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Mantha Mylene 2014 Memoire.Pdf Université de Montréal Perception de soi et de l’accumulation d’objets chez les personnes présentant des comportements de Hoarding. par Mylène Mantha École de service social Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maitre ès en Sciences en Service Social Avril, 2014 © Mylène Mantha, 2014 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : Perception de soi et de l’accumulation d’objets chez les personnes présentant des comportements de Hoarding. Présenté par : Mylène Mantha a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Simon Louis Lajeunesse, directeur de recherche Marie-Laurence Poirel, membre du jury Sue-Ann MacDonald, membre du jury i RÉSUMÉ L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de comprendre la signification de l’accumulation d’objets pour la personne présentant des comportements de hoarding. Dans une perspective constructiviste, nous utilisons la construction empirique de la théorie afin d’analyser 8 entrevues. Les théories d’Erving Goffman et d’Howard Becker sur la stigmatisation et la culture d’exclusion nous permettent de comprendre et d’analyser la construction des liens sociaux chez les personnes présentant des comportements de hoarding. De même, l’application de l’approche d’Elkaïm à cette problématique nous permet de comprendre un des principaux défis de l’intervention auprès de cette population, la double contrainte. L’analyse nous permet de distinguer 3 profils de hoarder. Ce travail s’inscrit sous un paradigme encore jamais utilisé pour comprendre la problématique du hoarding et propose une compréhension propre au travail social, différente du modèle médical qui prédomine actuellement dans l’intervention et la littérature scientifique. Mots-clés : Accumulation excessive, accumulation compulsive, accumulation pathologique, accumulation, hoarding, travailleur social, collectionnisme extrême, liens sociaux, recherche qualitative. ii ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to understand the meaning of the accumulation of objects for the person presenting hoarding behaviours. Based on a constructivist framework, we used the empirical construction of theory to analyse 8 interviews. Stigma and the culture of exclusion of Erving Goffman and Howard Becker theories allowed us to understand and to analyze the construction of social ties among people with hoarding behaviours. The application of the theory of Elkaïm to this problem allowed us to understand one of the great challenges of the intervention with this population, the negative feedback. The analysis allowed us to distinguish 3 profiles of hoarder. This research work proposes a different perspective to hoarding, based on a paradigm that was never used before in the comprehension of that problematic and that is proper to social work, in contrast with the prevailing medical model that dominates the literature. Keywords : Excessive hoarding, compulsive hoarding, pathological hoarding, hoarding, social work, extrem collectionnism, social link, qualitative research. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................ I ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... II LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................................................... VI REMERCIEMENTS ....................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1. PRESENTATION DE LA PROBLEMATIQUE ................................................................... 3 1.1 LES DIFFICULTES D’ETUDE DE LA PROBLEMATIQUE ................................................................ 3 1.2 PERTINENCE DU SUJET D’ÉTUDE ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE SCIENTIFIQUE ............................................................................ 5 1.3.1 Imaginaire populaire et culture .......................................................................... 5 1.3.2 ÉTIOLOGIE .................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2.1 Perspective psychodynamique ........................................................................ 6 1.3.2.2 Perspective évolutionnaire .............................................................................. 7 1.3.2.3 Perspective biomédicale .................................................................................. 8 1.3.4 Modèle cognitif-comportemental .................................................................... 15 1.3.2.5 Modèle Stress-Vulnérabilité .......................................................................... 21 1.3.2.6 Considérations éthiques de l’intervention ..................................................... 29 1.4 PRESENTATION DE LA DEMARCHE DE RECHERCHE ET DES OBJECTIFS ....................................... 34 2. CADRE CONCEPTUEL ................................................................................................ 41 2.1 LA THEORISATION ANCREE ............................................................................................. 41 2.2 ELKAÏM : LE PROGRAMME OFFICIEL ET LA CARTE DU MONDE ................................................ 44 2.3 GOFFMAN : LE STIGMATE .............................................................................................. 45 2.3.1 L’identité sociale ............................................................................................... 45 2.3.2 La sous-culture ................................................................................................. 47 iv 2.4 BECKER : OUSTIDERS .................................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 La déviance ....................................................................................................... 48 2.4.2 Un modèle séquentiel ....................................................................................... 48 2.5 WEBER : L’IDEALTYPE ................................................................................................... 51 2.6 L’ARTICULATION DES REPERES CONCEPTUELS ..................................................................... 52 3. MÉTHODOLOGIE ...................................................................................................... 53 3.1 OBJECTIF PRINCIPAL ET SOUS OBJECTIFS ............................................................................ 53 3.2 ÉCHANTILLONNAGE ...................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1 Les répondants ................................................................................................. 54 3.3 COLLECTE DE DONNÉES ................................................................................................. 56 3.3.1 L’application de la théorisation ancrée ............................................................ 56 3.3.2 L’entrevue ......................................................................................................... 57 3.3.3 Le questionnaire démographique ..................................................................... 58 3.5 VALIDATION ET LIMITES ................................................................................................. 58 3.6 ÉTHIQUE ..................................................................................................................... 60 4. ANALYSE DES DONNÉES ........................................................................................... 62 4.1. LA PERCEPTION DE SOI ET DE L’ACCUMULATION : LE SOUFFRANT, L’AMBIVALENT ET LE REBELLE . 62 4.1.1 Conscience du problème ................................................................................... 65 4.1.2 Identité sociale réelle et virtuelle ..................................................................... 68 4.1.3 Les motivations ................................................................................................ 69 4.2. LES LIENS SOCIAUX ....................................................................................................... 72 4.2.1 Construction des liens sociaux .......................................................................... 72 4.2.2 Le rôle de « l’Autre imaginaire » ...................................................................... 75 4.2.3 La fonction de l’objet ........................................................................................ 80 4.3. LES ENJEUX SOCIOSANITAIRES ........................................................................................ 84 5. DISCUSSION ET RÉFLEXIONS .................................................................................... 89 5.1 RETOUR SUR LES THÉORIES EXISTANTES ............................................................................ 89 5.1.1 Perspective psychodynamique ......................................................................... 89 5.1.2 Perspective évolutionnaire ............................................................................... 89 v 5.1.3 Modèle biomédical ........................................................................................... 90 5.1.4 Modèle cognitif-comportemental
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