½Zfˆ¸³ ½Zf‡Y { ½Âeâe ÃZÌ‡ ©Z‡ É Z¼Ì] Ä] Ê³{Â·M Dì “Á Ê‡ €]

ÊÅZÌ³ÉZÅÉZ¼Ì]cZ¬Ì¬veÄ»ZÀ¸§Á{ 1396 ½Zf»ÁÌËZa,¹Á{ÃZ¼,ºnÀaµZ 1-12

* ½Zf¸³½ZfY{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Ä]Ê³{Â·MdÌ ÁÊ]

1 1 2 1** Ê¨n¿Z|¼v», Ê¼ZÉ|Å, Ê¿ZmZ«MÊ¸|¼v», É{Zn ¾Ì§Y|Ì 95/9/17 :Ë~a xËZe 94/12/2 :d§ZË{ xËZe

Ã|Ì°q {YÉZ¼Ì]ºÆ»¶»YÂYÊ°Ë½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]{ZnËYZ] Phytophthora nicotianae (=P. parasitica) oZ« |{|Ä]|¿YÂeÊ»Y»Êy]{cZyÁ|Å{wÃZÌ³|¶uY»¹Z¼e{|¿YÂeÊ»ÉZ¼Ì] .|Z]Ê»½ÂeÂeY» Ä» 45{Y| e,1393ÊYµZ{,½Zf¸³½ZfY½ÂeÂeY»{ÉZ¼Ì]¾ËYÄ]Ê³{Â·MdÌ ÁÊ]dÆm .|] -®rÌa){Z]MÊ¸¦¸fz»Ä¬À»ZÆqÁ ({Z]M·YÁÁ®¸»Ã{Â¿,©«,{Z]M¨ m,Äbe¬e)½Z³³¦¸fz»Ä¬À»lÀa{½ÂeÂe ÉÁÉZ¼Ì]½YÌ»,Ê´f¨ÅºÀ»ÉZÅ|Ë{Z]ÊÉZ¼Ì]ºËÔÂÆ½Z»YÁ[Zzf¿Y (¾»ÓYÁ{Z]M¶Z§,½Zf§],Ä¸v» dfYY§Y¹¿YÃ{Z¨fYZ]ZÅÃ{Y{ÉZ»MÉÄËne .|ÉY{]dY{{ZËY»{Ê³{Â·MÃÁ{µÂ{½ÂeÂeÊËYÂÅÉZÅ¹Y|¿Y Z»YdY|¿{ÂmÁÉY{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY¦¸fz»ªZÀ»{ÉZ¼Ì]Â«Áj¯Y|uZv·Y .d§Ë~acÂ 15½ÂËÂfÀ°Ì§Y³ ÉYÄ»{Ê³{Â·M½YÌ»j¯Y|u .dY{{ÂmÁ|{®ËµZ¼fuYt{ÉY{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyYZfÁ®Ë¦¸fz»Y»{ ÁÊ³{Â·M¾ËfÌ]|{ 22/96Z]{Z]M·YÁÉZfÁÂ¼n»{Á|Ã|Ë{{Z]M·YÁÉZfÁ{Ê³{Â·M|{ 34/4Z] ªZÀ»¾Ì]Ì¿ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÉZÅÊÀvÀ»ËsÂZv·Y .{Â]YY{Y (|{13/72)Ê³{Â·M¾Ëf¼¯®¸»Ã{Â¿ÉZfÁ .dYÄfY{{ÂmÁ|{®ËµZ¼fuYt{ÉY{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY¦¸fz»Y»{Z»Y,dY|¿{ÂmÁÉY{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY (1146)½Zf§]ÉZfÁÂ¼n»{ .{Â] (1743/3)©«ÉZfÁY»YÊ°Ë{ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»Ëtj¯Y|u Y ÉZ¼Ì] d§Ìa ÊÀvÀ» Ë t ¾Ëf¼¯ (641/76) ®¸»Ã{Â¿ ÉZfÁ Á ÉZ¼Ì]d§Ìa ÊÀvÀ» Ë t ¾ËfÌ] ½YÌ»Z]½Zf¸³½ZfYÉZ¯½ÂeÂeªZÀ»¹Z¼e{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]|Å{Ê»½Z¿Ê]¾ËYY¶ZulËZf¿ .dY{ .{Y{f³cÁZ¨f»Â«Á

.Ê³{Â·MÃÁ{,ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»Ët,ÉZ¼Ì] Â«Á ,Phytophthora nicotianae :É|Ì¸¯ÉZÅÃYÁ

1 .½YËY,ÆÆ],ZeÌeÂ»MÁcZ¬Ì¬ve¯» ,Ê°aÃZÌ³ÃÁ³,ÅÁaÊ]» - .½YËY ,½Z³³ ,½Zf¸³½ZfYÊ Ì^]ZÀ»ÁÉÁZ¯cZ¬Ì¬ve¯» ,ÅÁaZË{ZfY -2 * .dYÃ|YmYZeÌeÂ»MÁcZ¬Ì¬ve¯»{Ä¯|Z]Ê» 93 - 301 - 8ÃZ¼Z][Â»sYÊf¼«Ä·Z¬»¾ËY - ** [email protected] :Ä·Z¬»µÂX»Ã|ÀËÂ¿ - ½Zf¸³ ½ZfY { ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉZ¼Ì] Ä] Ê³{Â·M dÌ Á Ê] 2

Ä»|¬» {Ä¯dYÊY½ZÅZÌ³¾Ëf¼Æ»YÊ°Ë½ZÌ¿Zn»{Z]Ã{YÂ¿ZyYÊÅZÌ³ (Nicotiana tabacum L.)½ÂeÂe ½YËY{ .{Y{Ê¼Æ»¬¿Z°Ë»MÁ¾aY,¶Ë],ÄÌ¯e,½Z¿ÂË,¾ÌqÄ¸¼mYÃ|ÀÀ¯|Ì·ÂeÊ¸YÉZÅÂ¯{Zf«Y Ã{Â]Zf°Å 9385Z]]Y] 1393µZ{ (Â¯Z^ÀeÁ½ÂeÂe)Ê¿Zy{cÓÂv»ËZÁZ´Ì½ÂeÂed¯Ët ]¢·Z]Ê¿Zy{cÓÂv»¶¯|Ì·ÂeµZ¾Ì¼Å{ .{Â]Z´Ì½ÂeÂed¯Ä]Â]»Zf°Å 7750µ{Z »ÊvÄ¯ Z¯½ÂeÂe¨¿ 5270ÂeµÂv»Y|¬»¾ËY .dY Ã{Â] ¾e 8129Z]]Y]Z´Ì|Ì·ÂeºÆÄ¯,{Â]¾e 9003 .(Anonymous, 2012)|Ë{³|Ì·Âe É¿Á|¿YY 1896µZ{ (Van Breda de Hann)½ZÅ{{Y]½YÁÂeZ]¾Ì·ÁY½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì] ,ÉZ¼Ì] ¾ËY ½YËY { .(Lucas, 1975)|Ã|ÅZ»ZÌmÂm{ 1915µZ{dz¿Ã|vf»cÓZËY{ .|Y³ b .|Ë{³ Ã|ÅZ» Â¯Z^Àe ÉZÅÄeÂ] ÉÁ ¦Ë ¾Ë|·Y¹YÂ« Âe ½ZmY] ¥YY{ 1348 µZ { Z] ¾Ì·ÁY ÉY] .(Elahinia, 1998) | Y³ ÄÌ»ÁY ¥YY { ½ÂeÂe ÉZÅÄeÂ] ÉÁ 1352µZ { Âb·Y Âe ¾ËY .|Z]Ê»ZÌ¿{Ìy½ÂeÂeªZÀ»¹Z¼e{½Md¯Ã|ÀÀ¯{Á|v»¶»YÂY½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©Z¶»Z oZ«Ä^ ºy,Á¸¯,Ê³{»a,ÄËÁ°¿ºËÔ{ZnËY|YÄ¸u»Å{±]ÁÄ«Z,ÄËÊ³{Â·MZ]YÉZ¼Ì]¶»Z Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (=P. parasitica Dasture)oZ«Ä^ .|ÀÀ¯Ê»½ZÅZÌ³Ê´·ÂeÂ¯ÁÄ«Z 5 4 3 2 1 ¶Ì·{Ä] ÄYÂbÂ¿ÁaÃ{YÂ¿ZyÁ ZÅµYÂbÂ¿ÁaÄfY, ZÅdÌ»YYÃ{, ZeÂ°Ì»YYÄyZ, ÔÌaÂÀ»YfYÄ¸¸Y .dYe|Ë|ZÌ]½McZye¹³ªZÀ»{ÁdYY{Ây]ÊZydÌ¼ÅYYÌÁÊ¿Z]Ì»ÄÀ»Y{¾fY{ |]|{|Ä]|¿YÂeÊ»½McZyY»Êy]{Á{ZÊ»{YÁcZyÃZÌ³|¶uY»¹Z¼e{ÉZ¼Ì] ÊËZÌ¼ÌµfÀ¯Ì¿ÊeÁZ¨f»ÉZÅÁYÊÅZÌ³cÓÂv»\¸£Y{³Z¼Ì]¾ËYZ]ÃZ^»ÉY] .(Lucas, 1975) Sajjadi and )dYÃ|Ã{]ÃÆ]ÃÌ£ÁÊ°ËÌ§ÉZÅÁ,®ËÂ·ÂÌ]µfÀ¯,ZÅ¯oZ«YÂ¿YÉÌ³Z¯Ä]|À¿Z» ¯oZ«YÃ{Z¨fYZ]ÊËZÌ¼ÌµfÀ¯cÂÄ]½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Z]ÃZ^»ZuµZu{ .(Assemi, 2011 Sajjadi and Assemi, )dY¶°»½MdËË|»oZ«½{Â]É¯ZyÄ]ÄmÂeZ]Ä¯{Ì³Ê»cÂ¶Ì¯ÓZf» Ä¯|Z]Ê»ZÌ¿{{ÉZ¯½ÂeÂe¦¸fz»ªZÀ»{ 3Á 2,1,0{Y¿ZÆqÉYY{Z¿ZÌeÂ°Ì¿Yf§ÂfÌ§oZ«Ä^ .(2012 c|ZyÉÓZ]d]Â½YÌ» .(Sajjadi and Assemi, 2011)|Z]Ê»µZ § 1Á 0{Y¿,½Zf¸³½ZfYt{ Ã{Â]ZeÉYY{Ä¯oZ«ÂbY)ZÅÂbÂWZf¿YÁ ÉZ{YMÉY]Zy{ZËd]Â .|Å{Ê»ËY§YYÉZ¼Ì] ¬¿,Zy{{YMÉZÅÂbÁ|Ì»Ô¯ÁÃ{Â·MÊYµÂv»ÉZËZ¬] .dYÉÁ (|À¯d¯u[M{|¿YÂeÊ»Á |ÀqZe®ËÁ|À¿Ê»Ä¿YÂm[Â»Á¹³Zy{ZÅÂbÁ|Ì»Ô¯ .|¿Y{YÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]¶»ZÄÌ·ÁY¹Â¸¯ÂÀËY

1- Stramenopila 2- Oomycota 3- Oomycetes 4- Peronosporales 5- Peronosporaceae 3 1396 ½Zf»ÁÌËZa /¹Á{ÃZ¼ /ºnÀaµZ /ÊÅZÌ³ÉZÅÉZ¼Ì]cZ¬Ì¬ve

1 ÄËZ¼Ì¬f»ZËZÅÄ·Â·¾ËY .|ÀÀ¯Ê»|Ì·Âe (ÂbYÃYÂË{ZËºÔaÂfÌ|Y¶ZuÄÌ·ÁYÄË) Ê|ÀeÄ·Â· {YMZy½{Â]Z^Y¹Z´ÀÅÄ]¹ÂË¿YÂbYYÄ¯ÊËZÅÂbÂW .|ÀÀ¯Ê»|Ì·Âe¹ÂË¿YÂbYZË,|ÀÀ¯Ê»Ã{Â·MY½ÂeÂe Ze¹|ÌaYªËYoZ«Ä^ .|À¿Ê»Ä¿YÂmÁÃ{Y{ dÌ¯ ¶Ì°eZn¿M{,Ã|\¸mÄËÉÂÄ],|¿ÂÊ» Ä]Ã{Â·MZy½|Ì^q .{ÂÊ»fÀ»ZyZË[M,Ã{Â·MÉZÅZ¿ªËYYÉZ¼Ì]¶»Z .|À¯Ê»}Â¨¿°eÂ¯ c| .|Z]ÉZ¼Ì]¶»ZZf¿Y\mÂ»|¿YÂeÊ»Ì¿½YZ¯½ÂeÂe¨¯ÊfuÁÉÁZ¯cYÁ{YÁÂf¯YeÉZÅwq .(Lucas, 1975 )|]ZËÊ»ËY§YZÌ]ÊÅ³ÄË|eZ¼¿ÂuZ]ÃZÌ©Z Ì¿ÉZÅÊ³ËÁÁ|¿{Â¼¿Y³ Ph. nicotianaeYÂ¯Z^ÀeÁ½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]¶»ZÊ¬Ì¬ve{ Ê]{Â»Y½MÄ]Â¯Z^ÀeÁ½ÂeÂeÄfËYÁÄ¿dÌZu¾ÌÀr¼ÅÁ½M|ÉÁZ»{ÌiZe,oZ«Ä^ÊZÀ¶° ¶»YÂÊ¬Ì¬ve{ .(Ershad et al., 1974)|ÀfÅ Zu ³Z¼Ì] Ä] ZÅÄfËYÁÊ´¼ÅÄ¯|Àf§ZË{Á|¿{Y{Y« Macrophomina ,Ph. nicotianae ,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. nicotianae,Rhizoctonia solani ³Z¼Ì] ,31/22,34/92Ê¿YÁY§Z]\ÌeeÄ] P. ultimum var. ultimumÁ Pythium aphanidermatum,phaseolina Sajjadi and Assemi, )|¿|ÊËZZÀÁÉZY|m½Zf¸³½ZfY½ÂeÂeY»Y|{ 2/2Á 2/2,6/6,22/79 .(2012 Y½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉÂ·ÂÌ»|ÌaYÉÁ]Zyd]ÂdÌ ÁÁÄÌ·ÁY¹Â¸¯ÂÀËYÀ¯YaÁº¯YeÊÅÁa{ ©ZÊ»|ÌaYÉÁ]ÉZ¼Ì]d§Ìa¶Ì¸veÁÄËneÊ¬Ì¬ve{ .(Ferrin and Mitchell, 1986)|¿{Â¼¿Ê] e\ZÀ»ÉZ¼Ì]¾ËYÊ»|ÌaYÉY]®ÌfmÂ·µ|»Ä¯|Ë{³z»Á|Ê]¦¸fz»ÉZÅµ|»Z]½ÂeÂeÃZÌ |¿{Â¼¿ Ê] ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉÂ·ÂÌ»|ÌaYÉÁ]Y¯oZ« iY Ê¬Ì¬ve { .(Campbell, 1984) dY .|Z]Ê»®ËÂ·ÂÌ»|ÌaYcZ ·Z»,ÉZ¼Ì]dËË|»ºÆ»ÉZÅY]YYÊ°Ë .(Kannwischer and Mitchell, 1978) ÉZÅÃ{Y{¦ÌÂedÆm\ZÀ»µ|»®Ë[Zzf¿YÁZÅ½MÊ¿Z»Ì·Z¿M,ZÅ®Ì»|ÌaYÊ¼¯ÉZÅÊ]ÉZÅÄ^ÀmYÊ°Ë YÉZ»MÌ·Z¿MÄËZa,µ|»Ã|Ä^Zv»ÉZÅf»YZaÄ¯dYºÆ»dÆm¾ËYYµ|»[Zzf¿Y .dYÉZ¼Ì]d§Ìa ÊÀvÀ» .(Campbell and Madden, 1990)|¿ZÊ»¾°¼»YÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÉZÅÊÀvÀ»ÄËZ¬»ÁÃ{Y{¶Ì°e .|ËMÊ»d|]¦¸fz»ÉZÅ½Z»{ÊÅZÌ³dÌ ¼m®Ë{{ÂmÂ»ÉZ¼Ì]Y|¬»ÉÌ³ÃY|¿YZ]ÉZ¼Ì]d§Ìa {ZÅ½MÌÌ¤ew¿ ZY],½Z»Ê{½ZÅZÌ³YÊfÌ ¼m{ÉZ¼Ì]Y|¬»{ÌÌ¤eÄ¸¼mYÊ°Ì»ZÀË{ÉZÅ|ÀËM§ \¸£Y½MË{Z¬»ÁdYÉZ¼Ì]c|Ye½ZMZÌ]ÉZ¼Ì]Â«Á½YÌ»ÉÌ³ÃY|¿Y .|¿ÂÊ»¦Ë e½Z»Ê - ÃY|¿Y .(Campbell and Madden, 1990)|Z]Ê»ÉZ¼Ì]c|ÉÌ³ÃY|¿YYeË~aY°eÁeªÌ«{,etÌv cÔËZ¼edvedY¾°¼»ÁdYÌ³d«ÁÁÄÀËÅa,d¼uaÉZ¯,Ä»ËYdveÉZ¼Ì]c|ÉÌ³ ÁZÅ ZÌ¬»,ZÅ¹Y³ZË{YÃ{Z¨fYZ]c|Ê¼qÊ]ZËY .(James, 1971){Ì³Y«ÊËZ»MÉZÅZyÁÊz ÉÌ³ÃY|¿YÉZy,ZÅY]Y¾ËYYÃ{Z¨fY{ÂmÁZ] .(Campbell and Madden, 1990){ÂÊ»¹Zn¿YÂ»ÉZÅ|Ì¸¯ .(Guan and Nutter, 2003)|Z]Ê»ÉZ¼Ì]Â«Á½YÌ»ÉÌ³ÃY|¿YYÌ]ÉZ¼Ì]c|

1- Germ tube ½Zf¸³ ½ZfY { ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉZ¼Ì] Ä] Ê³{Â·M dÌ Á Ê] 4

ÉZfÁÄ¿Á½ZfÆÁ{t{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]dÌ ÁÊ],ªÌ¬ve¾ËYÉYmYY ¥|Å .dYÃ{Â]½ZfY¦¸fz»Z¬¿{ÉZ¼Ì]À¯YaÁdÌ¼ÅY¾ÌÌ eÁ½Zf¸³½ZfY

ZÅ ÁÁ{YÂ» {Y| e,1393ÊYµZÊ,½Zf¸³½ZfY{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Ä]Ê³{Â·MdÌ ÁÊ]ÂÀ»Ä] Ä¬À»ZÆqÁ ({Z]M·YÁ Á ®¸» Ã{Â¿ ,©« ,{Z]M¨ m ,Äbe¬e)½Z³³¦¸fz»Ä¬À»lÀa{½ÂeÂeÄ» 45 ÉZÅ|Ë{Z]ÊÉZ¼Ì]ºËÔÂÆ½Z»YÁ[Zzf¿Y (¾»ÓYÁ{Z]M¶Z§,½Zf§],Ä¸v»®rÌa){Z]MÊ¸¦¸fz» ¾ËY .|ÉY{]dY{{ZËY»{Ê³{Â·MÃÁ{µÂ{½ÂeÂeÊËYÂÅÉZÅ¹Y|¿YÉÁÉZ¼Ì]½YÌ»,Ê´f¨ÅºÀ» Äm{ 54µÂÁÊ·Z¼Ä¬Ì«{ 54ÁÄm{ 36ZeÄ¬Ì«{ 51ÁÄm{ 36ÉZÅ¾Ì]ÊËZÌ§Y¤mÃ{Á|v»{Y» .{Â]f» 236Ze 101YÌ¿ZË{tYY»Z¨eY .|¿{Â]Ã|«YÁÊ«Ä¬Ì«{ 50ÁÄm{ 54ZeÄ¬Ì«{ 37 ÉZ¼Ì]ºËÔ Á|]ZËÊ»Ä ÂeZÅ±]Ä]Ä«ZYdÄ]ÉZ¼Ì]ÁÃ|ÅZÃZÌZË ÃÌeÉYÃÂÆ«ÉZÅÄ°·Ä«Â¶v»{ ÉZÅÄeÂ] .|¿ÂÊ»½YËÁMÄ«Z]ÁÃ{»aZÅ±] .|¿ÂÊ»ÉYÃÂÆ«lË|f]Á{ZÆ³]t{ÄfyÂ]MÉZÅÄ°· {ÃÌe|À¿Z»®Ë{cZv¨¶Ì°e,d»Ô¾ËeºÆ» .(1 ¶°)|¿ÂÊ»ÉÌ»ÄeÂ]ZËÄrÅZÌ³±»Zq{Ã{Â·M Á½Z»Y .(3 ¶°){{³Ê»Ã|ÌÂaÁÄfY|¿Ê Ì^Ä ÂeÁ|ÉYÄËºfÌ .(2 ¶°)dYÄ«Z¤» Å{ .|dY{{ZË¦¸fz»ªZÀ»ÁY»{ÉZ¼Ì]Y|¬»,Ê´f¨Å¼f»ÉZÅ|Ë{Z]ÊºËÔ¾ËY¶Ì°e {ÂmÁ¹|ZË{ÂmÁÁ|Äf§³¿{Ä»¦¸fz»Z¬¿{ÉYÄeÂ] 100dZ¯¦Ë{ 5{ÄeÂ] 500Ä» ¾ÌÌ e (ºËÔÉYY{ÉZÅÄeÂ]|{)ÉZ¼Ì]Â«Á½YÌ»ÁÃ|d^i¦¸fz»¶uY»ÊZÅ½M{ÉZ¼Ì]ºËÔ ÄËZ¬»Á¿ZËYÁÄËneZ] .|z»ºËÔ¶Ì°e½YÌ»¾ËfÌ]Á½ZËZa,Á½Z»ªË¾ËYY .|Ë{³ Ê{Zv·¾ËYYÊ]dveªZÀ»ÁY»¥ÔfyY,ÉZ¼Ì]ºËÔÂ«Á¾ËfÌ]Ä]Â]»ÉZÅÃ{Y{¾Ì´¿ZÌ» .|z»ÊY¶§ Ã|Ê]ÉZÅÄeÂ]¶¯Ä]d^¿Z¼Ì]ÉZÅÄeÂ]{Y| eÃ|ÀÅ{½Z¿Ä¯ÉZ¼Ì]Ä]Ê³{Â·M|{ZËÂ«Á½YÌ» - ÄeÂ]{Y| e´¿ZÌ] x,ÉZ¼Ì]Â«Á½YÌ»´¿ZÌ] IÄ·{Z »¾ËY{Ä¯ .|»Md{Ä] I=6x/NµÂ»§YÃ{Z¨fYZ]dY .(Cardoso et al., 2004)|Z]Ê»Ã|Ê]ZËYÉZÅÄeÂ]¶¯{Y| e´¿ZÌ] NÁZ¼Ì]ÉZÅ ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»Ët ½Â³Z¿Â³ËY{ÉZ¼Ì]Ä]Ê³{Â·MÄËZ¬»ÉY]Ê]ÂyZÌ »Ì¿ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»ËtyZ .|Ë{³¾ÌÌ e¦¸fz»Y»{ÉZ¼Ì]Âf»c|Ì¿ÁÉZ¼Ì]Â«Á½YÌ»ÉY]ZÅyZ¾ËYÄ¯|Z]Ê» n-1 |Ë{³Ã{Z¨fY AUDPC=6i [((xi + xi+1)/2)(ti+1 + ti)]Ä·{Z »YÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»ËsÂÄ^Zv»dÆm c|ZËÂ«Á´¿ZÌ] xi,Ê]ZËY{Y| e´¿ZÌ] n,ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»Ët´¿ZÌ] AUDPCÄ·{Z »¾ËY{Ä¯ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»ÄËZ¬»Á¿ZËYÁÄËneZ] .|Z]Ê» Ê]ZËY ¾Ì»Y i½Z»´¿ZÌ] tiÁ Ê]ZËY¾Ì»Y i{ÉZ¼Ì]Âf» 5 1396 ½Zf»ÁÌËZa /¹Á{ÃZ¼ /ºnÀaµZ /ÊÅZÌ³ÉZÅÉZ¼Ì]cZ¬Ì¬ve

{Ì¿Zv·¾ËYYÊ]dveªZÀ»ÁY»¾Ì]¥ÔfyY,ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»ËtÄ]Â]»ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Microsoft Y§Y¹¿YÃ{Z¨fYZ]ZÅY{Â¼¿YÊy]ºÌeÁZÅÃ{Y{½{¯\e» .|z»ÊY¶§Ê StatGraphics Centurion XV, Y§Y¹¿YÃ{Z¨fYZ]ZÅÃ{Y{ÉZ»MÄËneÁ (Microsoftd¯) Excell 2007 .d§³cÂ (StatPointd¯) Version 15.2.05

(`q)21Ê·Z] Á (dY)ÉYÄ¿Zz»³½ÂeÂeÄ»{P. nicotianae½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZºWÔ -1 ¶°

ÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]YÊZ¿Ä«Z¤»{ÃÌe|À¿Z»®Ë{cZv¨ -2 ¶°

ÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]YÊZ¿½ÂeÂeÉZÅÄË¾f§¾Ì]Y -3 ¶° ½Zf¸³ ½ZfY { ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉZ¼Ì] Ä] Ê³{Â·M dÌ Á Ê] 6

hv]ÁlËZf¿ ÉZ¼Ì]ºËÔ {bÁ½Z³³{Z]M¨ mÉZfÁ{ÉZ¯Z¿YaÁ 32½ÂeÂeÄeÂ]ÉÁÉZ¼Ì]ºËÔ¾Ì·ÁYÂÆ {Z»Y,dY|¿{ÂmÁÉY{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY¦¸fz»ªZÀ»{ÉZ¼Ì]Â«Áj¯Y|uZv·Y .|Ã|ÅZ»´Ë{ªZÀ» ¨¾Ì]Ê³{Â·M|{cYÌÌ¤e .dYÄfY{{ÂmÁ|{®ËµZ¼fuYt{ÉY{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY¦¸fz»Y» { Ê³{Â·M|{34/4Z]ÉYÄ»j¯Y|uZe ({Z]M¨ m Á½Zf§]ÉZÅZfÁn]ZÅZfÁÄ¼Å { Ä»®Ë) ®¸»Ã{Â¿ÉZfÁÁÊ³{Â·M¾ËfÌ]|{ 22/96Z]{Z]M·YÁÉZfÁÂ¼n»{Á{Â]{Z]M·YÁÉZfÁ - ÊÀ »¥ÔfyYÊ]{Â»ªZÀ»¾Ì]ÉZ¼Ì]ÊËZÆ¿Â«ÁZv·Y .dYÄfY{Y (|{13/72)Ê³{Â·M¾Ëf¼¯ .(4¶°)dY{{ÂmÁÉY{

1393µZ{½Zf¸³½ZfY¦¸fz»ÉZÅZfÁ{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Ä]Ê³{Â·M|{ -4¶°

ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»Ët Á¦¸fz»ÉZÅZfÁ,ªZÀ»{ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»ËtÁÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì] Â«Á¿ZËYÁÄËne ÁªZÀ»{Ê³{Â·M½YÌ»¾Ì]Ä¯|Å{Ê»½Z¿¿ZËYÁÄËnelËZf¿ .dYÃ|»M 1µÁ|m{½Zf¸³½ÂeÂeY» ¥ÔfyY¦¸fz»Y»{Z»YÄfY|¿{ÂmÁ|{®ËµZ¼fuYt{ÉY{ÊÀ » ¥ÔfyY ¦¸fz» ÉZÅZfÁ .dYÄfY{{ÂmÁ|{®ËµZ¼fuYt{ÉY{ÊÀ » Z]½Zf¸³½ZfYÉZ¯½ÂeÂeªZÀ»¹Z¼e{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]|Å{Ê»½Z¿Ê]¾ËYY¶ZulËZf¿ Ê¼¯ d^¿ Ä] Ê³{Â·M Y ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY Ê] {Â» Y» j¯Y ¾ÌÀr¼Å .{Y{ f³ cÁZ¨f» Â«Á ½YÌ» Ä]ª¸ f»)Y»Y|{ 4/44Á|{ 20Yf¼¯Ê³{Â·M,ªÌ¬ve{Â»Y»|{ 57/77YË|¿Y{Ây] .(5¶°)|ÀÅ{Ê»½Z¿Y|{ 30YeÓZ] ({Z]M¨ mÁ{Z]M·YÁ 7 1396 ½Zf»ÁÌËZa /¹Á{ÃZ¼ /ºnÀaµZ /ÊÅZÌ³ÉZÅÉZ¼Ì]cZ¬Ì¬ve

1393µZ{½Zf¸³½ZfY½ÂeÂeY»{ÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Â«Á¿ZËYÁÄËne -1µÁ|m cZ ]»¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Äm{ ÊÀvÀ»Ët ÉY{]dY{{ZË ÉY{]dY{{ZË ÉY{]dY{{ZË cYÌÌ¤e]ZÀ» É{YM ÉZ¼Ì]d§Ìa ºÅ{ ºÆ¿ ºfÅ ns ns ns ns 41020/9 8/61 8/13 1/53 1 Ä¬À» ns ns ns ns 203754 74/69 74/29 46/7 8 ZfÁ ** ** ** ** 749027 325/8 324/35 196/57 40 Ä» 188984 77/2 77/1 48/66 150 Zy 199 ¶¯ 13/58 12/52 12/49 11/49 (|{)cYÌÌ¤e\Ë ns Y{ÊÀ »Ì£ : |{ 1µZ¼fuYt{Y{ÊÀ » :**

1393µZ{½Zf¸³½ZfY{½ÂeÂe¦¸fz»Y»{ÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Ä]Ê³{Â·M|{ -5¶°

ÉZfÁÂ¼n»{ .{Â] (1743/3)©«ÉZfÁY»YÊ°Ë{ÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»Ëtj¯Y|u ÊÀvÀ»Ët¾Ëf¼¯ (641/76)®¸»Ã{Â¿ÉZfÁÁÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÊÀvÀ»Ët¾ËfÌ] (1146)½Zf§] Y»ÁZÅZfÁ { ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉZ¼Ì] Ä] ÉZ¼Ì] d§Ìa ÊÀvÀ» Ë t .dYÄfY{YÉZ¼Ì]d§Ìa .dYÃ|Ã{Y{½Z¿ 7Á 6ÉZÅ¶°{\ÌeeÄ]½Zf¸³ ½ZfY ¦¸fz» ½Zf¸³ ½ZfY { ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉZ¼Ì] Ä] Ê³{Â·M dÌ Á Ê] 8

1400

1200 1146 1014.54 1057.5 1029.52 1000 910.36 812.94 804.62 800 743.1 641.76 600

400

200

0 Ϫ̡ΗέϘΗ ΩΎΑ΁έϔόΟ ϕέϗ ̮ϠϣϩΩϭϧ ΩΎΑ΁εϟ΍ϭ ϥϣίϻ΍ ϥΎΗϓέΑ ̮̩ϳ̡ ΩΎΑ΁ϝοΎϓ ϪϠΣϣ ¦¸fz»ÉZÅZfÁ

¶Ì»Á|Ë)¶Ì¯ÓZf»¯oZ«YÃ{Z¨fY½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Z]ÃZ^»dÆmÄ°ÀËYÄ]ÄmÂeZ]¾ËY]ZÀ] ¶ÆqZeÃZ¼°ËZ^Ë¬eÉZ¼Ì]Á]½Z»Á (Najafi et al., 2013)dYÃ|ÄÌÂe (|{ 72¶]ZeÁ{Âa[Â°¿Z» ÉÌ³Â¸m½M½|Ê»|ÌaYÁÉZ¼Ì]Á]Y¯oZ«Z]ÊZb¼Ê¿Z»Ä¸Z§¾ËY{|Z]Ê»ÉZ¯Z¿YaÁ ½Z»¼ÅÁ{ÂÊ»Ë|Ä¸u»{YÁÃZÌ³,½ÂeÂeY»ÉZ¯Z¿Y| ]Á¶ÆqÄ°ÀËYÄ]ÄmÂeZ] .{¯|ÅYÂy 9 1396 ½Zf»ÁÌËZa /¹Á{ÃZ¼ /ºnÀaµZ /ÊÅZÌ³ÉZÅÉZ¼Ì]cZ¬Ì¬ve

{Y{»ÁÌe{YÂÅÉZ»{Á{ÂÊ»Y°eÉYÄfaÁÉÂmcÂÄ]ÉZÌ]MÄf¨ÅÁ{ÅÁ|Z]Ê»ÉZÌ]MÁZ] ¶Ì»Á|Ë)¶Ì¯ÓZf»¯oZ«Z]ÊZb¼¾ËY]ZÀ]dY|Z»ZÅ¹ÂË¿YÂbYÊ¿Ä¿YÂmÉY]ÉZÌ]MËYÁÃZ» ÁÃZÌ©Z ¶»ZÁÊÅ³ÄË|eZ¼¿¶]Z¬f»iYÊÅÁa{ .{ÂÊ»ÄÌÂe (|{ 72¶]ZeÁ{Âa[Â°¿Z» Ê³|ÀÀ¯µfÀ¯iY|eZ¼¿Ä¯{Y{½Z¿lËZf¿Á|Ê]½ÂeÂe¹ÁZ¬»Á Zu¹Z«YÉÁ]¶Ì¯ÓZf»¯oZ« ¾ÌÀr¼Å .|Å{Ê»ÅZ¯Y|eZ¼¿Ä] Zu¹Z«YÉÁ]ÄËÊ³|ÌÂaÁYf§ÂfÌ§oZ«Ä^ÉÁ]¶Ì¯ÓZf» Shengfu, )|Z]Ê»ÉÁºÅ|eZ¼¿µfÀ¯{ÂÊ»Ã{Z¨fY½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZdËË|»ÉY]¶Ì¯ÓZf»Ä°Ì¿Z» Ä^|ÉY]|eZ¼¿Ä]Ã{Â·M½ÂeÂeÄËµZ³ÉZÅd§Z]Ä¯|¿{¯Y³ 1960µZ{¹Z^Z¿ÁµÁZa .(1994 Y±]ÉZÅµÂ¸¾ËYÁ|ÀÀ¯Ê»|ZÅµZ³{dÄ]oZ«Ä^ÉZÅÄË .dY|Z»ZÌ]Yf§ÂfÌ§oZ« ½ÂeÂeY»j¯YÄ°ÀËYÄ]ÄmÂeZ] .(Powell and Nusbaum, 1960) |¿]Ê» ¾Ì] Y dZ 72Yf¼¯{ dËË|»{Y~· (sajjadi et al., 2014)|¿Y{Ê³{Â·MÊÅ³ÄË|eZ¼¿Ä]{Z]MÊ¸Á½Z³³½ZfÆÉZÅZfÁ Â¯Z¼¿) Â¨Ì»ZÀ§Á¶Ì¯ÓZf»Â¸z»ÊÅÁa{ .{Ì³ Y«¿|»|ËZ]ºÅ|eZ¼¿dËË|»ÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì] .(Johnson, 1992)|ÄÌÂeÊÅ³ÄË|eZ¼¿Á½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©Z¹YÂeÊ³{Â·MµfÀ¯ÉY] (|{ 10µÂ¿Y³ Ê]Ê·Z¼ÉZÀÌ·ÁZ¯{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]d§ÌaÉÁ]YÊ³|¿Z]ÁZ»{ÌiZeÊÅÁa{ Y»{Ê·Z¼ÉZÀÌ·ÁZ¯{ÉZ¯Z¿Y| ]Äf¨Å 6 - 8½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]Ä¯|¿{Â¼¿Y³ZÅ½M .|¿{Â¼¿ d{®yÉZÅÁ{Y| eÁÊ³|¿Z],Ä¿YÁÉYÂÅÉZ»{¾ÌÀr¼Å .{ÂÊ»Ã|ÅZ»Ê·Z¼ÉZÀÌ·ÁZ¯½ÂeÂe ¬¿ÉZ¼Ì]¾ËYdËË|»dÆm ¶¼vf»Á¹ÁZ¬»¹Z«YYÃ{Z¨fY .(Jacobi, 1983)dYdÌ¼ÅYZ]ÉZ¼Ì]d§Ìa ®Ë{Y¿Ä] NC 71Á K346,Coker 371 G¹Z«YÁ¨{Y¿Ä] NC 1071Á NC 71 ,K346¹Z«Y .{Y{ÊËY] Á{ZËÉZÌ]M ,Zy¦Ì ÄËÂÆe ,{ZËd]ÂÁZ»³Z]ÉZ¼Ì]¶»ZoZ«Ä^ .|ÀZ]Ê»¹ÁZ¬»Z¿ZÌeÂ°Ì¿Yf§ÂfÌ§ \ZÀ»ÉZÌ]M,Ê§ZYÊÅ{{Â¯YÌÅa,dZ¯Ä¸Z§,[ÁZÀedËZ¾ËYËZÀ] .|À¯Ê»Y|Ìac|ZÅÄeÂ]º¯Ä¸Z§ .|Z]Ê»iÂ»ÉZ¼Ì]ÅZ¯{ (c|»Ê¿ÓÂ{ÄeÂ]ÉZa[M½|¼mYÌÅa)

Ê¸¯ÉÌ³ÄnÌf¿ ½Zf¸³½ZfYÉZ¯½ÂeÂeªZÀ»¹Z¼e{½ÂeÂeÃZÌ©ZÉZ¼Ì]|Å{Ê»½Z¿Ê]¾ËYY¶ZulËZf¿ Ä]Ê³{Â·MYªÌ¬ve¾ËYÊ]{Â»Y»j¯Y¾ÌÀr¼Å .{Y{f³cÁZ¨f»Â«Á½YÌ» ({Z]MÊ¸Á½Z³³) Y»Y|{ 4/44Á|{ 20Yf¼¯Ê³{Â·M,ªÌ¬ve{Â»Y»|{ 57/77YË |¿Y{Ây]Ê¼¯d^¿ .|ÀÅ{Ê»½Z¿Y|{ 30YeÓZ] ({Z]M¨ mÁ{Z]M·YÁÄ]ª¸ f»)

ÉY´Zb {c|Z»ZyÄ]ZeÌeÂ»MÁcZ¬Ì¬ve¯»ÊÅÁa¹fv»d¿ÁZ »ÁdËË|»YÄ¸ÌÁ¾Ë|] .{ÂÊ»°eÁË|¬e½YZ°¼ÅËZcZ¼uY¾ÌÀr¼ÅÁ{ÂÊ»°eÁÊ¿Y{|«dËZÆ¿sÉYmY ½Zf¸³ ½ZfY { ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉZ¼Ì] Ä] Ê³{Â·M dÌ Á Ê] 10

References 1. Anonymous. 2012. Statistical repertoire of Iranian Tobacco Company. Behshahr: Iranian Tobacco Company Publishing. 52p. (In Persian). 2. Campbell C L and Madden L V. 1990. Introduction to plant Disease Epidemiology. London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 532 p. 3. Campbell C L, Jacobi W R, Powell N T and Main C E. 1984. Analysis of disease progression and the randomness of occurrence of infected plants during tobacco black shank epidemics. Phytopathology 74: 230–235. 4. Cardoso J E, Santos A A, Rossetti A G and Vidal J C. 2004. Relationship between incidence and severity of cashew gummosis in semiarid north-eastern Brazil. Plant Pathology 53: 363–367. 5. Elahinia A. 1998. Mycology and plant pathology. Rasht: University of Guilan Publishing. 533 p. (In Persian). 6. Ershad J, Zalpour N and Makki M. 1974. Occurrence of black shank disease of tobacco in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 10 (1): 92–100. 7. Ferrin D M and Mitchell D J. 1986. Influence of initial density and distribution of inoculum on the epidemiology of tobacco black shank. Phytopathology 76: 1153– 1158. 8. Ferrin D M and Mitchell D J. 1986. Influence of soil water status on the epidemiology of tobacco black shank. Phytopathology 76: 1213–1217. 9. Guan J and Nutter FWJ. 2003. Quantifying the interarater repeatability and interrater reliability of visual and remote-sensing disease-assessment methods in the alfalfa foliar pathosystem. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 25: 143–149. 10. Jacobi W R, Main C E and Powell N T. 1983. Influence of temperature and rainfall on the development of tobacco black shank. Phytopathology 73: 139–143. 11. James W C. 1971. An illustrated series of assessment keys for plant disease, their preparation and usage. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 51: 39–65. 12. Johnson A W, Csinos A S, Golden A M and Glaze N C. 1992. Chemigation for control of black shank-root-knot complex and weeds in tobacco. Supplement to Journal of Nematology 24(4S): 648–655. 13. Kannwischer M E and Mitchell D J. 1978. The influence of a fungicide on the epidemiology of black shank of tobacco. Phytopathology 68: 1760–1765. 14. Lucas G B. 1975. Disease of Tobacco, 3rd edition. Releight: Biological consulting Associates. 621pp. 15. Najjafi M, Salavati M, Sajjadi A and Afshari Azad H. 2013. Efficacy of some fungicides against tobacco damping off caused by soilborne pathogens. Paper presented at: 21th Iranian Plant Protection Congress; 23-26 August; Urmia, Iran. 16. Powell N T and Nusbaum R. 1960. The black shank root knot complex in flue cured tobacco. Phytopathology 50: 899–906 17. Sajjadi A and Assemi H. 2012.Antifungal activity of plant extracts of catmint, tobacco and thyme on fungal pathogens of tobacco. Biological Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 3(1): 41–52. 18. Sajjadi A and Assemi H. 2012.Identification of pathogenic soilborne fungi of tobacco in Golestan province fields. Applied Plant Protection 1(3): 233–248. 19. Sajjadi A, Hosseininejad A and Assemi H. 2014. Identification and physiological races of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) in the tobacco fields in Golestan province, Iran. Applied Plant Protection 1(3): 233–248. 11 1396 ½Zf»ÁÌËZa /¹Á{ÃZ¼ /ºnÀaµZ /ÊÅZÌ³ÉZÅÉZ¼Ì]cZ¬Ì¬ve

20. Shengfu Y, Shew H D and Barker K R. 1994. International of Meloidogyne incognita, Phytophthora nicotianae var nicotianae and Metalaxyl on resistant and susceptible tobacco. Journal of Nematology 26(4): 538–571. 21. Shew H D. 1987. Effect of host resistance on spread of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae and subsequent development of tobacco black shank under field conditions. Phytopathology 77: 1090–1093. 22. Van Jaarsveld E, Wingfield M J and Drenth A. 2003. A Rapid seedling based screening technique to assay tobacco for resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae. Journal of Phytopathology 151: 389–394. ½Zf¸³ ½ZfY { ½ÂeÂe ÃZÌ ©Z ÉZ¼Ì] Ä] Ê³{Â·M dÌ Á Ê] 12 1 Research in Plant Pathology/Vol. 5/No. 2/Autumn and Winter 2017-2018

Status of tobacco black shank disease in Golestan province

A. Sajjadi*1, M.A. Aghajani2, H. Assemi1, M.R. Najafi1

Abstract The casual agent of tobacco black shank disease, Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (=P. parasitica Dasture), is one of the most important pathogen in tobacco fields. Disease can occur at all stages of plant growth and damage can occasionally reach up to 100% in some fields. In order to determine the status of the disease in tobacco fields of Golestan province, 45 tobacco fields were selected in five different village of Gorgan regions (Taghartappeh, Jafarabad, Ghorogh, Nodehmalek and Valeshabad) and in four different village of Aliabad regions (Pichakmahaleh, Baraftan, Fazelabad and Elazman) during 2014 growth season. The disease amount on aerial parts of tobacco plants was recorded during the infection period according to weekly surveys in the selected fields started when the primary symptoms become apparent. Statistical analysis was performed using the Stat Graphics Centurion XV software. The disease incidence was similar in different regions but there was significant difference (P 0.01) among the disease incidence of the fields of a village. The highest disease incidence (34.4%) was observed in a field located in Valeshabad village. The highest (22.96%) and lowest (13.72%) disease incidence was recorded in Valeshabad village and Nodehmalek village, respectively. There was no statistical difference among the areas under disease progress curves in different regions, however significant difference (P 0.01) was observed among the areas under disease progress curves of the fields of a village. The maximum area under disease progress curve (1743.3) was recorded in a filed in Ghorogh village. The maximum (1146) and minimum (641.76) area under disease progress curve was calculated for Baraftan village and Nodehmalek village, respectively. The results of this study showed that tobacco black shank has spread extensively in the farms of Golestan province with various disease incidences.

Keywords: Area under disease progress curves, disease incidence, infection period, Phytophthora nicotianae.

1- Research Instructor, Department of Plant Protection, Tirtash Research and Education Center, Behshahr, Iran. 2- Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Natural Resources, Research Center of Golestan, Gorgan, Iran. *Corresponding author: [email protected]