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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY (Aait) ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (AAiT) Characterizing and Understanding of the Hydrological System of Didesa Sub-Basin Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Hydraulic Engineering. By Timketa Adula Advisor: Dr. Belete Berhanu ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY November, 2016 Abstract Understanding hydrological characteristics of watersheds in Ethiopia highlands have significance importance for the water based development of the country. The Didesa sub basin, which is one of the major sub basins in Abay river basin, has not well studied as compare with the northern sub basins of Blue Nile (Tana sub basin). The study evaluated the quality of observed meteorological and hydrological data, established SWAT hydrological model, and developed different characterization parameters for different watersheds in the sub basin. The result indicated that the SWAT model developed for the sub basin evaluated and its performance certain with the statistical measures, coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash coefficient (NS) with values ranging 0.62 to 0.8 and 0.6 to 0.8 respectively at daily time scale. The coefficient of determination R2 and NS increases at monthly time scale and ranging 0.75 to 0.92 and 0.71 to 0.91 respectively. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify parameters those were most sensitive for the sub basin. CN2, GWQMN, CH_K, ALPHA_BNK and LAT_TIME are the most sensitive parameters in the sub basin. The hydrological system of the sub basin is also characterized with its simulated stream flow at five major tributaries watersheds, dominate land use mosaic vegetation/crop lands followed by closed to open shrub land, soil Humic Nitosols and slope 0% to 36% as catchment attributes, and the peak flow for 2-10000 return period. i Acknowledgement First and above all, I praise God, the almighty for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed successfully. I wish to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Belete Berhanu (PhD), for his generous advice, inspiring guidance and encouragement throughout my research for this work. His expert advice from title selection up to final writes up of this thesis and especially for his patience and guidance during the writing process, the insightful discussion, for his support during the whole period of the study. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion of this dissertation and has taught me innumerable lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in general. This thesis could not have been completed without his generous and professional assistance. What I learn from him is not just how to write a thesis to graduation requirement but how to view this from world prospective. I would like acknowledge Fesea Behulu (PhD), who is hydrologist at OWWDSE, providing me information about Didesa sub basin. Furthermore, his assistance in my final thesis by giving core idea of research thesis. I am extremely grateful for his assistance and suggestions throughout my thesis. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Ethiopian Ministry of Water and Energy; and Ethiopian National Metrology Agency for their assistance in providing me the necessary data for the study. I cannot finish without thanking my family. I warmly thank and appreciate my parents, my brothers and sisters for encouragement and spiritual support in all aspects of my life. I would like to extend special thanks to my friends who are numerous to mention their name, especially Bikila Gudina, Dano Keranso, Ebisa Abiram for their encouragements and inspiring assistance in my thesis work. ii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ ii 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3. General Objective ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1. Specific Objective: ................................................................................................................. 2 1.4. Outline of the research ................................................................................................................. 2 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1. Watershed Hydrology ................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Hydrological processes.......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Why change in hydrological process? ................................................................................... 5 2.1.3. Role of model in explaining hydrological process ................................................................. 6 2.2. Hydrological System ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.3. Hydrologic Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 7 2.4. Hydrological Model ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.5. Software’s used for this study ...................................................................................................... 9 2.5.1. Arc SWAT Modeling ............................................................................................................ 9 2.5.2. Runoff-Volume Models ....................................................................................................... 12 2.5.3. Rainfall–runoff relationships ............................................................................................... 12 2.5.4. Supplementary software for this study .............................................................................. 12 2.5.5. Homogeneity Tests for rainfall Time series in XLSTAT ........................................................ 13 2.6. Frequency Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 14 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................ 16 3.1. Description of the Study Area ..................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1. Climate .................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.2. Major land forms ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.3. Geology ..................................................................................................................................... 18 3.2. Dataset and Data Sources for SWAT Model ............................................................................... 18 3.2.1. Weather data ...................................................................................................................... 19 iii 3.2.2. Flow Data ............................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.3. Land-use data ...................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.4. Soil Data .............................................................................................................................. 22 3.2.5. Digital elevation model ....................................................................................................... 24 3.3. Method of filling Missing Rainfall and temperature Data .......................................................... 25 3.4. Checking the Consistency of data at rain gauge stations ........................................................... 26 3.5. Test for Absence of Trend ........................................................................................................... 27 3.6. The Mean Rainfall of gauging stations ........................................................................................ 28 3.7. Model calibration and Validation ............................................................................................... 29 3.7.1. Automatic calibration procedure using SUFI2 algorithm .................................................... 29 3.7.2. Selection of parameters for Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................. 29 3.7.3. Model performance evaluation .......................................................................................... 30 3.8. Hydrological characterization ....................................................................................................
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