General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union Colloquium 20

General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union Colloquium

20 YEARS AFTER 9/11: ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES OF EU COUNTER-TERRORISM EFFORTS

8 JULY 2021

SPEAKERS

High-level scene setter

Gilles de KERCHOVE was appointed EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator in 2007. In this function, he coordinates the work of the European Union in the field of counterterrorism, maintains an overview of all the instruments at the Union's disposal, closely monitors the implementation of the EU counter-terrorism strategy and fosters better communication between the EU and third Countries to ensure that the Union plays an active role in the fight against terrorism. He was previously Director for Justice and Home Affairs at the EU Council General Secretariat (1995-2007), where he played a central role in the negotiations leading to the creation of Eurojust, CEPOL or the European Arrest Warrant. Before that, he was Deputy Secretary of the Convention which drafted the Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union (1999-2000). He teaches European Law at the Université Catholique de Louvain, Université Libre de Bruxelles and Université Saint Louis-Bruxelles. He has published a number of books and articles on European law, human rights, security and counter terrorism. Gilles de Kerchove graduated in Law from Université Catholique de Louvain (1979) and obtained a Masters in Law (LLM) at Yale Law School in 1984.

Juan Fernando LÓPEZ AGUILAR is the Chairman of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs of the European Parliament, where he has served as an MEP since 2009. Prior to this, he was Minister of Justice of Spain (2004 - 2007) and Head of the Spanish Socialist Delegation to the European Parliament (2009 - 2014). He has also served as a Member of the Spanish Parliament (2000 - 2009) and as a Secretary General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in the Canary Islands (2007 - 2011). As a scholar, Juan Fernando López Aguilar has built an academic career as a Full Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Las Palmas and as a Jean Monnet Professor of Law and European Integration. He has published sixteen books and more than one hundred articles on comparative law, federalism and regionalism, fundamental rights and judiciary systems. Many of his publications have been translated into several languages. He is also a frequent speaker at academic and political fora at national and international level.

Monique PARIAT is the Director-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) in the European Commission since January 2020. She leads the adoption, implementation, and monitoring of the EU’s legislation and policy on migration and asylum as well as on internal security. Between 2015-2020, Monique Pariat was the Director-General responsible for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO). In this role, she oversaw the development and implementation of the EU’s humanitarian aid, which each year helps over a hundred million people in need across the globe. She also oversaw the Union’s civil protection mechanism which aims at protecting people, the environment and property in the aftermath of disasters both inside and outside the EU. Previously, Monique Pariat held numerous senior management posts in the European Commission, in the departments dealing with 1 agriculture and rural development, fisheries and maritime affairs, as well as justice, freedom and security. Monique Pariat joined the European Commission in 1987. She graduated from the Institute of Political Studies of Strasbourg and obtained a master’s degree from the College of Europe in Bruges.

Margaritis SCHINAS took office as Vice-President of the European Commission under President Ursula Von Der Leyen in December 2019, with the portfolio for Promoting our European Way of Life. In this capacity, he oversees the EU’s policies for Migration, Security Union, Social rights, Skills, Education, Culture & Sports, Youth, Public health, Interfaith dialogue and the Fight against antisemitism. He began his career in the European Commission in 1990 and is both the first EU official appointed Member of the College of Commissioners, and the first Greek Vice-President of the European Commission in the history of the institution. Between 2007 and 2009, he served as a Member of the European Parliament. During his parliamentary term, he was a Member of the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee, the Committee on Budgets and the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. He then returned to the European Commission where he held various senior positions. In 2010, President Barroso appointed him as Deputy Head of the Bureau of European Policy Advisers. Later, he served as Resident Director and Head of the Athens Office of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN). In 2014, President Juncker appointed him Chief Spokesperson of the European Commission, role that he endorsed during one of the most challenging periods of European integration. Born in Thessaloniki in 1962, Margaritis Schinas holds an MSc in Public Administration and Public Policy from the London School of Economics, a Diploma of Advanced European Studies from the College of Europe in Bruges and a Degree in Law from the Aristotelean University of Thessaloniki.

Jeppe TRANHOLM-MIKKELSEN is the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union since 2015. He was appointed on 21 April 2015, for the period 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2020, and again on 29 April 2020 for a second five-year term until June 2025. An experienced diplomat, he has previously served in a number of positions in the Danish government and diplomatic service, including as a permanent representative to the EU (2010-2015) and Ambassador to China (2007-2010). Mr Tranholm-Mikkelsen studied international relations in the London School of Economics and political science at the University of Aarhus.

Anne WEYEMBERGH is Full Professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB, Law Department and Institute for European Studies) and Vice Rector for External Relations and development cooperation – ULB. She is former President of the Institute for European Studies of the ULB (Sept. 2014 - 2019) and Director of the Center of European Law (2019-2020). She founded and co-coordinates the European Criminal Law Academic Network (ECLAN : http://www.eclan.eu/) since November 2004. She is Visiting Professor at the College of Europe (Natolin campus). She is Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique (Classe des Lettres et des Sciences morales et politiques). She has coordinated numerous research projects and is especially Lead scientist of the GEM-Stones programme (Globalisation, Europe and Multilateralism - Sophistication of the Transnational Order, Networks & European Strategies), Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions (Grant Agreement No 722826) (2016-2020).

Panel 1 - Disruptive technologies

Julien CANTEGREIL, PhD, is an entrepreneur with a passion for technology applied to solving massive challenges. While the 50th birthday of the Apollo 11 mission was being celebrated, he founded SpaceAble to contribute to space exploration by improving the resiliency of LEO infrastructures. He has accumulated a wealth of experience at a global level with projects spanning from Fintech at Strike Derivatives in NYC to Policy at the Cabinet of the Minister of Economics in France, Litigation at the Supreme Court Judges Network at Collège de France, and Corporate affairs as the Associate General Counsel of the multibillion dollar company Kering during the group’s entire successful restructuration. Fulbright Scholar to the US and Young Leader of the French American Foundation, Julien has dedicated time and leadership to numerous pro bono activities in the areas of ideas, youth, innovation and Europe. Currently, he is President of AsterIdea, a Paris-based not for profit dedicated to increase space awareness. Julien teaches Space and Entrepreneurship at Sciences Po in Paris. An alumnus of the Yale Law School and the École normale supérieure (Paris, Economics), he is an accomplished philosopher (agrégé) with an award-winning PhD in Law from the Sorbonne.

André LOESEKRUG-PIETRI is Executive Chairman of JEDI, former Special Advisor to the French Minister of Defence, founder of ACAPITAL. Of French and German nationalities, he has held leadership positions in private equity, government and industry, and as an entrepreneur. Starting as assistant to the CEO of Aerospatiale-Airbus, he spent 15 years in private equity and venture capital, including 10 years with China, investing in European companies with global ambitions. In 2017, he paused from the private sector to become Special Advisor to the French Minister of Defence, responsible in particular for European defence policy, as well as technology and innovation. He is currently Chairman of the Joint European Disruptive Initiative (JEDI), to accelerate Europe’s leadership in disruptive innovations, and launched the first Darpa-type GrandChallenge from Europe in 2020. HEC and Harvard Kennedy School graduate, he is lecturer at SciencesPo, member of the Innovation Board of the Munich Security Conference and regular columnist in several international media. He attended Sup-Aero aerospace engineering school, was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum, is a private pilot, and Colonel with the French Air Force People’s Reserve.

Olivier ONIDI is Deputy Director-General of the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) at the European Commission since May 2016, with particular responsibility for security. In this capacity, he oversees the activities in the fields of terrorism and violent extremism, organized crime, cybersecurity, information systems and innovation. He also headed the Secretariat of the Commission's Task Force for the Security Union. Since March 2020, he is also EU Anti-trafficking Coordinator. His last assignment was Deputy Director-General of DG HOME with the specific task to coordinate the Commission-wide work related to the Central Mediterranean Route in the context of the refugees’ crisis. Previously, he was Director for the European Mobility Network in the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE), and Director for Innovative and Sustainable Mobility. Olivier Onidi also worked as Deputy Head of Cabinet of the Energy Commissioner, Mr Günther H. Oettinger, as Head of Unit for air transport services, aviation safety and environment, and was Head of the Satellite Navigation System programme GALILEO. Before joining the Commission, Olivier Onidi worked as Adviser to the Executive Committee of Belgacom and as Public Policy Manager at American Express International. Olivier Onidi holds Master degrees in International Economics, European Studies and Business Administration.

Marietje SCHAAKE is the international policy director at Stanford University’s Cyber Policy Center and international policy fellow at Stanford’s Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. She was named President of the Cyber Peace Institute. Between 2009 and 2019, Marietje served as a Member of European Parliament for the Dutch liberal democratic party where she focused on trade, foreign affairs and technology policies. Marietje is affiliated with a number of non-profits including the European Council on Foreign Relations and the Observer Research Foundation in India and writes a monthly column for the Financial Times and a bi-monthly column for the Dutch NRC newspaper.

Panel 2 - Islamist extremist ideology

Abdelhay BEN ADELLAH is a partner of the Belgian government in reforming the institutional Islamic entities, and a legal advisor of Ceapire (Centre Expertise and Advice for Prevention and Intervention of Radicalism and Extremism). A change and transformation manager, he has over 20 years' experience in ICT, telecommunications, solutions developments and HR environments.

Prof Dr Maurits S. BERGER, LLM graduated in Law and Arabic Studies and is professor of Islam and the West at Leiden University and director of the Leiden Islam Academie. He is also senior research associate with the Clingendael Institute for International Relations in The Hague, and was member of the Advisory Board International Affairs of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2019. Prof Berger has worked as a lawyer in Amsterdam, and for seven years as a researcher and journalist in Cairo and Damascus. Prof Berger acts as advisor to the government and civil society. He is engaged in European public debates and policies regarding the Muslim world and Muslims in the West.

Dr Özgür ÖZVATAN is a political sociologist and Deputy Chair at the Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research, Humboldt University of Berlin, where he works on topics related to democracy, radicalization and collective identity. He is the Junior Research Group Leader of “German Islam as alternative to Islamism? Responses to Islamist threats by Muslim associations, communities and lifeworlds” funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research.

Dr Magnus RANSTORP has been researching counterterrorism and CVE issues for almost thirty years. Previously he developed the world-renowned Centre for the Study of Terrorism & Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, founded in the mid- 1990s. Dr Ranstorp was also the first author to seriously map out the Lebanese Hizbollah movement and its connection to international terrorism and relationship with Iran and Syria. Before and after 9/11 he was consultant for CNN on terrorism issues. He was also invited to testify in the 9/11 Commission in its First Hearing in 2003. He was appointed a member of the original European Commission Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation (established 2006) and the subsequent European Network of Experts on Radicalisation (ENER). Currently, Dr Ranstorp is Research Director at the Centre for Asymmetric Threat Studies at the Swedish Defense University & Special Adviser of the EU Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN). RAN is a practitioner-led network of 6,000 practitioners working on CVE issues across the EU. Dr Ranstorp helped the process of establishing RAN in September 2011 and has been an instrumental operational part of it since then. Dr Ranstorp has worked extensively on the issue of Foreign Terrorist Fighters and his most recent publication on Swedish Foreign Fighters is based on a dataset of 267 FTFs out of 300 Swedish FTFs, data obtained from the Swedish Security Service. In 2017 he also co-authored EU RAN Manual on Responding to Returning FTFs and their Families. In 2018 he published an extensive report on salafism and salafi- jihadism in Sweden. In 2020 he published an extensive study on the Far Right in Sweden focusing on the Nordic Resistance Movement (NMR) and the Alt-Right dimensions in Sweden. Dr Ranstorp also lead the Copenhagen Municipality Expert Group that developed the Anti-radicalization Action Plan in 2015. He also advises Stockholm City on CVE and the Swedish National CVE coordinator.

Panel 3 - EU, CT and intelligence

Bernard BAJOLET is the former head of the Directorate-General for External Security (Direction générale des services extérieurs), the French foreign intelligence agency (2013-2017). He was formerly coordinator of intelligence for President Sarkozy, as head of the Conseil national du renseignement (2008-2011). His career in the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs saw him as Ambassador to Afghanistan (2011-2013), Ambassador and High Representative to Algeria (2006-2008), Chief of the section of French interests and then Ambassador to Iraq (2003- 2006), and Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (1999-2003) and to Jordan (1994-1998). He also held positions in Damascus (1986-1990), Rome (1981-1985) and Algiers (1975-1978). He studied at Paris' Sciences Po, and graduated from the École nationale d'administration in 1975. An expert on the Arab- Muslim world, Bernard Bajolet is fluent in Arabic. He is the author of Le soleil ne se lève plus à l'est - Mémoires d'Orient d'un ambassadeur peu diplomate (Plon, 2018). Today, Bajolet is Member of the Vision and Strategy Board of private security firm Amarante.

Michael CHERTOFF is the Executive Chairman and Co-Founder of The Chertoff Group, a global advisory firm that provides security risk management, business strategy and M&A advisory services. He advises senior management and Boards of Directors of global financial services, energy and technology companies on how to manage cyber and physical security risk. From 2005 to 2009, Chertoff served as Secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, where he led the U.S. Government’s efforts to prevent terrorism and enhance security, secure U.S. borders, advance cybersecurity defenses within Federal agencies and critical infrastructure, and ensure disaster response and resilience. Earlier in his career, Chertoff served as a federal judge and head of the U.S. Department of Justice’s Criminal Division, where he investigated and prosecuted cases of political corruption, organized crime, corporate fraud and terrorism – including the investigation of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. He began his career in 1983 as Federal prosecutor in New York, where he led the simultaneous prosecution of the heads of New York’s five major mafia crime families. Chertoff recently co-chaired the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace, and he also serves on The Transatlantic Commission on Election Integrity (TCEI). Chertoff currently serves on the board of directors of Noblis and Edgewood Networks. He is also Chairman of the Board of Directors of BAE Systems, Inc., the U.S.-based subsidiary of BAE Systems plc. In 2018, he was named the chairman of the Board of Trustees for Freedom House. He is the author of Homeland Security: Assessing the First Five Years (2009) and Exploding Data Reclaiming Our Cyber Security in the Digital Age (2018).Chertoff is a magna cum laude graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School.

Koen GEENS is the former Minister of Justice (2014-2020) and Deputy Prime Minister (2019-2020) of Belgium. Between 2013 and 2020, he was successively Minister of Finance, Justice and European Affairs. He is currently a Member of the Federal Parliament, where he focuses on Justice. Before his political career, he practised law and co-founded the largest independent law firm in Belgium. He studied law at the University of Antwerp and KU Leuven and obtained a Master of Laws from Harvard University. Since 1986 he is Extraordinary Professor at the University of Leuven (KULeuven) where he teaches company law, financial law and legal ethics.

Daniel MARKIĆ is the fourth Director of the Croatian Security and Intelligence Agency (SOA). He was appointed on 5 May 2016 and reappointed in May 2020. He started his professional career in 1991 when he joined the Croatian Armed Forces and subsequently rose to the rank of Major in the Special Operations Forces. In 1994 he leaves the Army to join the Croatian Intelligence Service (HIS) where he remains until 2001, holding managing positions in Operations and International Cooperation. In 2001 he turns to diplomacy, assuming post of the First Secretary in the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Croatia to the EU in Brussels. Upon completing his diplomatic mission in 2005, he continued his career in the intelligence community as the Head of International Cooperation in the then Intelligence Agency (OA). He headed various units in operations, education and international cooperation in the newly formed Security- Intelligence Agency until 2016, when he became its Director. He holds a Master’s degree in International and European Law.

Panel 4 - External challenges

Florence GAUB is the Deputy Director of the EUISS, where she is in charge of coordinating research activities. In addition, she works on strategic foresight, as well as security and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa. Previously employed at NATO Defence College and the German parliament, she wrote her PhD on the Lebanese army at the Humboldt University of Berlin and holds degrees from Sciences Po Paris, the Sorbonne and the University of Munich.

John T. GODFREY is the US Department of State's Acting Coordinator for Counterterrorism and Acting Special Envoy for the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS. Mr. Godfrey came to CT from the Embassy in Riyadh, where he served for more than half of his 2015-2018 tour as Acting Deputy Chief of Mission, and before that as Political Counselor. From 2013-2014 he was Chief of Staff to then Deputy Secretary of State Bill Burns, during a period that encompassed Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and attempted annexation of Crimea, the Egyptian Armed Forces’ removal from office of President Morsy, and the emergence of ISIS. His other previous assignments include Arms Control Counselor at the U.S. Permanent Mission to International Organizations in Vienna (2010-2013); Deputy Political Counselor for Northern Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad (2009-2010); and Political and Economic Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli (2007-2009), where he was part of the small team that finalized the U.S.-Libya Claims Settlement Agreement, securing compensation for families of victims of the Lockerbie bombing and other acts of terrorism. He has also served as Staff Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, as Political and Economic Chief at the U.S. Embassy in Ashgabat, and as Political Officer in Damascus, where his tour coincided with the death of former President Hafiz al-Asad and the succession of Bashar al-Asad. Mr. Godfrey holds a B.A. in Political Science from the University of California at Los Angeles and an M.A. in Middle East and North Africa Studies from the University of Michigan.

Raffi GREGORIAN is Deputy to the Under-Secretary-General and Director of the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT), with over 33 years of academic, diplomatic and military experience in counter-terrorism and international peace and security. Prior to his appointment in 2019, Mr. Gregorian was Director of Multilateral Affairs in the Bureau of Counterterrorism of the U.S. Department of State and Acting Deputy Coordinator for Counterterrorism (2017-2018), and Director for the Office of Peace Operations, Sanctions, and Counterterrorism (2012-2015). In this latter capacity, he initiated the first new U.S. peacekeeping policy in 25 years, led a number of important peacekeeping reforms, and helped secure full funding for the UN peacekeeping budget. His field experience includes leading two multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and military service in BiH, Kosovo, and the Joint Staff in Washington, D.C. In BiH he was Supervisor of Brčko District (2006-2010), Principal Deputy High Representative (2007-2010) and for several months also Acting High Representative, having first served as Political Advisor for NATO Headquarters Sarajevo and Co-Chairman of the BiH Defense Reform Commission (2004-2006). Besides several years as a senior analyst for commercial defense companies, Mr. Gregorian also worked on the official history of the Vietnam War for the U.S. Army. Author of a number of academic and intelligence publications, Mr. Gregorian holds a Doctorate in International Relations and Strategic Studies from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, a Master of Arts in War Studies from King’s College London, and a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in History from the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of several academic publications.

Matthew LEVITT is the Fromer-Wexler Fellow at The Washington Institute and director of its Jeanette and Eli Reinhard Program on Counterterrorism and Intelligence. Previously, he served as deputy assistant secretary for intelligence and analysis at the U.S. Department of the Treasury (2005-2007), playing a central role in efforts to protect the U.S. financial system from abuse and to deny terrorists, weapons proliferators, and other rogue actors the ability to finance threats to U.S. national security. Before that, he served as a State Department counterterrorism advisor to the special envoy for Middle East regional security (SEMERS), General James L. Jones (2008-2009). From 2001 to 2005, Dr. Levitt served the Washington Institute as founding director of its Terrorism Research Program (now renamed), established in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Previously, he served as a counterterrorism intelligence analyst at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), where he participated as a team member in a number of crisis situations, including the terrorist threat surrounding the turn of the millennium and the September 11 attacks. Dr. Levitt holds a bachelor's degree in political science from Yeshiva University, a master's degree in law and diplomacy and a doctorate from Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He was a graduate research fellow at Harvard Law School's Program on Negotiation and has taught at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Hopkins’ Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences. He has written extensively on terrorism, countering violent extremism, illicit finance, the Middle East, and Arab-Israeli peace negotiations, in peer- reviewed journals and the press, including the Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy.

Jonathan POWELL is CEO of Inter Mediate, the charity he founded in 2011 to work on conflict resolution around the world. Jonathan worked on the negotiations with ETA in the Basque country, on the negotiations in Colombia with the FARC and on the peace negotiations in Mozambique. Inter Mediate is working on 10 conflicts at the moment. Jonathan was Chief of Staff to Tony Blair from 1995 to 2007 and from 1997 to 2007 was also Chief British Negotiator on Northern Ireland. From 1978-79 he was a broadcast journalist with the BBC and Granada TV and from 1979 to 1994 a British Diplomat. He is the author of ‘Great Hatred, Little Room: Making Peace in Northern Ireland’, ‘The New Machiavelli, How to Wield Power in the Modern World’ and ‘Talking to Terrorists, How to End Armed Conflict’.

Dr. Thomas RENARD is a Senior Research Fellow at the Egmont Institute and an Adjunct Professor at the Brussels School of Governance. His research focuses on (counter-)terrorism and (counter-)radicalization in Belgium and in Europe. His recent research has focused on the evolution of counter-terrorism policy in liberal democracies since 2001, on (returning) foreign fighters, on radicalization in prison and on terrorist recidivism. His latest book is The Evolution of Counter-Terrorism since 9/11 (Routledge, Fall 2021), for which Gilles de Kerchove has kindly written the foreword. He presented his research findings in many policy venues, including the UN Security Council, UN CTED, the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF), or the European Parliament, among others, and his recommendations inform regularly global policy discussions. He also contributes regularly to media worldwide.

Pedro SERRANO is Head of Cabinet of the EU's High Representative for Common and Security Policy and Vice President of the Commission, Josep Borrell. He was previously Deputy Secretary General for Security and Defence Policy and for Crisis Response in the European External Action Service (2015-2019) and has held multiple roles in EU institutions before that, including as Principal Advisor on External Affairs to the President of the European Council and head of the EU Delegation to the United Nations in New York. Prior to joining the European Union, Serrano served as a Spanish diplomat. Mr Serrano has a degree in law from Universidad Complutense in Madrid. He has published numerous articles on EU security and defence policy and on EU foreign policy, and regularly takes part in public events on these topics.

Closing session block 1 - 20 years after 9/11

Bernard CAZENEUVE is a lawyer and a former Prime Minister of France. He started his political career as a member of several ministerial cabinets between 1991 and 1993. He then held several elected offices in the Manche department from 1994 to 2012, including that of Mayor of Cherbourg-Octeville, First Vice-President of the region of Basse-Normandie and Deputy for the Manche department. Bernard Cazeneuve was also a judge at the French High Court of Justice and the Court of Justice of the Republic between 1997 and 2002. During the 2012 presidential election, he was appointed as one of François Hollande's four spokespersons. He was then successively appointed Minister Delegate for European Affairs (2012), Minister Delegate for the Budget (2013). and, during a ministerial reshuffle in 2014, Minister of the Interior, a position he held until December 2016. Bernard Cazeneuve was then appointed Prime Minister by François Hollande, until the resignation of his government in 2017, after the presidential election. He then joined the law firm AUGUST DEBOUZY as a partner. Bernard Cazeneuve currently chairs the board of directors of Sciences Po Bordeaux and teaches a course on "France and the challenges of the fight against terrorism" at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques Paris. He is also President of the "Club des Juristes".

Joëlle MILQUET is the first President of the Strategic and Advisory Committee of ECES (European Centre for Electoral support) since 2020. In 2017, she was appointed Special Adviser to President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker for the compensation of victims of crime. She has held top governmental positions in Belgium, including Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Employment and Gender issues (2008-2011), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior (2011-2014) and Minister of Education and Culture (2014-2016). She was also Chair of the Security Committee of Brussels’ Regional Parliament (2016-2019) and city councillor in Brussels- City (2006-2018). She was previously Vice President of the PSC (1995-1999), and was elected President of the party in 1999, rebranding it to cdH where she served as President from 1999 to 2011. Before that, Milquet was a lawyer of the Brussels Bar (1985-1992). She also worked as an auxiliary clerk to the Belgian judge at the Court of Justice of the European Communities in Luxembourg. A graduate in Law from the Université catholique de Louvain and has a LLM in European Law from the Europa Instituut-Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Closing session block 2 - Evolution of the threat and of the means

Věra JOUROVÁ is currently Vice President of the European Commission for Values and Transparency and deals with democracy, rule of law, disinformation and media pluralism. From 2014 to 2019, she served as EU Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality. In 2014, before arriving to the European Commission, Ms Jourová held the position of Minister for Regional Development in the Czech Republic. Previous to this, from 2006 to 2013, she worked in her own company as an international consultant on European Union funding, and was also involved in consultancy activities in the Western Balkans relating to the European Union Accession. She holds a Degree in Law (Mgr.) and a Master's degree (Mgr.) in the Theory of Culture from the Charles University, Prague.

Peter NEUMANN is Professor of Security Studies at the Department of War Studies at King's College London, and serves as Director of the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR), which he founded in early 2008. He has authored or co- authored five books, including Old and New Terrorism, published by Polity Press in 2009; and The Strategy of Terrorism (with MLR Smith), published by Routledge in 2008. He is the author of numerous peer-reviewed articles, dealing with different aspects of terrorism and radicalisation, especially ‘homegrown’ radicalisation in Western countries. Shorter articles and opinion pieces he has appeared in have featured in outlets such as the New York Times, Der Spiegel, and the International Herald Tribune. He has taught courses on terrorism, counterterrorism, intelligence, radicalisation and counter-radicalisation at King's College London and the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where he continues to serve as adjunct professor. He holds an MA in Political Science from the Free University of Berlin, and a PhD in War Studies from King’s College London. Before becoming an academic, he worked as a radio journalist in Germany.

Laurent NUÑEZ is the French National Coordinator of intelligence and the fight against terrorism. In this capacity, he is responsible for carrying out a global analysis of the threat and for suggesting a line of action in terms of intelligence and the fight against terrorism to the President of the Republic, while ensuring the implementation of coordination and information-exchange mechanisms. Between October 2018 and July 2020 he was Secretary of State to the Minister of the Interior, after being entrusted by the President of the Republic, upon his election in 2017, with the reins of the Directorate General of Internal Security (DGSI), in charge of the fight against terrorism. Laurent Nuñez began his career as a tax inspector. He was admitted to the École nationale d'administration by internal competition in 1997 as a member of the Cyrano- de-Bergerac class. In 1999, he joined the Ministry of the Interior in the Directorate General of Local Authorities (DGCL) as a civil administrator. In 2003 he was appointed sub-prefect general secretary of the Haute-Saône prefecture in Vesoul before returning to the Ministry of the Interior two years later as head of the office for the management of the prefectural corps. In 2008, Laurent Nuñez joined the prefecture of Seine-Saint- Denis where he was confronted for the first time with security issues as director of the prefect's cabinet. From 2010 to 2012, he was sub-prefect of Bayonne in the Basque Country. He then joined the Paris police prefecture on his appointment as prefect, head of cabinet of the police prefect from 2012 to 2015. He then became head of the Bouches-du-Rhône police prefecture.

Eleonore PAUWELS is a Senior Fellow with the Global Center on Cooperative Security in New York City. Eleonore conducts in-depth research on the security and governance implications generated by the convergence of artificial intelligence with other dual-use technologies, including cybersecurity, genomics and genome-editing. Eleonore explores and analyzes our converging technological futures, unveilling emerging signals and drivers of change, such as the Internet of Bodies, Genomes and Minds, Cognitive- Emotional Conflicts and The New Deception Machine, Smart but Vulnerable Cities in the era of AI-led Cybercrime, or The Rise of Bio-Citizens (Democratization of Genomics Technologies). Eleonore provides expertise to the World Bank and the United Nations, as well as to governments and private sector actors, on AI-Cyber Prevention, the changing nature of conflict, foresight and global security. In 2018 and 2019, Eleonore served as Research Fellow on Emerging Cybertechnologies for the United Nations University’s Centre for Policy Research. At the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, she spent ten years within the Science and Technology Innovation Program, leading the Anticipatory Intelligence Lab. She is part of the Scientific Committee of the International Association for Responsible Research and Innovation in Genome-Editing. She is a former official of the European Commission’s Directorate on Science, Economy and Society. Eleonore regularly testifies before U.S. and European authorities including the U.S. Department of State, NAS, NIH, NCI, FDA, the National Intelligence Council, the European Commission and the UN. She writes for Nature, The New York Times, The Guardian, Scientific American, Le Monde, Slate, UN News, The UN Chronicle and The World Economic Forum.

Sir Rob WAINWRIGHT is a senior partner at Deloitte, advising the boards and executive teams of global companies on cyber security, financial crime and other areas of risk. He previously served as Executive Director of Europol, the European Union law enforcement agency, for almost a decade. Here he helped established the European Counter Terrorism Centre and the European Cybercrime Centre, and led the transformation of Europol into a world-class security institution. Sir Rob has had a 28- year career in intelligence, policing, government, EU and international affairs, including at the Serious Organised Crime Agency, National Criminal Intelligence Service and the British Security Service. In June 2018 he was awarded a Knighthood by HM The Queen for his services to security and policing. He has worked across a range of pioneering security solutions in technology, data and intelligence operations, including driving new public-private initiatives on cyber security and financial crime in banking and other sectors through the World Economic Forum (WEF) and Institute of International Finance. Sir Rob is a Board Member of the Global Cyber Alliance, the Global Fund to End Modern Slavery, and the Wilton Park Advisory Council. He is the Chair of a Global Experts Group with the Global Coalition to Fight Financial Crime, and a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Information Security. Sir Rob currently hosts the podcast series Insights on Responsible Business.

Closing session block 3 - The external dimension

Michèle CONINSX was appointed Assistant Secretary-General (ASG) and Executive Director of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) by United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres on 11 August 2017. Ms. Coninsx took up her functions on 3 November 2017. Prior to her position at the United Nations, Ms. Coninsx was President of Eurojust – the European Union agency tasked with dealing with judicial cooperation in criminal matters –2012-2017, after having served as its Vice- President for five years. In addition, Ms. Coninsx was National Member for Belgium at Eurojust, and Chair of Eurojust’s Counter-Terrorism Team. Before joining Eurojust, Ms. Coninsx was a Federal Prosecutor (Magistrat Fédéral) in Belgium dealing with terrorism and organised crime. She holds a Belgian noble title of Baroness, as well as the title of Fellow of Law and Criminology at the University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel (2014-2017)), Visiting Professor in the School of Law at Queen Mary University of London (2015-2018), and in the College of Europe (2016-2018). Ms. Coninsx has a Master’s Degree in Law, a Master’s Degree in Criminology, and is a specialist in Air Law and Aviation Security (UK – USA). She also served for nine years as an expert in aviation security for the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

Jamie SHEA CMG, is Visiting Professor of Strategy and Security of the Strategy and Security Institute, University of Exeter, and member of the Group of Strategic Advisors of the NATO Special Operations Forces Command at SHAPE in Belgium. Prior to joining the University of Exeter, Jamie Shea was an international public servant and a member of the International Staff of NATO for 38 years. His last NATO post was Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges. Other positions included Director of Policy Planning in the Private Office of the Secretary General, Deputy Assistant Secretary General for External Relations, Public Diplomacy Division, Director of Information and Press and Spokesman of NATO. Outside NATO, Jamie Shea has been involved with several prominent academic institutions: Professor at the Collège of Europe, Bruges for 20 years, Visiting Lecturer in the Practice of Diplomacy, University of Sussex and Associate Professor of International Relations at the American University, Washington DC. Jamie Shea is a Senior Transatlantic Fellow of the German Marshall Fund of the United States and a Senior Fellow at the London School of Economics,

14 where he teaches a course on crisis management and political communication. Jamie Shea is an Associate Fellow at Chatham House, serves on the Board of the Danish Defence College, is a Senior Advisor at the European Policy Centre and a Senior Fellow at Friends of Europe.

Ali SOUFAN is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Soufan Group. A leading national security and counterterrorism expert, he plays a significant advisory role in global intelligence issues. As an FBI Supervisory Special Agent, Ali investigated and supervised complex international terrorism cases, including the East Africa embassy bombings, the attack on the USS Cole, and the events surrounding 9/11. He had a distinguished career in the FBI, including serving on the Joint Terrorism Task Force, New York Office, where he coordinated both domestic and international counterterrorism operations. He often operated out of hostile environments and carried out sensitive extraterritorial missions and high-level negotiations, and he has received numerous awards and commendations for his work. These include the FBI Director’s Award for Excellence, the Respect for Law Enforcement Award for “relentless pursuit of truth and bringing terrorist subjects before the bar of justice,” and a commendation from the U.S. Department of Defense that labeled him “an important weapon in the ongoing war on terrorism.” Ali has testified before the U.S. Congress, presidential commissions, and the British Parliament’s Home Affairs Committee, and he has appeared as an expert panelist and guest speaker at international security forums, both in the United States and abroad. Ali is an honors graduate of Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, where he received his undergraduate double degree in International Studies and Political Science, minoring in Cultural Studies and Anthropology. He received a Master of Arts in International Relations from Villanova University, graduating magna cum laude.