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Rôle De La Voie Mtorc1/S6K Et RSK Dans Le Métabolisme Énergétique

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Rôle De La Voie Mtorc1/S6K Et RSK Dans Le Métabolisme Énergétique Rôle de la voie mTORC1/S6K et RSK dans le métabolisme énergétique Thèse Michaël Shum Doctorat en médecine moléculaire Philosophiae doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Michaël Shum, 2016 Rôle de la voie mTORC1/S6K et RSK dans le métabolisme énergétique Thèse Michaël Shum Sous la direction de : André Marette, directeur de recherche Résumé Rôles de la voie mTORC1/S6K1 et RSK dans la résistance à l’insuline et le métabolisme énergétique Le complexe 1 de la Ser/Thr kinase mTOR (mammalian Target Of Rapamycin) (mTORC1), son médiateur en aval, S6K1, (p70 S6 kinase) et RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) sont des régulateurs clés de la signalisation de l’insuline et du métabolisme énergétique. La voie mTORC1/S6K contrôle la prolifération, la croissance cellulaire, la synthèse protéique, la lipogenèse, la biogenèse mitochondriale et inhibe l’autophagie. L’une des particularités importantes de cette voie de signalisation est l’intégration de différents signaux tels les facteurs de croissance, le statut énergétique, l’oxygène et les nutriments. Ainsi, la voie mTORC1/S6K1 est suractivée par l’excès de nutriments et ses kinases sont bien connues pour être suractivées dans l'obésité. De plus, RSK est une kinase en aval de la voie des MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) et est connue pour réguler la prolifération, la croissance cellulaire et activer la voie mTORC1. Parmi les activateurs de RSK, on retrouve l’insuline et l’hyperglycémie. Ainsi, mTORC1/S6K1 et RSK sont impliquées dans le développement de la résistance à l’insuline, de l’obésité et du diabète de type 2. Dans une première étude publiée dans la revue Diabetologia, nous avons évalué l’impact de l’inhibition pharmacologique de S6K1 par le PF-4708671 sur la résistance à l’insuline et le métabolisme énergétique. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des myotubes (L6) et des hépatocytes (FAO) en culture et montrés que l’inhibition de S6K1 augmente le captage de glucose musculaire et diminue la production hépatique de glucose. Par la suite, nous avons utilisé un modèle de souris obèse induit par une diète riche en gras afin d’évaluer le potentiel thérapeutique de l’inhibition pharmacologique de S6K1. Ces études nous ont permis de montrer que l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur pharmacologique de S6K1 améliore la tolérance au glucose et la phosphorylation d’Akt. Mécanistiquement, nous avons démontré dans un 2ième temps que le PF inhibe non seulement l’activité de S6K1, mais inhibe aussi l’activité du complexe I mitochondrial causant une augmentation de l’activité de l’AMPK (AMP activated protein kinase) et une inhibition de l’ACC (acetyl- CoA carboxylase). Parallèlement, nous avons montré dans une 3e étude, publiée dans J. Biol. Chem., que l'inhibition de RSK1 par l’inhibiteur pharmacologique (BI-D1870) ou d’un mutant RSK1 dominant négatif (DN-RSK1), diminue la phosphorylation d’IRS-1 sur la S1101. Par ailleurs, l’expression du DN-RSK1 augmente l’action de l’insuline sur le transport du glucose musculaire et la production de glucose hépatique. Ainsi, nous avons montré que RSK1 est un nouveau régulateur de la signalisation de l’insuline en phosphorylant la S1101 d’IRS-1. Nous proposons ainsi que l’inhibition de S6K1 et de RSK1 sont des approches thérapeutiques potentielles afin de traiter la résistance à l’insuline et le diabète de type 2. Mots clés : mTORC1, S6K1, RSK, MAPK, résistance à l’insuline, obésité, PF-4708671 iii Abstract Role of mTORC1/S6K1 and RSK on insulin resistance and energy metabolism The Ser/Thr kinase mTOR complex 1 (mammalian Target Of Rapamycin) (mTORC1), his downstream effectors S6K1 (p70 ribosomal S6 kinase) and RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) are key regulators of insulin signaling and energy metabolism. The mTORC1/S6K1 pathway regulates cellular proliferation, growth, protein synthesis, lipogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, insulin signaling and inhibits autophagy. One of the most important roles of this signaling pathway is to integrate differents signals such as growth factors, energy status, oxygen, and nutrients. Thus, the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway is overactivated by nutrient excess conditions such as obesity. In addition, RSK is a downstream kinase of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and it is also known to regulates cell proliferation, growth and to activate the mTORC1 pathway. Insulin and hyperglycemia are known to be among RSK activators. Therefore, mTORC1/S6K1 and RSK are involved in insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes. In a first study published in Diabetologia journal, we evaluated the effect of S6K1 inhibition with a selective S6K1 inhibitor, PF-4708671, on insulin resistance and energy metabolism. We used myotubes (L6) and hepatocytes (FAO) and observed that S6K1 inhibition increases glucose uptake in muscle and decrease glucose production in hepatocytes. In both cell type, S6K1 inhibition increases insulin-stimulating Akt phosphorylation. In addition, we treated obese mice fed high-fat diet for 1-week with S6K1 inhibitor. Mice treated with PF-4708671 have improved glucose tolerance and insulin-stimulating Akt phosphorylation in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver compared to obese mice treated with vehicle. Mechanistically, we showed in a 2nd study that this inhibitor inhibits S6K1 activity but also mitochondrial complex 1 which is associated with an increase in AMPK activation. Along with this study, we showed in a 3rd study published in J. Biol. Chem., that RSK1 phosphorylates directly IRS-1 on Ser1101 and RSK inhibition, by using either a RSK inhibitor (BI-D1870) or dominant-negative RSK1, improves insulin stimulating Akt phosphorylation as well as increasing glucose uptake in myotubes and inhibiting hepatic glucose production in vitro. Therefore, we demonstrated that RSK is a novel regulator of insulin signaling by phosphorylation Ser1101 of IRS-1. In conclusion, we are proposing that S6K1 inhibition and RSK1 inhibition are potential therapeutics targets to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Keywords : mTORC1, S6K1, RSK, MAPK, insulin resistance, obesity, PF-4708671 iv Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. iv Table des matières ................................................................................................................. v Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................ vii Liste des figures .................................................................................................................. viii Liste des abréviations ............................................................................................................ x Remerciements .................................................................................................................... xii Avant-propos ...................................................................................................................... xiv Articles ................................................................................................................................ xv I-Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Le syndrome métabolique ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 L’obésité ............................................................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Le diabète de type 2 ............................................................................................ 3 1.2 L’insuline et le métabolisme................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 L’insuline ............................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Les effets de l’insuline dans le muscle squelettique .............................................. 5 1.2.3 Les effets de l’insuline dans le foie ....................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Les effets de l’insuline dans le tissu adipeux ........................................................ 6 1.2.5 La résistance à l’insuline ....................................................................................... 7 1.3 La signalisation de l’insuline .................................................................................. 7 1.4 mTOR ................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 mTORC1 ............................................................................................................. 18 1.4.2 mTORC2 ............................................................................................................. 32 1.5 S6K ....................................................................................................................... 33 1.6 mTORC1/S6K1 : une voie clé du métabolisme ! ................................................. 36 1.7 p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) ........................................................................... 43 1.8 La mitochondrie .................................................................................................... 48 1.8.1 La structure de la mitochondrie ..........................................................................
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