses from truck Union & State transport services for evacuation of the people. iv. Ensure opening of the both railway crossing v. Open for free access by advising railway authority to instruct railway gate man accordingly, operate after the emergency.

Finance Controller

i) DGM (F&A) ii) Mgr. (F&A)

i. Rush to the Emergency Control Room. ii. Release amount required for emergency purchase services etc. iii. Release remuneration to contract workers pressed into the emergency Services. iv. Co-ordinate with insurance agencies for damage claim against loss of human life and property.

7.2.6 Post Emergency Activities

Post emergency activities are the steps to be taken after e mergency is over to restore the system, to rehabilitate the affected persons and to establish the facts. The post emergency activities with action oriented officers are given in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5 Post emergency activities and responsibilities of concerned officers

S.No. Post Emergency Activities Action taken by 1 Collection of Records To collect relevant records pertaining to Emergency. i. Relevant charts, documents, log books should be kept in DGM (O&M) safety custody 2 Enquiry Committee

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To constitute an enquiry committee to investigate the i. GM cause of mishap and fix the responsibility. Enquiry ii. To conduct preliminary enquiry & submit the report to ED Committee 3 Insurance Claim i. To inform Insurance Company and request for survey. DGM(F&A) To estimate the approximate loss for lodging insurance ii. DGM (F&A) claim. To lodge a claim with Insurance Company for loss of iii. DGM(F&A) Material damages To lodge a claim with Life Insurance Corporation for iv. DGM(F&A) Damage & human loss 4 Communication i. To release information to Press Radio, TV etc. GM ii. To inform State Civil Authorities SDM, Police etc. DGM(HR) 5 Implementation To implement the suggestions, modifications given by the i. SM (Safety) Enquiry Committee To circulate enquiry committee’s findings to all ii. SM (safety) concerned. 6 Rehabilitation i. To provide adequate medical aid to affected persons. C.M.O. To get persons in surrounding areas medically checked, ii. C.M.O. if required. To arrange food, clothing, drinking water for the affected iii. DGM (HR) persons To restore norm achy in the affected areas and create iv. DGM (HR) confidence in people v. Take care of property of persons evacuated. DGM (HR) 7 Sampling (if required) by Laboratory & EMC CM(Lab)/CM-TS

7.2.7 Safety Services

A full-fledged Safety Department is functioning since inception of the Unit for providing services related to s a f e t y matters. The officers of the Safety Department are we experienced and qualified as per the norms laid down in the Factory Rules to function as Safety Officer.

7.2.7.1 Provision of Personnel Protective Equipments

Personnel Protective Equipments are provided to the employees as per the requirement. Adequate inventory of both Respiratory & Non – Respiratory Personnel Protective Equipment are maintained. These PPE’s are kept at easily approachable strategic locations in safety cabinets for use in case of any emergency. Personnel Protective Equipment like safety goggles, car plugs, Helmets are issued separately to individual employees.

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7.2.7.2 Breathing Apparatus

Different types of compressed air breathing apparatuses, like B.A set, full Face Air Line Masks, Hose Reel and trolley sets will be kept available at number of locations in the plant. These are checked and maintained in proper working condition. A number of Chlorine and Ammonia Canister Masks are also available for rescue purposes in the Plant area as well. Safety Department also ensures the proper working of the above equipments once in a week or on need basis.

7.2.7.3 Wind Socks

Wind Socks have been provided at different locations to know direction of the wind and employees have been informed to move perpendicular to the wind direction in case of toxic gas release / leakage.

7.2.8 Emergency Medical Action Plan

Fire Explosion Accident When No Release of Toxic Gas

In case of message received for Accident involving no toxic gas release from the plant or there is siren of 2/6 loop for 1/3 min. duration respectively for fire/ explosion. Ambulance Van straight way report to concerned incident control room without going to fire station for collecting B.A. Set.

Toxic Gas Release

In case of toxic gas release, Ambulance Van will be treated as Rescue Van which is to be sent by Hospital / CMO on direction of ICR / ECR / AC (Fire) / Sr. Mgr. (Safety). Rescue Van should carry 4 Nos. B.A. set from Fire Station. If rescue / fire staff is not available at fire station, the fire staff available at incident site will be treated as rescue staff. AC (Fire) & Sr. Mgr. (Safety) will guide them accordingly.

Safety in Operation

There are three aspects of safety in operations: Procedure for safe operations Training Regular review and revision of procedures.

Procedure for Safe Operation

Following the guidance available, most appropriate and elaborate procedure has been written down for safe operation of plants. Written documents have been prepared and are available to meet the different situations. Following manuals / documents are available. Plant Manuals incorporating emergency instructions related to Service failures. Operating Instructions. Shutdown Manuals & Maintenance Manuals. Permanent Instructions. Check list & Routine Schedules Safety Work Permit System. On Site Emergency Plan. Safety Manual, Fire Manual Piping and Vessel Schedules.

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Drawings & Documents. Pressure Vessel Inspections. Gas Leak Testing & Rectification.

Training

Besides the availability of documents, all operations and supervisors have to undergo extensive training before assuming responsibilities in any area of operations. Systematic training imparted to individuals develops understanding, skill and confidence for execution of the job. Through various forums, displays, discussions, lectures seminars etc. Human resources Department and safety personnel impart training to increase awareness of employees in safe working.

Retraining of employees is also carried out from time to time depending on needs. Such needs arise due to improvement in technology, installation of new equipment and also to curb over confidence in certain individuals. another important aspect in which employees are trained is use of personnel protective equipment so that they protect themselves and co- workers from untoward hazards. Regarding handling of major “On Site Emergencies” employees are especially trained through conducting mock drills. Persons from operation group particularly practice incident controlling through isolations and otherwise. Other Co-ordinator also carries out their specified duties.

Regular Review and Revision of Procedures

Process control is regularly being reviewed through data logging. Alarm and trip systems are checked at a pre-determined frequency through simulation. Proper functioning of the alarm and trip conditions shows a high reliability of the system.

In addition to this a very comprehensive Audit System is being followed at the site, which enables checking performance of items like mobile cranes, fork lifts, winches, other lifting tackles, hoses, flame proof electrical fittings, earthing pits testing etc. at predefined frequency. Such audit system enables maintaining desired standards of equipment in proper working condition.

Process modifications are implemented after doing HAZOP – Study & with approved procedures. The inventories of the hazardous chemicals are reduced and are maintained at optimum levels to minimize risks.

Safety in Maintenance

Maintenance of plant equipment is carried out to ensure continued healthy conditions of equipment. Monitoring of equipment performance is a continuing exercise. There is a separate safety Cell with special instruments, which monitor performance of identified equipment at a predetermined frequency.

Special emphasis is laid to carry out preventive maintenance. Long shut down of the plant is planned once in two years, in which catalysts changing, major overhauls of machinery and inspection of pressure vessels is undertaken. Planning Section undertakes rigorous planning for this.

Safety Audit

Safety audit by an independent & renowned third party is carried out every year. Recommendations of the safety audit, after due deliberation in house is implemented expeditiously. Each year a copy of Safety Audit report and Action Taken

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reports is sent to Director (IHS) for records.

Safety in Atmospheric Storage Tanks

The atmospheric storage tank has been provided with numbers of safety devices and instruments are as below;

Tank pressure indicator (Direct) Tank vapor pressure. Tank pressure indicator (Pneumatic / Electronic) Panel mounted for tank vapor pressure. Tank pressure recorder (Pneumatic / Electronic) to record vapor pressure of the tank. Level indicator (Pneumatic /Electronic) to measure liquid level of tank in % of volume. Level indicator (Digital) to measure liquid level of Tank in mm. Level indicator (Pneumatic /Electronic) to measure level of the liquid in the annular space between two tanks. Pressure switches (Receiver) Interlocks and annunciation. Pressure switches (Direct) back up for pressure switch for interlock and annunciation. Safety Valves (Pilot Operated) to blow off at excess pressure. Safety Valve (Pneumatic operated) to blow of excess vapor manually in emergency. Continuous tank temperature recorder to check tank liquid condition at all times.

Safety valves are provided in all the ammonia lines and equipment’s.

A number of interlocks from operation and safety point of view are provided throughout the installation. Some of them are mentioned below.

Jetty control valve will stop with pressure and high level of Atmospheric storage tank and thus preventing the tanks with high level & high pressure during unloading. All the six compressors of old and new compressor house of atmospheric storage tank are interlocked with tank pressure at various settings of pressure so that required compressors will start / stop automatically to maintain desired pressure. Level control valve of saturator and flash vessel and solenoid valve in vapor line condenser to saturator are interlocked with compressor. These valves will close /open with compressor stop / start to avoid any operational problem and hence safety also. Ammonia transfer pumps and control valves in suction line of these pumps, both will stop at low level of tank. All the six compressors are provided with self-interlocked for high discharge pressure, temp. and low oil pressure to ensure safe operation of equipment and personal safety. All important parameters are controlled and monitored by DCS. Data acquisition and report generation is done by DCS system. Control of all main parameters has been centralized in control room on a computer monitor. This system is having following control operation either manually or automatically to avoid any damage to the plant and ensure safety.

Control to be provided

Level indicator / controllers (Auto) for saturator and flash vessel. Level indicator in percentage and in mm. for main tank. Level indicator in percentage of outer tank (interspaces). Pressure indicator, controllers and recorder for main tank. Emergency stop of all Jetty control Valve and suction valve to pumps. Stop switch for all motors compressors and pumps. Emergency stop of all motors by one lock switch.

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Emergency stop of Unloading compressor to trip breaker from MRSS Audio / visual annunciators to be provided for all important process parameters and equipments.

Besides this, the atmospheric storage tank is of double integrity type also known as “CUP IN TANK” type which has the following advantages –

Double containment for liquid; even in case one container leaks, the other will provide safe containment. Large vapor space which is additional buffer to take care of pressure change The annular vapor space acts as insulation to reduce heat transfer from ambient air to liquid ammonia inside In case of power failure and other interruption there is enough time for initiating action.

Precautions in designing of the foundation and load bearing parts of the building

All the structures, foundations of equipment, pedestals, frames, etc. are designed and erected as per relevant standards and codes of practices. Most of the foundations are erected on piling and all the Storage Tanks constructed on piling foundations.

Continuous surveillance of operations

Plant control panel are equipped with DCS (Distributed control system), where computers are installed for continuous surveillance and monitoring of all parameters required to be controlled for smooth operation of a plant.

Audio alarms with trip system are provided to stop any segment of plant to bring under control at any point of time. On line data recorder are provide to monitor the parameters of the process plants. The operators and supervisor are continuously taking round s of the plant and monitoring the processes parameters through local monitoring instruments provided in the field.

Ammonia sensors also provided in ammonia storage area with audio alarm system in DCS system at Control Room.

Maintenance and repair work according to the generally recognized rules of good engineering practices.

Periodical Inspection

Third Party Safety Audit and Testing / Inspection, from Government Authorities like Factory Inspector& other various statutory bodies & the periodical inspection by committee of company’s official are being carried out. Inspection / Testing of tanks, equipment’s, pipe lines, valve etc. is carried out periodically at regular intervals. The inspection of Ammonia storage tanks is carried out at regular interval as per international standard. The Ammonia storage tanks are being inspected by following test.

1. Magnafux Crack detection test. 2. Ultrasonic thickness measurements. 3. Dye Penetration test. 4. Vacuum Box test. 5. Hydrostatic test. 6. Hardness test & other required testing etc.

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Periodical & regular maintenance of all safety equipment's, pump etc. are being carried out. Electrical earthing resistance measurement and continuity is checked. Electrical earth resistance measurement and continuity test for storage tank is carried out quarterly.

7.2.9 Medical management for exposure to chemicals

7.2.9.1 Ammonia Poisoning: First Aid and Medical Management

5-10% Ammonia poisoning rarely causes tissues burns. 27-30% ammonia is highly corrosive and likely to cause burns. Anhydrous Ammonia reacts with moisture in mucousal surface (eye skin and respiratory tract) to produce Ammonia Hydroxide which may cause caustic injury. The severity of injury depends upon the concentration and duration of exposure. The extent of injury ranges from mild erythema to severe full thickness burns, and from mild cough to laryngeal edema to life threatening pulmonary edema.

Symptoms in Case of Skin Contact

Irritation Burns that are very painful Itching & tingling Sensation Painful ulcerations. Shock can occur due to pain

First Aid

Immediately remove the victim from the affected area, remove the contaminated clothes and wash affected area with large quantity of water. Wash splashed surface of skin with weak and dilute acids such as lactic acids. Apply skin ointment such as ‘Soframycin”

Symptoms in Case of Eye Contact

Highly painful irritation of eyes and eyelids. Watering of eyes Burns of irreparable damage to mucous membranes of eyes Serious lesions in eyes

First Aid

Immediately remove the victim from affected area and wash eyes with large quantity of running water or normal saline water or a solution of 0.5 –1% alum keeping his eyelids open. Administer few drops of boric acid solution to reduce pain. Lactic acid can also be used. If acute pain persists after washing, put one or two drops of anaesthetizing eye salve, or one drop of BENOXINATE (NOVESINE) at 0.4% into the eye. To prevent eye inflammation, eye drops with antibiotics may be used. If internal injury is caused due to Ammonia SOFTRACAFT AND ACTROQUINE eye drops should be used. For external injury in the eye, wash the eye with water and then apply ointment SOFRAMYCIN.

Note: The medical service will refer the victim to an ophthalmologist and inform him about the nature of accident.

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In Case of Inhalation

(A) Symptoms of Very Acute Poisoning: Irritation of nose, throat & eyes Burning Difficulty in breathing Acute pulmonary edema Chemical pneumonia or bronchitis Sudden death.

(B) Symptoms of Acute Poisoning:-

Irritation of noise & eyes Tingling sensation in respiratory tract Coughing Sneezing Risk of chemical bronchitis Risk of acute pulmonary edema

First Aid

(A) If the Victim is Conscious and Inhalation is Mild:-

i. Remove the victim from affected area and loosen the clothes ii. Keep him warm using a blanket. iii. Place the patient on his back with his head & back elevated. iv. Olive oil can be given by mouth for relief from throat irritation.

If the victim is coughing badly, make him inhale a gauze pad soaked with a little ethyl alcohol or a few drop of either. Administer medical oxygen under low pressure using a pulmotor or similar type of vital equipment.

(B) If the Victim Is Unconscious but Breathing

In addition to the measures recommended in above Remove dentures or partial plates. Do not give anything to drink.

(C ) If Breathing has Ceased

Immediately remove the victim from the affected area. Immediately Loosen his clothes; Lay him down on his stomach; Begin artificial respiration Immediately administer medical oxygen under low pressure using a pulmotor or similar type of vital equipment. As soon as the victim begins to breathe or to move, lay him down with his bodies raised and continue to administer oxygen The physician will keep the victim under medical supervision for a least 48 hrs as the is risk of pulmonary edema and microbial infection.

In Case Of Ingestion Symptoms

Immediate burning sensation in mouth, throat & stomach.

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Pain in swallowing. Edema of the glottis (diagnosis can only be made by a physician) Nausea and vomiting of blood. Rapid breathing. Stomach Cramps State of shock.

First Aid

a) As the patient to rinse his mouth liberally with cold water. b) If possible give him cold water, milk with one or two raw eggs, lemon or Orange juice and vinegar. c) Give him a piece of ice to suck in order to soothe the pain in his mouth. d) Dilution with water, if practiced, should be done with care, as there may be generation of heat during dilution. e) If the victim suffers from shock: Make sure that he does not catch cold Lay the victim down with his head lowered. Keep him warm using a blanket. f) The physician will keep the victim under observation.

Initial treatment is primarily supportive. Remove patient from inhalation exposure, administer humidifier oxygen, administer bronchodilators and manage airway as needed. DO NOT Induce emesis perform gastric ravage or attempt neutralization after ingestion, but NOT with weak acids. Dilution with milk or water may be beneficial. Endoscopic evaluation may be required. Treat skin or eye exposure with copious irrigation and thorough valuation to determine the extent of injury.

Treatment

If ammonia water is splashed into the eyes, first aid consists of immediate washing with a large amount of water or a solution of 05-1% alum. An ophthalmologist should immediately be consulted, even if the injured worker complains of on pain. Affected parts of the skin should be washed with clean, and a lotion is applied consisting of a 5% solution of acetic, citric, tartaric or salicylic acid. In the event of Ammonia poisoning through the respiratory tract, the person should breathe fresh air and inhale warm water vapour (if possible with the addition of vinegar of citric acid) and a 10% solution of menthol in chloroform. He should drink warm mil. In the event of asphyxia oxygen should be inhaled, preferably under low pressure, until the breathlessness or cyanosis is eased followed by a subcutaneous injection of 1 cm2 of 1% solution of atropine. Resuscitation must be applied if breathing is interrupted or stops. Cardiac preparations or tranquillizers may be given, if advised by a physician. If pulmonary edema develops the person must be keep as quiet as possible. Kept him warm & oxygen must be administered as soon as possible followed by symptomatic treatment for pulmonary edema.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning:

Inhalation Exposure: Decontamination: Move patient to the fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis or pneumonitis Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Administration of 100%

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oxygen by tight fitting facemask is also used to reduce the biological half life of carbon monoxide.

Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) Levels: Prior to oxygen therapy, a COHb level has to be monitored unit the level is less than 15%. In an appropriate setting, an patient found unconscious , seizing , or with EKG changes or metabolic acidosis should be treated as a severe CO poisioning regardless of the COHb concentration. Consider Hyperbolic oxygen therapy for severely poisoned patient Diazepam or Lorazepam is given for seizures.

Cerebral Edema: Patients with signs of increased intracranial pressure should be hyperventilated with 100% oxygen via an endotracheal tube to keep the arterial PCO2 level at 25-30 mm Hg. Parental fluids should be limited to 2/3 to ¾ of normal maintenance. Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) or other methos to reduce intracranial pressure may be used but are unlikely to affect the outcome.

Adminision Criteria: Neurological symptoms or signs, or abnormal EKG, Metabolic acidosis, COHb level above 30%.

7.2.10 Antidotes of Hazardous Chemicals

Most of the chemicals do not have specific antidotes but symptomatic & conservative treatment is possible in the form of first aid before reaching the hospital or a consultant. Useful hints in the use of antidotes.

Acid splashes on the body should not be neutralized with alkalis on the body. They should be dealt with only plain cold water. Similarly Alkalis should not be neutralized with acids. However soap water and weak organic acid / Vinegar may be used on skin under medical supervision. In case of chemical splashes on eye no chemical should be used. Only running of water should be used.

Nothing should be given by mouth for unconscious cases. Milk should not be given in organo-phosphorous chemical poisioning. Only 2NaHCO3 & Charcoal and injection Atropine should be given, In DNOC poisoning there is high temperature. So, Injection atropine should be given as it stops sweating and further endangers the body.

Stomach wash can be done with 1 in 500 KMnO4 or 5% NaHCO3 Artificial Respiration with Oxygen inhalation should be available in all Industrial Health Units. It is life saving in toxic chemical poisoning. Water is the best medicines, which can be used in all emergencies of chemical burns as a coolant, diluents cleaning agent.

7.3 Procedure/Precautions to be Taken for Tankers Loading/Unloading Purpose

Before charging Liquid Ammonia to loading station, ensure that liquid header isolation valves and drain/vent isolation valves in all the platforms are closed. Do not charge Liquid Ammonia Header for loading station, when Ammonia supply is going on to Urea Plant from Storage Section. In that case Liquid Ammonia shall divert from Synthesis section to storage section instead of going to Urea Plant. There is provision to send Ammonia to Urea Plant from New storage and to send Ammonia from Old Storage to loading station, but that option shall be exercised in the presence of Shift In charge. Before opening I/V for loading station, ensure that I/V for Urea Plant at the exit of Pre heater is closed. Filling of BTAL and Road Tanker should not be done simultaneously; this is to concentrate at one activity at one time.

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At the time of disconnecting liquid/vapor arm from BTAL and also at the time of exposing any close system in the Ammonia circuit by Maintenance staff, BA Set/Mask for Ammonia service must be used. After loading/unloading BTAL tankers, ensure that arms and platform are properly lifted before giving clearance to transportation Dept. for placement of tankers. While working in the Ammonia handling area, direction of air is to be watched carefully and position is to be taken accordingly while doing any activity.

7.3.1 Procedure for Filling BTAL Tankers

Ensure that all the liquid header I/V, drain and vent I/V are closed in that platform in which filling is to be done. Connection is to be done for both the arms (liquid as well as vapor). Ensure through the 1’’ vent valve that the arm is depressurised, all the liquid line I/V must be closed. Ensure that all the I/V of tankers is closed. Open the small bleed valve provided in the body of liquid valve. This is to ensure that the port between valve`s plug and NRV has been depressurised. Connect the liquid arm and lock the coupling properly by rotating the ring provided on the coupling. Close the bleed valve on the valve body. Close all the vent/ drain valves and line up tanker valve and header valve. Open 1’’ vent provided in the arm & open the I/V of the tanker. Ensure that tanker is depressurized. Close the vent valve. Put 23 PV-02 on auto and keep set point at 15 Kg/cm2. Start one pump after taking all the precautions necessary for starting the Pump Charge the Liquid header for loading and fill BTAL at a slow rate. After starting the Pump, one person must always be available for stopping the pump, in case of any emergency. Fill the BTAL upto the desired level, isolate the arm and stop the pump. After filling up to desired level, isolate all the valves provided in the liquids line and vapor line on that particular platform. Open all the vent valves of that platform. If any liquid line I/V passes, then vent at the d/s of that valve is to be kept closed. Ensure that arm is completely depressurized by opening bleed valve on the body of tanker isolation valve. Disconnect the arm. Close the bleed valve on the body of the tanker valve. Close the vent valve on the arm. Lift the platform and secure it properly.

7.3.2 Procedure for Unloading BTAL Tankers

For unloading BTAL, in addition to the points mentioned above, vapor arm is to be connected and if needed tanker to be pressurized . For pressurizing the tanker, vapor header in the loading station is to be depressurized by hot vapor coming from the K-2301A/B. 1’’ inter connection line has been provided at the B/L. keep the 6’’ vapor line I/V at B/L closed. Unloading is to be done at a controlled rate. At very fast rate Max flow restriction valve provided in the liquid filling line shall stop unloading. If it is required to pressurize the tanker by hot vapor Ammonia vapor, care is to be taken so that hot vapor does not flow back through the liquid header continuously.

A checklist is prepared for Sulphuric acid and PAC unloading from tankers.

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CHECK LIST FOR Sulphuric Acid UNLOADING SYSTEM

NO.NFVP/CP&O/Checklist ACID/2015 DATE --.--.2015 TANKER No. CONC.AS PER LAB- % STORAGE TANK Ini.L:- CM Final .L.:- CM (Quantity .MT) ( . MT) 1 Sulphuric Acid tanker to be unloaded in BAT-1/2

2. Sulphuric Acid tanker can be accommodated into Storage tank BAT-1/2 YES/No 3. Level checked prior to unloading started. YES/NO

4. Storage tanks inlet valve opened into which tankers to be unloaded. YES/NO

5. Face shield, hand gloves, gum boot used while connecting /disconnecting the unloading hose And opening/closing tanker outlet valve YES/NO 6. Unloading hose pipe clamp, leakage/damaged checked before connection YES/NO

7. Pumps (P6-1/2) discharge valve in close position YES/NO

8. Pumps(P6-1/2) suction valve is open YES/NO

9. Tanker outlet valve Crack opened for leakage check if any. YES/NO

10. Tanker outlet valve opened fully after conforming “No leakage”. YES/NO

11. Service water hose kept open for washing any leakage YES/NO

12. Pump Kick started for checking leakages. YES/NO

13. Level rise checked after complete unloading and ensured level rise as per calibration chart YES/NO

14. After complete unloading pump suction /disch. valve closed fully. YES/NO

15. Tanker properly demobilized after complete unloading. YES/NO

SIGNATURE

Sr. Manager Prod.(CP&O)

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CHECK LIST FOR PAC UNLOADING SYSTEM NO.NFVP/CP&O/Checklist/PAC/2015 DATE --.--.2015

TANKER No. Sample provided to lab- STORAGE TANK I.L:- -- % F.L.:- --%

1. PAC tanker can be accommodated into Storage tank YES/No 2. Level checked prior to unloading started. YES

3. Storage tanks inlet valve opened into which tankers to be unloaded. YES

4. Face shield, hand gloves, gum boot used while connecting /disconnecting the unloading hose And opening/closing tanker outlet valve YES 5. Unloading hose pipe clamp, leakage/damaged checked before connection YES

6. Pumps (PA4-A/B) discharge valve in close position YES

7. Pumps(PA4-A/B) suction valve is open YES

8. Tanker outlet valve Crack opened for leakage check if any. YES

9. Tanker outlet valve opened fully after conforming “No leakage”. YES

10. Service water hose kept open for washing any leakage YES

11. Pump Kick started for checking leakages. YES

12. Level rise checked after complete unloading and ensured level rise as per calibration chart YES

13. After complete unloading pump suction /disch. valve closed fully. YES

14. Tanker properly demobilized after complete unloading. YES

SIGNATURE ( Officer ) Sr.Manager Prod.(CP&O)

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7.4 Occupational Health of the Contract and Sub contract Workers

Action Plan for the Implementation of OHS standards as per OSHAS/USEPA

For the proposed project, action plan for the implementation of OHS Standards as per OSHAS/USEPA is as shown below:

Health Checkup Plan

Regular (6 monthly) periodic medical checkup of contract and subcontract workers working at hazardous processes will be carried out as per clause 68 T of Factory’s Act.

Action Plan in Case of Emergency

Same procedure and facilities are availed of for emergencies related to contract and subcontract workers, as in cases of regular employees. Facilities for full time specialist services, major operation theatre, pathology laboratory, digital X ray, ECG, Doppler, Ultrasonography, Physiotherapy, In house registered pharmacy etc. are available at the main hospital at Ramagundam. Ambulance service will be made available to the emergency patients. Oxygen cylinders, antidotes like methylene blue, IV fluids, wide range of medicines and injections will be available at both IMC, main hospital and even in ambulances. There will be periodic mock drills, regular first aid classes, fire audit, and audit by OHSAS 18001 group and TUV Ltd. Onsite & Offsite emergency plans will be available.

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7.5 RISK ASSESSMENT

The Risk Assessment report is attached as Annexure-XI.

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CHAPTER – 8 PROJECT BENEFITS

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8.0 INTRODUCTION

Chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in the success of India's green revolution and consequent self-reliance in food-grain production. The increase in fertilizer consumption has contributed significantly to sustainable production of food grains in the country.

The Government of India has been consistently pursuing policies conductive to increased availability and consumption of fertilizers in the country. It is to be noted that the proposed plant will be pioneer of fertilizer manufacturing plant in Telangana State. It will improve agricultural productivity in the region and create direct and indirect employment. This project is of strategic importance to the country as it will save foreign exchange and reduce government subsidy costs.

The fertilizer plant will incorporate the latest commercially available process and equipment designs and have technology to minimize environmental impacts, and in some areas, bring added value to certain environmental issues including carbon sequestration opportunities and water management. The management plans and strategies that are developed will form the basis of all reporting and longer term environmental management. The proposed greenbelt cover will further mitigate and reduce the air pollution effects in the surrounding areas.

8.1 ENERGY BENEFITS

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

8.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS

The socio-economic scenario in the region will certainly change with positive impact on the existing regional socio-economic pattern. Some of the benefits are given below. The proposed project would generate direct and indirect employment opportunities, which will benefit the local people during construction and operation period.

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The local vehicles for transport of raw material for construction can be used. Preference will be given to the project affected people for employment in skilled or unskilled category. Induced secondary development in the area. Increased cash flow and stimulation of local economy within the host community and localized economic benefits from materials supplies by local contractors Training and skill development of the local population for their better livelihood. Indirect business opportunities to the local people shall be available during the construction as well as the operation phase Development in housing, electrification, medical, health sector will improve. Enhancement in infrastructure facilities and utilities further improving the living conditions in general. It will result in improvement in the economy of the local vendors.

The major project benefits are summarized below.

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CHAPTER – 9 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS

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9.0 INTRODUCTION

Environment Division of Engineers of India Limited (EIL) was established in 1975 with the objective of providing specialised services in the field of environment protection to the different industrial sectors served by EIL. The division is assisted by a multi- disciplinary team with engineers and scientists with experience ranging from seven to more than thirty years and are equipped with the latest computer software and hardware. It is capable of providing the entire range of services related to environmental pollution assessment, control and management to the following major sectors of industry in India and abroad

Z Petroleum Refining Z Petrochemicals Z Oil and Gas Processing Z Metallurgy (Non-Ferrous only) Z Thermal Power Plants Z Infrastructure projects

EIL is also capable of providing environment related services for various other industries like textile, leather, pulp and paper etc. besides the different industries mentioned above. The Division has a unique advantage of utilising technological and engineering competence and experience, which is available to them in-house from other specialised departments of EIL to provide the entire range of services related to environmental management.

The Division has been instrumental in designing and commissioning a large number of industrial water treatment plants, wastewater treatment plants, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and solid and hazardous waste management. During the past two decades, several schemes have been implemented for handling wastewater as well as gaseous effluents, solid as well as hazardous wastes so that these meet the stringent regulations imposed by statutory authorities from time to time.

Much of the Division’s rich and varied experience is derived from the experience of working with International funding agencies like the World Bank, International Financial Consortium and Asian Development Bank etc. The Division has worked for many World Bank funded jobs including the one concerning development of guidelines for carrying out environmental audits for small and medium scale industries. Many of these projects being grass root projects in nature have large socio-economic and cultural dimensions besides the associated environmental problems.

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The present EIA report for the Ramagundam Fertilizer Project has been prepared by EIL, an engineering and consultancy organization in the country. EIL has been preparing regularly EIA / EMP reports for different projects. The environmental Engineering Division of EIL has carried out more than 300 numbers of Environmental Impact Assessment projects.

National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) - under the Accreditation Scheme for EIA Consultant Organizations has accredited EIL as EIA consultant for 10 EIA Sectors including Petroleum Refining industry. Further, EIL has been re-accredited by NABET vide their letter dated 29th September 2014 in 11 Sectors. The excerpt of the letter from NABET –QCI is given in Fig 9.1.

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Figure 9.1 Letter for Re-accreditation from NABET-QCI Dated 29th September 2014

iathd`r dk;kZy; % bathfu;lZ bafM;k Hkou] 1] Hkhdk,th dkek Iysl] ubZ fnYyh&110066 Regd. Office : Engineers India Bhawan, 1, Bhikaiji Cama Place , New Delhi – 110066