Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro Instituto De História

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Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro Instituto De História Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de História Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada (PPGHC) IGOR LAPSKY DA COSTA FRANCISCO Blockbusters conservadores: política e cinema norte-americano em perspectiva cruzada no tempo presente (1992 - 2012) RIO DE JANEIRO DEZEMBRO/2014 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de História – IH Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada (PPGHC) IGOR LAPSKY DA COSTA FRANCISCO Blockbusters conservadores: política e cinema norte-americano em perspectiva cruzada no tempo presente (1992 - 2012) Tese orientada pelo professor Dr. José Costa D'Assunção Barros para obtenção do título de doutor no programa de pós-graduação em História Comparada da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro RIO DE JANEIRO DEZEMBRO/2014 2 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de História – IH Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada (PPGHC) IGOR LAPSKY DA COSTA FRANCISCO Blockbusters conservadores: política e cinema norte-americano em perspectiva cruzada no tempo presente (1992 - 2012) __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Costa D'Assunção Barros (orientador) __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco Carlos Teixeira da Silva __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Karl Schurster Veríssimo de Sousa Leão __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Dilton Cândido Santos Maynard __________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Cristina Buarque de Hollanda RIO DE JANEIRO DEZEMBRO/2014 3 LAPSKY, Igor. - Rio de Janeiro, 2014. Tese – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – Instituto de História – Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada, 2014. Orientador: José Costa D' Assunção Barros. 1. História. 2. História Comparada. 3. Política. 4. Estados Unidos. 5. Cinema. I – Barros, José D'Assunção. II – Teses. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – Instituto de História – Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada. III – Título 4 Agradecimentos Todo trabalho acadêmico de pesquisa é fruto de muita dedicação e ajuda de pessoas em diversas escalas, que, sem elas não seria possível desenvolver esta tese. Portanto, existem algumas pessoas a quem preciso agradecer pela conclusão de mais uma etapa da vida acadêmica: Primeiro, a minha família, que me apoiou em todos os momentos, desde o início na fase de alfabetização até o presente momento, em especial para minha mãe e meu irmão que estiveram comigo nos períodos mais difíceis, na "tensão pré-defesa" e outros. Todos foram muito importantes por causa do companheirismo, apoio moral e financeiro. Segundo, agradeço à Tatiana Maselli, minha companheira e seus pais Angela e Nascimento, que me deram todo apoio moral e foram muito compreensivos nos momentos mais complicados da pesquisa. Ao professor José D'Assunção Barros, que aceitou me orientar após "mares turbulentos" e me ajudou a cumprir todos os prazos que combinamos para o avanço da pesquisa. Aos amigos Chico e Karl, que me deram todo o suporte para terminar este trabalho, aconselhando em leituras, debates e, além de todos procedimentos da pesquisa, me fizeram enxergar, há alguns anos atrás, que era possível alçar voos maiores na carreira. Ao amigo Dilton Maynard, que ajudou tanto no mestrado quanto no doutorado com novos materiais e indicações para organizar a pesquisa e desenvolver diversos pontos. Ao Rafael Pinheiro, grande amigo do TEMPO, que ajudou com apoio moral, leituras, discussões importantes não só para a tese, com também para a formação durante os anos de graduação e pós-graduação. Ao professor Wagner Pinheiro, que ajudou com discussões importantes relacionadas à relação entre cinema e política, ponto central desta tese de doutorado. Ao professor Alcino, meu professor durante o doutorado, que me indicou leituras e discussões que foram importantes para a compreensão de alguns pontos relacionados à tese. A professora Gracilda Alves com apoio em todos os momentos da minha vida na pós-graduação, tanto com apoio moral como indicações de livro e ajudas com os 5 procedimentos do programa. Por ser uma excelente parceira de trabalho nos projetos da fundação CECIERJ, que muito contribuíram para a minha formação como docente e pessoa. Aos meus amigos de fora da academia, Rafael, Sandro e Felipe, com os encontros mensais para "jogar conversa fora", que ajudaram a extravazar e me fazer esquecer temporariamente dos prazos e preocupações com a pesquisa, quando necessário. São estas pessoas que ajudaram a desenvolver e terminar o trabalho acadêmico que, sem dúvidas, é coletivo. Sem elas, tenho certeza que não seria possível ter feito esta longa caminhada. 6 Resumo: A tese de doutoramento apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro tem como objetivo trabalhar as possibilidades dos estudos de Cinema, História, Política e Tempo Presente a partir da relação entre os filmes norte-americanos e os movimentos conservadores nos Estados Unidos, entre 1992 e 2012. Para tal, escolhemos produções de grande bilheteria no país, relacionando-as ao seu contexto espaço-temporal, estabelecendo análises a partir das agendas dos neoconservadores, importantes no cenário político norte- americano durante os governos Clinton e Bush, e do Tea Party, movimento que se fortaleceu em 2009, durante a administração Obama. Palavras-chave: Cinema e Política, Estados Unidos, Tempo Presente, Conservadorismo. Abstract: The doctoral thesis submitted to the Graduate Program in Comparative History of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro aims to work the possibilities of Film, History, Politics and Present Time Studies from the relationship between American films and conservative movements in the United States between 1992 and 2012. to this end, we chose blockbuster productions in the country, relating them to their spatiotemporal context, establishing analysis from the agendas of the neocons, important in the US political scene during the Clinton and Bush governments, and the Tea Party movement that was strengthened in 2009, during the Obama administration. Keywords: Cinema and Politics, United States, Present Time, Conservatism. 7 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................. 9 Capítulo 1 - CINEMA E POLÍTICA: AS REPRESENTAÇÕES NO TEMPO PRESENTE. .................................................................................................................. 18 Capítulo 2 - POLÍTICA NORTE-AMERICANA E CONSERVADORISMO NO TEMPO PRESENTE. .................................................................................................. 72 Capítulo 3 - BLOCKBUSTERS E O PENSAMENTO CONSERVADOR: A RELAÇÃO ENTRE O PÚBLICO E A POLÍTICA ................................................ 143 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ..................................................................................... 187 BIBLIOGRAFIA ........................................................................................................ 191 8 INTRODUÇÃO A tese de doutoramento apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro tem como objetivo trabalhar as possibilidades dos estudos de Cinema, História, Política e Tempo Presente a partir da relação entre os filmes norte-americanos e os movimentos conservadores nos Estados Unidos, entre 1992 e 2012. Para tal, escolhemos produções de grande bilheteria no país, relacionando-as ao seu contexto espaço-temporal, estabelecendo análises a partir das agendas dos neoconservadores, importantes no cenário político norte-americano durante os governos Clinton e Bush, e do Tea Party, movimento que se fortaleceu em 2009, durante a administração Obama. A produção deste trabalho partiu de estudos prévios realizados tanto na dissertação de mestrado, defendida no mesmo programa em 2012, quando estudamos a produção das imagens dos terroristas pelo cinema norte-americano em perspectiva comparada, analisando filmes sobre o tema produzidos antes e depois do 11 de Setembro1, quanto nos debates desenvolvidos ao longo das pesquisas realizadas no Laboratório de Estudos do Tempo Presente, entre o ano de 2008 e 2013, quando o professor doutor Francisco Carlos Teixeira da Silva produziu uma série de ciclos de discussões, trabalhos e leituras sobre a relação entre cinema e política. O desenvolvimento destes trabalhos resultou na escrita da tese de doutoramento e de trabalhos a serem publicados entre 2014 e 2015 sobre a temática, em que centramos a análise da relação sobre cinema e política e guerra e cinema. Os filmes a serem analisados na tese foram escolhidos a partir das maiores bilheterias do cinema norte-americano a partir de 1992, quando Bill Clinton assumiu o governo dos Estados Unidos sob forte oposição dos neoconservadores, até 2012, quando o movimento conservador foram às ruas para levantar bandeiras contra as propostas de governo promovidas por Barack Obama, que vão desde o debate sobre o controle de armas, até a questão do casamento homossexual. Os pontos centrais relacionados à política e sociedade levantados pelos conservadores, como a exaltação das instituições norte-americanas a partir dos conceitos de liberdade e democracia, segurança, política 1 Para mais informações, ver LAPSKY, Igor. A popularização da guerra através do cinema: uma análise comparada dos terroristas antes e depois do 11 de Setembro. Dissertação de mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada - UFRJ. Rio de Janeiro, 2012. 9 externa, meio ambiente, funcionarão como
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