Chapter 3: REGIONAL CHALLENGES, NEEDS, and STRATEGIES
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Chapter 3: REGIONAL CHALLENGES, NEEDS, AND STRATEGIES This chapter addresses the myriad needs and challenges facing the region. As the region’s understanding of these issues has grown, so has the recognition that many of these issues are interrelated. Transportation investments are increasingly considered for their impacts on air quality, whether they are promoting active transportation and improving public health, and whether projects contain design elements that promote safety for all users. Perhaps most importantly, the relationship between land use patterns and transportation conditions impacts how easily individuals can access jobs, services, and amenities by different modes, the transportation options that are available, as well as the costs associated with daily travel needs. The great challenge in transportation planning is that many of these needs are at times contradictory and need to be balanced. Travelers want to be able to reach their destination as quickly as possible and freight needs to be shipped across the region, yet creating livable places and safe conditions for bicyclists and pedestrians are important priorities as well. Similarly, the region must not view congestion as a universal ill, but something that must be managed and for which different strategies apply in different places. The 2040 MTP considers many of these challenges in the context of growth patterns and scenario planning. Understanding the distribution of housing and employment sites is critical for projecting future travel patterns, availability of transportation modes, and accessibility to jobs and services. And it is the same set of growth patterns that affect land consumption and natural resource needs, including water, which is a consideration in the MTP for the first time. It is also critical to examine regional challenges through the lens of changing preferences and travel patterns. Inherent to the Preferred Scenario is that future housing and transportation decisions will not be made using the same criteria as even a few years ago. This chapter begins by exploring the rapidly changing travel behavior patterns and consumer preferences of residents of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Planning Area (AMPA). Understanding these trends will prove critical for identifying appropriate transportation infrastructure investments that make the metropolitan area a place that can attract new businesses and retain local talent, and more simply, a place where people want to be. To make this chapter more accessible to the reader, each section contains a side panel outlining key takeaways and components related to the mode or topic area, as well as the relationship between the mode or topic area and MTP goals and objectives. Strategies are provided at the end of each section as appropriate. The strategies contained within Chapter 3 are coalesced into recommendations and action items in Chapter 5. 3-1 Issues Discussed in Chapter 3 3.1 Transportation Trends and Changing Preferences ............................................. 3-3 3.2 Roadways ............................................................................................................ 3-14 3.3 Freight and the Movement of Goods and Services ............................................ 3-58 3.4 Transit .................................................................................................................. 3-70 3.5 Pedestrian and Bicycle ........................................................................................ 3-107 3.6 Safety ................................................................................................................... 3-118 3.7 Transportation and Security ............................................................................... 3-139 3.8 Public Health ....................................................................................................... 3-144 3.9 Air Quality............................................................................................................ 3-153 3.10 Environmental Justice ....................................................................................... 3-159 3.11 Economic Impacts ............................................................................................. 3-165 3.12 Travel Demand Management ........................................................................... 3-172 3.13 Livable Communities: Accessibility and Connectivity ....................................... 3-178 3.14 Climate Change Impacts .................................................................................... 3-196 3.15 Water Resources ............................................................................................... 3-206 3.16 Environmental Considerations .......................................................................... 3-215 3.17 Emissions Reduction and Responding to Climate Change ................................ 3-223 3-2 3.1 Transportation Trends and Changing Preferences For decades, the average American traveled greater distances every year than they had the year before. Vehicle ownership rates continued to increase and it appeared that the appetite for vehicle travel was In a Nutshell… insatiable. But in the mid-2000s vehicle travel peaked and individual Takeaways: Travel behavior in behavior slowly began to change. At first it was assumed that behavior the AMPA is changing. Daily differences were purely a function of a struggling economy. Only now is it driving rates are now decreasing becoming apparent that those changes are more structural in nature. and there is increased demand Across the United States there is renewed interest in downtowns, urban for alternative modes of living, and a migration to metropolitan areas in general. Accompanying transportation. Providing a these population shifts are changing lifestyles and increased preference range of housing and for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods and access to alternative modes transportation options is critical of transportation. To be clear, these changes do not reflect a wholesale for meeting the evolving needs shift in American travel patterns. Private vehicles will remain king, but the of Albuquerque area residents. long-term trends have changed such that driving will likely decrease over Components: This section time and trips by other modes are likely to increase. utilizes national and local data The clearest indicator of changing transportation patterns is the decline in on observed travel behavior and per capita vehicle miles traveled (VMT), a trend that began several years stated housing and before the Great Recession and continued even after the recovery. After transportation preferences. growing by an average 1.8 percent per year from 1970 to 2004, per capita Local data is drawn from the VMT fell by about eight percent from 2005 to 2012. In fact, nationwide Mid-Region Household Travel per capita VMT dropped for nine straight years since its peak.1 Survey and the MTP Questionnaire. Goals and Objectives: Meeting the range of transportation needs and creating broader options are directly related to the MTP goals of Mobility, Economic Vitality, and Active Places. 1 Federal Highway Administration, http://www.ssti.us/2014/02/vmt-drops-ninth-year-dots-taking-notice/ 3-3 Figure 3-1: Total Nationwide VMT (Millions), 1970-2012 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 While total amounts of driving have declined, Americans’ relationship with driving also seems to be experiencing subtle shifts. In particular, vehicle ownership rates are decreasing – the number of registered vehicles per household dropped by five percent from 2006 to 20112 – while the percentage of young persons without drivers licenses has increased substantially (the percentage of senior citizens with drivers licenses has increased dramatically over this time).3 The demographic group that is driving many of these changes is the Millennial generation (the largest generation since the Baby Boomers, and generally identified as those born between the early 1980s and the year 2000), which appears to be choosing to behave differently when it comes to housing and transportation choices. Studies based on National Household Travel Surveys found that Millennials not only utilize alternative modes at a higher rate than other generations, but also at a higher rate than persons of the same age did one decade earlier. Compared to 16-34 year-olds in 2001, 16-34 year-olds in 2009 took 15 percent fewer total trips, but 24 percent more bike trips and 16 percent more walking trips. At the same time, distances traveled by transit increased by 40 percent, and vehicle miles traveled decreased by 23 percent. The drop in VMT was shared across income categories and was not simply a function of different economic conditions in 2009; VMT decreased by 16 percent among employed 2 Michael Spivak, “Has Motorization in the US Peaked?” University of Michigan Transportation Research institute, July 2013 3 University of Michigan Transportation Research institute, cited in The Atlantic, “The Dramatic 30-Year Decline of Young Drivers (In 1 Chart),” July 20, 2012 3-4 young persons, and individuals living in “households with annual incomes of over $70,000 increased their use of public transit by 100 percent, biking by 122 percent, and walking by 37 percent.”4 Figure 3-2: Change in Behavior Among 16-34 Year-olds, 2001 vs. 2009 50% 40% 40% 30% 24% 20% 16%